history 3

transcontinental railroad

1,912- mile continuous railroad line constructed between 1863 and 1869 that connected the existing eastern U.S. rail network at Omaha, Nebraska Council Bluffs, Iowa with the Pacific coast at the Oakland Long Wharf on San Francisco Bay

Alexander Graham Bell

1876, made telephone, and affected office work and created new jobs for women.

Social Darwinism

A philosophy that adapted the ideas of the British naturalist charles darwin and applied them to human society.

Laissez-faire

A policy that allowed companies to conduct business without intervention by the government.

Monopoly

A single seller of a product, good, or service. Without competition, a company that has a monopoly can raise prices higher or reduce the quality of its products lower than it otherwise might.

Interstate Commerce Act

Act reestablished the right of the federal government to supervise railroad activities and set up a five-member Interstate Commerce Commission

Lewis H. Latimer

African American inventor, played a key role in improving the light bulb when he invented a carbon filament in 1881. Filament lasted longer than any other and he later went on to Edison's company. Edison and his team improved the light bulb even further by using tungsten filaments, which are still used today, as well as inventing an entire system for producing and distributing electrical power.

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

Another name is the wobbles, Headed by William "Big Bill" Haywood, included miners, lumberers, and cannery and dock workers. welcomed African Americans, but membership never topped 100,000. Its only major strike victory occurred in 1912.

Bessemer process

Around 1850, Henry Bessemer and American ironmaker William Kelly created the Bessemer process which was injected air into molten iron to remove the carbon and more.

J. P. Morgan

Banker that made a fortune building single business by taking over and merging other peoples business.

Crédit Mobilier

Construction company formed by stockholders in the Union Pacific Railroad which layed tracks at 2 to 3 times the cost and they pocketed the profits. They donated shares of stocks to about 20 representatives in congress but eventually officers of the railroad found out.

Did rapid industrialization benefit economic and social systems in the United States?

ECONOMIC 1) Edwin L. Drake - successfully used a steam engine to drill oil near Pennsylvania, removing oil from beneath the earth's surface became practical. 2) Bessemer process - Bessemer process which was injected air into molten iron to remove the carbon and more. resulting in steel 3)Lewis H. Latimer - African American inventor, played a key role in improving the light bulb when he invented a carbon filament in 1881. SOCIAL 1)Christopher Sholes - In 1867, created typewriter. 2) Alexander Graham Bell - 1876, made telephone, and affected office work and created new jobs for women.

John D. Rockefeller

Formed trusts for his business.

Christopher Sholes

In 1867, created typewriter.

Munn v. Illinois

In 1877 the supreme court upheld the Granger laws by a vote 7 to 2 so the states won the right to regulate the railroads for the benefit of farmers and consumers.

George M. Pullman

Owned a railroad car factory and designed a town for all his employees which seemed to have been planned out good but the town greatly restricted its residents and they all had to follow strict rules.

Mary Harris Jones

Jones supported the Great Strike of 1877 and later organized for the United Mine Workers of America (UMW). She went through death threats and jail with the coal miners who gave her the nickname Mother Jones. In 1903, to expose cruelties of child labor, she led 80 mill children many with hideous injuries

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Key figure in the expansion of regional railroads purchased several small railroads in the New York area but were very short linking to only 2 cities but he linked the smaller railroads into a larger network and expanded his railroad 4,500 miles making him one of the wealthiest in the country.

Sherman Antitrust Act

Made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or with other countries.

Andrew Carnegie

Private secretary to the local superintendent of the pennsylvania railroad

vertical integration

Process of buying out your suppliers in order to control the raw material and transportation systems.

horizontal integration

Process that joins together companies producing similar products

Collective bargaining

Union officials representing the workers negotiate with management. If negotiation fails, workers may strike or organize a boycott to support union demands.

Trust

When competing companies put control of their businesses under a single group of trustees.

Eugene V. Debs

attempted to form such an industrial union—the American Railway Union (ARU). Most of the new union's members were unskilled and semiskilled laborers, but skilled engineers and firemen joined too.

Thomas Alva Edison

became a pioneer on the new industrial frontier when he established the world's first research laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey. There Edison and his associates worked to perfect the light bulb, applying for a patent for his version of the bulb in 1879.

Samuel Gompers

son of Jewish immigrants, came to the United States with his parents at the age of 13 and was a cigar maker who soon joined a local union, eventually became its president. He campaigned for basic trade union right. Helped organized labor gain

Edwin L. Drake

successfully used a steam engine to drill oil near Pennsylvania, removing oil from beneath the earth's surface became practical.

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

with Gompers as its president, was able to reach written agreements on wages, hours, and working conditions. Unlike Knights of Labor, the AFL used strikes as a major tactic. Successful strikes helped AFL win higher wages and shorter workweeks.