History 7th grade comp study guide for Hannah

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

civil war battle -Fort Sumter

A federal fort in South Carolina which became the site of the first shot in the Civil War after Southern forces took the fort and seized its weapons.

Committee of Correspondence

A group of people in the colonies who exchanged letters on colonial affairs with similar groups. Created by Samuel Adams

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east. Many people ignored this and moved west anyway

Sons of Liberty

A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.

Mountain Men

American adventurers and fur trappers who spent most of their time in the Rocky Mountains

Stamp Act

An act passed by the British after the French and Indian war that placed a tax on all paper items. This was the first direct taxation to the people in the American colonies

Pickney's Treaty

An agreement between the USA and and Spain that changed the borders of Florida to make it easier for American ships to make it to the New Orlean's Port

Republican Motherhood

An idea linked to republicanism that elevated the role of women. It gave them the prestigious role as the special keepers of the nation's conscience. Educational opportunities for women expanded due to this. Its roots were from the idea that a citizen should be to his country as a mother is to her child.

Daughters of Liberty

An organization formed by women prior to the American Revolution They got together to protest treatment of the colonies by the British

Stamp Act Riot

August 14, 1765- October 31, 1765, provoked by Governor Hutchinson's shutting down the House of Deputies in Massachusetts, group called themselves Sons of Liberty and joined with North and South End mob to riot and parade with effigies of stamp act commissioner Andrew Oliver, Oliver agreed to turn down the position

Lingering effects of the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening

Because of the teachings and ideals of the Enlightenment, which promoted reasoning, and the Great Awakening, which promoted religious freedoms, the American people began to look toward the prospect of separating themselves from British rule

Patriots

Colonists that wanted independence from Britain and were determined to fight the British until American independence was won.

Loyalists

Colonists that were still loyal to the British crown

Ratification process of the US Constitution

Delegates had to go back to states, state voted to ratify it or not. 9 of 13 needed to ratify it. Bill of Rights added to get last states to ratify.

British Mercantilism

Economic policy used by the British in which the American Colonies served only as a source of resources and products to give to the mother land. It fostered restrictions on colonial manufacturing, trade, and paper currency

Whiskey Rebellion

Farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey; the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion; showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem

Articles of Confederation

First attempt at a plan of government by the United States 1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

civil war battle- Vicksburg

General Ulysses S. Grant's army surrounded and captured the town of Vicksburg, which surrendered to Grant on July 4, granting the Union full control over the Mississippi River.

4. What is the Columbian Exchange? Affect on people & environment of 3 continents?

Gold & silver, & food like corn, potatoes, tobacco, cotton (in Americas) exchanged for new technology, horses, livestock, & goods like wheat, sugar, rice, coffee (from Europe). Europe brought lots of diseases to Americas, as well as lots of slaves from Africa, which served only to Europe's advantage. Africa gave slaves & got technology.

Common Sense

Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that stated the colonies should have the rights to be independent from Britain (1776)

2. Causes and Effects of European Exploration in America

Some basic effects of Europeans coming to North America are that the Native Americans caught new diseases which included smallpox, influenza, measles, and chicken pox. Explorers used superior fire power, like single shot muskets, to conquer natives. The Native Americans land was stolen from them and slaves were taken back to Europe. Basic Effects

Election of 1828

The Election year that began the "Age of Jackson" where it was encouraged for men of all standings to participate in political affairs. Jackson ran his campaign around the idea of a "common man" party.

13.0 The First Great Awakening

The First Great Awakening affected British North America in the 1730s and 40s. True to the values of the Enlightenment, the Awakening emphasized human decision in matters of religion and morality. It respected each individual's feelings and emotions. In stark contrast to Puritanism, which emphasized outward actions as proof of salvation, the Great Awakening focused on inward changes in the Christian's heart. a revival movement meant to purify religion from material distractions and renew one's personal faith in God. The movement was a reaction against the waning of religion and the spread of skepticism during the Enlightenment of the 1700s. Awakened Preaching Though most preachers targeted their messages to existing Christians, their events, called revivals, were often held in the open air or under large tents. Thousands of people attended these revivals, which were full of drama and emotion and the unexpected - a distinct shift from the austerity of the Puritans and the ritual of the Church of England (called the Anglican Church in America). Americans loved it. George Whitefield An evangelist, named George Whitefield, believed that people weren't going to church because 'dead men preach to them.' Whitefield and others like him began to preach in a much more energetic way. They tried to get their listeners to have a personal, emotional response to their preaching. The goal was for hearers to look at their own souls, to be convicted about their moral failures and then turn their hearts toward God. 'Come to hear them, not out of curiosity, but from a sincere desire to know and do your duty. To enter His house merely to have our ears entertained, and not our hearts reformed, must certainly be highly displeasing to the Most High God, as well as unprofitable to ourselves. ... When preachers are dissuading from any sin or persuading to any duty, instead of crying, 'This was intended for such and such a one!' Oh, that persons instead would turn their thoughts inwardly, and say, 'Lord, is it I?' How far more beneficial should we find discourses to be than now they generally are!' Like Edwards, Whitefield taught that people needed to have changed, repentant hearts. His admonition that listeners think about how a sermon applies only to themselves was a jab at the Puritan tendency to watch each other for signs of evil. However, many of his sermons also underscored the futility of boring ritual as seen in the Anglican Church he came from. Whitefield is credited with starting the practice of preaching in public, since the Church of England wouldn't give him a pulpit. Jonathan Edwards is often credited with starting the First Great Awakening in 1741 with his famous sermon 'Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God.' Though this was not typical of his sermons, it has become a classic of early American literature: 'The God that holds you over the pit of hell, much as one holds a spider, or some loathsome insect over the fire, abhors you, and is dreadfully provoked: his wrath towards you burns like fire; he looks upon you as worthy of nothing else, but to be cast into the fire; he is of purer eyes than to bear to have you in his sight; you are ten thousand times more abominable in his eyes, than the most hateful venomous serpent is in ours.' James Davenport. traveling preachers in the First Great Awakening was James Davenport. Just as the Puritans had done, Davenport taught that people needed to avoid the influence of the Devil in everyday life. He held public bonfires so his followers could burn the things that distracted or tempted them to pride. Non-religious books and luxury items commonly ended up in ashes. But one night, Davenport went too far in saying fancy clothes were luring people to vanity. Leading by example, he took off his pants and threw them in the fire! This demonstration turned off many of his followers. Legacy Of The Awakening - Instead of seeing faith as a matter of tradition, Americans now felt free to choose their own religious affiliation. New denominations were founded, most of the established churches were reshaped and, by the 1760s, there was religious diversity in every colony. - But the Great Awakening reached much further than church pews and may have been even more effective than the Enlightenment in shaking up the establishment. - In the North, it challenged the authority of the Puritan church because anyone could step up to the pulpit and share his own testimony. Differences in doctrine came to be seen more as a matter of opinion, not a matter of salvation. - The Awakening challenged the social order of the South because slaves were as welcome as anyone else. The idea of salvation being available to anyone directly from God, regardless of race, gender or economic class, made church a thoroughly democratic experience. People became more tolerant, seeing themselves not as members of a particular religious group but as Americans who shared convictions about virtue, united in opposition against any establishment that tried to tell them how to think, feel or behave. In many ways, it prepared the colonists to defy the king and start a revolution. - The Awakening also fueled social reform. George Whitefield's death prompted a slave named Phillis Wheatley to publish a famous poem in his honor. Her obvious intellect, paired with the religious testimonies of escaped slaves, helped energize the northern abolition movement. - New colleges were established by churches to train their preachers and educate their followers, including Princeton, Brown, Dartmouth, Rutgers and Columbia Universities. SUMMARY The Great Awakening was a movement that altered religious beliefs, practices and relationships in the American colonies. It was parallel to the Enlightenment both in its values and its time frame. Traveling preachers gave emotional, entertaining sermons that emphasized a change of heart, a personal relationship with Jesus and an inward focus rather than tradition, ritual and deeds. Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield were two of the most influential preachers of the time. They held their meetings outside under tents and welcomed anyone who wanted to listen. The First Great Awakening broke the monopoly of the Puritan church as colonists began pursuing diverse religious affiliations and interpreting the Bible for themselves. It also challenged the social establishment in several ways, fueled northern sentiment against slavery and resulted in the founding of some of America's most respected universities.

Gilded Age

The Gilded Age in United States history is the late 19th century, from the 1870s to about 1900. The term for this period came into use in the 1920s and 30s and was derived from writer Mark Twain's 1873 The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today, which satirized an era of serious social problems masked by a thin gold gilding. Overview of the Gilded Age Digital History ID 2916 Mark Twain called the late 19th century the "Gilded Age." By this, he meant that the period was glittering on the surface but corrupt underneath. In the popular view, the late 19th century was a period of greed and guile: of rapacious Robber Barons, unscrupulous speculators, and corporate buccaneers, of shady business practices, scandal-plagued politics, and vulgar display. It is easy to caricature the Gilded Age as an era of corruption, conspicuous consumption, and unfettered capitalism. But it is more useful to think of this as modern America's formative period, when an agrarian society of small producers were transformed into an urban society dominated by industrial corporations. The late 19th century saw the creation of a modern industrial economy. A national transportation and communication network was created, the corporation became the dominant form of business organization, and a managerial revolution transformed business operations. An era of intense partisanship, the Gilded Age was also an era of reform. The Civil Service Act sought to curb government corruption by requiring applicants for certain governmental jobs to take a competitive examination. The Interstate Commerce Act sought to end discrimination by railroads against small shippers and the Sherman Antitrust Act outlawed business monopolies. These were turbulent years that saw labor violence, rising racial tension, militancy among farmers, and discontent among the unemployed. Burdened by heavy debts and falling farm prices, many farmers joined the Populist Party, which called for an increase in the amount of money in circulation, government assistance to help farmers repay loans, tariff reductions, and a graduated income tax. Closing the Western Frontier In 1860, most Americans considered the Great Plains the "Great American Desert." Settlement west of Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, and Louisiana averaged just 1 person per square mile. The only parts of the Far West that were highly settled were California and Texas. Between 1865 and the 1890s, however, Americans settled 430 million acres in the Far West--more land than during the preceding 250 years of American history. By 1893, the Census Bureau was able to claim that the entire western frontier was now occupied. The discovery of gold, silver, and other precious minerals in California in 1849, in Nevada and Colorado in the 1850s, in Idaho and Montana in 1860s, and South Dakota in the 1870s sparked an influx of prospectors and miners. The expansion of railroads and the invention of barbed wire and improvements in windmills and pumps attracted ranchers and farmers to the Great Plains in the 1860s and 1870s. This chapter examines the forces that drove Americans westward; the kinds of lives they established in the Far West; and the rise of the "West of the imagination," the popular myths that continue to exert a powerful hold on mass culture. The Tragedy of the Plains Indians The 250,000 Native Americans who lived on the Great Plains were confined onto reservations through renegotiation of treaties and 30 years of war. This section examines the consequences of America's westward movement for Native Americans. The Gilded Age The 1880s and 1890s were years of unprecedented technological innovation, mass immigration, and intense political partisanship, including disputes over currency, tariffs, political corruption and patronage, and railroads and business trusts. The Making of Modern America The late 19th century saw the advent of new communication technologies, including the phonograph, the telephone, and radio; the rise of mass-circulation newspapers and magazines; the growth of commercialized entertainment, as well as new sports, including basketball, bicycling, and football, and appearance of new transportation technologies, such as the automobile, electric trains and trolleys. Industrialization & the Working Class This chapter examines the impact of and responses to industrialization among American workers, including the attempt to form labor unions despite strong opposition from many industrialists and the courts. The Huddled Masses Around the turn of the 20th century, mass immigration from eastern and southern Europe dramatically altered the population's ethnic and religious composition. Unlike earlier immigrants, who had come from Britain, Canada, Germany, Ireland, and Scandinavia, the "new immigrants" came increasingly from Hungary, Italy, Poland, and Russia. The newcomers were often Catholic or Jewish and two-thirds of them settled in cities. In this chapter you will learn about the new immigrants and the anti-immigrant reaction. The Rise of Big Business Between the Civil War and World War I, the modern American economy emerged. A national transportation and communication network was created, the corporation became the dominant form of business organization, and a managerial revolution transformed business operations. By the beginning of the 20th century, per capita income and industrial production in the United States exceeded that of any other country except Britain. Unlike the pre-Civil War economy, this new one was dependent on raw materials from around the world and it sold goods in global markets. Business organization expanded in size and scale. There was an unparalleled increase in factory production, mechanization, and business consolidation. By the beginning of the 20th century, the major sectors of the nation's economy--banking, manufacturing, meat packing, oil refining, railroads, and steel--were dominated by a small number of giant corporations. The Rise of the City This section traces the changing nature of the American city in the late 19th century, the expansion of cities horizontally and vertically, the problems caused by urban growth, the depiction of cities in art and literature, and the emergence of new forms of urban entertainment. The Political Crisis of the 1890s The 1880s and 1890s were years of turbulence. Disputes erupted over labor relations, currency, tariffs, patronage, and railroads. The most momentous political conflict of the late 19th century was the farmers' revolt. Drought, plagues of grasshoppers, boll weevils, rising costs, falling prices, and high interest rates made it increasingly difficult to make a living as a farmer. Many farmers blamed railroad owners, grain elevator operators, land monopolists, commodity futures dealers, mortgage companies, merchants, bankers, and manufacturers of farm equipment for their plight. Farmers responded by organizing Granges, Farmers' Alliances, and the Populist Party. In the election of 1896, the Populists and the Democrats nominated William Jennings Bryan for president. Bryan's decisive defeat inaugurated a period of Republican ascendancy, in which Republicans controlled the presidency for 24 of the next 32 years.

Native American problems during this time period Period Five 1877-1898 civil war

The Indian Wars As white settlers pushed farther westward and repeatedly drove Native Americans from their lands, clashes between tribes and settlers became inevitable. In 1864, Union troops killed several hundred Indian women and children at the Sand Creek Massacre in Colorado. The U.S. Army also fought the Sioux Wars in the Black Hills of the Dakota Territory during the 1860s and 1870s. In 1876, General George Armstrong Custer made his infamous last stand during the Battle of Little Bighorn, when all 264 of his troops fell at the hands of Chief Sitting Bull and his warriors. The Sioux's victory was short-lived, however, as the tribe was defeated a year later. In addition, the U.S. Army fought the Nez Percé tribe in the Pacific Northwest when the tribe's leader, Chief Joseph, refused to relinquish the Nez Percé's lands to white settlers. They were eventually defeated and resettled in Kansas. In the New Mexico Territory, the Apache tribe, led by Geronimo, fought bravely to protect their homelands but were eventually defeated and relocated to Oklahoma and rural areas of the South. Hundreds of Native Americans also died at the Battle of Wounded Knee in 1890, during the army's attempt to end the Ghost Dance Movement—a Native American movement that called for a return to traditional ways of life and challenged white dominance in society.

3. What was the encomienda system and how did it affect the Native Americans

The encomienda system was created by the Spanish to control and regulate American Indian labor and behavior during the colonization of the Americas. It was created to control the Native Americans under their rule and to learn how to survive. It ended up causing Africans to become the primary slaves in America.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments that were made to the Constitution that listed rights guaranteed to the citizens

Iroquois Confederation

The league of Indian tribes in the Northeast that fought with the English in the French-Indian War and supported the Loyalists in the America Revolution. Included the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca

9. Explain the Toleration Act and how it showed new ideals and values of America

Toleration Act, (May 24, 1689), act of Parliament granting freedom of worship to Nonconformists (i.e., dissenting Protestants such as Baptists and Congregationalists). It was one of a series of measures that firmly established the Glorious Revolution (1688-89) in England

American Revolutionary War

War fought between the United States and Britain for the independence of the American colonies

4. Life in Americas, Europe, Africa before Columbian Exchange?

• Americans: dozens of tribes of Native peoples, living as hunters & farmers • Europe: political/economic systems fragmented by fall of Roman Empire; people lived in villages controlled by lords • Africa: small empires built around kings making profits off of gold and salt trade

1. How each Native American culture differ according to their environment?

• West: more hunter-gatherers, used irrigation canals • East: abundance of resources allowed people to be more settled • Great Plains: more nomadic due to war and drought; hunted migrating buffalo herds • Northeast: forests cleared for agriculture; lots of hunting & fishing

Explain the goals of Reconstruction. Why did Reconstruction shift toward the Radical Republicans?

"presidential Reconstruction" of 1865 and 1866 state governments set up a new Joint Committee on Reconstruction to investigate conditions in the South and to help Congress create its own Reconstruction Policy extended life of Freedmen's Bureau-widened powers- it could establish special court for settling labor disputes 1866-passed first Civil Rights Act-declared blacks as citizens voters returned an overwhelming majority of Republicans- mostly Radicals Radicals had broken out riots-evidence of inadequacy of Johnson's policy

cold war

(1945-1991) The period after the Second World War marked by rivalry and tension between the two nuclear superpowers, the United States and the communist government of the Soviet Union. The Cold War ended when the Soviet government collapsed in 1991. A competition between two or more groups. During the Cold War the U.S. and the Soviet Union (U.S.S.R) competed for world power.

Declaration of Independence

(4 July 1776) the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

French and Indian War

1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won.

Pontiac's Rebellion

1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.

Northwest Ordinance

1787) considered one of the only achievements of the Articles of Confederation. It established a system for setting up governments in the western territories and forbade slavery in all the northwest states

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

shermans march

1864- 1865 *the union general who led the destructive "march to the sea" from Atlanta in an effort to divide the south *November--December Led by General William T. Sherman, 60,000 northern troops swarmed over the Georgia countryside south of Atlanta, consuming and/or destroying everything in their path; operations concluded at Savannah, Georgia, on the Atlantic coast; Union victory. *Because it was a railway center and they wanted to cut the supply line. *consequence-Number of northerners and southerners in the senate remained the same, most of the louisianna purchase was closed to slavery, first major 19th century conflict over slavery was settled, slavery was temporarily defused as a national pilitical issue * revolutionized the war---Advancements in tactics cause an evolution in modern warfare too better accompany new weapons. * "This may not be war," he said, "but rather statesmanship." *William T Shermans opponents in his march--Joseph E. Johnston, McPherson, Hood, William Hardee. *Grant wanted him to ship his army to Virginia to join forces with him at the Siege of Peters-burg. Sherman marched through Carolina to help him. *When Sherman arrived in Savannah, the small Confederate force that was there fled and the mayor of Savannah surrendered with little fight. Sherman would write a letter to President Lincoln telling him he had captured Savannah as a Christmas gift to the president. *Shermans army was very big so they had to have people go out and get food by any means, this is who they are *A total damage of 100Mill $ of damage done by sherman

Explain the events of 1968. Why did Richard Nixon win the election of 1968?

1968 was a year of triumphs and tragedies. While America reached new heights by introducing the first 747 and orbiting the moon, all was not well down on Earth. The United States lost a Navy intelligence ship and two proponents of peace -- the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy. Here are eight events that made history during that unforgettable year. 1. January 23: North Korea captures the USS Pueblo 2. January 30: North Vietnam launches the Tet Offensive against the United States and South Vietnam 3. April 4: Martin Luther King Jr. assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee 4. June 5: Robert F. Kennedy assassinated in Los Angeles 5. September 30: Boeing introduces the first 747 "Jumbo Jet" 6. October 16: U.S. athletes take a stand at the Summer Olympics 7. November 22: "Star Trek" airs American television's first interracial kiss 8. December 24: Apollo 8 is the first manned spacecraft to orbit the moon He won because The economy was sour. He was running, not against the incumbent President, but against a VP who had his own corruption background. But mostly, the war. Nixon promised to get the US out of Vietnam, "Peace with Honor".

George Washington

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution

Abigail Addams

1st lady of John Addams and wrote letters to him arguing for more women's rights

John Addams

2nd President of the US - created Jay Treaty (avoid war), XYZ affair, Alien and Sedition acts, appointed midnight judges, angered democratic republicans (Jefferson)

Red Scare

A "Red Scare" is the promotion of fear of a potential rise of communism or radical leftism. In the United States, the First Red Scare was about worker (socialist) revolution and political radicalism.

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

Monroe Doctrine

A declaration by the President in 1823 that warned European powers to keep out of the Western Hemisphere and pledged that the United States would not intervene in the internal affairs of Europe.

Constitution

A document which spells out the principles by which a government runs and the fundamental laws that govern a society

Intolerable Acts

A series of laws set up by Parliament to punish Massachusetts for its protests against the British. Happened after the Boston Tea Party and included Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses

War of 1812

A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. Enhanced nationalism of Americans.

Anti-Federalists

Anti-Federalists rose up as the opponents of the Constitution during the period of ratification. They opposed the Constitution's powerful centralized government, arguing that the Constitution gave too much political, economic, and military control. They instead advocated a decentralized governmental structure that granted most power to the states

Explain the problems and protests of the 1960s. What caused these problems? What were the government and societal changes that happened during this decade?

At the beginning of the 1960s, many Americans believed they were standing at the dawn of a golden age. On January 20, 1961, the handsome and charismatic John F. Kennedy became president of the United States. His confidence that, as one historian put it, "the government possessed big answers to big problems" seemed to set the tone for the rest of the decade. However, that golden age never materialized. On the contrary, by the end of the 1960s it seemed that the nation was falling apart. The War in Vietnam The Fight for Civil Rights The Radical '60s Just as black power became the new focus of the civil rights movement in the mid-1960s, other groups were growing similarly impatient with incremental reforms. Student activists grew more radical. They took over college campuses, organized massive antiwar demonstrations and occupied parks and other public places. Some even made bombs and set campus buildings on fire. At the same time, young women who had read The Feminine Mystique, celebrated the passage of the 1963 Equal Pay Act and joined the moderate National Organization for Women were also increasingly annoyed with the slow progress of reform. They too became more militant. The counterculture also seemed to grow more outlandish as the decade wore on. Some young people "dropped out" of political life altogether. These "hippies" grew their hair long and practiced "free love." Some moved to communes, away from the turbulence that had come to define everyday life in the 1960s.

Chief Little Turtle

Chief of the Miami tribe and one of the most successful Native American military leaders of his era. He led his followers in several victories over the US in the 1790s, but was an advocate for peace with the US in the years leading up to the War of 1812.

Federalists

Constitution supporters, they argued that the government of the Constitution would correct the defects of the Articles, and the power to forge a secure and prosperous union

10. Explain the difference between royal, proprietary, and corporate colonies. Give an example of each

Corporate colonies---such as Jamestown, were operated by joint-stock comp. Royal colonies ---colonies that were under the direct control of the English crown New York proprietary colonies----colonies owned by people who had been given a royal charter to own the land Maryland and Pennsylvania

civil war battle- Antietam

Deadliest one-day battle of the Civil War, ended as a draw but seen as a Union victory. Boost of morale from the Union presented the perfect opportunity to announce the Emancipation Proclamation, and France and Great Britain were discouraged from giving help to the Confederacy

Explain the two major amendments that are ratified in 1919 and 1920. What causes the popular movement leading up to ratification and the effects these amendments had on the country.

Eighteenth Amendment, known as the Prohibition amendment, which prohibited the "manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors." Ratified by the states in January 1919, it went into effect on January 20, 1920. Congress also passed the national Prohibition Enforcement Act, known as the Volstead Act, that defined an intoxicating beverage as any beverage containing more than one half of one percent (1 proof). The law also gave the Bureau of Internal Revenue enforcement authority. The passage of the 18th Amendment was the product of many years of hard work on the part on women's groups and religious fundamentalists As we have discussed the 1920's were a period of great change in America. The success of women's groups in getting prohibition passed was tied to the movement to gain the right to vote. The quest for the passage of this amendment, eventually passed as the 19th, was known as the suffrage movement. I. Women's Right to Vote - The 19th Amendment is passed

Early westward migration

Even though the Proclamation of 1763 was passed, people ignored it and went ahead to the lands beyond the Appalachian mountains anyway

civil war battle-- First Bull Run

First Major Battle of the Civil War. Confederate & Union troops faced each other, but the Union was forced to retreat. Because spectators from the Union had come to watch the battle, chaos ensued when both the spectators and the army tried to flee from the Confederacy at the same time.

5. 4 main European countries colonizing North America? Their approach to colonization?

French, Spanish, English, Portuguese, all looking for new route to Asia Spanish: create New Spain through conquering in Central/South America & Caribbean French: looking for NW passage, ended up in Canada, Mississippi River & Louisiana areas Dutch: looking for NW Passage, settled around NY

civil war battle-Gettysburg

General Robert E. Lee surrounded the small town of Gettysburg, but the Union defeated them during Pickett's charge. This ended Lee's invasion of the North, and after Gettysburg, almost all battles were fought in the South. Widely considered to be the turning point of the Civil War.

8. How did the English deal with Native Americans? What were the causes and effects of the conflicts between Colonists and Native Americans?

However, the new settlers began to get demanding, feeling as if they could trade tools and Christianity for food. What they failed to understand was that the Powhatan way of life barely provided for themselves, much less, another entire community. By late in 1609, after a drought during the summer, the settlers added pressure on the Indians for more food supplies. As a result, Chief Powhatan, tired of the constant English demands for food, officially told his people not to help them. The relationship deteriorated between the two peoples which resulted in the Powhatan Wars, which would continue off and on until 1646.

Popular sovereignty

Let the people decide by State, on whether slavery should be allowed in territories through voting.

Manifest Destiny

Manifest Destiny is a term for the attitude prevalent during the 19th century period of American expansion that the United States not only could, but was destined to, stretch from coast to coast. This attitude helped fuel western settlement, Native American removal and war with Mexico. The phrase was first employed by John L. O'Sullivan in an article on the annexation of Texas published in the July-August 1845 edition of the United States Magazine and Democratic Review, which he edited.

Boston Massacre

March 5, 1770) British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists who were teasing and taunting them. Five colonists were killed

11. Explain the similarities and differences between the New England and Southern Colonies.

New England Harsh rocky soil made farming difficult, led to subsistence farms Land was granted to a group and towns were subdivided among families Fishing including whaling (lighting oil) Shipbuilding and small-scale factories Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Conneticut, New Hampshire Southern Favorable agricultural climate Plantation system developed Export crops: "cash crops" such as tobacco grown Larger slave population was needed as labor Farms tended to be scattered, less urban development. Maryland, Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia

12. What is triangle trade? What did it take to each region?

New World > Europe: raw goods, corn Europe > Africa: manufactured goods, guns Africa > New World: slaves

Who were the Populists and what did they want to accomplish

Populist party in U.S. history, political party formed primarily to express the agrarian protest of the late 19th cent. In some states the party was known as the People's party. The party adopted a platform calling for free coinage of silver, abolition of national banks, a sub-treasury scheme or some similar system, a graduated income tax, plenty of paper money, government ownership of all forms of transportation and communication, election of Senators by direct vote of the people, non ownership of land by foreigners, civil service reform, a working day of eight hours, postal banks, pensions, revision of the law of contracts, and reform of immigration regulations. The goal of the Populists in 1892 was no less than that of replacing the Democrats as the nation's second party by forming an alliance of the farmers of the West and South with the industrial workers of the East. James B. Weaver was the Populist candidate for President that year, and he polled over 1,041,000 votes. The Populist votes in the 1894 congressional elections increased to 1,471,000 as the party gained momentum.

Compromise of 1850

Proposed by Henry Clay to solve the political crisis, the _______ would: 1. Admit California to the Union as a free state 2. Divide the remainder of the Mexican session into 2 territories: Utah and New Mexico, vote on slavery 3. Give the land in dispute between Texas and NM territory to the new territories in return for the federal government assuming Texas's debt of $10 million 4. Ban the slave trade in DC but permit whites to hold slaves as before 5. Adopt a new Fugitive Slave Law and enforce it

Shay's Rebellion

Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.

civil war battle-Appomattox Courthouse

Robert E. Lee surrenders to Ulysses S. Grant and his army, which officially ends the Civil War. The Confederacy returns to the Union.

Explain Roosevelt's purpose in the New Deal. What did the New Deal accomplish? Do you think the New deal was successful?

Roosevelt promised Americans a "New Deal" when he took office, and during his first "Hundred Days" as president, he signed a number of groundbreaking new laws. Roosevelt's aides later admitted that most New Deal agencies were closely modeled on those that Hoover had attempted, but Roosevelt's plans differed in financing and scope. New Deal bills supported direct federal aid, tightened government control over many industries, and eschewed volunteerism in favor of deficit spending, all in the hopes of jump starting both consumer confidence and the economy. In a letter to a friend written seven months after he left office, Hoover expressed his fears about the flurry of New Deal legislation. Hoover saw the country already "going sour on the New Deal." He believed revolution inevitable "unless there is a halt" to the fundamental changes in government and the deficit spending. Roosevelt's reforms had led Americans to "cast off all moorings," and Hoover predicted that the United States would veer dangerously "to the 'left,'" followed by a reaction leading to "some American interpretation of Hitler or Mussolini." In 1934, after two years out of the public eye, Hoover made these same thoughts public in an article titled "The Challenge to Liberty." Hoover was correct when he predicted that the role of American government would fundamentally change because of the New Deal.

5. differences in European colonization in Americas

Spanish: sought to conquer & convert, take goods back to Europe French: explorers, using fur trade & agriculture, looking for route to Pacific; less combative with Native peoples English: people coming to live, for religious freedom & economic gain

What were the strengths and weaknesses of the Union Army and the Confederate Army

Strengths Union: Population of 22 million Many people to grow food and work in factories Factories to make supplies for the Union army Railroads Strong navy Confederate: Defending their homeland Did not want to lose their property, country, freedom Good soldiers-excellent shooters Former officers in the U.S. Army Weakness Union:Had to conquer a large area Invading unfamiliar land Confederate: Few factories to produce weapons Few railroads to move troops/supplies Few supplies Small population (9 million) More than 1/3 of the population was enslaved Poor navy

Explain the changes in American Culture during the 1920s. Why is it called the Roaring Twenties? What aspects contributed to this change?

The 1920s were an age of dramatic social and political change. For the first time, more Americans lived in cities than on farms. The nation's total wealth more than doubled between 1920 and 1929, and this economic growth swept many Americans into an affluent but unfamiliar "consumer society." People from coast to coast bought the same goods (thanks to nationwide advertising and the spread of chain stores), listened to the same music, did the same dances and even used the same slang! Many Americans were uncomfortable with this new, urban, sometimes racy "mass culture"; in fact, for many-even most-people in the United States, the 1920s brought more conflict than celebration. However, for a small handful of young people in the nation's big cities, the 1920s were roaring indeed.

What was the goal of the Civil Rights Movement? Were they successful and how did the movement change over time?

The Fight for Civil Rights The struggle for civil rights had defined the '60s ever since four black students sat down at a whites-only lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, in February 1960 and refused to leave. Their movement spread: Hundreds of demonstrators went back to that lunch counter every day, and tens of thousands clogged segregated restaurants and shops across the upper South. The protesters drew the nation's attention to the injustice, brutality and capriciousness that characterized Jim Crow. In general, the federal government stayed out of the civil rights struggle until 1964, when President Johnson pushed a Civil Rights Act through Congress that prohibited discrimination in public places, gave the Justice Department permission to sue states that discriminated against women and minorities and promised equal opportunities in the workplace to all. The next year, the Voting Rights Act eliminated poll taxes, literacy requirements and other tools that southern whites had traditionally used to keep blacks from voting. But these laws did not solve the problems facing African Americans: They did not eliminate racism or poverty and they did not improve the conditions in many black urban neighborhoods. Many black leaders began to rethink their goals, and some embraced a more militant ideology of separatism and self-defense.

Explain the goals of popular sovereignty and how it increased tension in the country.

The Kansas-Nebrask Act was an 1854 bill that mandated "popular sovereignty"-allowing settlers of a territory to decide whether slavery would be allowed within a new state's borders. Proposed by Stephen A. Douglas-Abraham Lincoln's opponent in the influential Lincoln-Douglas debates-the bill overturned the Missouri Compromise's use of latitude as the boundary between slave and free territory. The conflicts that arose between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers in the aftermath of the act's passage led to the period of violence known as Bleeding Kansas, and helped paved the way for the American Civil War (1861-65).

The Progressive Party

The Progressive Party of 1912 was an American third party. It was formed by former President Theodore Roosevelt, after he lost the nomination of the Republican Party to his former protégé, and now bitter foe, President William Howard Taft.

What are the causes for the Spanish-American War? Why did this war mark an important change in American Foreign Policy?

The Spanish-American War (1898) was a conflict between the United States and Spain that ended Spanish colonial rule in the Americas and resulted in U.S. acquisition of territories in the western Pacific and Latin America. The victorious United States, on the other hand, emerged from the war a world power with far-flung overseas possessions and a new stake in international politics that would soon lead it to play a determining role in the affairs of Europe.

7. What problems did Jamestown face as a colony? How did they overcome these problems

The colonists arrived at Jamestown on May 13, 1607. At that time, historians estimate that over 14,000 Powhatan Indians lived in Virginia. The colonists of Jamestown had to overcome many hardships upon their arrival. They were confronted with Indian conflicts, environmental factors, starvation, and diseases; which contributed to many of their deaths. Captain John Smith got the Indians to give the settlers corn and yams which got them through the winter.

What was the New Conservatism movement? How did Reagan gain popularity from this movement?

The conservative movement is a term that describes the process through which control of the Republican Party has been taken by people with strong feelings in favor of robust national defense, low taxes, minimum government regulation, and traditional social values. During the Great Depression and World War II, the Republican Party nominated candidates for president who represented the liberal to moderate wing of the party, and especially its East Coast establishment. Conservatives tried unsuccessfully to nominate Senator Robert A. Taft of Ohio in 1952, but were frustrated when Dwight D. Eisenhower was chosen instead. The electoral breakthrough came in 1966, when Ronald Reagan defeated incumbent Pat Brown for the governorship of California. By 1976, Reagan had become the darling of the conservative movement, which attempted to win the nomination for him. It went instead to Gerald Ford, who occupied the White House at that time. Four years later, however, Reagan gained the nomination. His conservatism split the party to the extent that John Anderson ran as an independent to represent the views of moderate Republicans. As the campaign got started after the conventions, Reagan trailed, but strong performances combined with voter unhappiness with Jimmy Carter carried him to victory in November 1980. Reagan used the opportunity to initiate programs to rapidly build the American military. Although he also worked to whittle down the size of the federal government, his policies resulted in federal deficits which, at the time, were unprecedented in peacetime. Voters, however, approved of his style and Republicans enjoyed twelve years of control of the White House.

WWI

The four major causes were nationalism, alliances, militarism, and imperialism. Many countries had pride in their country and believed that their country was the best, many countries had formed a pact that they would support each other in war, many militaries were growing and there were stockpiles of weapons that countries were wanting to use, and many countries were fighting over colonies in Africa. What was the immediate cause of WWI? the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. This started a war between the Serbians and Austria-Hungary, and because of the other 4 points, and the countries having alliances a war between 2 countries automatically became a war between most of the globe. What was the US's position at the outbreak of war? Why did it change? The position at the outbreak of war was neutral and they didn't take either side. This changed because they were more towards the Allied Power side, and were supplying them with goods. Without the buyers the U.S. wouldn't make a profit, propaganda, and the sinking of the Lusitania upset many citizens, and the Zimmerman telegraph made them hate the Central Powers and want to go into war. It would also be good for business. Was the US justified in declaring war? yes, the citizens though that it was a good idea, and all Americans supported it. The U.S. ended up winning the war for the Allied Powers therefore making it the right decision. Without the U.S. the Allied Powers would have fell to Germany, but with our military power we were able to show that joining the war was the right decision The U.S. stock piled weapons, found new people to replace those going into war in jobs such as replacing white soldiers with southern African Americans, we produced more weapons and saved on things like steel to make them into weapons, and we also produced more food to send overseas to the troops. How were Americans at home affected by the war? The Americans on the home-front had to give up thinks like meat and wheat on some nights, woman had to give up steel in corsets, children gave up many toys and began selling war bonds, many had to cope with the loss of a loved one in the war, they had to make it without a man in the household a lot, and everyone tried their best to support the war. How were immigrants/women/minorities/African Americans affected by WWI? immigrants were affected because there were many anti-immigration laws passed- and after americans went to war, Immigrants, african americans, and women were allowed to take the jobs of men b/c they were needed for the war effort-as WWI progressed many americans didn't like the idea of immigrants and AA and women taking away jobs, so often times they were persecuted. Also the war industries board took AA and immigrants and women into the war effort to help turn america into a war-based economy. This also gave women and AA jobs after the war.

Hamilton's financial plans

The government would take the debt of the nations and the states debt, make a national bank, and tax higher (did not make through Congress)

the reform movements during the 1800s

The position of American women in the early 1800s was legally and socially inferior to men. Women could not vote and, if married, could not own property or retain their own earnings. The reform movements of the 1830s, specifically abolition and temperance, gave women a chance to get involved in the public arena.

What were the events that caused the start of WWII in Europe? What was the American reaction to these events? Did the United States remain neutral during this time?

The primary events which led to the outbreak of World War II in Europe were German aggressive expansionary policies in Eastern Europe, primarily the invasion of Poland, which triggered the outbreak. A secondary cause was the reluctance of other European powers to stop German aggression before it erupted into a full blown war. Although the war began with Nazi Germany's attack on Poland in September 1939, the United States did not enter the war until after the Japanese bombed the American fleet in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941.

What were the problems that needed to be solved after the Civil War? What was Lincoln's plan to solve these problems?

Theoretically, according to Lincoln the states never actually had the right to secede and therefore had never really left the union, and there should be no process to re-enter. Constitutionally, up until this point the Federal Government had no right to command the states in the way that it did Socially, the Civil War emancipated the blacks which gave them a sense of freedom but there was still racial discrimination, and most of them were poor. After it all it ended being mostly the same that the 1% rich landowners controlled everything. Economically, the Civil War devastated the South. They used up all their resources fighting in the war. Many many people went into debt. The crop-lien system was started which kept people in even more debt. Beside the 1% landowners and merchants most people were poor and in debt. The freedman faced the fact that they had no source of income or money and that the only thing they were skilled in was manual labor. They also had to fight against racial discrimination that was trying to stop them from getting jobs and that was terrorising them The Freedmen's Bureau was established that helped blacks by giving them money and by helping provide education for the blacks. The 14th and 15th amendment were there to try to help them secure rights. In addition the Reconstruction governments allowed them to hold offices and vote. Most of the efforts to help them ended as soon as reconstruction did The Southern states were overwhelmingly democrat, so by readmitting them as states, the Republicans were likely to lose their majority in Congress. Conservatives: that South should ratify the 13th amendment, but not much else to be readmitted Radical: that they not just ratify the 13th amendment, but that the Union troops remain in the South to impose new rules. That the Confederacy leaders be punished, and that much of the land that belonged to confederate leaders be redistributed among Blacks, legal rights of Blacks being protected. Many supported suffrage for Blacks Moderates: wanted some rights for blacks, but did not agree with the Radical approach of violence and punitive measures against the former confederates. Lincoln wanted to readmit the South as quickly and painlessly as possible so that the Southerners would not be completely turned against the Republicans when they entered, and there would be less resentment in general. His plan was that once 10% of a state pledge their loyalty to the union and ratify the 13th amendment then that state could reenter, and the 10% could set up a government They were outraged and they tried to work against Lincoln by not allowing the states that agreed to Lincoln's plan a seat in Congress. They proposed their own Wade-Davis bill- the bill made re-admittance to the Union for former Confederate states contingent on a majority in each Southern state to take the Ironclad oath to the effect they had never in the past supported the Confederacy.

How did Americans respond to the Great Depression? What was done to try and solve the problems?

They became much more frugal and careful of their money. They never wasted anything, they never threw anything away if it could be used again. They grew much of their own food. They didn't speculate on hot stocks or for that matter they didn't trust the banks or stocks. Sowed and repaired their own clothes, saved and used foil numerous times, wore their clothes and their shoes until they really wore out, not until the fashions changed. The stock market crashed on Thursday, October 24, 1929, less than eight months into Herbert Hoover's presidency. Most experts, including Hoover, thought the crash was part of a passing recession. By July 1931, when the President wrote this letter to a friend, Governor Louis Emmerson of Illinois, it had become clear that excessive speculation and a worldwide economic slowdown had plunged America into the midst of a Great Depression. While Hoover wrote to Emmerson that "considerable continuance of destitution over the winter" and perhaps longer was unavoidable, he was trying to "get machinery of the country into . . . action." Since the crash, Hoover had worked ceaselessly trying to fix the economy. He founded government agencies, encouraged labor harmony, supported local aid for public works, fostered cooperation between government and business in order to stabilize prices, and struggled to balance the budget. His work focused on indirect relief from individual states and the private sector, as reflected in this letter's emphasis on "support[ing] each state committee more effectively" and volunteerism—"appeal[ing] for funds" from outside the government. As the Depression became worse, however, calls grew for increased federal intervention and spending. But Hoover refused to involve the federal government in forcing fixed prices, controlling businesses, or manipulating the value of the currency, all of which he felt were steps towards socialism. He was inclined to give indirect aid to banks or local public works projects, but he refused to use federal money for direct aid to citizens, believing the dole would weaken public morale. Instead, he focused on volunteerism to raise money. Hoover's opponents painted him as uncaring toward the common citizen, even though he was in fact a philanthropist and a progressive before becoming president. During his reelection campaign, Hoover tried to convince Americans that the measures they were calling for might seem to help in the short term, but would be ruinous in the long run. He asserted that he cared for common Americans too much to destroy the country's foundations with deficits and socialist institutions. He was soundly defeated by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932.

How did the United States get involved in Vietnam? What were the problems with Vietnam? How did the US try and solve them? What was the cultural reaction to Vietnam? How did the US finally get out of Vietnam?

Unfortunately, the War on Poverty was expensive-too expensive, especially as the war in Vietnam became the government's top priority. There was simply not enough money to pay for the War on Poverty and the war in Vietnam. Conflict in Southeast Asia had been going on since the 1950s, and President Johnson had inherited a substantial American commitment to anti-communist South Vietnam. Soon after he took office, he escalated that commitment into a full-scale war. In 1964, Congress authorized the president to take "all necessary measures" to protect American soldiers and their allies from the communist Viet Cong. Within days, the draft began. The war dragged on, and it divided the nation. Some young people took to the streets in protest, while others fled to Canada to avoid the draft. Meanwhile, many of their parents and peers formed a "silent majority" in support of the war. he optimistic '60s went sour in 1968. That year, the brutal North Vietnamese Tet Offensive convinced many people that the Vietnam War would be impossible to win

Jay's Treaty

Was made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793 and that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley

What are the reasons the Confederate States seceded? Do you think these are legitimate reason to leave the Union? Why or why not?

When Abraham Lincoln was elected as president in 1860. Southerners thought the government was becoming too strong. They did not think the government had the right to tell them how they should live. Southerners felt if they stayed in the United States, the North would control them. Some southern states decided they had no choice. They decided to secede, or leave, the United States. South Carolina was the first to leave the Union and form a new nation called the Confederate States of America. Four months later, six other states seceded. They were Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Texas and Louisiana. Later Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee joined them. The people of these states elected Jefferson Davis as president of the Confederacy. The northern states were called the Union. President Lincoln said he would fight to keep the southern states as part of the United States. There were Union forts on Confederate land. The Confederates wanted Union soldiers to leave these forts. In Charleston, South Carolina there was a Union fort called Fort Sumter. The Union soldiers refused to leave this fort, so the Confederates fired cannons at the fort on April 12, l861. This was the beginning of the Civil War.

Explain the effect the Civil War had on post-war economy

While the South was hardest hit, civilians everywhere in the nation felt the hardships of the Civil War. The interdependence of the regions became painfully apparent. While sugarcane rotted in Southern fields due to lack of manpower, some Northerners couldn't buy sugar regardless of how much they were willing to pay. Meat was scarce everywhere, while cattle multiplied and wandered the ranges of the Southwest without brands; there was simply no one to tend, transport or slaughter them. Before the war, most Southern wealth was in land and slaves - things that couldn't really be used to finance a war, and the blockade hindered their ability to raise cash. Coinage disappeared throughout the country, and Southern attempts to spur commerce by issuing paper money created hyperinflation. In 1861, a dollar's worth of gold would cost a Virginian $1.10 in Confederate notes. In 1864, that dollar of gold cost $20 in Confederate notes and at the end of the war, $70. Additionally, the Union blockade caused scarcity, and the army was provisioned first, driving prices even higher. The weekly cost to feed a family ballooned from $6.55 in 1860 to $68.25 in 1863, putting many items out of reach for most people. Resourceful Southern women boiled salt out of smokehouse floors, substituted ground acorns for wheat flour and made gloves from rabbit pelts. Coffee, tea, candles and paper became luxury items; shoes couldn't be purchased at any price. In an attempt to help, the Confederate Congress directed citizens to pay their taxes in produce and livestock, hoping to feed the army and relieve cash-strapped citizens. But lack of transportation resulted in warehouses full of rotting food while civilians went without. Jefferson Davis was the President of the Confederacy Jefferson Davis Photo On April 2, 1863, a mob of a thousand hungry Virginia women stormed the governor's office. When he didn't help, they started looting stores. It took Confederate President Jefferson Davis himself and a line of infantry to finally disperse the Richmond Bread Riot. Davis threw money in frustration. 'You say you are hungry and have no money - here is all I have.' While they snatched up the cash, Davis held up his gold watch. Would he throw it, too? No. 'Five minutes,' he said. If they were not gone in five minutes, the infantry would fire into the crowd. The bread riot ended quietly. The war's effects on other regions were mixed. Decreases in civilian industries, like cotton textiles, were offset by war production, like woolen textiles. All combat-related industries spiked, including transportation. The war also accelerated the commercial viability of inventions, like sewing machines, condensed milk and rotary plows - anything that helped sustain the army. However, the price of food items doubled, while salaries rose only half as fast. Many businesses also saw difficulties due to inflation, a reduced labor force and less capital available for investment. Farm income in the West rose, as did conflicts with Native Americans, while border towns became ghost towns.

Plain Truth

Written by James Chalmers. Contradicted "common sense" and encouraged loyalty to England.

Explain why the Treaty of Versailles was a failure and why Americans turned isolationist again post-WWI.

he Treaty of Versailles (French: Traité de Versailles) was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand It was fair because many people died and the allies needed many things to pay for it. It was unfair because they made Germany take all the blame even though they didn't. Also, Germany was poor from also fighting in the war and did not have a government, or the money to pay them back.

Explain the goals of the Theodore Roosevelt's presidency. How did he deal with international affairs? What role did he play in domestic affairs?

he rising young Republican politician Theodore Roosevelt unexpectedly became the 26th president of the United States in September 1901, after the assassination of William McKinley. Young and physically robust, he brought a new energy to the White House, and won a second term on his own merits in 1904. Roosevelt confronted the bitter struggle between management and labor head-on and became known as the great "trust buster" for his strenuous efforts to break up industrial combinations under the Sherman Antitrust Act. He was also a dedicated conservationist, setting aside some 200 million acres for national forests, reserves and wildlife refuges during his presidency. In the foreign policy arena, Roosevelt won a Nobel Peace Prize for his negotiations to end the Russo-Japanese War and spearheaded the beginning of construction on the Panama Canal. After leaving the White House and going on safari in Africa, he returned to politics in 1912, mounting a failed run for president at the head of a new Progressive Party.

What were the causes of the stock-market crash in 1929? How did the stock-market cause the downward spiral of the entire economy?

in October 29, 1929, Black Tuesday hit Wall Street as investors traded some 16 million shares on the New York Stock Exchange in a single day. Billions of dollars were lost, wiping out thousands of investors. In the aftermath of Black Tuesday, America and the rest of the industrialized world spiraled downward into the Great Depression (1929-39), the deepest and longest-lasting economic downturn in the history of the Western industrialized world up to that time. Failure of Banks

How did the United States plan to keep the world safe from communism? Do you agree with this plan? Why or Why not?

keeping communism in its enclosed borders President Truman worried what China might do if the war continued, but then MacAuther had told him that China would not intervene and he continued to push Northward. Truman didn't want the U.S to enter into the major war that would involve huge numbers of troops and even atomic weapons Neither side won the Korean War, and the two Koreans remain divided till this day. There are two things that did change: Truman had enlarged the power of presidency, and a new alliance called the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (S.E.A.T.O). This alliance was formed to prevent the spread of communism. The Truman Doctrine had committed the U.S to aid the countries resisting communist aggression, and provided the first step toward what would become known as the Containment Policy. President Truman established that the U.S would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from internal or external authoritarian forces. President Truman delivered a speech before a joint session on March 12, 1947, this is how The Truman Doctrine up-rose. The immediate cause for the speech was a recent announcement by the British Government that, as of March 31, it would no longer provide military and economic assistance to the Greek Government in its civil war against the Greek Communist Party.

1. Native American life pre-Columbus?

peaceful w/no Europeans; used hunting & farming to survive

Explain the cultural changes in America during the 1950s. How were these changes similar to the 1920s?

see attached