History ALL SEMESTER

The Spanish empire in the Americas was governed primarily by ______. conquistadors native peoples the church bureaucrats

bureaucrats

For which of the following was the Aztec capital Tenochtitlán noted? courts of justice technological simplicity canals and causeways the absence of religious sites

canals and causeways

Which of the following crops did Native Americans develop? corn olives sugarcane rice

corn

As distinctive regional cultures began to develop, those who remained in the Great Plains survived by ______. gathering and fishing hunting small bison fishing trapping small game and birds

hunting small bison

Portugal could not colonize the African continent because Africa's kingdoms were highly organized and its ______. climate was too harsh population was declining because of local diseases diseases ravaged settlers trade networks were underdeveloped

diseases ravaged settlers

Portugal could not colonize the African continent because Africa's kingdoms were highly organized and its ______. population was declining because of local diseases trade networks were underdeveloped climate was too harsh diseases ravaged settlers

diseases ravaged settlers

China's treasure fleet, commanded by Zheng He, sailed as far as ______. southern South America eastern North America western North America eastern Africa

eastern Africa

Increased proficiency at growing crops in Mesoamerica led to ______. elaborately planned cities job specialization larger communities nomadic settlement patterns

elaborately planned cities larger communities

Increased proficiency at growing crops in Mesoamerica led to ______ (select all that apply). larger communities elaborately planned cities nomadic settlement patterns job specialization

larger communities elaborately planned cities job specialization

The incredible array of huge mammals, including mammoths, sloths, camels, and lions, found in the northern Great Plains about 15,000 years ago are called ______. super mammals nomadic drifters glacial herds megafauna

megafauna

As compared to the medieval popes, fifteenth-century popes were ______. more powerful more attentive to religious concerns more focused on educating priests less "showy" in their demeanor

more powerful

Small family groups in the Great Basin generally ______. farmed for as much of the year as the weather would allow moved according to the season banded together in very large numbers in order to trade and barter to survive established what might be described as homesteads

moved according to the season

Unlike Eurasia, the Americas fall along a(n) ______ axis. northeast-southwest north-south southwest-northeast east-west

north-south

Which of the following is true of the Hohokam? They utilized vast and complex irrigation systems. They became known as the master potters of the Southwest. They burned the rain forest to add charcoal to the soil. They are more commonly referred to as the Anasazi.

They utilized vast and complex irrigation systems.

Communication and technology transfer between the Americas were primarily hampered by which two of the following? religious diversity genetic diversity climatic diversity geographic diversity

climatic diversity geographic diversity

One of Martin Luther's more radical beliefs at the time was that ______. the papacy should be eliminated everyone should read and interpret the Bible for himself or herself priests should marry attendance at church was unnecessary and optional

everyone should read and interpret the Bible for himself/herself.

Pacific Northwest societies ______. included slavery had sharp class distinctions eschewed elaborate ceremonies sought gender equality

included slavery had sharp class distinctions

Pacific Northwest societies ______. sought gender equality eschewed elaborate ceremonies included slavery had sharp class distinctions

included slavery had sharp class distinctions

Which of the following does not represent a cultural advantage the Spanish had over the Aztecs? knowledge of diseases ocean navigation metal tools possession of firearms

knowledge of diseases

Communication and technology transfer were ______ in the Americas as compared to Eurasia. roughly the same easier more difficult

more difficult

Agriculture began in the Americas ______ anywhere else in the world. much later than nearly as early as much earlier than

nearly as early as

What most accurately describes the ships Columbus sailed in 1492? old slave ships that were no longer very seaworthy large warships the most technologically advanced ships the Spanish possessed small ships about the size of oceangoing fishing vessels

small ships about the size of oceangoing fishing vessels

As compared to the Americas, the agricultural revolution in Eurasia ______. was hampered by sometimes insurmountable obstacles spread much more quickly faced far more natural barriers

spread much more quickly

When Portuguese explorers reached the Atlantic coast of central and southern Africa, they found ______. no commercial routes or hubs strong African kingdoms no African kingdoms weak African kingdoms

strong African kingdoms

After Columbus's contact with the Americas, Europeans brought ______ back to Europe, which broke out in more virulent form than ever before. smallpox the Black Death malaria syphilis

syphilis

Francisco Vázquez de Coronado's expedition to what is now the southwestern United States, undertaken for the purpose of locating vast stores of wealth, resulted in the European discovery of ______. the Grand Canyon the Sierra Nevada the Missouri River the Mississippi River

the Grand Canyon

Which people tamed the waters of the Salt and Gila Rivers with the most extensive system of irrigation canals anywhere in precontact North America? the Mogollon the Hohokam the Inuit the Ancestral Puebloans

the Hohokam

The inhabitants of the Subarctic ______. generally established communities in the far south relied upon farming in the short summers were nomadic built permanent settlements on waterways

were nomadic

What best describes the climate in the Great Plains during this era? consistently arid consistently rainy completely inhospitable to humans wildly unpredictable

wildly unpredictable

By the end of the fifteenth century, approximately how many different societies existed in North America? 25 1,000 1,750 350

350

What Mesoamerican civilization discovered the zero? the Aztecs the Mayas the Olmecs the Incas

the Mayas

The Cherokees, Tuscaroras, and Wendats all spoke ______ languages. Muskogean Athapaskan Iroquoian Algonquin

Iroquoian

What was the wealthiest and most advanced country in the world in the mid-fifteenth century? China England Portugal France Spain

China

The term historians use to describe the reciprocal transfer of plants, animals, and humans between the eastern and western hemispheres is the "_______ ______"

Columbian Exchange

Bartolomé de Las Casas helped popularize the so-called "Black Legend" of Spain, which indicted the empire for its ______. exploitation of natives imperial aggression ruthless piracy denigration of women

Exploitation of natives

Although the lack of ______ spared Native Americans from many diseases, this ultimately made them more susceptible to the diseases that Europeans had developed immunities to. large, crowded cities natural pests domesticated crops large domesticated animals

Large domesticated animals

Before the Mississippians arrived, most Eastern Woodlands people survived ______. mainly by fishing, gathering, and hunting by growing tubers in large mounds by importing all of their food through trade primarily by farming

Mainly by fishing, gathering, and hunting.

Unlike the benevolent and merciful God of the reformer ____ ____ , the God of the theologian John Calvin was omnipotent and controlling. (Please enter only one complete word per space and make sure to spell carefully.)

Martin Luther

The earliest settlers in the Americas originated in ______. Europe Siberia Africa Southeast Asia

Siberia

Which best describes rival European powers' response to Spanish successes in the the Americas? They immediately sought to imitate Spain's example. They became intimidated by Spanish power. They went to war against Spain. They took little action during most of the sixteenth century.

they took little action during most of the 16th century

When Columbus presented his case for the second time to Ferdinand and Isabella, he was successful. For what purpose did the monarchs want the revenue his voyage would, hopefully, produce? to finance even more voyages of discovery to find even more favorable locations for sugar plantations to compete with Portugal for control of the African slave coast to continue the reconquista

to continue the reconquista

The failure of the expedition of Juan Ponce de León did not dispel the Spanish belief that North America contained ______. untold riches a new market for enslaved people a faster route to China hostile native peoples

untold riches

Juan Ponce de León landed in what is now the state of _______ on the North American continent

Florida

Which of the following best describes linguistic developments among diversified American societies around 2,500 years ago? A multitude of distinct languages developed from a single, shared ancestral language. The multitude of languages that had developed thousands of years before continued to be used much as they had for generations. Dialects developed, but communication was still possible in a shared, ancestral language.

A multitude of distinct languages developed from a single, shared ancestral language.

Native peoples in the Americas initially began developing agriculture and manipulating native plants through ______. contact with other native peoples a deliberate process of experimentation a process of accident and experimentation contact with experienced farmers from Europe

A process of accident and experimentation

What was the first continent to experience Europe's expansionist activities? Australia Africa North America South America

Africa

Who controlled sub-Saharan African trade routes in the fifteenth century? China the Ottomans Portugal African kingdoms

African kingdoms

By the late fifteenth century, the focal point of European sugar production shifted to the Azores and other islands in the eastern ______ that were noted for their rich, volcanic soil. Indian Ocean Atlantic Ocean Gulf of Mexico Pacific Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

Which of the following food sources were important to the inhabitants of the Arctic and Subarctic regions? Choose all that apply. berries whale caribou beans

Berries, Whale, and Caribou

The ______ and the growth of the Ottoman Empire reduced Portuguese access to traditional sources of slave labor for their sugar plantations. destruction of Pompeii Black Death Spanish Revolution Columbian exchange

Black Death

The center of the network of Mississippian cities, located at the junction of the Missouri and Mississippi rivers, was a city known as ______. Chillicothe Moundsville Cahokia Hopewell

Cahokia

What was the name of the great city associated with the Mississippian culture? Tenochtitlán St. Louis Teotihuacán Cahokia

Cahokia

What was the wealthiest and most advanced country in the world in the mid-fifteenth century? England Portugal France Spain China

China

True or false: Following the colonization of the Americas, people from Spain immigrated in large numbers.

False

In 1519 the Spanish conquistador ____ ____ made the first European contact with the Aztecs, who ruled a vast empire in what is now Mexico.

Hernan Cortes

Which of the following statements about Europe in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries are true? Most of Europe's people made their living from the land. There was little warfare during that time. People lived long lives if they survived infancy. Europe had high levels of infant mortality due to undernourishment and disease.

Most of Europe's people made their living from the land. Europe had high levels of infant mortality due to undernourishment and disease

How did the geographic and climatic diversity of the Americas affect the transfer of plants and animals? It prevented the migration of alpacas and llamas from Mexico to South America. It encouraged the transfer of potatoes from South America to Mexico. It slowed down the spread of corn production from South America to Mesoamerica. It promoted better communications.

It slowed down the spread of corn production from South America to Mesoamerica.

Which of the following are true of the Aztec empire? It was an oddly unstratified society where equality was the ideal. Its capital was an island with a large central plaza. Religion played a very minor role in the lives of most people. Great wealth came to the empire through trade and tribute.

Its capital was an island with a large central plaza. Great wealth came to the empire through trade and tribute.

The ______ people were the master potters of the Southwest. Anasazi Ancestral Pueblo Mogollon Hohokam

Mogollon

Which culture is believed to have established the trading city of Paquime in present-day Chihuahua? Hohokam Natchez Mogollon Cherokee

Mogollon

Which culture is believed to have established the trading city of Paquime in present-day Chihuahua? Natchez Hohokam Cherokee Mogollon

Mogollon

Which statement regarding the environmental changes that occurred at end of the Ice Age is not correct? A wide range of ecosystems emerged in an environment once largely covered in snow and ice. New ecosystems spawned a diversity of plants and animals. Most species of megafauna survived the environmental changes. Melting ice brought about a rise in sea levels, creating new lakes and river systems.

Most species of megafauna survived the environmental changes.

Following the crises of the twelfth through fourteenth centuries, descendants of the Hohokam ______. moved to small farming villages with simpler irrigation systems traveled south to establish the city of Paquime in present-day Chihuahua gradually moved to the southern coast of present-day Oregon migrated from the Four Corners region to the northern Midwest

Moved to small farming villages with simpler irrigation systems

Some ______ rejected rigid hierarchies and embraced more egalitarian villages that forced confederacies. Algonquins Muskogeans Morgellons Iroquoians

Muskogeans

Which statement about the overall history of slavery is most accurate? Europeans did little to increase the scope or change the nature of slavery. Slavery has existed throughout human history and has taken various forms. Prior to the beginnings of the European trade, slavery was unknown in Africa. Slavery has existed throughout human history, and it has always been based on race.

Slavery has existed throughout human history and has taken various forms.

Which urban center grew from a small town and flowered as a result of Olmec influences? Paquimé Hispaniola Teotihuacán Tenochtitlán

Teotihuacan

Why did groups of people in the Great Basin usually number less than fifty? Small groups avoided detection by the Aztecs. Larger groups tended to overproduce and waste food in the fertile climate. The soil and climate were not good for farming. Their religion only allowed people to live near immediate family members.

The soil and climate were not good for farming.

Why didn't Portugal colonize West Africa before the nineteenth century? There were too many people living there to easily conquer. West Africa lacked the resources to sustain a profitable colony. West African powers were well organized and protected their land. Malaria killed a large number of Portuguese settlers.

There were too many people living there to easily conquer. West African powers were well organized and protected their land. Malaria killed a large number of Portuguese settlers.

How did early humans living in the Americas adapt to the end of the Ice Age? They began to hunt smaller animals. They began to rely on farming and stopped hunting. They began making metal tools. They migrated farther north.

They began to hunt smaller animals.

Which of the following statements are true concerning the diseases brought to the Americas by European colonizers? They killed millions of Native Americans. They highlighted the advantages agricultural development bestowed on the Native Americans. They did the greatest damage to Native American adults. They attacked only Native American children.

They killed millions of Native Americans. They did the greatest damage to Native American adults.

Which statement is true of the peoples of North America at the time of the Europeans' first arrival? All relied primarily on hunting and fishing. They had not yet developed towns and cities. The largest number lived in the Caribbean. They lived in remarkably diverse ways.

They lived in remarkably diverse ways.

Why didn't indigenous Americans domesticate large animals (with the exception of llamas and alpacas)? They did not know how to do so. When the megafauna disappeared, there were few large mammals to domesticate. Most religious beliefs encouraged separation of people from other mammals. They did not need large mammals for farming.

When the megafauna disappeared, there were few large mammals to domesticate.

Which region did the Mayan empire encompass? much of central and southern South America the Yucatan Peninsula and much of current-day Central America all of present-day Texas and parts of present-day New Mexico and Arizona northern Mexico

Yucatan Peninsula, & much of current Central America

One of the advantages that allowed the Spanish to intimidate and eventually defeat the Aztecs was ______. sophisticated military maneuvers advanced metal weaponry highly trained warriors knowledge of the history of warfare

advanced metal weaponry.

Like the ancient farmers of the Southwest, most Eastern Woodland peoples subsisted on ______. cultivated maize and squash fish and gathered forest products animals, fish, and nuts large game

animals, fish, and nuts

What social characteristics did the abundance of food in Mesoamerica produce? an economy that discouraged the production of nonagricultural goods a culture that had little place for militarism and war a highly complex and stratified social system an egalitarian social structure

a highly complex and stratified social system

What social characteristics did the abundance of food in Mesoamerica produce? an economy that discouraged the production of nonagricultural goods an egalitarian social structure a culture that had little place for militarism and war a highly complex and stratified social system

a highly complex and stratified social system

Which of the following characteristics did the Aztec and Spanish civilizations share? a largely rural and agricultural population usage of firearms an extensive oceangoing trade network knowledge of world geography

a largely rural and agricultural population

Which of the following characteristics did the Aztec and Spanish civilizations share? knowledge of world geography an extensive oceangoing trade network usage of firearms a largely rural and agricultural population

a largely rural and agricultural population

Which of the following did Europeans introduce to the Americas? tomatoes bananas dogs tobacco potatoes horses deer

bananas dogs horses

The expedition of Hernán de Soto was notable for its ______. failure to return home brutal treatment of native peoples trading partnerships success in finding riches

brutal treatment of native peoples

How can the Olmec civilization best be described? rural and agricultural isolated and secretive complex and urban lacking an appreciation of the arts

complex and urban

By 1800, Spanish immigration to the Americas ______. was so great that immigrants outnumbered the native-born continued to be very small was gradually decreasing from the great numbers of the previous century had become significant

continued to be very small

One of the consequences of Hernán de Soto's venture into North America was the ______. discovery of large gold deposits Spanish acquisition of Florida negotiation of a peace treaty with the Mississippian people decentralization of native chiefdoms

decentralization of native chiefdoms

By the mid-sixteenth century, the Spanish Empire had ______. extracted little wealth from the Americas major problems managing its native population intense competition for colonies from other European powers defeated the great civilizations of the Americas

defeated the great civilizations of the Americas

What did Francisco Vázquez de Coronado expect to find on his expedition? even greater riches than had already been discovered by others the fabled "fountain of youth" a water route to the Pacific a place in which he could establish a series of missions to convert indigenous peoples to Christianity

even greater riches than had already been discovered by others

Precontact people transformed forests in eastern North America by using ______. farming and landscaping fire canal-building techniques mound-building techniques

fire

The distinctive society that developed in the Pacific Northwest survived primarily by ______. gathering and trapping birds trapping small game fishing hunting small bison

fishing

Ferdinand and Isabella agreed to support the voyage of Columbus after they completed the reconquista, which was achieved when they took the kingdom of _____ in 1492

granada

On which of the following did most plains communities typically rely for survival? hunting raiding foraging trading

hunting foraging

Which of the following was not a major reason for early Spanish explorers' interest in the lands and peoples of the Americas? opportunities to develop trade relationships with native peoples a desire to compete with Portugal opportunities to acquire gold and other treasures a desire to find funding sources that would allow the Spanish to complete the Reconquest.

opportunities to develop trade relationships with the natives

Which crop, introduced from the Americas, dramatically changed northern European life? potatoes corn cotton tobacco

potatoes

President Andrew Jackson, like many Americans of his era, believed that Native Americans were ______. the proud descendants of illustrious societies "noble savages" who were nonetheless fated for destruction savages who had killed off the "great races" who preceded them deserving of respect, but not deserving of citizenship.

savages who had killed off the "great races" who preceded them

Native people of the Americas deliberately manipulated teosinte by ______. saving the seeds from the best plants and planting them in gardens mixing teosinte seeds with maize seeds grafting tiny teosinte sprouts onto the roots of stronger potato plants manually pollinating the grass with pollen from maize plants

saving the seeds from the best plants and planting them in gardens

At the end of the fifteenth century, Native Americans who hunted practiced religions that ______. asked the gods to aid in the ripening of crops sought the assistance of the gods to make the rain fall solicited the aid of animals as guardian spirits celebrated their kinship with animals

solicited the aid of animals as guardian spirits celebrated their kinship with animals

Which era marked the shift from slave to serf labor in Europe? the early modern era the Middle Ages the modern era the Renaissance

the Middle Ages

Which area did the Aztecs rule? the Valley of Mexico Honduras Guatemala the Yucatan Peninsula

the Valley of Mexico

Inadequate infrastructure and constant warfare in early modern Europe threatened ______. religious solidarity the stability of town life monarchical authority the food supply

the food supply