History & Philosophy of Sport and Physical Activity

According to the Ionian Enchantment led by Thales of Miletus, what governed the natural world? rational principles aesthetic proportions logic teleological forces

Rational Logic

The athletic events described in Homer's writings in the Iliad and the Odyssey reveal the democratic nature of ancient Greek sport. True False

False

The paidotribai (physical educators) possessed little formal sporting experience, were highly educated, and were drawn exclusively from the Greek aristocracy. True False

False

Which philosophical theory of the human person explains the mind as the operator of the body? substance dualism behavior dualism measurement dualism physicalism monistic materialism

behavior dualism

Authors argued that Eastern and Western forms of sport served different purposes, but they both carried the same values and meanings related to winning. True False

false

Cooperation between International Olympic Committee leadership and feminist movements in the prewar and interwar periods led to rapid and permanent gains toward the acceptance and promotion of women's participation in the Olympic Games. True False

false

Forty years after the passage of Title IX, scholars argue that American sport has finally achieved full gender equality. True False

false

Judo is a traditional Japanese sport with absolutely no modern elements. True False

false

What three factors had the greatest influence on the origins of sport? weather, nutrition, leisure time weather, religion, work hunting-foraging, religion, warfare hunting-foraging, warfare, leisure time

hunting-foraging, religion, warfare

Which of the following is NOT among the characteristics of modern sport? rationalization equality of the conditions of competition equality of opportunity to compete specialization sacramentalization

sacramentalization

One of the biggest differences between traditional and modern sports is that traditional sports are often connected to religious rituals while modern sports are usually recorded even more directly linked to religious practices unquantifiable secular martial

secular

Which of the following represents the persistence of local cultures in an increasingly globalized world? Chinese fans sporting LeBron James jerseys American college students buying Manchester United jerseys Nike's success in the world fashion market the continued relevance of the Olympics "Friday Night Lights" football traditions in American hamlets

"Friday Night Lights" football traditions in American hamlets

during the birth of the modern world, as Europeans came into contact with people from the Americans, what percentage of the indigenous population of the Americas perished from diseases imported from the old world (i.e., Europe, Africa, and Asia)? 5% to 10% 20% to 30% 40% to 60% 50% to 80% 60% to 90%

60% to 90%

The leading homeland in the development of national pastimes was Great Britain France Ireland the United States Canada

Great Britain

What did U.S. president Jimmy Carter's administration do in an effort to confront the success of the Soviet Union and its Communist allies in international sport? It passed Title IX legislation. It established the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sport. It gave government approval for the United States Olympic Committee to begin secretly paying amateur athletes. It passed the Amateur Sports Act. It introduced mandatory national fitness standards.

It passed the Amateur Sports Act.

In which of the following countries are national high school baseball tournaments hugely popular cultural events that capture widespread attention? the United States the Dominican Republic Mexico South Korea Japan

Japan

According to the holistic triangle, which of the following claims is accurate? Rules related to chemical compounds allow for, but cannot explain, emergent rules of psychology. Rules related to chemical compounds can, in fact, explain emergent rules of psychology. Rules related to chemical compounds (body) have nothing to do with any rules of psychology (mind). Rules related to chemical compounds indicate that all rules of psychology are fictitious.

Rules related to chemical compounds allow for, but cannot explain, emergent rules of psychology.

Which of the following statements regarding the ancient Greek Olympics is incorrect? The ancient Olympic Games were the most popular event in the Greek world. Greeks came from as far away as modern Spain and Russia to compete in or watch the Olympic Games. The Olympic Games held deep religious meaning for the Greeks. Greek Olympians competed in the nude for both religious and aesthetic reasons. The Olympics celebrated the Greek love of team sports.

The Olympics celebrated the Greek love of team sports

Which of the following statements regarding the ancient Greek Panhellenic festivals is incorrect? Each of the four Panhellenic festivals were held in honor of a specific Greek god. The program of events was identical at each of the four festivals. The festivals were held on a two- or four-year rotation. The Panhellenic festivals were considered the preeminent sporting events in the ancient Greek world. Victors at the Panhellenic festivals received symbolic rather than monetary prizes.

The program of events was identical at each of the four festivals

By modern standards Greek sports were highly competitive and extremely violent. True False

True

The text argues that perfect fairness in sport is an ideal that will never be fully realized. True False

True

According to Bernd Heinrich and other scholars of human evolution, what role did "vision" play in creating super-endurance predators? Vision keeps people on the trail. Vision allows people to find water. Vision keeps people from running into predators. Vision keeps people from running past prey. Vision allows people to see into the future—to see the distant finish line or the end of the hunt.

Vision allows people to see into the future—to see the distant finish line or the end of the hunt

According to international ratings, the two most popular globally televised programs are the Super Bowl and the World Series March Madness basketball and NASCAR races cricket test matches and champion's league soccer contests the X-Games and Survivor World Cup soccer and the Olympics

World Cup soccer and the olympics

Which organization played a prominent role in the early global diffusion of basketball? Boy Scouts Boys and Girls Club of America Young Men's Christian Association National Collegiate Athletic Association

Young Men's Christian Association

If utility (tool value) and serendipity (jewel value) are complementary pairs, it follows that tool value will be superior to jewel value jewel value will be superior to tool value jewel and tool value will always be equal activities with high tool value will also have some jewel value

activities with high tool value will also have some jewel value

the games that take place in the 21st century in esadio Azteca in Mexico City are directly related to the ancient. mesoamerican ballgames that took place in the old Aztec empire are traditional contests without any modern elements are local affairs without any connections to a global culture are fully modern soccer games that reflect the rise of a global football culture are played in the ruins of an ancient Aztec stadium

are fully modern soccer games that reflect the rise of a global football culture

Which of the following is NOT among the characteristics of traditional sport? martial sacred durable local equal

equal

Philosophers have argued that qualities of the ideal fan can be conceptualized along a continuum between which two extremes? winning and losing winning at all costs and losing purist and aesthetic attitudes partisan and purist perspectives

partisan and purist perspectives

Which of the following factors inspired the French aristocrat Pierre de Coubertin to lead the movement to establish the modern Olympic Games? He wanted to sell the exclusive television broadcasting rights to the Olympic Games to the highest bidder. He wanted to use the Olympics to showcase the military, economic, and physical prowess of the French people. He hoped to reap the financial benefits of owning the world's largest sporting event. He wanted to revitalize French society through participation in competitive sport.

He wanted to revitalize French society through participation in competitive sport.

among the thinkers of the scientific revolution, who should be considered the father of environmental psychology and articulated the idea that sport, exercise, and recreation serve as the starting point for making good citizens for modern societies Francis bacon rene descartes John Calvin Isaac newton John locke

John locke

Which of the following is NOT a way that the post-World War I media revolution helped propel sport to new heights? Athletes were transformed into national and even international celebrities. Radio networks began broadcasting play-by-play coverage of games. Cinematic newsreels provided images to the millions of fans unable to watch in person. Athletes became pitchmen and pitchwomen for an expanding array of commercial products. Live television broadcasts of major sporting events such as the Olympic Games and the FIFA World Cup were shown across the globe.

Live television broadcasts of major sporting events such as the Olympic Games and the FIFA World Cup were shown across the globe

Roman munera and Mesoamerican ballgames shared many commonalities but also exhibited which of the following contrasts? Mesoamerican ballgames resulted in far fewer deaths than Roman munera. Roman munera were deeply connected to religious rituals, but Mesoamerican ballgames were completely free of religious overtones. Gambling and alcohol fueled the excitement at Roman munera but were barred at Mesoamerican ballgames. Mesoamerican ballgames were a mechanism to highlight political and religious traditions and created a common culture shared by both the rulers and the masses, but Roman munera were apolitical and secular and only appealed to the plebeians. Mesoamerican ball players came from elite ranks—warriors and priests—within their cultures while Roman gladiators were generally outsiders—war captives, slaves, and criminals.

Mesoamerican ball players came from elite ranks—warriors and priests—within their cultures while Roman gladiators were generally outsiders—war captives, slaves, and criminals.

Which of the following statements regarding the relationship between sport and racial justice is incorrect? Elite black African athletes identifying with a pan-African movement exerted pressure on sporting organizations to stigmatize South Africa for its apartheid laws. American collegiate athletes called attention to racial inequality on college campuses by threatening an Olympic boycott and engaging in a protest on the Olympic medal podium. Muhammad Ali achieved worldwide mass appeal by refusing to engage in the protests or political speech, which marginalized other black athletes. Despite breaking baseball's unofficial color barrier and excelling immediately, Jackie Robinson continued to endure segregation from his teammates and threats from opposing players and spectators.

Muhammad Ali achieved worldwide mass appeal by refusing to engage in the protests or political speech, which marginalized other black athletes.

Which brutal fascist dictator was the first to embrace international sporting events as a platform for his nation's cultural propaganda? Stalin Hitler Pinochet Mussolini Hideki Tojo

Mussolini

which of the following statements best captures the viewpoints of protestant reformers in regards to the role of physical activity in human endeavors? Protestant reformers were opposed to the traditional festival culture of medieval Catholicism and its sporting habits. Protestant reformers were opposed to all forms of sport and recreation since they classified any bodily habit as inherently sinful. Protestant reformers were "frowning puritans" who hated physical activity in all of its forms. Protestant reformers endorsed traditional festival culture and its sporting habits, including the gambling and drinking associated with sporting contests, as long as these contests did not take place on the Christian Sabbath. Protestant reformers were killjoys who wanted to eradicate sport from their societies.

Protestant reformers were opposed to the traditional festival culture of medieval Catholicism and its sporting habits.

How have Eastern influences on sport and health practice been used by Western coaches and health professionals? They have been faithfully translated from their original forms. They have been upgraded and made more intense than their original forms. They bear no resemblance to their original forms. They have been modified and some of their original intent has been lost.

They have been modified and some of their original intent has been lost.

Which of the following is NOT a way that some subaltern cultures resisted British imperialism and the imposition of modern British sport? They refused to play against British soldiers below the rank of officer. They tried to beat the British at their own game. They played and promoted their own national sporting pastimes. They cultivated distinct home-grown playing styles and practices. They modified British games by incorporating many of their own traditional practices and values.

They refused to play against British soldiers below the rank of officer.

The ancient Greeks viewed physical education as integral to the pedagogical development of aterm-74 person. True False

True

Where did Jacques-Louis David's painting of a key moment in the French Revolution—in which the Third Estate (the representatives of the people) met to promulgate a new constitution—take place? a soccer field a tennis court a golf course a gymnasium a cricket pitch

a tennis court

The games and pastimes played by indigenous peoples before Europeans conquered and colonized the Americas, Africa, and Asia formed the basis for most popular modern sports such as soccer, rugby, and American football were eagerly copied by European settlers are now almost all extinct all survived well into the 21st century

are now almost all extinct

The male sporting establishment discredited the increased role of women in elite Cold War sport in all of the following ways except: by branding female athletes as lesbians by accusing female athletes of biological abnormality by mocking the physical appearance of female athletes by refusing to award female athletes with official Olympic medals and championship trophies by claiming that successful female athletes were male imposters

by refusing to award female athletes with official Olympic medals and championship trophies

Beach volleyball, mountain biking, triathlon, surfing, snowboarding, and skateboarding were developed, refined, and perfected in the United States Great Britain Australia New York California

california

The authors argue that playing a game must be either fair or unfair (it cannot be both) can be fair in one sense and unfair in another will never be entirely unfair can be fair in three distinct ways

can be fair in one sense and unfair in another

The overall attitude expressed by the authors about our ability to confidently tell right from wrong or make moral judgments about other cultures was most nearly extreme confidence (objective moral judgments are relatively easy to make and are final) cautious confidence (objective moral judgments can be made, some evidence but no proofs are available) cautious skepticism (moral judgments are subjective, matters of opinion, except for very rare cases) extreme skepticism (moral judgments are entirely subjective, nothing more than personal opinion)

cautious confidence (objective moral judgments can be made, some evidence but no proofs are available)

The U.S. State Department regularly recruited leading black athletes as cultural ambassadors and sent them on goodwill tours around the globe in an effort to teach sports enthusiasts in other parts of the world how to play sport prove that black athletes were capable of incredible sporting prowess convince foreign audiences that American society was free of racial discrimination and inequality make considerable sums of money by charging foreign audiences to watch the best black athletes in the United States compete

convince foreign audiences that American society was free of racial discrimination and inequality

The authors argued that brutality existed in Rome and Mesopotamia in bygone years, but in modern sport this moral issue is never raised (Brutal sports were eliminated after the Middle Ages.) very much alive in all sports (In sports like tennis and football, any chance for injury raises important questions about brutality.) limited to children's sport (Adult sport can be tough, but brutality is not an issue in settings such as high school athletics and professional sport.) debated in a few specific contact sports (Sports like football and mixed martial arts draw criticism, but brutality is not seen as an important issue is most other sports.)

debated in a few specific contact sports (Sports like football and mixed martial arts draw criticism, but brutality is not seen as an important issue is most other sports.)

What is the relationship described in the text between Kant's deontological ethics and Bentham's utilitarian ethics? They are fundamentally the same thing; Kant believed they are equally valid. Both argue that the ends justify the means. Both argue that the ends do not justify the means. Deontological ethics address possible weaknesses in teleological ethics.

deontological ethics address possible weakness in teleological ethics

The primary alternatives to holism are idealism and pragmatism dualism and materialism theism and atheism Christianity and Islam

dualism and materialism

The central purpose of Zen meditation and hatha yoga as traditionally practiced in the East was enlightenment improved physical health improved athletic performance improved efficiency at work

enlightenment

In the trolley example, Kant would have moral reservations about sacrificing one person to save five, but he would have no moral reservations if one person were sacrificed to save, for instance, 100 or more people. True False

false

Pinker argued that, while moral progress is possible, there is little or no evidence to suggest that modern societies are more civil than their ancient counterparts. True False

false

Scientists have discovered a genetic advantage held by black athletes over their white counterparts that explains black athletes' supremacy in sports including sprinting, distance running, and basketball. True False

false

The Cold War rivalry between the Soviet Union and the United States had a negative impact on the global popularity of sport as most fans opposed the intrusion of nationalism into the apolitical world of sport. True False

false

The FIFA created the soccer World Cup in 1930 under pressure from totalitarian dictators eager to exploit the tournament for political propaganda. True False

false

The Gaelic Athletic Association is dedicated exclusively to the promotion of the indigenous Irish sports of hurling and Gaelic football. True False

false

The Soviet Union and its communist allies were alone in their application of the latest technological, physiological, and pharmacological innovations to elite sport. True False

false

The ethicist Immanuel Kant was a supporter of the French Revolution's notion of equality, but he did not support the concept of liberty. True False

false

Zen techniques designed to promote focus of attention are regarded as old fashioned and are not used by current coaches or health practitioners. True False

false

What is the relationship between game rules and fair play? Rules have little to do with fairness. Following rules is sufficient for promoting fair play if the rules are clearly written. Following even clearly written rules is insufficient for promoting fair play. Adhering to the spirit of the rules is the only thing that matters in promoting fair play.

following even clearly written rules is insufficient for promoting fair play

In traditional civilizations around the world, which of the following activities, attributes, and outcomes were frequently associated with the sports and recreations of peasants? social mobility and intellectual prowess gambling and the consumption of alcohol warrior training and religious education improved health and extended life spans moral development and increased happiness

gambling and the consumption of alcohol

In phenomenology, how we direct our reflective or actual gaze toward something (e.g., a ball to be caught or a toy to be cherished) is called objectivity intentionality abstraction physiology

intentionality

which philosophical theory emphasizes the human persona as a collection of physical material substance dualism behavior dualism measurement materialism physicalism monistic materialism

monistic materialism

The most expensive, elaborate, and rarest of the games of the Romans, the mock naval battles staged by the Roman government to celebrate military victories and imperial power that sometimes produced thousands of deaths were the Ludi Romani Circuses Maximus munera naumachia Pax Romana

naumachia

The case of ancient sources recording Phayllus of Crotona's record long jump as 55 feet should reveal to students and scholars that ancient Greeks were far better athletes than modern people are since the current world record in the long jump is just under 30 feet written records are superior to archaeological records as sources for accurate histories ancient sources are absolutely useless in learning about the past one needs to be careful when interpreting ancient written sources and must apply critical standards to the claims made in those records ancient Greeks used performance-enhancing drugs to achieve great athletic feats

one needs to be careful when interpreting ancient written sources and must apply critical standards to the claims made in those records

Which of the following sports designed to train warriors mounted on horseback developed in ancient China and spread throughout much of Asia and into the Middle East, even reaching the Byzantine Empire in Eastern Europe? wushu kung fu budo hangul polo

polo

Demonstrating superiority over other people or over animals in public demonstrations of skills, including winning honor, status, and prestige through athletic competitions, is known as ritual triumph durability agony prowess

prowess

Lifestyle sports reject mainstream ideas of sport and promote alternative ways of understanding and doing sport focus on communal experience and identity rather than individual experience and identity attract older, more sedentary participants rather than young and vigorous participants

reject mainstream ideas of sport and promote alternative ways of understanding and doing sport

When the Football Association met in 1863 at The Freemasons' Tavern, they drew up the rules for which of the following football codes? rugby Canadian Australian Rules Gaelic soccer

soccer

In the book of the courtier, the Italian thinker and writer baldasare Castiglione recommends that Renaissance men play which of the following sports football wrestling track and field polo tennis

tennis

The Eastern symbol of yin and yang suggests that top athletic performance is the result of the complex interaction of nature and nurture (great athletes are partly born and partly made) the dominance of nature (great athletes are usually born) the dominance of nurture (great athletes are usually made) alternating dominance (some great athletes are usually born, others are usually made)

the complex interaction of nature and nurture (great athletes are partly born and partly made)

All of the following factors contributed to the post-World War I popularity of modern sport except advances in travel and communication the establishment of international sport federations the generosity of the American and British governments in funding elite sport programs the construction of major sporting arenas and stadiums the widespread belief that sports participation helps maintain national levels of fitness

the generosity of the American and British governments in funding elite sport programs

renaissance philosophers drew inspiration for physical education from which previous era the Egyptians the Chinese the greeks the Italians the neanderthals

the greeks

Which of the following statements about the novel Tom Brown's Schooldays is accurate? The novel ridiculed the notion that sport was anything more than mere amusement. The novel was translated into Brazilian and helped to spark the creation of the modern World Cup soccer tournament. The novel promoted traditional sport and warned that modern forms of sport would corrupt the fabric of society. The novel had little influence outside of British public schools. The novel promoted team sports as superior to individual sports for teaching valuable social lessons.

the novel promoted team sports as superior to individual sports for teaching valuable social lessons

Bentham's idea of utilitarian ethics was modeled on the writings of Plato the writings of Aristotle the precision of science respect for human dignity

the precision of science

What kind of conclusions on the flopping debate would be generated by utilitarianism and deontological ethics? They would necessarily generate different conclusions. They would necessarily generate the same conclusion. They could generate the same conclusion. Nobody can say because neither one of them can be applied to such practical dilemmas as flopping in basketball.

they could generate the same conclusion

The British spread modern sport to its "dark" empire for all of the following reasons except to civilize the unruly natives by teaching them middle-class values to break down class and racial divisions through friendly sporting competition to convert the dark-skinned pagans to Christianity to continue the spread of British cultural imperialism throughout the globe to offer sport as a substitute for war

to break down class and racial divisions through friendly sporting competition

The initial response of the Soviet Union and communist and socialist movements in Europe to the growth of international elite sport and Olympism was the immediate mobilization of resources, athletes, and technology to establish Soviet dominance in international sport to promote mass participation in sport, pageants, parades, and military events in opposition to an inherently capitalist and exploitive bourgeois invention that excluded women, the working classes, and nonwhites suspicion that Western powers were covertly preparing for war banning athletics in communist states

to promote mass participation in sport, pageants, parades, and military events in opposition to an inherently capitalist and exploitive bourgeois invention that excluded women, the working classes, and nonwhites

According to sport scholar Henning Eichberg, modern sports are under threat due to a contemporary revival of traditional and indigenous sports and pastimes. True False

true

Among the several models of sport, the achievement model was identified as the most popular one in America today. True False

true

Despite purporting to be both inclusive and universal, the Olympic Games historically discriminated against athletes on the basis of gender, race, nationality, and social class. True False

true

Eastern philosophies are highly compatible with holistic views of life. True False

true

Holists like Merleau-Ponty recommend that we live from our bodies, not toward them. True False

true

It was argued in the text that athletes are members of two sporting fraternities at the same time—one that forms around the test and the other that forms around the contest. True False

true

The infamous 1936 Olympics Games in Berlin were an important achievement for the Germans, as the Nazi regime both fielded a team competitive enough to outperform the rival American and British teams and elevated the spectacle of the Games to new heights. True False

true

The question of whether we can know the moral status—and with what confidence we can make judgments about brutality—falls under the philosophic branch called epistemology. True False

true

Utilitarian thinking could justify telling a lie or even killing an innocent person if the result produced the greatest balance of good over evil. True False

true

scientism is a view that the scientific method can be applied to all subjects to produce more accurate knowledge true false

true

The utilitarian logic used to make a decision on the example of retaining or cutting a college football program showed that utilitarian calculations can be difficult at best football decisions cannot be made on utilitarian grounds happiness or other end results are basically irrelevant when making ethical decisions happiness or other end results are entirely irrelevant when making ethical decisions

utilitarian calculations can be difficult at best

Asian martial arts traditions were generally designed to train which of the following groups? peasants nobles warriors priests scholars

warriors

According to the text, research on health and other benefits from physical activity is well-developed and persuasive in its early stages and speculative well-developed in the social sciences, but not in physiology has not yet begun in any serious way

well-developed and persuasive

Which of the following positions has been taken in describing the nature of sport? idealism, realism, and pragmatism sport as war, sport as play, sport as education sport as defined by the letter of the rules versus the spirit of the rules broad internalism, conventionalism, pluralistic internalism

broad internalism, conventionalism, pluralistic internalism

According to the authors, play can be studied only by social scientists only by historians and philosophers only by child psychologists by many scholars, including chemists and biologists

by many scholars, including chemists and biologists

what was the most advanced civilization in the world circa 1500, as measured by technological, scientific, and economic development europe aztec empire islamic kingdoms of the Middle East china india

china

In attempting to analyze the intrigue of games, which of the following were not identified as possible sources of that intrigue? problems, uncertainty, and drama in sport freedom experienced in sport health promoted by sport flexibility of sport and sport rules

health promoted by sport

All of the following factors explain the Western appreciation of colonial and native traditions except modern fears concerning rising obesity levels, sedentary lifestyles, processed foods, and the harmful effects of labor-saving devices the modern belief that indigenous peoples were rugged, virile, healthy, and naturally gifted athletes late 19th-century and early 20th-century scientific thinking about race historical written evidence that records the incredible sporting performances of indigenous peoples

historical written evidence that records the incredible sporting performances of indigenous peoples

Virtue ethics focuses only on the principles guiding a person's actions and not their character. True False

False

How do history and philosophy relate to one another? History provides proven facts; philosophy provides subjective theories and opinions. History has a rigorous methodology; philosophy does not. History provides a context for philosophic ideas; philosophy expands ideas found in historical settings. History is useful only if we want to understand the past; philosophy is useful only if we want to understand the future

History provides a context for philosophic ideas; philosophy expands ideas found in historical settings.

Which branch of philosophy term-74would study the nature of sport? epistemology aesthetics metaphysics logic

Metaphysics

Black American athletes were integrated into previously segregated sporting competitions only after civil rights legislation mandated their inclusion. True False

false

Which of the following elements of the motto of the French Revolution emerged most powerfully through sport in modern societies? liberty equality fraternity

fraternity

Which of the following modernizing sports was influenced more by the tastes and attitudes of the common folk than by the desires and sentiments of wealthy British elites? prizefighting yachting horse racing golf cricket

prizefighting

The Laws of Cricket provided a constitution for promoters of cricket were promulgated by the Jockey Club preserved the traditional values of cricket against the elements of modernization

provided a constitution for promoters of cricket

Franklin Henry emphasized which one of the following distinctions when he attempted to elevate the academic visibility of our field? philosophy and history exercise science and the movement humanities the discipline and the profession coaching and teaching

the discipline and the profession

Which of the following was NOT among the key characteristics of the rise of civilization? the shift from sedentary lifestyles to nomadic social patterns the appearance of monumental architecture the emergence of written languages the shift from hunting and foraging to the systematic domestication of plants and animals the rise of cities

the shift from sedentary lifestyles to nomadic social patterns

Mind—body dualism typically places physical activity in its best possible light. True False

true

Sport served to both undermine and support Britain's global dominance. True False

true

The native Anglophile elites who were educated in British-run public schools eagerly embraced modern British sports. True False

true