History and Systems of Modern Psychology Midterm

Even though it might not have been intended as such, which of the following is the paper that is normally considered to mark the origination of functionalism?

Dewey's reflex arc paper

Which of the following was true about Titchener's Experimentalists?

During Titchener's lifetime women were excluded from joining

While studying visual afterimages, I inadvertently looked too long at the sun and seriously damaged my eyes, to the extent that I had to take a medical leave from work. Who am I?

Gustav Fechner

Calkins studied with all of the following except

Hall

I was forced by economic considerations into a career in applied psychology, although my true love was basic research. One of my projects concerned evaluating the effects of Coca-Cola. Who am I?

Harry Hollingworth

I succeeded Angell as head of the department at Chicago and was known for doing a lot of maze learning research (I even had a type of maze named after me). Who am I?

Harvey Carr

What did Robert Whytt contribute to the study of physiological psychology?

He showed that the brain was not needed in order for reflexes to occur.

The ophthalmoscope, a device for examining the retina, was invented by

Helmholtz

While at Cambridge, Darwin learned botany from ______ and geology from ______.

Henslow; Sedgewick

The publication of Darwin's Origin of Species produced a great deal of debate and controversy. The scientist who was the most ardent defender of Darwin's ideas was

Huxley

Hugo Münsterberg made contributions to each of the following areas except

IQ testing

The school of structuralism includes the work and/or systems of which of the following?​

Titchener

Who was the first American woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology?

Washburn

If someone cannot detect a difference in weight between 30 grams and 32 grams, but can tell the difference between 30 grams and 33 grams, the discrimination between 30 and 33 grams is called

a jnd

In Ach's dissertation with Külpe, he gave subjects pairs of numbers after first telling them that they would be performing some operation on these numbers. He found that subjects responded with very fast (and equal) reaction times regardless of the type of operation, because the prior instructions had created

a mental set to respond in a certain way

According to William James's philosophy,

a proposition can be considered to be true if it is in some way useful for the individual in adapting to the environment

Goddard could be described by all of the following except

advocate for training programs to raise mental age of morons to normal levels

Compared to the "new" history, the "old," traditional way of looking at psychology's history is characterized by

an internal approach

Which of the following would be least likely to be found on a list of mental tests from Galton's lab?

analogy problems (A is to B as 1 is to ___)

Psychotechnics was the name given to

applied psychology as it developed in Europe in the 1920s

In his 1895 book Thinking, Feeling, Doing, Scripture

argued that the psychology laboratory had relevance for everyday life

In order to overcome presentist thinking, at least to a degree, what did historian Bernard Bailyn recommend?

avoid thinking of individuals as heroic or a villain if the judgments about them were not clear at the time

When John Watson, behaviorism's founder, attacked structuralism, what was his main argument?

because of the subjectivity of introspection, agreement on the elements of conscious could never be reached

You will learn in Chapter 5 that while Darwin was developing his theory of evolution, Alfred Russel Wallace had almost the identical idea at about the same time. This type of thing happens occasionally in history and illustrates

both a multiple and the importance of zeitgeist

Helmholtz used the example of how the energy associated with digestion could be transformed into muscular force as a way to support his

both law of conservation of energy and belief in vitalism

Titchener believed that introspectors had to be highly trained. Why?

by developing an introspective habit, they could overcome memory problems

What did Thorndike conclude from his puzzle box research?

cats initially behaved randomly, but eventually used only the behaviors that worked for escape

In her research on memory, Calkins

concluded that frequency was more important than recency, primacy, or vividness as a predictor of recall

Galton is associated with all of the following except

contributions to comparative psychology

While at Johns Hopkins University, Hall

created the first research laboratory of experimental psychology in America

Which of the following was true about Münsterberg's work with the conductors of electric streetcars?

despite his claims, there was limited evidence that his simulation test was valid

Lloyd Morgan believed that

different species of animals reach a level of mental complexity just sufficient for them to survive

Darwin used the example of trembling to illustrate which principle?

direct action of the nervous system

According to Titchener, every sensation includes the attribute(s) of

duration, intensity, quality

The Phineas Gage case showed that severe frontal lobe damage causes a loss of which function?

emotional control

All of the following are elements of Darwin's original theory of evolution except

genetic mutation is the means of creating individual differences within species

Which of the following is true about Darwin's visit to the Galápagos Islands?

the finches would eventually supply a key piece of the puzzle, but Darwin didn't realize the significance of these birds at the time

With which of the following statements would William James be most likely to agree?

the function of habit is to allow consciousness to focus on more important matters having to do with adapting to the environment

Which of the following is true about Titchener's version of psychology's goals?

the goal of explanation involved the nervous system, but little of Titchener's research concerned nervous system activity

Upham's Elements of Mental Philosophy was divided into three main sections,

the intellect, emotion, and action

If discrimination reaction time takes .30 seconds and simple reaction time takes .21 seconds, then

the mental event of discrimination takes .09 seconds

By using ______, Flourens demonstrated that the cerebral cortex was the center of voluntary action.

the method of ablation

Which of the following was true about Terman's study of genius?

the sample was biased, overloaded with white children from professional, urban families

What was the phrenological "doctrine of the skull"?

the strength of faculties can be inferred from skull shape

According to Binet and Simon, a débile was

the type of child least capable (of the feebleminded) of being educated

By changing S-R to S-O-R, Woodworth was asserting that

theories must consider the importance of internal factors like motivation when predicting behavior

Goddard and Terman had a number of things in common. What was not one of them?

they both believed that intelligence is primarily influenced by genetics

Why did Darwin believe that it was useful to study children and the insane to learn about emotion?

they would not show the normal adult inhibitions to expressing full emotions

How did Wundt propose to study immediate conscious experience?

through the use of a form of introspection that he called internal perception

In a quotation about the development of educational psychology, Ross criticized the use of the zeitgeist concept, arguing that

to say that some event occurred because of the zeitgeist fails to explain the event at all

Thorndike's "trial and accidental success" learning is more commonly known as ____ learning.​

trial-and-error

Goddard believed that Deborah Kallikak

was the eventual outcome of an ancestor's "casual intimacy" with a "feebleminded" barmaid

On his word association test, Galton found that

when he went through his word list repeatedly, the same associations tended to occur to the same words

The concept of the women's sphere included the idea that

women were considered to be intellectually incapacitated once a month

If you happened to be enrolled in a drill course in 1910, what would your experience be like?

you would replicate classic studies, probably with Titchener's Manuals as your guide

The first African American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology was ____.​

​Sumner

Division ____ of the American Psychological Association is concerned with the study of the discipline's history.​

26

According to Stern's formulation, a 5-year-old with an IQ of 80 would have a mental age of _____, while another 5-year-old, with an IQ of 120, would have a mental age of _____.

4; 6

Pretend you're Ebbinghaus. On Monday you take 20 minutes to learn a list of nonsense syllables. On Tuesday, you take 5 minutes to relearn the list. What is your saving score?

75%

The functionalist advocate ____ never completed a Ph.D. in psychology, yet went on to greatly influence the Chicago school.​

Angell

A high school graduate, drafted into the army in World War I, would be most likely to be given

Army Alpha

Which of the following statements would you be least likely to find in a letter by William James concerning psychical research?

As a young science, psychology must gain respectability and cannot afford to be associated with such controversial research

Which of the following is true of the physiological work of Bell and Magendie?

Both concluded that posterior and anterior roots had different functions, but they differed as to the nature of the functions

In a debate about intelligence, the noted columnist Walter Lippmann argued that

It is ridiculous to think that an IQ test can measure native ability

Darwin took the concept of there being a struggle for existence from

Malthus's work on population

I shared the 1906 Nobel Prize for medicine for my work on neuron theory and believed that neurons did not physically connect to other neurons, but were merely in contact with each other. Who am I?

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

Faculty psychology derived from

Scottish Realist philosophy

Which of the following is true about the "From the Miles Papers" excerpt in Chapter 1, in which Miles meets his "academic grandfather?"

Scripture was the "academic grandfather" because he trained Seashore, who in turn trained Miles

Binet called his psychology an "individual" psychology because

he believed that psychology should focus on how individuals differ from each other

Which of the following is correctly associated with John Dewey?

he believed that teachers should promote divergent thinking and avoid rote learning

All of the following are true about Romanes' work on animal psychology except

he failed to recognize the danger of relying on anecdotal methods

All of the following characterized the Ebbinghaus memory research except

he tried to make the syllables meaningful as he memorized them, by using various mnemonic devices

Which of the following is true about James Mark Baldwin?

his books on development were heavily influenced by evolutionary theory

Johan Herbart was an important predecessor to experimental psychophysics. He believed that

ideas with different strengths could be assigned different mathematical weights

One consequence of Enlightenment thinking was that

intellectuals began to question the literal truth of the Biblical story of creation

James was critical of all of the following research methods except

introspection

Which of the following is true about an external history of psychology?

it examines the influence of such things as the social and political context in which important events occurred

Which of the following is true about an origin myth in psychology?

it gives the false impression of a clear starting point for a scientific approach to some area of psychology

Which of the following is true of Müller's doctrine of the specific energies of nerves?

it stated that we are aware not of objects in the world, but of the action of our nervous system

In the period called the Enlightenment,

it was believed that truth could be attained by means of objective science

All of the following are associated with G. E. Müller except

made the initial discovery of imageless thought

To say that "without Descartes, the history of reflex action would be totally different" is to take a

naturalistic view of history

All of the following are associated with James McKeen Cattell except that he

originated the distinction between independent and dependent variables

In his laboratory research, Wundt and his students identified two basic elements of consciousness. They were

perceptions and apperceptions

In their doll studies, the Clarks discovered that African American children

preferred light-skinned dolls to darker-skinned dolls

Which of the following is true about Leta Hollingworth's work with gifted students?

she recommended that gifted students be kept in their grades, but given enriched opportunities for learning

Spalding demonstrated all of the following except

species differences in hearing

The existence of "multiples"

supports a naturalistic more than a personalistic viewpoint

As a developmental psychologist, Hall believed that

the development of the individual mirrors the evolution of the species