History and Theory of Architecture 1 quiz 1/test 1
Imhotep
- became a demigod after death, was the kings sealbearer, was a prophet, and a prime minister -worlds first architect
chinese gardens characteristics
- emperor, significant and wealthy -framed views -yin yang principals -balance -beauty
temple of amun characteristics
-134 columns in the hypostyle hall -The bigger columns are 69 ft high and 12 ft in diameter (in the middle) ^Blossom capital^ - The smaller columns are 42 ft high and 9 ft in diameter (all the others) ^bud capital^
japan architecture characteristics
-5000 unbroken development -insular development until 1853 -earthquakes bc of volcanos
things found in the Funerary Complex of King Zoser
-Found a statue of King Zoser in one on the rooms (made of limestone and life size) Egyptian Museum, Cairo -A small bronze statue of Imhotep, the architect, Neues Museum, Berlin (5 inches in height)
temple of khons characteristics
-House of a god- holy/religious temple -Part of a religious cult for Khons -the building gets smaller and smaller in size because the back part is for the gods and they need privacy The temple is smaller than the facade of a building Battering- a sloping edges of the facade Representing a two mountain tops- representing Ra Molding around the top of the building- taurus molding Cornice molding- crown molding Niche- a slot like place on a building to hold a statue
imperial complex of the forbidden city charateristics
-NSEW orientation -confusronism -protected walls/barriers, some buildings had extra layers -axial -importance of centralized buildings, had a courtyard -hall of supreme harmony - optical refinements
Funerary Complex of King Zoser characteristics
-Pyramid is 204 ft (Step Pyramid) (First egyptian pyramid ever built) -^this originally had polished limestone on the outside but was then taken to build a city near by^ -The guarding walls are 33 ft -1800 ft by 900 ft in perimeter (33 football fields) -There are 15 gates but only the main SE corner gate opens Heb-Sed festival is performed with the boundary stones -The north and south house were built through the bringing together of upper and lower egypt -Engaged column is connected to a wall
Chinese Philosophies: daoism
-anti authorization/rational -mystical -harmony of human action with nature (architecture) -irregular garden/landscape design
chinese order charateristics
-best of the best to build -set of colors and symbols that all had meaning -tiered layers added heirarchy
other chinese house characteristics
-courtyard in center -mostly axial (except entry-religious) -surrounded by walls -patriarch gets most important/best sun room, sons get second best -daoist architecture - screens, paper doors/walls, large courtyards
duogong bracketing
-on top of columns -cantilever to relieve wight -regulated by proportions
Chinese Philosophies: confusronism
-respect for authority -gov should respect people vice versa -emperor was god whose welfare was crucial to the state -architecture was rigid
in its original form, how many stair ways went all the way up to the top? (ziggurat at ur)
1
Capital
1. Echinus 2. Abacus 3. Volute
ionic
1. Medium 2. Represents a mature woman Spirals represent woman's hair in curlers
doric
1. Smallest 2. No base 3. Least elaborate decorations 4. Grew up in Mainland Greece
Corinthian
1. Tallest and thinnest 2. Extremely elaborate 3. Represents a young girl who is tall and slender
stylobate
1. Top step of a Greek temple's platform 2. Defines how big the temple is
photographs were presented for the first time when?
1839
Moon God is named
Ananna or Sin
Entablature
Architrave Frieze
Column
Base Shaft Capital Echicus Abacus Volute
important cities near the nile delta in lower egypt
Cairo, Memphis, and Giza, Saqqara (tombs of where monumental kings were buried)
capital of Lower Egypt (north)
Capital Memphis
capital of Upper Egypt (south)
Capital Thebes
Ten books of Architecture by Marcus Vitruvius was named? who was it dedicated too?
De architectura, augustus
Amphi
Doubling something
who drew the plan of the palace of sargon?
banister fletcher
only part of this building was reassembled in this museums display. why wasn't the whole thing installed there? (ishtar gate)
because it was too big it wouldn't fit
why do we say that the facade is battered? (temple of khons)
because the walls tilt inwards
Prehistoric
before writing of any kind
most of this building has been moved from its original location to a museum in another country. name where this museum is located. (ishtar gate)
berlin germany
which material is used for the vast majority of this buildings structure? (ziggurat at ur)
brick
complete the following sentence from Nikolas Pevsner's book, an outline on European architecture: "a bicycle shed is a ____________; lincoln cathedral is a piece of ___________.
building architecture
Dur Sharuk
built to replace the capital city King Sargon II( right) and an assyrian dignitary (left -his son and successor Sennacherib) Relief from Khorsabad (Louvre Museum, Paris, France)
Roman Architect of the 1st century B.C.E.
Vitruvius
Lamassu
Winged bull with human head, from Khorsabad Installed at the Oriental Institute, Chicago, Illinois Guardian of the Palace of Sargon (placed near the throne room) Khorsabad: Two Lamassu in situ Gate of the Citadel
Mastabas
a. How important Egyptians were buried b. Tombs c. Vertical shafts d. Contains access to an underground burial chamber e. arabic word for seat, a tomb for the top egyptians (before the pyramids)
Diminution
a. Taper towards top b. Not perfect cylinders
base
absent in the Greek Doric order
weep holes
allows the moisture to leave the mass (ancient builders came up with this) they are located on the outside of the brick wall
Paraline drawings
also called Axonometric and Isometric (is parallel)
why is he/she considered especially significant in the history of architecture? (funerary complex of king zoser)
first known architect in recorded history
Perspective drawings
first labeled in 1400's (not parallel)
the ground area covered by this complex is so large that one could at least 33 _____________ inside the perimeter wall. (funerary complex of king zoser)
football fields
venustas meaning and examples
form (delight) Maison Carree (square house) Virginia State Capitol
Pylon/Facade
front face Courtyard
Pronaos
front porch
utilitas meaning and examples
function (commodity) The Parthenon Chartres Cathedral
what is the name of the corridor-like space in the pyramid of Khufu that has a corbeled vault?
grand gallery
Ancient Egypt used what instead of literature?
hieroglyphics
what do we call architecture that was designed by a professionally trained architect?
high style architecture
what is the name of the interior space that comes next, which is completely roofed over and filled with many columns?
hypostyle hall
Doric Frieze Only: Triglyph
i. Look like roman numerals ii. 3 vertical strokes, and a horizontal stroke on the top and the bottom
Doric Frieze Only: Metope
i. The space in between the triglyphs ii. Perfect square iii. Always have the same form
who is the worlds first architect?
imhotep
who was the architect of the funerary complex of king zoser?
imhotep
who was the ishtar gate built for? according to the Hebrew bible (old testament), what bad things did this client do?
king nebuchadnezzar II he destroyed Jerusalem
what do we call the strange-looking creatures (part winged bull, part human) that "guard" the doors of the palace of sargon at khorsabad?
lamassu
which animal is featured in glazed brick relief sculptures all along the grand street that leads up to this building? (ishtar gate)
lions
Three columns of the North Palace look like what?
look like a Papyrus Plant (which is grown in lower Egypt)
Hydraulic Civilization
makes life possible in dry places from rivers flooding
Hypostyle Hall
many columns in rows and rows Sanctuary
the form of the pyramid was probably derived from a simpler kind of tomb, which is lowlying, with a flat top and sloping sides. what is this simpler kind of tomb called? (funerary complex of king zoser)
mastabas
Naos
middle of the temple, where you put the gods statue (like sanctuary)
what is the name given to the historical time period during whick the temple of khons was built?
new kingdom
what is the name given to the historical time period during which this complex was built? (funerary complex of king zoser)
old kingdom
of the many gates in the perimeter wall of this complex, how many are functional? (funerary complex of king zoser)
one
where can you find the missing obelisk from the temple of Amun at Luxor, Egypt?
paris france
what kind of architectural drawing features parallel lines that converge toward one (or two) vanishing points?
perspective drawings
name one example of an architectural drawing that is classified as an orthographic projection?
plan drawings
post and lintel construction (temple of amun)
post- column lintel- block across the top
what is the proper term for the façade of the temple of khons?
pylon
Obelisk
sacred objects that represent the sun god
firmitas meaning and examples
structure (firmness) Baths of Diocletian Speyer Cathedral
for which ancient culture was the ziggurat at ur built for?
sumer
Cuneiform
system of writing
Bilateral symmetry (temple of Amun)
the axis of the temple makes the building perfectly symmetric (right through the middle) (the axis cannot go through a solid wall)
Opisthodomos
the back porch "fake porch"
Entasis
the curve of the column in the shaft
today, the only part of this building is preserved on the original site. which part is that? (ishtar gate)
the foundations
what is "wrong" with the design of the formal gardens in front of the edmon low library on the campus of OSU?
the garden is off centered from the doors
what developed the silk industry?
the han dynasty
in the minds of the builders of this building what was its "real" function? (temple of khons)
the house of god
Pediment
the large triangle on the top facade
shaft
the main part of the column below the capital
which of these "dummy buildings" features engaged columns that imitate the papyrus plant? (funerary complex of king zoser)
the north palace
Kemet
the original name of Egypt, means black land (Egypt comes from greek)
which local building in Stillwater Oklahoma was singled out by the instructor as a prime example of "bad" architecture?
the sigma chi frat house
Void
the spaces in between the columns
capital definition
the top decoration of a column
capital
the top of a column, for these it is the bud of a papirus
Lintel
the top of a doorway
Cross Hatching
the use of horizontal lines to show wall that are partly there
several of the smaller structures in this complex are called "dummy buildings". why are they given this name? (funerary complex of king zoser)
they were not used and they were filled in solid with stone
what was the function of the ziggurat at ur?
to be a temple (for their god)
what is the symbolic purpose of the animals represented in relief sculpture on this building? (ishtar gate)
to protect the city by scaring off enemies
King Menes
united upper and lower egypt around c. 2925 B.C.E
what region is the temple of khons located in?
upper egypt
which of the three latin words made famous by this architect (vitruvius) refers to a buildings function?
utilitas
the han dynasty
very powerful but eventually corrupt
who was the famous architect whose treatise (book) on architecture is the only one that survives from all of antiquity?
vitruvius
Cuneus
wedge
what provision was made for draining excess moisture from inside this structure? (ziggurat at ur)
weep holes
The temples face the ____________ and the back faces the ______________
west (seaside), east( mountain side)
Poche
when you color in the solid wall with black on a plan or section view
Lamassus
winged bull with a human head
what is the crucial element that distinguishes historic cultures from prehistoric cultures?
writing
Dummy Chapels
called Heb-Sed Chapels (are solid stone buildings)
as you penetrate deeper and deeper into this building, what happens to the relative positions of the floors and ceilings? (temple of khons)
ceiling gets lower while the floor gets higher
in which us city can you find the museum called the "oriental institute?"
chicago
what had a similar development process to egypt?
chinese architecture
what created a new chinese construction system?
chinese order
what was based in greek rationalism, all exposed?
chinese order
China houses charateristics
circular waffle and daub thatched roof eventually built joints to handle the lateral load a lot of rain, not suitable architecture
what space lies immediately behind this facade? (temple of khons)
courtyard
Cornice molding
crown molding
What is the funerary complex of king zoster made of?
Limestone
what is the ancient greek name for the region of western asia that was called "between the rivers?"
Mesopotamia
taurus molding
Molding around the top of the building at the temple of khons
Peripteral Plan
Most frequently found form in Greek temples
Fluting
Striping the columns
Second Temple of Hera characteristics
The "Early Classic" Greek Temple: -very well preserved -6 columns along the front, 14 along the sides Hexastyle Columns are 29 feet high
Pteron
The exterior columns that sit on the stylobate
ziggurat at ur characteristics
2. Ziggurat = a temple in the form of a tower 3. Ziggurat means to protrude or to build high a. Brick structure built of two different kinds of mud brick b. Rectangle plan that is 148ft by 210 ft c. Oriented according to the cardinal directions d. Each corner is aligned with a cardinal direction e. Built by King Ur-Nammu - belonged to the 3rd dynasty of Ur i. King who reigned over Sumer and Akkad ii. Lived from 2112-2095 B.C. iii. Famous for having an actively first law code 1. Moon God is named Ananna or Sin f. Restoration of Ziggurat used brick instead of stone g. Ancient builders were aware of the risks of building a huge mass of masonry that will have problems with the absorption of moisture h. Ancient builders came up with Weep Holes allowing the moisture to leave the mass i. Weep Holes are located on the outside brick wall i. The Ziggurat did not stand by itself i. Surrounded by structures, walls, and courtyards j. During gulf wars i. Dictator of Iraq sinam husain was targated by 2 wars lead by the US military 1. The Gulf war in 1991 2. Second Gulf war in 2003 In efforts to protect his military hardware, he parked his fighter jets close to the Ziggurat because the US would not bomb the airplanes in fear of bombing the Ziggurat
how many tiers did this building have in its original form?
3
in its original form, how many stair ways went all the way up to the second level? (ziggurat at ur)
3
First Temple of Hera characteristics
9 columns in front and back on the short side, 18 on the sides -Odd columns are unusual Columns are 21 feet high Enneastyle- 9 columns on the front and back Doesn't have a pediment Isn't in the main area of Greece (out in the "wild west") Gable roof
who established the tradition of government sponsored architecture?
Emperor Qin
who had power like the pharohs?
Emperor Qin
who organized the point to create the great wall of china?
Emperor Qin
who united the fighting tribes of china?
Emperor Qin
goddess of war and sexual love
Ishtar
Dur-Sharrukin
King Sargons restored city
for which client was the ziggurat at ur built for?
King ur-nammu
obelisk (in front of an egyptian temple pylon (Temple of Amun at Luxor))
a single block of stone the is carved vertically and in carved into with a triangle at the top (on the left) -One is missing (on the right) -It was moved to France as a gift from the king of the time -It was moved in 1833
Battering
a sloping edges of the façade Representing a two mountain tops
Niche
a slot like place on a building to hold a statue
Clerestory
a structural element that raises the roof allowing for more interior light
Ziggurat
a temple in the form of a tower, means to protrude or to build high, made of mud brick, oriented according to the cardinal direction
Prostyle plan
a temple that doesn't have any other columns except the front
Amphiprostyle
a temple that only has columns in the front and back but not the sides
cornice
decorative molding that usually overhangs
_______ of egypt
delta (looks like a common day delta symbol)
what are the three greek orders?
doric, ionic, corinthian
Orthographic Projection
elevations, plans, sections
