History Bee Questions

(12) When this polity was created, Septimius Odaenathus [[oh-DAY-nah-thus]] formed an army to attack an army near the Euphrates. Aurelian captured a queen of this state, leading to her son, Vaballathus, assuming the role of this polity's emperor. Under that queen's rule, this breakaway (+) state controlled much of the Levant, Egypt, and Asia Minor, but only held it for a year. Ruled by Queen Zenobia, (*) for the points, what was this short-lived empire ruled from its namesake capital in Syria?

Palmyrene Empire (accept Palmyra)

(1) In 1964, this company commissioned IBM to create a computer system that allowed representatives to provide booking information. Frank Abagnale [[AB-agnayl]] duped authorities by pretending to be a pilot with over two million air miles (+) at this company. Employees at this company spent approximately $35,000 on newspaper advertisements to garner public sympathy for their financial (*) struggles following the 1973 oil crisis. Once priding itself as the "World's Most Experienced Airline," for the points, what airline carrier ceased to exist in 1991?

Pan Am (or Pan American World Airways; or Pan American Airways)

(2) This star of the longest-running Shakespeare adaptation in Broadway history wrote the autobiography Here I Stand. This person founded the American Crusade Against Lynching and, after a mental breakdown in (+) Moscow, this man's son claimed he was targeted by Project MK-Ultra. This man was an NFL player, bassbaritone singer and star of the film The Emperor Jones. (*) For the points, name this African American activist who was blacklisted for his trips to the Soviet Union.

Paul Robeson (or Paul Leroy Robeson)

(28) A claimant to this position from the House of Aberffraw died while attempting to escape the Tower of London after falling from a knotted rope. A man with this title signed the Treaty of Worcester with the newly crowned Henry III to protect his conquests of Southern Powys [[POW-us]]. The last native ruler to hold this title, Llywelyn [[loo-EL-len]], died while fighting the English during the Battle of Orewin Bridge. For the point, name this title now held by Charles of Edinburgh, traditionally held by the heir apparent to the British throne.

Prince of Wales (accept Tywysog Cymru; do not accept "King of Wales")

(2) This polity's ruling family came to power after its scion, Francesco the Malicious, captured its chief fortress while disguised as a Franciscan monk. In 2015, the prince of this polity apologized for its role in the deportation of 90 Jews during the Holocaust. That prince is the child of this country's Prince Rainier III and American actress Grace Kelly. The Grimaldi family has traditionally ruled, for ten points, what wealthy city-state on the Franco-Italian border known for its yearly Grand Prix?

Principality of Monaco (or Múnegu; or Principauté de Monaco; or Prinçipatu de Múnegu)

(29) Etta Mae Miller was sentenced to life in prison for her fourth violation of this policy. This policy was championed by Frances Willard, who encouraged supporters to wear white ribbons. This policy was supported by the hatchet-wielding Carrie Nation and enacted nationwide by the Volstead Act. For the point, name this policy that was repealed by the 21st amendment and banned the sale of most alcohol.

Prohibition (accept the Eighteenth Amendment; or Amendment Eighteen)

(16) Mary Dyer, who became part of this group, was one of four people executed as part of the Boston Martyrs. A Benjamin West painting depicts a member of this group signing a peace treaty with the (+) Lenape. This group, which was founded by George Fox, promoted pacifism and included a man who would later found (*) Pennsylvania. For the points, name this religious group named for their trembling before God.

Quakers (accept Religious Society of Friends)

(33) This medium was synced with motion picture films in the obsolete Vitaphone system. Emile Berliner, a German-American inventor, developed the basic form of this medium using lateral-cut technology in 1887, after which this technology displaced Edison wax cylinders. In the early 1950s, the "78" format of this medium fell out of favor, replaced with a format developed by D.C.-based Columbia. For ten points, name this physical medium used to distribute music in the mid-20th century as "45s" or "LPs" played with a turntable and needle.

Records (or Vinyl records; accept phonograph records; accept LPs before mentioned)

(4) This man sought approval from Governor Daniel Courcelle to investigate Seneca legends of a "Vermilion Sea." This man was killed by the mutinous Pierre Duhaut [[dooHOH]] after two years of wandering, following the destruction of the La Belle and an attempt to establish a settlement at what is now Victoria, Texas. This man had extended a journey taken ten years earlier by Marquette and Joliet. For ten points, name this French fur trader who canoed down most of the Mississippi River in 1682 and coined the name "Louisiana" while claiming the North American interior for France.

René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle

(8) In the film X-Men: Days of Future Past, this person becomes head of the anti-mutant movement after Mystique assassinates Bolivar Trask. In another film, this man presents Forrest Gump the U.S. table tennis tournament medal. In an episode of Futurama, this person presents a soldier with the Purple Heart for handing him the television remote while on the couch with his vice president, the "Headless Body of Spiro Agnew." For ten points, name this 37th president of the United States who was involved in the Watergate Scandal.

Richard Nixon (or Richard Milhous Nixon)

(11) Conductor Nikolai Sokoloff directed a branch of this agency that gave over 131,000 performances. Richard Wright's career was launched thanks to this agency's Federal Writers' Project, and the Historical Records Survey was conducted by this agency, which superseded FERA and was led by Harry Hopkins. For the point, name this New Deal agency that employed millions of people to build public constructions.

WPA (or Works Progress Administration; accept Work Projects Administration; prompt on "New Deal" or "Alphabet Agency/ies")

(20) In this city, Ken Starr resigned as president of a university due to criticism over its handling of sexual assaults committed by students. Just outside this city, an offshoot of the Seventh-Day Adventists known as the Shepherd's Rod established its headquarters. Timothy McVeigh witnessed an ATF raid in this city that led to the deaths of 74 followers of David Koresh. For the point, name this Texas city, the site of Baylor University and a 1993 siege of the Branch Davidian compound.

Waco, Texas

(8) This body was planned at a secret meeting at Jekyll Island led by Nelson Aldrych. One leader of this organization was blamed for the 1980 to 1982 recession, and that leader, Paul Volcker, worked with this body's open market committee to tighten monetary policy. This group's "Dual Mandate" involves controlling prices and long-term interest rates. For the point, name this central bank of the U.S.

Federal Reserve System (or The Fed)

(1)Concerning agriculture and feudalism in Medieval Europe, name the... Type of peasant who was tied to the land they farmed under feudalism.

Serfs (accept Villeins)

(2) During this war, the Creek tribe suffered a defeat at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. The Battle of Bladensburg took place during this war, and this war was sometimes referred to as Mr. Madison's War. The White House was burned during, for the point, what war between the U.S. and Britain that was named for the year it began?

War of 1812 (accept Mr. Madison's War before mentioned)

(18) This man produced almost 1200 films including The Great Train Robbery and Frankenstein at his Black Maria [[muh-RYE-uh]] film studio. With William Kennedy Dickson, this man made the "Kinetoscope," and his factories made Vitascopes. This man filmed the electrocution of the elephant "Topsy." Besides films, this man competed with Westinghouse in the War of the Currents, made the Phonograph as the "Wizard of Menlo Park," and created versions of the light bulb. For the point, name this inventor.

Thomas A(lva) Edison

(20) During this case, Brad Chase admitted to submitting an altered videotape as evidence. Thomas Penfield Jackson's ruling in this case, which ordered a company to break up after allegations of "tie-in" practices, was overturned on appeal. A lengthy deposition conducted by (+) David Boies [[BOYS]] during this case featured several exchanges regarding the definition of the word (*) "browser." For the points, name this antitrust enforcement case which accused a tech company of illegally bundling the Internet Explorer web browser with Windows.

U.S. v. Microsoft (or United States v. Microsoft Corp.; or Microsoft antitrust case)

(1) A credit in Lara Pudwell's 2007 paper on digit reversal credits this man with proving extensions of Alan Sutcliffe's discoveries, though the footnote says this man is "better known for other work." This man became devoted to the writings of Jacques Ellul during a period in which he targeted David Gelernter and other researchers, prior to the publication of his manifesto, Industrial Society and Its Future. For the point, name this terrorist who mailed bombs to colleges before being apprehended in 1995.

Unabomber (or Theodore John "Ted" Kaczynski)

(24) In this work, Monique Corzilius incorrectly counts from one to ten before the camera zooms in on her right pupil. The line (+) "We must either love each other, or we must die" is delivered in this advertisement that targeted opponent (*) Barry Goldwater for his willingness to wage nuclear war. For the points, name this advertisement during Lyndon B. Johnson's campaign about a girl who picks petals from the title flower.

"Daisy" Ad (accept "Daisy Girl;" accept "Peace, Little Girl")

(20) In this work, Monique Corzilius incorrectly counts from one to ten. The line "We must either love (+) each other, or we must die" is delivered in this advertisement that targeted opponent Barry (*) Goldwater for his willingness to wage nuclear war. For the points, name this advertisement during Lyndon B. Johnson's campaign about a girl who picks petals from the title flower.

"Daisy" Advertisment (accept "Daisy Girl;" accept "Peace, Little Girl")

(7) Lesser-known verses of this song refer to "sparkling sands of her diamond deserts" and "dust clouds rolling." This song was composed to rebut an unofficial national anthem that Kate Smith frequently performed in the 1930s, and this song lifted its melody from "When the World's on Fire" by the Carter family. The first and last verses of this song discuss a place extending "from California to the New York island." For ten points, name this song by Woody Guthrie that asserts common ownership of real estate.

"This Land is Your Land"

(6) Concerning agriculture and feudalism in Medieval Europe, name the...Century of the "Great Famine" which included a cattle plague, followed shortly by the Black Death.

14th Century (accept 1300s)

(32) To find new ways of measuring the effects of this substance, New Jersey initiated the Pointman Project. After noting the successful use of this substance by the UK in the Malayan Emergency, the U.S. began dispersing it during Operation Ranch Hand. Flight crews responsible for dispersing this compound painted C-123 Hades planes with the motto "Only You Can Prevent Forests." For the point, name this defoliant, the spraying of which over Vietnam caused increased cancer rates and other long-term health problems.

Agent Orange (accept Herbicide Orange; prompt on "herbicide;" prompt on "defoliant" before mentioned)

(3) Operation Oak Tree moved over 18,000 soldiers into this state following civil disorder that included the bombing of A.G. Gaston's motel. Fred Shuttlesworth and James Bevel co-led a campaign in this state that was opposed by Bull Connor's firehoses. The bombing of the (+) 16th Street Baptist Church took place in this state, whose governor proclaimed "segregation (*) tomorrow, segregation forever" during the "stand in the schoolhouse door" crisis. For the points, name this state, governed by George Wallace, where demonstrators on the Edmund Pettus Bridge were beaten during the Selmato-Montgomery march.

Alabama

(1) The Irene Hunt novel Across Five Aprils is set at this conflict's beginning and end. This conflict is the subject of the Ambrose Bierce (+) collection Tales of Soldiers and Civilians. For the points, identify this conflict, the subject of Stephen Crane's (*) The Red Badge of Courage.

American Civil War

BONUS: Which U.S. state was the site of the Little Rock Nine crisis during which Eisenhower had to send in the National Guard to forcefully desegregate a high school?

Arkansas

(12) One of this man's plays involves a debate about whether to sell a family heirloom. Another drama by this writer depicts the generational struggle between a professional baseball player turned trash collector, Troy Maxson, and his son, Cory. In 2007, Chicago's Goodman Theatre became the first company to complete this writer's entire, 10-play Pittsburgh Cycle. For the point, name this African-American playwright of The Piano Lesson and the Tony and Pulitzer Award-winning, Fences.

August Wilson

(10) Following the call for an armistice during this war, Guiseppe Garbaldi said the one word phrase "Obbedisco" [[oh-beh-DEE-skoh]], or "I Obey!" following the Battle of Bezzecca [[beh-TSEH-kah]]. This war's Treaty of London gave back the region of Venetia and Frulia to the Kingdom of Italy. One side's deployment of infantry wielding needle guns allowed Helmuth von Moltke's forces to outgun their opponent in this war's Battle of Königgrätz [[KEHR-nih-grahts]]. A dispute over Schleswig-Holstein led to, for the point, what war between the North German Confederation and the Habsburg monarchy?

Austro-Prussian War (accept the Seven Weeks' War)

(9) To denounce the atrocities committed in this present-day country's war of independence, Archer Blood wrote a namesake telegram to the U.S. State Department. George Harrison and Ravi Shankar organized a benefit concert at Madison Square Garden in support of refugees in this country, which in 2013 witnessed the death of over eleven hundred people in the world's deadliest garment factory disaster. For ten points, name this densely populated country in South Asia which broke away from Pakistan in 1971.

Bangladesh (or People's Republic of Bangladesh; or Gônoprojatontrī Bangladesh)

(10) Both Henry C. Wallace and Henry A. Wallace served as secretary of this department. As secretary of this department, Earl Butz instituted a series of policies, including one advocating a certain action "from fencerow (+) to fencerow." The SNAP Program, formerly known as the (*) Food Stamps Program, was launched by, for the points, what department that executes laws pertaining to farming?

United States Department of Agriculture (accept USDA)

(9) The first drawing of people engaging in this activity was made for The Triangle magazine by Samuro Ishikawa, who participated in the first-ever instance of this activity at the (+) YMCA International Training School. William Chase was the only player who scored in the one-to-nothing first game of this sport, which required (*) ladders to retrieve items from peach containers when it was invented in Springfield, Massachusetts in 1891 by Dr. James Naismith. For the point, name this sport now played by the Dallas Mavericks.

Basketball

(13) A monument at this battle site commemorates a one-time owner of the Chicago Tribune, Colonel Robert McCormick. French Schneider tanks took German machine gun positions in this battle, during which Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. (+) reinforced American lines. The impact of this battle was overshadowed by the Allied victory at the Third Battle of the Aisne [[AYN]] (*) one week later. For the points, name this 1918 battle in France, the first major battle of World War One in which the United States participated.

Battle of Cantigny [[kahn-teen-YEE]]

(9) During this battle, George Stoneman's cavalry raided the wrong spot, completely missing Confederate supply lines. Joseph Hooker was rendered unconscious in this battle, which resulted in his dismissal as leader of the Army of the Potomac. Robert E. Lee's much smaller army defeated the Union in, for the point, what 1863 battle in which Stonewall Jackson was killed by his own men?

Battle of Chancellorsville

(3) This battle was part of a larger campaign that sought to avenge the losses of territorial governor Arthur St. Clair. This battle, which was fought along the Maumee River, led to the defeat of Chiefs Little Turtle and Blue Jacket. The Treaty of Greenville was signed following the aftermath of this battle, which ended the Northwest Indian War. For the point, identify this 1794 battle in which Anthony Wayne defeated a confederacy of Native Americans.

Battle of Fallen Timbers

(5) This battle was the culmination of an intermittent ten-year war that included the Harmar and Blackberry campaigns. On the way to this battle, the winning side built Fort Deposit. Prior to this battle, Little Turtle lost status for considering a negotiation offer which had been sent out from Fort Recovery. Egushawa [[eh-goo-SHAH-wah]] and Blue Jacket lost this battle, after which the Treaty of Greenville was signed. For the point, name this battle at which Anthony Wayne defeated a Shawnee-led confederation in 1794 in Ohio.

Battle of Fallen Timbers

(3) Churchill described this 19th century battle as "one of the most unintelligent maneuvers in the history of British warfare." Named for a nearby city, this battle was actually fought in the current-day suburb of Chalmette. The British were led here by Edward Pakenham, while the Americans were commanded by a future U.S. president. This battle unfortunately occurred after the Treaty of Ghent had already been signed. For the point, name this War of 1812 victory for Andrew Jackson.

Battle of New Orleans

(10) During this campaign, Baroness Riedesel [[REE-deh-zel]] took cover in the cellar of the Marshall House, leading one side to believe it was the enemy command center. Henry Clinton captured Forts Clinton and Montgomery in an attempt to distract American forces during this campaign. Timothy Murphy may have killed Simon Fraser during an attack on Bemis Heights in this campaign. Horatio Gates defeated John Burgoyne in, for the point, what 1777 campaign that led to France joining the American Revolution?

Battle(s) of Saratoga (accept Saratoga campaign)

(20) This man, who invented a high-voltage machine that generates static electricity, also partnered with his cousin Timothy Folger to chart and name the Gulf Stream. The flexible urinary catheter and glass harmonica were invented by this man, who also names a type of stove. For the point, identify this founding father, the inventor of bifocals.

Benjamin Franklin (accept Franklin Stove)

(8) In the 1940s, monuments to this incident were removed from B.B.D. Bagh [[BAHK]] following a pressure campaign involving Subhas Chandra Bose. The chief chronicler of this event blamed the Jemmaatdaar class for its outcome. This incident followed John Zephaniah Holwell's unsuccessful defense of (+) Fort William from Siraj ud-Daulah. The name for this event inspired astronomer Robert Dicke to coin a (*) term for collapsed stars. Anywhere from 43 to 123 prisoners died of suffocation and heat-induced causes in, for the points, what 1756 event in which British troops were forced into a small room overnight in India?

Black Hole of Calcutta (prompt on partial answers)

(24) The behavior behind this scandal went forward after Red Faber caught the flu. The pretext for legally prosecuting this scandal was Shano Collins's complaint of being defrauded of $1,784. As a result of this scandal, largely blamed on Chick Gandil, Kennesaw Mountain Landis was given nearly-unlimited power to root out corruption and handed down lifetime bans to eight players including "Shoeless" Joe Jackson. For the point, name this scandal in which the Chicago team threw the 1919 World Series to the Reds.

Black Sox scandal (prompt on descriptive answers involving "throwing the 1919 World Series" before "1919 World Series" is mentioned)

(32) A team led by George Gorton worked to aid this man's re-election campaign, which became publicly known in Time's cover story, headlined "Yanks to the Rescue." In 1994, the Secret Service apprehended this man, who was standing on Pennsylvania Avenue in his underwear attempting to hail a taxi to pick up pizza. This man said that his 1989 visit to a Randalls supermarket in Clear Lake, Texas made him "sick with despair" for the Soviet economy. For the point, name this president of Russia from 1991 to 1999.

Boris Yeltsin (or Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin)

(2) This city was founded by a man who gave the "Model of Christian Charity" sermon, John Wintrop. (+) After an event at the Old South Meeting House in this city, men dressed as (*) Mohawk natives boarded the Eleanor. For the points, name this site of a 1770 massacre and 1773 Tea Party.

Boston

(24) This city names a fad that used James Price Johnson's music from Runnin' Wild and modified the Juba. The Fox-Cross company's main product was a candy named after this city. A clave rhythm is played while a performer moves opposite arms and legs during a walking-in-place motion in a dance named for this city that was often performed by flappers. A 1920s dance craze was named after, for ten points, what South Carolina city?

Charleston (accept "The Charleston"; accept Charleston Chew)

(1) Language of the Roman Empire, whose Ecclesiastical form is still used by the Catholic Church.

Classical Latin (accept Ecclesiastical Latin; or Church Latin; or Liturgical Latin; or Italianate Latin)

(4) This man was a major financial backer of William Walker's invasion of Nicaragua, though he later withdrew his support. This man fought with Daniel Drew in the Erie War and clashed with James Fisk and Jay Gould. The New York Central Railroad was founded by, for the point, what rail magnate nicknamed "the Commodore"?

Cornelius Vanderbilt

(9) This politician was the ranking member on the House committee that investigated the Iran-Contra Affair. This man served as House Minority Whip before being appointed Secretary of Defense, during which time he oversaw Operation Desert Storm. For the point, name this vice president under George W. Bush.

Dick Cheney (or Richard Bruce Cheney)

(33) This man told Bernie Sanders that he forgot he was alive after the senator stated on Twitter that the "extremely wealthy" should pay their share in taxes. Kanye West appointed this man as one of his advisors during his 2020 presidential campaign. Anonymous denounced this man for prematurely branding himself the "Emperor of Mars" before accusing him of manipulating the Bitcoin market with his tweets. For the point, name this CEO of SpaceX and Tesla, the wealthiest person in the world as of 2022.

Elon Musk (or Elon Reeve Musk)

BONUS: The U.S. war effort in the Philippines was assisted by this revolutionary who became the first and youngest president of the Philippines.

Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy

(9) Large portions of this outpost and the nearby Fort Crown Point were destroyed by retreating troops in 1777. Earlier, either William Delaplace or Jocelyn Feltham surrendered this location on the demand "Come out you old rat!" Benedict Arnold was put in charge of this structure, from which the Continental invasion of Quebec was launched. For ten points, name this military base on the south of Lake Champlain that was captured by Ethan Allen's Green Mountain Boys in May of 1775.

Fort Ticonderoga

(17) A woman with this married surname petitioned Abraham Lincoln for reinforcements for her husband's department in St. Louis. That woman was referred to as "first lady in the land" for her support of her husband with this surname, whose campaign slogans included his name "and Jessie too." A man with this surname was arrested by Stephen Kearney for refusing to give up a military governorship and was the first-ever Republican candidate for president. For the point, give this surname of a man nicknamed "The Pathfinder."

Frémont (accept John C(harles) Frémont; accept Jessie Benton Frémont; accept "Frémont and Jessie Too")

(3) This man tasked Major Benjamin Tallmadge with forming an espionage network called the Culper Ring. Officer Louis Coulon de Villiers [[veel-YAY]] (+) forced the surrender of this officer at the Battle of Fort Necessity, and this man successfully defeated British forces during the (*) Siege of Boston. For the points, name this American commander-in-chief of the Continental Army.

George Washington

(25) Plans for an event in this town were discussed at a quarry in Chambersburg, during which a man proposed "the bees will begin to swarm, and I shall want you to help hive them." Before reaching this town, a man wrote the testament "A Vindication of the Invasion." Four men fled to Canada out of the "Secret Six" who financed the operation in this town, which was stopped by J.E.B. [[JEB]] Stuart and Robert E. Lee. For the point, name this town, now in West Virginia, in which John Brown mounted an 1859 raid on a federal armory.

Harpers Ferry

(24) A man of this ethnicity, named John Mitchel, fled to the Confederacy from his prison in Tasmania to edit the pro-slavery Daily Enquirer. Volunteers of this ethnic group helped defend a Black school opened by Bishop John England from a Charleston, South Carolina mob. Many people of this ethnicity who could not afford to pay their way out of the Enrollment Act of 1863 engaged in the New York Draft riots. For the point, name this group of Europeans who immigrated en masse to the U.S. in the mid-19th century due to a Potato Famine.

Irish-Americans

(3) Following the Foibe massacres, a mass exodus of this ethnic group occurred after the regions of Kvarner, Istria, and Dalmatia were annexed in 1947 following the Paris Peace Treaties. The term "Mutiliated Victory" was used by Gabriele (+) D'Annunzio to describe the lack of territorial concessions given to this people following an Allied victory in World War One. (*) Benito Mussolini led, for the points, which ethnic group of Southern Europe during the Second World War?

Italians (accept Italianos)

(16) This politician unseated Hattie Carraway, the first woman elected to serve a full term as a U.S. senator. This man criticized American involvement in the Vietnam War while serving as Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee from 1959 to 1974. A series of hearings chaired by this man brought forth (+) John Kerry's testimony on war crimes. This politician introduced legislation that created a program in which the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs gave (*) grants to American students. For the points, name this Arkansas senator who names a program for international education exchange.

J(ames) William Fulbright (accept Fulbright Program; accept Fulbright-Hays Program)

(14) With fellow abolitionist Granville Sharp, this man made a 1777 plea to the Crown of England to end its protracted "War in Thirteen Colonies." This man, who refused the governorship of the Carolinas, defeated an invasion by the Spanish under Antonio Barba at the Battle of Bloody Marsh during the War of Jenkins' Ear. This man advocated for an excise tax on malt liquor to fund a comprehensive reform of the prison system of England while head of the Gaols [["JAILS"]] Committee. Georgia was founded as a debtor's colony by, for the point, which British member of Parliament?

James Edward Oglethorpe

(5) This figure wrote A New Conscience and Ancient Evil, the subject of which was prostitution. This pacifist and author of Newer Ideals of Peace founded a Chicago settlement with Ellen Gates Starr. For the point, name this "Mother of Social Work" who founded Hull House.

Jane Addams (or Laura Jane Addams)

(6) This composer used the story of a hijacking on the Achille Lauro [[uh-"KILL"-ee "LORE"-oh]] as the inspiration for his opera The Death of Klinghoffer. This composer used lines from the Bhagavad Gita as lyrics for an opera about (+) Robert Oppenheimer. This composer of Dr. Atomic also created an opera about a president's diplomatic visit to an (*) Asian country. For the points, identify this minimalist composer of Nixon in China.

John Coolidge Adams

(11) This man founded the settlement of Caparra where he lived until he was forced to flee due to a Kalinago raid. As provisional governor of Puerto Rico, this man was granted permission by Nicolás de Ovando to explore the island to evaluate claims made by the Taíno people. A claim by Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda is the likely origin of a legend that this man led an expedition in order to find the Fountain of Youth. For the point, name this Spanish explorer credited with discovering Florida.

Juan Ponce de León

(9) This politician introduced the Homeowner Bill of Rights, which banned dual-tracking and robo-signing. This politician investigated the practices of the Bakersfield Police Department before running for president in 2020 in a campaign that was later suspended before the primaries due to a lack of funding. Alex Padilla inherited the Senate seat of, for the point, what first female vice president of the U.S.?

Kamala Harris (or Kamala Devi Harris)

(5) A colony named for this non-Polish country built Fort Casimir, or Fort Trinity, and was led by men like Johan Printz and Johan Risingh. Peter Minuit established a colony named for this country in northern Delaware that was centered around Fort Christina. For the point, name this country whose early settlers in the U.S. came from Gothenburg and Stockholm.

Kingdom of Sweden (or Konungariket Sverige; accept New Sweden; accept Nya Sverige)

(3) This politician served as secretary of the treasury during the passing of NAFTA. This politician resigned from that position shortly after being passed over for secretary of defense, and, during a 1988 debate, this (+) politician memorably told vice presidential candidate Dan Quayle that "Senator, you're no Jack (*) Kennedy." For the points, name this long-time Texas senator who served as running mate for Michael Dukakis.

Lloyd Bentsen (or Lloyd Millard Bentsen Jr.)

(4)Concerning the life of Malcolm X, name the... Black Supremacist and leader of the NOI who later claimed to have ordered his killing.

Louis Farrakhan (accept Louis Eugene Walcott)

(1) This case overturned Pace v. Alabama, and the concurring opinion was written by Potter Stewart. This Supreme Court case found the Racial Integrity Act to be a violation of the Due Process clause, and it was cited in Obergefell v. Hodges. For the point, name this 1967 Supreme Court case in which Earl Warren ruled that states cannot prevent interracial marriage.

Loving v. Virginia

(3) Concerning the Aztecs, name the...Emperor who was stoned after surrendering to the Spanish invaders.

Montezuma II (accept Moctezuma II)

(6) The Gopher Gang ran a neighborhood in this city, which was the site of the "Capeman" murders. The Dead Rabbits (+) Riot began after the destruction of the Bowery Boys' headquarters in this city's Five Points neighborhood. (*) For the points, name this East Coast city where gang violence often struck in areas such as lower Manhattan.

New York City (accept NYC)

(6) Concerning the Gilded Age Robber Barons, name the man who...Attempted to corner the gold market with James Fisk, leading to the 1869 Black Friday panic.

Jay Gould (or Jason Gould)

(25) The main character of this story is driven to commit the central act by the pale blue, vulture-like (+) eye of another character. That act is later uncovered after the main character of this story tears up the (*) floorboards. For the points, identify this Edgar Allan Poe short story about a murder uncovered by the ghostly beating of the title organ.

"The Tell-Tale Heart"

(5) Concerning the life of Malcolm X, name the...Author of the book Roots who co-wrote his autobiography.

Alex Haley (or Alexander Murray Palmer Haley)

(16) A man who died at this battle expressed astonishment at the losing commander's tactics, complaining that "our father with one arm" was acting like "a fat animal" dropping its tail. Henry Proctor's retreat from Detroit was interrupted at this battle, whose victorious forces were mostly volunteers from Kentucky who shouted "remember the River Raisin" and were commanded by Richard Mentor Johnson. For the point, name this 1813 battle in which William Henry Harrison defeated and killed Tecumseh in Canada.

Battle of the Thames (accept Battle of Moraviantown)

(26) During the building of this structure, a fire called the "Great Blowout" tore holes in the caissons. The chief designer of this structure supervised work through a telescope from his apartment after losing his toes in a construction accident. Steve Brodie claimed to be the first person to survive jumping from this structure, three years after its 1883 completion. For the point, name this span designed by John Roebling that connects downtown Manhattan across the East River to its namesake borough.

Brooklyn Bridge (accept New York and Brooklyn Bridge; accept East River Bridge before "namesake")

BONUS: This French admiral defeated British forces at the Battle of the Chesapeake, leaving Yorktown without needed supplies and reinforcements.

Comte de Grasse (or Francois Joseph Paul de Grasse)

(1) In this state, Benedict Arnold led a British force in defeating a local militia at the Battle of Groton [[GRAH-tun]] Heights. Disagreements with the Court of High Commission led to Thomas Hooker fleeing the Massachusetts Bay colony and founding this modern state. Minister John Davenport led a failed colony of pro-Cromwell Puritans in this state. For the point, name this state which gives its name to the Great Compromise, thus earning it the nickname "The Constitution State."

Connecticut

(10) This event began just a month after a controversy over CUNY [[KYOO-nee]] professor Leonard Jeffries that involved many of the same people. Richard Girgenti's [[geerJEN-tees]] report on this incident partly vindicated Police Commissioner Lee Brown. A march led by Sonny Carson and Al Sharpton exacerbated this event, in which Yankel Rosenbaum was killed. This event began the day after Gavin Cato's death in a road accident involving a Chabad [[hah-BAHD]] motorcade. For the point, name this 1991 anti-Jewish riot in a Brooklyn neighborhood.

Crown Heights riot

(2) This school was named after Lord William Legge. Daniel Webster successfully argued that this school's state couldn't dissolve its charter and that the governor couldn't appoint trustees to its board in a Supreme Court case whose named defendant was William H. Woodward. For the point, name this Ivy League school located in New Hampshire.

Dartmouth College (accept Dartmouth v. Woodward)

(23) The original Broadway production of this play won six Tony Awards, including Best Play and Best Director for Elia Kazan. The protagonist of this play plants vegetables behind his house, even though the height of neighboring buildings dooms his effort to failure, highlighting the play's theme of man's inability to change. Three actors have won Best Actor Tonys for playing the lead in this play: George C. Scott, Brian Dennehy, and Philip Seymour Hoffman. For the point, name this Arthur Miller play about the deterioration of Willy Loman.

Death of a Salesman

(7) Congress refused to allow Abraham Lincoln to keep a pair of these animals, which had been gifted to him by the King of Siam. (+) Thomas Edison filmed the killing by electrocution of one of these animals as part of his propaganda effort against Nikola Tesla's alternating current. For the points, what (*) pachyderm is an enduring symbol of the Republican party?

Elephant

(30) This location was formerly home to a joint Army-Navy recruitment base named Fort Gibson. Ownership of reclaimed land at this location was the subject of the Supreme Court case New Jersey v. New York. A myth named this location's "Special" refers to people who were supposedly forced to change their name when arriving here. For the point, name this island located in the mouth of the Hudson River, which historically was used as an immigration center, overlooked by the Statue of Liberty.

Ellis Islan

(12) An 1871 fire that began at one of these places led to the loss of over 2,000 lives around Peshtigo. Secretary of the Interior Richard Ballinger (+) clashed with the head of an agency that oversees these places, Gifford Pinchot. Tongass and Pisgah (*) are protected examples of, for the points, what natural features overseen by the USFS, whose fire dangers were taught to children by Smokey Bear?

Forests (accept Tongass National Forest; accept Pisgah National Forest; accept United States Forestry Service; accept Forest Fires)

(35) The appearance of anti-Catholic propaganda on this king's bedchamber during the "Affair of the Placards" led to an end of reconciliation with the Protestants. This man won a wrestling match after being challenged by King Henry VIII during the negotiation of the Field of the Cloth of Gold. This king, who was known as the "Knight-King," was captured by condiotierro Cesare Hercolani during the Battle of Pavia. For the point, name this 16th century King of France, a member of the House of Valois [[vah-LWAH]].

Francis I (accept Francois I)

(26) This man's failure to cooperate with another power in the Meeting at Hendaye [[HEN-dye]] led to the cancellation of Operation Felix. In 2019, this man's remains were exhumed from the Valle de los Caídos [[VYE-yeh deh los kye-EE-dohss]] and reburied in his wife's mausoleum in Mingorrubio Cemetery. Despite being supported by the Condor Legion in a civil war, this man kept his country neutral during World War Two. In 1969, this man named Prince Juan Carlos as his heir apparent. For the point, name this man who ruled as Generalissimo of Spain between 1936 and 1975.

Francisco Franco Bahamonde

(11) This president, who passed the Interstate Commerce Act, had an affair with Maria Halpin, which led his opponents to use the slogan "Ma, Ma, Where's My Pa?" This president, who defeated James Blaine to win his first term, was defeated four years later by Benjamin Harrison. For the point, name this only president to serve two non-consecutive terms.

Grover Cleveland (or Stephen Grover Cleveland)

(3) During this event, City Hall employees were forced to raise a flag from half-staff to full height. Two weeks after this event, the "Workers Woodstock" demonstrations involved many of the same people. Pat Buchanan wrote that the group at the center of this event "quite candidly, are our people now." Many participants in this event were working on the in-progress South Tower of the World Trade Center. For the point, name this May 1970 incident in which Manhattan construction workers fought with student demonstrators protesting the Vietnam War.

Hard Hat Riot (or Bloody Friday)

(2) Carpathian nation that was overrun by Warsaw Pact forces following a revolt in its capital of Budapest.

Hungary (or Magyarország; accept Hungarian People's Republic; or Magyar Népköztársaság)

(2) This figure locked over 100 bankers in his library until they struck a deal, which prompted the creation of the Federal Reserve. It's not Thomas Edison, but this co-founder of General Electric loaned $65 million to the U.S. government to prevent a default on bonds. For the point, name this Gilded Age financier who bailed out the U.S. economy in the Panics of 1893 and 1907.

J.P. Morgan (or John Pierpont Morgan)

(2) After graduating from Rockford Seminary, this woman visited Toynbee Hall with Ellen Gates Starr, inspiring a new profession. This woman, a member of the Anti-Imperialist League, was booed offstage at Carnegie Hall for a 1915 speech criticizing U.S. involvement in World War One. This woman co-founded the American Civil Liberties Union in 1920 and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931. For the point, name this woman who opened Chicago's Hull House and founded the social work profession.

Jane Addams

(16) Stan Richard of WILD [[W-I-L-D]] and Wesley Hopkins of KYW in Cleveland were among the people investigated for this practice by Oren Harris's Legislative Oversight committee. At a hearing on this scandal, Phil Lind revealed that up to $22,000 changed hands in every instance of the namesake practice. Rock pioneer Alan Freed was fired from WABC as a result of this scandal. For the point name this scandal that culminated in 1962, in which radio stations and DJs accepted secret cash bribes to push certain records.

Payola scandal

(29) This politician became the youngest governor of New York by beating out William Marcy. This politician and Lord Lyons wrote a treaty that ended the transatlantic slave trade between the U.S. and the UK. This politician gave the (+) "Higher Law" speech when lobbying to admit California, and he served as secretary of state under (*) Abraham Lincoln. For the points, identify this man who negotiated the purchase of Alaska.

William H(enry) Seward

(7) Was a Canadian-American nicknamed "The Empire Builder" and controlled the Great Northern Railway and the Northern Pacific Railroad.

James Hill (or James Jerome Hill)

(8) Concerning the life of Malcolm X, name the...Midwest KKK splinter group which he believe killed his father.

Black Legion

(1) This case relied heavily on an experiment with dolls conducted by Kenneth Clark. (+) Nothing happened with this case until a 1955 follow-up, in which this case was supposed to be enforced with (*) "all deliberate speed." For the points, name this Supreme Court case that found segregation unconstitutional, requiring Topeka schools to accept Black students.

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

(25) People with this profession were targeted in a 1788 riot after a student of Richard Bayley convinced a child that he saw his deceased mother. John Trumbull painted the death of a leading figure in this profession named Joseph Warren at Bunker Hill. During a 1793 crisis in Philadelphia, members of this profession like Benjamin Rush used calomel and inoculation on their patients. For the point, name this profession whose early practitioners tried to stop an outbreak of yellow fever through techniques like bloodletting.

Doctors (accept Medicine; accept Physicians; accept other synonymous answers)

(10) The boundary line negotiated in this treaty was largely based on stone markers laid 70 years earlier by surveyors Thomas Valentine and John Collins. Sugar Island and the Northwest Angle were recognized as part of the U.S. by this treaty, which extended the (+) Rush-Bagot [[BAG-ut]] Treaty's demilitarization by pledging permanent peaceful co-existence on the (*) Great Lakes. For the points, name this 1842 agreement that ended the Aroostook [[ah-ROO-stook]] War and settled several issues regarding the U.S.- Canadian border.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

(19) Immigration from this country to the U.S. was limited via the 1907 Gentlemen's Agreement. (+) Matthew C. Perry worked to open this Asian country's ports of (*) Shimoda and Hakodate [[hah-koh-DAH-the]]. For the points, name this country that established relations with the U.S. under the Tokugawa Shoguns.

Japan (or Nippon-koku; or Nihon-koku)

(1) This city is named for a Duwamish chief who gave a speech that ends, "Dead, did I say? There is no death, only a change of worlds." This city hosted the 1962 World's Fair, for which it built an observation tower inspired by a flying saucer. For the point, name this city that contains the Space Needle.

Seattle

(1) In this city, the formerly-enslaved John Price was captured by a U.S. Marshal and transported to nearby Wellington before being rescued by locals. Howard Hyde Russell founded the Anti-Saloon League in this city, (+) which was the home city of Charles Martin Hall, namesake of a "process" to produce aluminum. Hall's father attended this city's most famous college's (*) Seminary School, which was founded by abolitionists. For the points, name this Ohio city southwest of Cleveland, home to a namesake private liberal arts college.

Oberlin (accept Oberlin-Wellington Rescue; accept Oberlin College)

(1) This man's last campaign was the Battle of Adobe Walls, where he destroyed several Kiowa [[KYE-oh-wah]] villages. James Carleton ordered this reluctant commander to lead an invasion of Canyon de Chelly [[SHAY]], after which this man attempted to delay orders to remove a population to Bosque Redondo in the "Long Walk of the Navajo." This man achieved fame as a guide for Stephen Kearny and John C. Frémont during the Mexican War. For ten points, identify this Western explorer and Indian fighter.

Christopher Houston "Kit" Carson

(20) While in a post later filled by Oliver Ellsworth, this man drafted a document condemned by Jeffersonians. That text, named for this man, made one power vacate forts in the Northwest Territory in return for normalized relations. For the point, identify this first U.S. Chief Justice who names a treaty with the UK.

John Jay (accept Jay's Treaty)

(11) This leader installed Parakramabahu VI [[pah-rah-krah-mah-BAH-hoo the Sixth]] as the final king of a united Sri Lanka. This man defeated the pirate Chen Zuyi at the Battle of Palembang during a series of expeditions documented in the Mao-Kun map. This leader brought back a giraffe from Malindi after visiting the Swahili Coast. This man's projects were stopped under the isolationist Hongxi [[HONG-SHEE]] Emperor following the death of his sponsor, the Yongle [[YONG-LUH]] Emperor. For the point, name this Chinese Muslim explorer during the Ming dynasty.

Zheng He [[ZHUNG-HUH]] (accept Ma He; accept phonetic pronunciations)

(12) This person was prosecuted after the 1935 assassination of political rival Julio Nalundasan, though that conviction was overturned. The phrase "guns, goons, and gold" was used by the media to describe the corrupt tactics utilized by this politician's re-election campaign in 1969. Corazon Aquino succeeded this person as president, ending a 20-year administration hallmarked by stealing upward of ten billion dollars from his nation alongside his wife, Imelda. For the point, name this authoritarian tenth president of the Philippines.

Ferdinand Marcos (or Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos Sr.)

(25) While facing a paternity suit against Joan Berry, this man was charged by the FBI under J. Edgar Hoover with violating the Mann Act. This person was accused of being a communist by Mississippi congressman John Rankin, who also called for his deportation. After over twenty years of exile, this person returned to the United States in 1972 to accept an Honorary Oscar. For the point, what British silent film actor is best known for films such as City Lights, Modern Times, and The Great Dictator?

Charlie Chaplin (or Charles Spencer Chaplin Jr.)

(4) Concerning the Gilded Age Robber Barons, name the man who...Served as president of both the Central Pacific and Southern Pacific Railroads and founded a university near Palo Alto.

Leland Stanford (or Amasa Leland Stanford)

(29) This man attempted to rescind his resignation from office after meeting with police and realtor interests, but was nonetheless replaced by Dan Horanzey. Douglas Schmidt's trial defense of this man relied on psychiatrist Martin Blinder's claim that his diet of snack cakes indicated depression, a strategy derided as the "Twinkie defense." Riots in the Castro district began after the acquittal of, for the point, what assassin who killed George Moscone [[mah-SKOH-nee]] and Harvey Milk in 1978 in San Francisco?

Dan White (or Daniel James White)

(34) This law created the Council of 23, whose members were exempt from the Test Act. This law upheld the feudal seigneurial [[sen-yohr-YAHL]] system of land ownership and extended Guy [["GUY"]] Carleton's jurisdiction to the area between the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. The collection of Catholic tithes and the use of French civil law were allowed to continue via this act, which retreated from the Proclamation of 1763. For the point, name this 1774 Intolerable Act which reorganized a French-speaking province.

Quebec Act 1774 (or British North America (Quebec) Act 1774)

(34) This historian wrote an essay, critical of Barry Goldwater's supporters, which traced the prominence of "movements of suspicious discontent" back to the Populist Era. This historian, who discussed conspiracy theories in (+) "The Paranoid Style in American Politics," also discussed tension between American ideals of "the democratization of knowledge" and the rise of New Deal-era experts. According to George Will that work made this man "the iconic public intellectual of liberal (*) condescension." For the points, name this author of Anti-Intellectualism in American Life.

Richard Hofstadter

(18) One theory claims this event was caused by consuming rye bread infected with the hallucinogenic fungi. William Stoughton allowed the use of (+) "Spectral Evidence" in this event that led to the death of figures like Giles Corey and (*) Rebecca Nurse. For the points, name this series of Massachusetts trials in 1692 that targeted citizens accused of using demonic magic.

Salem Witch Trials (accept anything that mentions Salem and Witchcraft; prompt on partial answers)

(22) This deity was the center of cult worship at Cynopolis [[kih-NAH-poh-lis]]. This deity was likely combined with the war god Wepwawet, and this deity helped Isis embalm Osiris in one myth. Priests of this deity conducted the Opening of the Mouth Ceremony which prepared the spirit for the "weighing of the hearts" conducted by this deity, according to the Book of the Dead. For the point, name this Ancient Egyptian jackal-headed god of death whose worship was an integral part of the mummification process.

Anubis (or Inpu; or Anpu)

(12) Two "Committees of Seventy" were convened to investigate this group's actions under leaders like Richard Croker. In Harper's Weekly, Thomas Nast depicted this group, known for its "honest graft," as a tiger. For the point, name this New York Democratic political machine led by Boss Tweed.

Tammany Hall (accept Society of St. Tammany; or the Sons of St. Tammany; or the Columbian Order)

(23) Before moving to Los Angeles, J. Paul Getty began his financial success in this city. Prior to a major event in this city, Sheriff William McCullough avoided turning in a suspect who (+) assaulted elevator operator Sarah Page, leading Black Americans in this city to protect Dick Rowland. Lynch mobs destroyed the wealthy Greenwood (*) District, also known as "Black Wall Street," in, for the points, what city in Oklahoma, the site of a brutal 1921 race riot?

Tulsa (accept Tulsa Race Riot)

(28) This actor starred in one of the title roles in the film sequel The Two Jakes. This most nominated male actor in Academy Award history portrayed the title leader of the teamsters (+) union in the film Hoffa. This actor played Frank Costello in The Departed, and he played the (*) Joker in Tim Burton's first Batman film. For the points, identify this actor who starred in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest and The Shining.

Jack Nicholson (or Jack Joseph Nicholson)

(22) Jack Crace combined forces with the American fleet during this naval battle, which resulted in the demotion of Admiral Takagi. The USS Yorktown (+) was damaged in this battle, which caused the Japanese ship Shokaku to miss the (*) Battle of Midway. For the points, name this 1942 battle that took place in a sea near the Great Barrier Reef.

The Battle of Coral Sea

(3) Despite praising it, Robert Remini claimed that a speech about this program was riddled with "statistical errors" and "wrongheadedness about Southern interests." A desire to bolster commerce and transportation led to this plan's proposal of canals that were part of a set of "internal improvements." The passing of the Tariff of 1816 and the creation of the Second Bank of the United States are considered major wins for this policy program. For the point, name this Whig economic plan introduced by Henry Clay.

American System (prompt on "American School")

(27) Mo Rocca joked that this magazine should be renamed Tamil Tiger Beat after a 2013 cover featuring a model-like shot of Boston marathon bomber Dzhokar Tsarnaev [[JOH-kar tsar-"NIGH"-eff]]. This magazine was the initial publisher of Tom Wolfe's astronaut profile "Post-Orbital Remorse" and Hunter S. Thompson's Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas. This magazine lost several lawsuits arising from its 2014 story about a hoax at the University of Virginia. For the point, name this magazine whose core area of coverage is popular music.

Rolling Stone

(9) This clause was the subject of Puerto Rico v. Branstad, which involved a request by the governor of Puerto Rico to the governor of Iowa to try Ronald Calder. This clause concerns those who are charged with treason or felony and "shall flee from justice." For the point, name this Article Four clause, which allows for the deportation of a criminal back to the state where they allegedly committed a crime.

Extradition Clause (accept Interstate Rendition Clause)

(19) This company failed to repair a RAYCAS system for over a year. A vehicle named for this company inspired new rules on using the Hinchinbrook Entrance. Gregory Cousins was controlling a vehicle named for this company during an attempt to avoid ice from Columbia Glacier. Rumors that Joseph Hazelwood was drunk when this company's ship ran aground on Bligh Reef were debunked. For the point, name this company whose tanker Valdez [[valDEEZ]] crashed in Prince William Sound off Alaska in 1989, causing a massive oil spill.

Exxon Corporation (accept ExxonMobil or Exxon Shipping Company; accept Exxon Valdez)

(3) This artist depicted a man wearing formal clothing with his arms crossed while gliding across ice in a portrait of William Grant titled The Skater. This artist made a lifesized painting as a gift for the Earl of Shelburne, depicting a man dressed mostly in (*) black extending his right arm and known as the Lansdowne Portrait. (*) The Athenaeum [[ath-eh-NAY-um]] Portrait of George Washington was created by, For the points, what prolific early American painter?

Gilbert (Charles) Stuart

(32) Jacob Perkins created a machine for artificially producing this substance, which was deployed by Alexander Twining in Ohio. Machinery for harvesting and storing this substance was invented by Nathaniel Wyeth. This substance was sold at a substantial markup to India by its so-called "king," Frederic Tudor. Thomas Moore invented a kitchen device which once required daily home delivery of this substance. For the point, what material's namesake "boxes" were used before the rise of electric refrigerators?

Ice (accept Frozen water or Solid water; prompt on "water")

(9) William Dunlap wrote a play about this person, subtitled A Tragedy in Five Acts, covering whether this man should have been spared or hanged. While riding in southern New York, this man was taken into custody after mistaking Continentals in Hessian overcoats for pro-British citizens. Evaluating how the spy, Nathan Hale, was treated by William Howe, a board decided to execute this spy in 1780. For the point, name this British collaborator of Benedict Arnold who requested the West Point plans.

Major John André

(14) An author who spent time in one of these places on Blackwell's Island recalled their bathing rituals and abusive practices. The New York World published an undercover (+) investigation of these places by Nellie Bly, and the reform of these places was advocated by (*) Dorothea Dix. For the points, name these places, the subject of the book Ten Days in a Mad-House.

Mental Institutions (accept Mental Hospitals; accept Insane Asylums; accept Lunatic Asylums; prompt on "Hospitals")

(15) This Midwestern city shares a record for futility with Buffalo, as its NFL team has also lost four Super Bowls without a single victory. The roof of that team's stadium in this city collapsed after a snow storm in 2010, while three years earlier, this city's I-35 West bridge collapsed as well. In 2020, a video recorded in this city showed a police officer with his knee on George Floyd's neck. For the point, name this twin city of St. Paul, the largest in Minnesota.

Minneapolis

(20) This state's armed neutrality continued under Claiborne Jackson after Robert Marcellus Stewart promoted the idea. In this state, Samuel Curtis led the Army of the Border at the "Gettysburg of the West" against Sterling Price, who created the Price-Harney Truce and raided Independence. Nathaniel Lyon died leading his men in this state in a Confederate victory at Wilson's Creek. Jesse James formed a gang in, for the point, what state which included the strategic river cities of Cape Girardeau and St. Louis?

Missouri

(24) This novel begins with quotations from Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan and Obed Macy's (+) History of Nantucket. This novel's narrator invites readers to call him by the name of Abraham's first son, (*) Ishmael. For the points, name this Herman Melville novel about the Pequod, subtitled The Whale.

Moby-Dick; or, The Whale

(13) This event resulted in the renaming of a place once referred to as the Pyinmana District. A monument honoring King Anawrahta was on display during an Armed Forces Day celebration that was set to coincide with this event. The ease of travel to the Shan and Kayin (+) states and the devastation wrought by Cyclone Nargis contributed to this 2006 event, after which foreign countries were urged to relocate their embassies by (*) Aung San Suu Kyi [[CHEE]]. For the points, name this event in which Yangon was replaced in its executive capacity by Naypyidaw [[NAYP-yih-daw]].

Moving the capital of Myanmar (from Yangon to Naypyidaw) (accept clearknowledge equivalents; accept Republic of the Union of Myanmar, or Burma, or Pyidaunzu Thanmăda Myăma, Nainngandaw or Myanma in place of Myanmar; prompt on partial answers)

BONUS: J. J. Thomson created what "model" that depicts negatively-charged electrons immersed in a positively-charged space, named for the dessert it resembles?

Plum Pudding model

(19) Ralph Lane was forced to abandon his colony at this location due to the delay of Richard Grenville's supply mission. A fleet that established a colony at this location had earlier burned the town of Aquascogoc [[ah-KWAH-skoh-gohk]] in search of a missing silver cup. After returning to this location, John White discovered the word "CROATOAN" carved into a palisade. For the point, name this island, the site of a colony founded by Sir Walter Raleigh which mysteriously disappeared.

Roanoke Island

(10) A speech invoked this principle against "impotence which results in a general loosening of the ties of civilized society," in reference to a recent incident in which J.C. Johnston was killed aboard the USS Yankee. This principle was formulated after the unsatisfactory resolution of a crisis over Cipriano Castro's attempt to default on debts in Venezuela. The U.S. took responsibility for enforcing European claims against Latin America in, for the point, what revision of the Monroe Doctrine?

Roosevelt Corollary

(11) This man became a Catholic after being sold into slavery in Spain following his capture by Thomas Hunt. Later, this man was denounced by his onetime confederate, Hobomok, during his time keeping intact an agreement with John Carver for an alliance against the Narragansett. This man demonstrated how to stomp eels out of mud and use fish remains to fertilize grain planting. For the point, name this last surviving Patuxet who served as an intermediary between native groups and the early Plymouth Colony.

Squanto (or Tisquantum)

(11) This work smashed societal conventions of a perfect, nuclear family when it opened on Broadway in 1962 where it won the Tony for Best Play as well as acting awards for its leads, Arthur Hill and Uta Hagen. The writer of this play wanted Bette Davis to be cast in the lead of the 1966 film version, but Mike Nichols chose Elizabeth Taylor for the role for which she won an Oscar. An imaginary son is just one of the bizarre mind games played in front of Honey and Nick by George and Martha during the course of, for the point, what Edward Albee play?

Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?

(11) This man's wife ghostwrote A Year of American Travel, and he was charged with incompetence by political rival Frank Blair. This man was the first presidential candidate of the Republican party, and served as governor of Arizona, as well as one of the first senators from California. For the point, identify this politician who led the Bear Flag Revolt, an explorer nicknamed "the Pathfinder."

John C(harles) Frémont

(35) A 1999 court case affirmed a copyright on this speech, which cannot be reproduced in full without license until 2038. This speech uses metaphors of a "promissory note" and a "bad check," which its audience has now "come to cash." In 2015, the caretakers of Stone Mountain considered installing a bell at the monument in reference to a line from this speech, which looks towards a time when the speaker's children will be "judged . . . by the content of their character." For ten points, name this speech given at the March on Washington by Martin Luther King, Jr.

"I Have a Dream" (prompt on answers involving MLK's speech at the March on Washington)

(26) In this city, Robert Chambliss and Bobby Frank Cherry planted dynamite under the steps of a church. Fred Shuttlesworth helped lead a campaign in this city that ousted Commissioner Bull Connor. In a letter addressed to fellow Southern clergymen, an incarcerated minister in this city wrote that "Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere." Martin Luther King, Jr. wrote a letter from jail in, for the point, what Alabama city?

Birmingham

(24) One side of this competition lobbied in Washington for Red Cloud in a deal for access to Sioux territory. During the last period of this competition, New York Herald articles by William Ballou led to the dismissal of one of the principals by John (+) Wesley Powell. This competition led to immense finds at Como Bluff and the first descriptions of (*) Diplodocus [[dih-PLAH-doh-kuss]] and Triceratops. For the point, name this rivalry between Othniel Charles Marsh and Edward Drinker Cope for pre-eminence in American paleontology.

Bone Wars (accept Great Dinosaur Rush)

(6) Joel Barlow wrote an 1807 epic poem titled for this personification. This character unspools a telegraph line across the frontier in an 1872 painting by John Gast entitled American Progress. This character, who usually wears a Phrygian cap and a flowing white gown, was eventually displaced by symbols such as Uncle Sam. For ten points, identify this female personification of the United States that was common in the 19th century and was named for a 1490s explorer.

Columbia (or Lady Columbia; or Miss Columbia)

(6) Thomas Durant was replaced as the head of this event's central organization by congressman Oakes Ames, who was later censured. The New York Sun broke the news of this event, whose central company shared its name with an unrelated French bank. Union Pacific was nearly bankrupted by, for the point, what Grant-era scandal in which the title company charged inflated costs for railroad construction?

Crédit Mobilier Scandal (accept Société Générale du Crédit Mobilier; or General Society of Home Credit)

(8) Survived an assassination attempt during the Homestead Strike and made modifications to the South Fork Dam leading to the Johnstown Flood.

Henry Clay Frick

(6) In support of this piece of legislation, the sitting president gave a speech that said "progress requires moving forward," and described how the South would soon have "twelve million happy people." This act led to the signing of the Treaty of New Echota [[eh-KOHtah]]. This legislation failed to dislodge the Seminole but condemned the Cherokee to experiencing the Trail of Tears. For the point, name this Jackson-era legislation which authorized the U.S. government to forcibly move the "Five Civilized Tribes" west of the Mississippi River.

Indian Removal Act of 1830

(5) Sarah Bagley's experiences in this city led Bagley to create the reformist newspaper The Voice of Industry. Recruiters such as I.M. Boynton advertised for "women from 15 to 35 years of age" to work in this city as its namesake "girls." This city was named for a man who rebuilt machines used by Edmund Cartwright and used the falls of the Merrimack River to power its mills. For the point, name this Massachusetts city that became the first center of industrial textile manufacture in the U.S.

Lowell (accept Lowell girls or Lowell mill girls)

(24) After hearing that he was to be killed by Mad Dog Coll, this man organized the pre-emptive murder of Salvatore Maranzano to start a September 1931 purge of his enemies known as the Sicilian Vespers. Through his frequent collaborator Meyer Lansky, this man accepted a deal in (+) Operation Underworld that commuted his prison sentence in exchange for his assistance in protecting New York's docks during World War Two, after which he was (*) deported to Italy. For the points, name this gangster who, in 1931, established "The Commission" to oversee organized crime in the U.S.

Lucky Luciano (or Charles Luciano; or Salvatore Lucania)

(29) At age 15, this man was arrested for throwing eggs at British foreign secretary Ernest Bevin during Bevin's visit to New York. Irv Rubin took over an organization founded by this man which was convicted of involvement in several bombings, during the time when this man lived in (+) Israel and founded the banned Kach party. El Sayyid Nosair, a disciple of "blind sheikh" Omar Abdel-Rahman, was convicted of killing this founder of the (*) Jewish Defense League. For the points, name this extremist rabbi who was assassinated in New York in 1990.

Meir (David HaKohen) Kahane [[mah-YEER kah-HAH-neh]]

(1) Concerning the Aztecs, name the...Present-day country whose capital was built on the site of Tenochtitlan.

Mexico (or United States of Mexico; or United Mexican States; or Estados Unidos Mexicanos; or Mēxihcatl Tlacetilīlli Tlahtohcāyōtl; or EUM)

(29) A judge in this political family served as Alexander Hamilton's "Second" during his fatal duel with Aaron Burr, disagreeing with doctor David Hosack as concerning who fired first. In an effort to attract "Copperheads," a member of this family was selected to be the running mate of former (+) general George McClellan during the Election of 1864. That member of this family sponsored and named a bill whose passage came in the wake of Charles Guiteau's [[gee-TOHS]] (*) assassination of James Garfield. An 1883 civil service reform act was named for a member of, for the points, which Ohio political family?

Pendleton (accept George H. Pendleton; accept Nathanael Pendleton; accept Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act)

(22) In 1999, this man won an auction for Joyce Maynard's letters to J.D. Salinger, which he returned to the novelist. This man personally wrote both consumer software beginning with UNERASE [["un"-"erase"]] and technical manuals for programmers such as his (+) "pink shirt book." Products bearing this man's name depicted him with crossed arms prior to his company's acquisition by (*) Symantec. For the point, name this software entrepreneur who released a namesake line of "utilities" and antivirus programs starting in the 1980s.

Peter Norton

(8) Charles Sumner was convinced to support this cause by the expeditions of William Healey Dall. Eduard de Stoeckl (+) negotiated this cause, in which one side's flag may have been ripped during a ceremony in Sitka. This cause was mostly unsuccessful until gold was discovered in (*) Klondike. For the points, identify this cause, also known as "Seward's Folly," that involved a major land deal between Russia and the U.S.

Purchase of Alaska (accept Buying Alaska; accept Seward's Folly before mentioned)

(6) John McCurdy's book on this law discusses impetuses for its passage such as John Cruger's refusal to provide firewood. This law is referenced in the Declaration of Independence immediately after a complaint about "Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation." The New York (+) Restraining Act forbade New York from passing any further legislation until resistance to this law ended. The practice (*) imposed by this law was later constitutionally forbidden by the Third Amendment. For the point, name this 1765 act of Parliament which mandated the housing of British soldiers in private homes.

Quartering Act(s)

(1) Leading country of the alliance that formed the Iron Curtain in Eastern Europe.

Soviet Union (or Sovetsky Soyuz; accept Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; or Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; or USSR; or CCCP; or SSSR; do not accept or prompt on "Russia")

(22) Attempts to resolve an incident regarding this ship resulted in Caleb Cushing replacing Daniel Sickles as ambassador and negotiating $80,000 in reparations, following a general agreement engineered by Don José Polo. 53 American and British citizens aboard this ship were (+) executed following its capture during the Ten Years' War, during which it was acting as a mercenary vessel for (*) Cuban rebels. For the points, name this ship at the center of an 1870s diplomatic crisis between the U.S. and Spain.

Virginius (accept Virginius Affair)

(5) Ekoji I founded a kingdom subservient to this empire and attempted to seize the Coleroon River region from his brother, a ruler of this realm named Shivaji. With assistance from the Rohilla, the Pashtun Durrani Empire halted this state's expansion during the Third Battle of Panipat. A refusal to accept the results of the Battle of Wadagon led to this Hindu empire's first war with the British East India company. The Peshwa ruled, for the point, what Confederacy which eclipsed the Mughals in power on the Indian subcontinent in the 18th century?

Maratha Confederacy (or Maratha Empire)

(7) This figure wrote the article "What Every Mother Should Know" for the socialist magazine The New York Call. This person emigrated to the UK under the name "Bertha Watson," and she was jailed for 30 days after violating the Comstock Act by distributing her book Family Limitation. For the point, identify this founder of what became Planned Parenthood, an early advocate of birth control.

Margaret Sanger (accept Margaret Sanger Slee; accept Margaret Louise Higgins)

(7) This figure wrote the article "What Every Mother Should Know" for the socialist magazine The New York Call. This person was jailed for 30 days after violating the Comstock Act by distributing her book Family Limitation. For the point, identify this founder of what became Planned Parenthood, an early advocate of birth control.

Margaret Sanger (accept Margaret Sanger Slee; accept Margaret Louise Higgins)

(4) A comic operetta about this government program was written by Alfred Friendly, whose boss, Secretary of Commerce W. Averell Harriman, oversaw this program's implementation. Lewis H. Brown wrote of the "European Vicious Cycle" in his work A Report on Germany, which served as a basis for this program. The USSR refused benefits from this program and passed the Molotov Plan in response. For the point, name this plan for postWorld War Two European recovery named for a U.S. Secretary of State.

Marshall Plan (accept European Recovery Program before mentioned)

(25) In 2009, this museum's gift shop declined to stock The Secret History of the Moguls and the Money, Michael Gross's history of this museum. Charles Collens was commissioned by John Rockefeller to design this museum's secondary location in Fort Tryon Park, the medieval-focused building known as The Cloisters. Madame X and Aristotle Contemplating the Bust of Homer are among the holdings of this museum, whose main building juts into Central Park. For ten points, name this largest art museum in the U.S.

Metropolitan Museum of Art (or "The Met")

(27) In this city's metropolitan area, spree killer Andrew Cunanan fired on and killed fashion designer Gianni Versace [[vehr-SAH-cheh]]. In 2000, relatives of Elián González harbored him in this city, leading to a diplomatic crisis between the U.S. and Cuba. Home to the headquarters of Senator Marco Rubio's 2016 presidential campaign, this city's namesake river drains out of the Everglades. For the point, name this South Florida city, nicknamed the "Capital of Latin America" for its strong Hispanic and Latino majority.

Miami

(10) After his retirement from politics, this person served as chancellor of the University of Buffalo, which he had helped found. This politician served as the chairman of the Ways and Means Committee during the presidency of John Tyler and, while in that position, set up the Black Tariff of 1842. This man oversaw the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act while presiding over the Senate as part of the Compromise of 1850. For the point, name this New York politician who served as the last Whig president after the death of Zachary Taylor.

Millard Fillmore

(8) A group described by this color faced a six-day siege conducted by a volunteer army raised by by Toqto'a. A leader of a group described by this color was a merchant who sold salt illegally before amassing a 10,000 man force and leading an attack on Taizhou; that man was Zhang Sicheng. A man who had, as a child, been sent to a Buddhist monastery near Haozhou joined that movement described by this color. That man, Zhou Yuanzhang, would later become the Hongwu Emperor. For ten points, a group described as wearing headgear of what color rebelled against the Yuan Dynasty? red (accept Hóngsè) The Red Turban Rebellion led to the rise of what Chinese dynasty that constructed the Forbidden City in its capital, Beijing?

Ming Dynasty (or Míng cháo; accept Great Ming; or Dà Míng)

(29) The main setting for this novel shares its name with the victims of the Mystic Massacre. This novel begins with quotations from Thomas Hobbes' (+) Leviathan and Obed Macy's History of Nantucket. This novel's narrator invites readers to call him by the name of Abraham's first son, (*) Ishmael. For the points, name this Herman Melville novel about the Pequod, subtitled The Whale.

Moby-Dick; or, The Whale

(10) Ralph Anspach made an "Anti-" version of this product, which led to a trademark infringement lawsuit. Compasses and real (+) money were included in a version of this product to help World War Two prisoners escape. Created to explain the (*) single-tax theory of Henry George, this is, for the points, what Parker Brothers game in which players buy and trade property?

Monopoly

(1) Part of this state was ceded in the Treaty of Hellgate, and a mining company jointly named for Boston and this state was formed in 1887 and changed its name in 1899 after this state's town of Anaconda. In 1918, that company built the tallest chimney at that point in history in this state which remains the tallest masonry structure in the world. One of this state's Copper Kings, William A. Clark, moved west for this state's 1863 gold rush and invested in the Butte [[BYOOT]] Mines. For the point, name this state which joined the Union in 1889.

Montana (accept Boston and Montana Consolidated Copper and Silver Mining Company)

(4) Concerning the Aztecs, name the...Language spoken in their royal court.

Nahuatl (prompt on "Aztec" or "Mexicano")

(1) This woman's purchase of a china service during a recession conflicted with an attempt to cut costs by counting ketchup as a vegetable. This woman's autobiography, My Turn, features James Baker and Michael Deaver, who worked for her husband. This woman consulted an astrologer, Joan Quigley, when her husband's life was in danger. This woman headed a campaign based on Richard I. Evans's Social Inoculation model, the "Just Say No" campaign. For the point, name this First Lady.

Nancy Davis Reagan

(13) This artist painted Tough Call, a work depicting three umpires noticing falling rain. A young girl walks to school surrounded by U.S. marshals in another of this artist's paintings titled The Problem We All Live With. The Saturday Evening Post published many of the works by, for the point, what artist synonymous with 20th-century Americana?

Norman Rockwell (or Norman Perceval Rockwell)

(5) A group of U.S. sailors taken prisoner in this country gave the middle finger in a publicly-distributed photograph, claiming to their captors it was a "Hawaiian good luck sign." This country had the Bauhaus-trained Konrad Püschel redesign the damaged city of Hamhung. Holding up to 114,000 spectators, this country's Rungrado 1st of May Stadium was the largest stadium in the world until 2020 and featured events such as the Arirang Mass Gymnastics Festival. For ten points, name this Asian peninsular country that fought a war with its southern neighbor in the early 1950s.

North Korea (or Democratic People's Republic of Korea; or DPRK; or Choson-minjujuui-inmin-konghwaguk; prompt on "Korea"; do not accept or prompt on "South Korea", "Republic of Korea", or "ROK")

(20) Two of these systems called Big Inch and Little Big Inch were championed by Harold Ickes. The longest of these systems in North America has a major junction point in Lockport, Illinois and is named for Enbridge. U.S. District Judge James Boasberg denied a motion by the Standing Rock Sioux tribe who opposed one of these systems. Barack Obama temporarily delayed the construction of one of these systems that would reach the Gulf Coast. The Trans-Alaska and Keystone XL are examples of, for the point, what systems used to transport a certain liquid?

Oil pipelines (or Petroleum pipelines)

(10) Ben Reddick was awarded an honorary citizenship for coining this term. Many of these people ultimately found work in the oil industry of Kern County in the Bakersfield area, and others of these people such as Florence Owens Thompson were itinerant produce workers. In 1937, Woody Guthrie became one of these people who commonly travelled on Route 66 and are the subject of John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath. For the point, name this group of emigrants to California who originated in a state north of Texas.

Okies (prompt on answers such as "emigrants from Oklahoma to California" before "Oklahoma" is mentioned)

(14) This ruler wrote a series of sacred hymns called jaillis [[hah-EE-yees]] to accompany the situa [[see-TOO-ah]] purification ceremony. This man established the Raymi festival, which greatly expanded the worship of the sun deity Inti. This ruler, who legendarily subjugated the (+) Chanka people with stone warriors, organized his realm into four suyus. (*) For the points, name this son of the ruler Viracocha, a Sapa who reorganized the Kingdom of Cuzco into the Incan Empire.

Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui (or Pachakutiq Inka Yupanki)

(30) Following the execution of this man and his brother, Sir John Maxwell suppressed two poems from this man and advised Prime Minister H. H. Asquith not to return the bodies of this man and his brother to their family. This political activist wrote several allegorical plays in the Irish language including (+) The King and The Singer. Sworn into the Irish Republican Brotherhood by Bulmer Hobson, (*) for the points, who was this Irish nationalist and revolutionary who issued the orders to all volunteer units during the Easter Rising of 1916, becoming a symbol of Irish independence?

Patrick Henry Pearse (accept Pádraig; accept either underlined portion of Pádraic Pearse)

(8) A major opponent of this principle denounced it as "a living, creeping lie" in a series of debates. Attempts to reconcile this principle with the decision in Dred Scott resulted in the articulation of the Freeport Doctrine. The Kansas-Nebraska Act (+) institutionalized this doctrine, whose opponents mocked it by replacing the first word of its name with (*) "squatter." For the points, name this doctrine of the antebellum period, and advocated by Stephen Douglas, which put decisions regarding slavery into the hands of each territory's voters.

Principle of Popular sovereignty

(1) Alexis de Tocqueville compared the Pennsylvania system of these institutions to "Complete Despotism" in one work. Celebrity Kim Kardashian personally met with Donald Trump to lobby for the First Step Act, which lessened re-entry rates to these places. A 1971 uprising occurred in one of these institutions called Attica, and another of these institutions can be found on a namesake island in San Francisco Bay. For the point, what are these penal institutions such as the defunct Alcatraz?

Prisons (accept jails; accept penitentiarys)

(10) Kiva rooms in these places were destroyed in the 1599 Acoma Massacre. Missionaries were expelled from these places after a 1680 revolt that restored the use of traditions such as katsina dolls, and that revolt was led by (+) Popé. Cliff dwellings often featured at these complexes, which were where the Anasazi (*) people lived. Several Indigenous groups in New Mexico share their name with, for the points, what villages made from adobe?

Pueblos

(19) In a case concerning Santa Clara County and a company in this industry, the Equal Protection clause was first used on corporations by equating them to "people." The now dissolved ICC solely regulated this industry in the 19th century. The Grange movement lobbied to lower rates charged by this industry to more affordably transport their grain to market. Leland Stanford drove the "Golden Spike" into the ground, completing, for the point, what kind of transcontinental transport network?

Railroads (accept First Transcontinental Railroad; accept [i]Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad)

(14) An early event during this period was known as the New Orleans massacre. The Ten Percent Plan was favored over the Wade-Davis Bill by a president during this period, which concluded with the Compromise of 1877. For the point, name this era of rebuilding that followed the Civil War.

Reconstruction

(30) On this holiday, twelve blocks of Rolla [[RAH-lah]], Missouri are painted by university students, and the 69th Infantry Regiment is always at the head of a New York parade on this day. In the 1995 Hurley case, the right of a Boston parade (+) held on this day to exclude gay marchers was upheld. In 1962, Plumbers Union head Stephen Bailey convinced Richard Daley to begin the tradition of dying the (*) Chicago River green on this day. For the points, name this March holiday used to celebrate Irish-American heritage.

St. Patrick's Day (accept St. Patrick's Day Parade)

(22) A man who made his fortune in this industry wrote that "the man who dies rich dies disgraced" in his "Gospel of Wealth." The Bessemer Process led to major developments in this industry, whose executives included Henry Clay Frick. For the point, name this manufacturing industry that was dominated by Andrew Carnegie.

Steel Industry (accept Carnegie Steel)

(3) Concerning the New Deal, name the...U.S. state which names a "Valley Authority" that managed a series of hydroelectric dams.

Tennessee (accept Tennessee Valley Authority; prompt on "TVA")

(5) This organization's mailing list spurred the growth of Montgomery Ward, whose catalog long claimed to be the "original supply house" for this group. A set of Supreme Court cases named for this group revived the "affectation" doctrine and included Morrison Waite's decision in Munn v. Illinois on grain elevator rates. For the point, name this organization founded by Oliver Kelley which advocates for rural and farmer interests and was politically prominent during Reconstruction.

The Grange (or the National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry; accept the Patrons of Husbandry)

(25) As a result of this treaty, the southern half of Sakhalin [[SAH-kah-leen]] Island was awarded to the victorious nation. This treaty gave one country the Liaodong [LEE-OWDONG]] Peninsula in Manchuria, though that country's public expected more due to their overwhelming victories at battles like Tsushima Strait. For brokering this treaty, which the parties signed in Kittery, Maine, U.S. president Theodore Roosevelt received the Nobel Peace Prize. For the point, name this treaty signed in 1905 that ended the Russo-Japanese War.

Treaty of Portsmouth

(9) To generate negative publicity in this state, Barton Kay Kirkham chose to be hanged. This state was the site of the first execution after the national moratorium was ended by Gregg v. Georgia. Norman Mailer's The Executioner's Song documented that execution of Gary Gilmore in this state. A purported Danite, John D. Lee, attacked a group of Arkansas emigrants in this state, the Baker-Fancher Party, in the Mountain Meadows Massacre. For the point, name this Western US state, sometimes referred to as "Deseret."

Utah

(35) From about 1754 to 1800, settlement of the rural South was achieved by a "great road" named for these things that extended from Philadelphia to Augusta, Georgia. Samuel Gist bred horses specifically meant to pull these objects, which had a popular model named for a Lancaster County, Pennsylvania town. These objects moved at about two miles per hour in their heavy-duty Conestoga or more maneuverable "prairie schooner" models. Settlers of the western U.S. often formed "trains" of, For ten points, what vehicles that might be "covered?"

Wagons (accept Covered wagons; accept Great Wagon Road; accept Conestoga wagon; accept Wagon train)

(14) James Blaesing has petitioned for this president to be exhumed to prove he's this man's grandson. This man's presidency was dominated by Charles R. Forbes and Harry Daugherty, two members of the (+) Ohio Gang. This president, who had an affair with Nan Britton, was disgraced by the (*) Teapot Dome Scandal. For the points, identify this 29th president who was succeeded by Calvin Coolidge.

Warren Gamaliel Harding

(7) This man was called a "modern Caesar" and a leader of "the money kings and trust magnates" by Emma Goldman. The Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act replaced a high tariff framed by this politician. Mark Hanna guided this Ohio politician to win the presidency through a front porch campaign. This 25th US president led the nation through the Spanish-American War and was succeeded in 1901 by Theodore Roosevelt. At the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, anarchist Leon Czolgosz [[SHOHL-gosh]] assassinated, for the point, which US president?

William McKinley

II} Extra Tossup TB. One primary account of these places is by Jean de la Perouse, who described them as similar to a "West Indian slave colony." These places often drew their workforce from the Miwok, Chumash, and Gabrielino tribes. These settlements were connected by a road known as "El Camino Real." The first of these settlements was founded during the "Sacred Expedition" led by Juan Crespi and Junipero Serra. For the point, what is the collective name for the twenty-three religious and economic centers of Spanish colonization in California?

missions [or mission system] <DW>

II} 24. Labor disputes in this industry were the subject of the Erdman Act and Newlands Act. The New Deal included a Retirement Act for workers in this industry. It was regulated by the Hepburn Act, and J.P. Morgan combined several companies in this industry to form the Northern Securities Company. The sham Crédit Mobilier company purported to build one of these structures. Another of them was completed at Promontory Point. For the point, what structure was built by namesake Union Pacific and Central Pacific companies to be "transcontinental"?

railroads [accept trains, railways, or similar answers; accept Railroad Retirement, transcontinental railroad, Union Pacific Railroad Company, or Central Pacific Railroad Company] <SH>

(28) This clip ends with text in the Garamond font promising "you'll see why" on January 24th. The Chiat/Day agency came up with the plan for this short clip, which starred Anya Major and David Graham and was directed by a man who was in-between making Blade Runner and Legend. This Ridley Scott-directed 60-second clip shows an athlete throwing a hammer through a screen on which a huge face is speaking. For ten points, what advertisement during Super Bowl XVIII [[EIGHTEEN]] promoted the new Apple Macintosh using imagery from a George Orwell novel?

"1984" (accept descriptions of the first television commercial for the Apple Macintosh or the Super Bowl commercial for the Apple Macintosh before "advertisement" is mentioned)

(13) This speech was popularized in a version that was heavily stylized by Frances Dana Barker Gage. This speech's name was used to title a 1981 book by bell hooks. This speech pauses to ask the audience to supply the word "intellect" and notes, "I have ploughed and (+) planted" and "None but Jesus heard me" before repeating a question. The common title of this speech is a literary embellishment, as its speaker, whose first language was Dutch, (*) did not use Southern colloquialisms. For the points, name this speech repeatedly given by Sojourner Truth.

"Ain't I A Woman"

(9) After giving the speech that concluded with this three-word phrase, a man resumed the last leg of a family journey that ended with a meeting at Spencer Street with Frank Forde. This three-word phrase ended a 52-word speech, given after disembarking a train at Terowie station, that began "The president of the United States ordered me to break through." For the point, give this three-word phrase spoken by Douglas MacArthur in March 1942 regarding plans to retake the Philippines from Japan.

"I shall return"

(10) This speech's orator attempts to dissuade his fellow man from amassing rifles and forming battalions to "search for white folk." This speech postulated that if the "Civil Rights Act of 1964" wasn't passed, a "non-nonviolent army" with one-way tickets would descend on Washington D.C. The phrase "We didn't land on Plymouth Rock; the rock was landed on us" was said during, for the point, which 1964 speech in which Malcom X urged his Black listeners to exercise their ability to vote or take up arms?

"The Ballot or the Bullet" Speech

(5) This speech calls an opponent "caged and toothless" after positing "a living dog is better than a dead lion." The writer of this speech defended to his law partner, William Herndon, the allusion to a quotation from the synoptic gospels. This speech recounts "the roar of loose declamation in favor of squatter sovereignty" and purports that "this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free." For the point, name this speech delivered upon accepting the Republican nomination for senator by Abraham Lincoln in 1858, which uses the metaphor of a structure that "cannot stand."

"House Divided" speech

(1) The earliest known words to this tune refer to the practice of exchanging unlimited buttermilk and one-tenth of the grain harvest for farm labor in the medieval Netherlands. The final word in the most lasting lyrics to this song, written by Harvard sophomore Edward Bangs, refers to an elaborate wig worn by extreme fashion devotees or "macaronis." For the point, name this patriotic song about a man who "stuck a feather in his cap" after he "went to town, riding on a pony."

"Yankee Doodle

(2) During this decade, the Sioux [[SOO]], Cheyenne, and Arapaho fought the U.S. in the Powder River War. Red Cloud's (+) War occurred in this decade, in which Native Americans fought in the Second Battle of (*) Bull Run. Some Natives joined the Confederacy during, for the points, what decade in which the Civil War was fought?

1860s (prompt on "60s")

(9) The final legal action during this event was an injunction supporting an NLRB decision issued by then-District Judge Sonia Sotomayor. This event thwarted runs at statistical milestones by Matt Williams and Tony Gwynn. Near the end of this event, Peter Angelos [[AN-jeh-lohss]] refused to use replacement players due to working as a labor lawyer, a step also taken by the Toronto Blue Jays due to Canadian law. For the point, identify this labor action that caused the only cancellation of the World Series since 1904.

1994 to 1995 Major League Baseball strike (accept answers referring to a baseball players' strike beginning in 1994; accept MLB in place of "Major League Baseball; prompt on "strike")

(17) At a private fundraising event during this U.S. presidential election year, a Republican candidate claimed 47 percent of the nation would vote for the other party no matter what. The Republican presidential nominee in this year was criticized for being tone deaf after claiming to have "binders full of women" in response to a question about pay equity. That Republican nominee in this year ran on a ticket with Paul Ryan. For the point, name this presidential election year in which Mitt Romney was defeated by Barack Obama.

2012

II} 32. This company agreed to ICC oversight of its acquisitions in the Kingsbury Commitment. This corporation led by Thomas Vail forced customers to lease equipment from its subsidiary Western Electric. Its largest competitor was GTE. The C programming language and transistors were developed at its Murray Hill, New Jersey labs. This company was fined 1.8 billion dollars for refusing interconnections with MCI, leading to its downfall. For the point, what company spun off seven regional Baby Bells in 1984, ending its monopoly on American telephone service?

AT&T [or American Telephone and Telegraph Company, prompt on "Bell System" or "Ma Bell"] <CW>

(23) This politician once poked fun at his nickname by saying, "Eggheads of the world unite, you have nothing to lose but your yolks!" William M. Gallagher won the 1953 Pulitzer Prize for capturing a photo of a hole under this politician's right shoe. As the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, this politician admitted he was "humiliated" when he did not know the full extent of the Bay of Pigs invasion. A governor of Illinois, for the point, what politician lost to Dwight D. Eisenhower during the 1952 and 1956 presidential elections?

Adlai E. Stevenson II (or Adlai Ewing Stevenson II)

(35) This person's demise was decided by the Supreme Court case United States v. Sullivan four years prior. Despite being in Miami at the time, this person was believed to have been responsible for the death of seven associates of Bugs Moran. This person said "they can't collect legal taxes from illegal money" before being arrested by Eliot Ness on charges of income tax evasion. The first person to be labeled as "Public Enemy No. 1" was, for the point, what U.S. gangster who ordered the St. Valentine's Day Massacre in Chicago?

Al Capone (or Alphonse Gabriel Capone; prompt on "Scarface")

(6) A chief of the Tsimshian [[SIM-shee-ann]] led a migration to this state's coast, where he founded Kitkatla Village. Indigenous residents of this state were treated harshly after the Japanese occupation of Kiska, and the predecessors of this state's Yupik people likely crossed the Bering land bridge. For the point, name this state where Indigenous residents live in the Aleutian Islands and Anchorage.

Alaska (accept AK)

(17) This location is the site of the Indigenous Peoples Sunrise Ceremony, also known as Unthanksgiving Day. This location's Coast Guard quarters were destroyed following a 19- month occupation by the Red Power movement. This place, which housed Whitey Bulger and "Birdman" Robert Stroud, was the site of a 1962 escape involving an unsteady raft. For the point, name this island prison outside of San Francisco.

Alcatraz Island

(23) Rufus King proposed funding this organization by selling western lands, and Henry Clay calculated that the ideal number of people annually assisted by this organization was exactly 52 thousand. This organization emulated a British project established by (+) Granville Sharp. This group, which merged the efforts of Charles Fenton Mercer and Robert Finley, was first headed by (*) Bushrod Washington, the president's nephew and heir. This group's efforts established the new city of Monrovia. For the point, name this organization that sent freed slaves to Liberia.

American Colonization Society (or ACS; accept Society for the Colonization of Free People of Color of America)

(1) Thomas Gallaudet founded the school in Hartford where this language originated. This language, which borrows heavily from its French counterpart, was formerly common on Martha's Vineyard. For the point, name this language used by the deaf and hard of hearing.

American Sign Language (accept ASL, Martha's Vineyard Sign Language, MVSL, Henniker Sign Language, Sandy River Valley Sign Language)

(12) Artist Frederic Remington depicted members of this group in a conflict with American cowboys in his work, A Dash for the Timber. A subset of this group which was led by Cochise [[KOH-cheess]], agreed to relocate to a reservation in the Chiricahua [[chee-reeKAH-wah]] Mountains after two decades of guerilla warfare. Another chief of these people agreed to surrender to Nelson Miles if he was allowed to return to Arizona. For the point, name this group of tribes from the American Southwest, once led by Geronimo.

Apache (accept Bedonkohe Apache; accept Chiricahua Apache)

(32) This man engineered a scheme to monopolize and price-gouge the supply of hot chocolate powder at his final home in North Carolina. A longtime critic of this man noticed impossible 45-degree angles in a graph, leading to a plan to secretly hand a dossier to Eliot Spitzer. Harry Markopolos's book, No One Would Listen, discusses the experience of reporting this man to the SEC three times starting in 2000. For the point, name this convicted fraudster whose 65 billion dollar Ponzi scheme collapsed in 2008.

Bernard Lawrence "Bernie" Madoff

(19) The arrest warrant for this man was issued by the author of Ben-Hur, Lew Wallace. Aaron Copland wrote a ballet about this man, who was charged alongside the Lincoln County Regulators in the murder of William J. Brady. This outlaw was killed by Pat Garrett after fleeing to Arizona Territory. For the point, name this American gunfighter of the Old West who was nicknamed for his youthful appearance.

Billy the Kid (accept William Bonney)

(23) This organization named a magazine after their native language's word for Piedmont. The strength displayed by one leader of this organization led him to be nicknamed for the Egyptian bull Apis. This organization led the May Coup, which resulted in the killing of King Alexander. (+) Dragutin Dimitrijević [["Dimitri"-YEHvich]] founded this organization, which ordered an attack that killed Sophie of Hohenberg. Though not a member, (*) Gavrilo Princip was trained and assisted by, for the points, what Serbian military secret society which was likely behind the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand?

Black Hand (or Crna Ruka; accept Unification or Death; or Ujedinjenje ili smrt)

(13) This organization was the subject of a Leonard Bernstein fundraiser, which was recounted in Tom Wolfe's essay "Radical Chic." Two members of this organization, including Fred Hampton, were killed in a midnight raid by Chicago police. This group's founder launched the Free Breakfast for Children program and was accused of murdering John Frey. Huey Newton and Bobby Seale led, for the point, what Black nationalist organization?

Black Panther Party (accept Black Panthers; accept BPP)

(2) A man with this surname was Abraham Lincoln's emissary to offer a Union army command to Robert E. Lee in 1861 and earlier edited the pro-Democratic Washington Globe. That man's sons with this surname included a vice-presidential nominee, whose extremely racist speeches were blamed for Horatio Seymour's 1868 election loss, and a Postmaster General who worked to keep Maryland in the Union. For the point, name this political family including Kitchen Cabinet member Francis Preston and Lincoln ally Montgomery.

Blair family (accept the Blairs; accept Francis Preston Blair, Sr., Francis Preston Blair, Jr., or Montgomery Blair)

(22) Bill McCoy participated in this activity, traveling between the Bahamas and southern Florida by boat. Under the Increased Penalties Act, an addendum to the Volstead Act, this activity's maximum penalty was a $10,000 fine or five years imprisonment. The passage of the 21st Amendment undercut practitioners of this activity, but this activity still occurs in states like Virginia and Tennessee today. For the point, name this activity involving the production, distribution, and sale of illegal alcohol.

Bootlegging (or rum-running; accept descriptions similar to "Illegally distributing alcohol" before mentioned; do not accept "moonshining")

(4) Concerning the New Deal, name the...Program for unmarried, unemployed young men which had them create public works of art and upkeep parks.

CCC (or Civilian Conservation Corps)

(7) This man's son was an art historian who developed the theory that imperfections in medieval churches were intentional "refinements" and not engineering errors. To secure a British patent, Thomas Hancock likely plagiarized the work of this man, who found that adding sulfur under heat solved longstanding problems with stickiness in the Eagle India company's products. For the point, name this American inventor of the rubber vulcanization process, whose name was later used by a major tire manufacturer.

Charles Goodyear

(5) Dragging Canoe founded the "Lower Five Towns" of these people, which were refugee camps in the Tennessee River Gorge. This tribe split into factions known as the "Treaty Party," which wanted to negotiate with the US, and the "National Party" led by Chief John Ross, which hoped to maintain autonomy. These people had a syllabary created by one of their thinkers, Sequoyah, which was first mass adopted while these people were in what is today Oklahoma. For the point, name this Native American tribe that experienced the "Trail of Tears."

Cherokee

(6) During a war named for this natural substance, pro-French Nagriamel rebels armed with bows and arrows attempted to break away from the newly-created Vanuatu [[vahnWAH-too]]. This fruit of Indo-Malayan origin names an Indian Ocean island group controlled by Australia which is sometimes named for Captain William Keeling. The crew of patrol torpedo boat PT-109, led by John F. Kennedy, built dugout canoes of this fruit's husk while stranded on Olasana Island. A type of "Milk" and "Oil" can be derived from, for the point, what tropical fruit first described to Europeans by Antonio Pigafetta?

Coconut (accept Coconut War; accept Cocos; accept Coconut Milk; accept Coconut Oil; accept Coconut Palm)

(12) A laboratory partly named for this adjective is located on Long Island. Ulysses Grant regretted an attack at a battle named for this adjective, which was the last Confederate victory of the Civil War. A period of time described by this adjective began after George Kennan sent the Long Telegram. For the point, give this adjective that describes an ideological "War" between the U.S. and Soviet Union.

Cold (accept Cold War; accept Battle of Cold Harbor; accept Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

(4) After the Achaean League general Diaeus [[dee-AY-ooss]] set up camp here following the Battle of Scarpheia, this city was razed by Lucius Mummius. The first meeting of the Hellenic League, formed by Philip of Macedon against Persia following the Battle of Chaeronea [[kay-ruh-NAY-uh]], was held at this city, which sometimes gives the league its name. The King's Peace ended a war named for this city that broke out shortly after the Peloponnesian War and pitted Sparta against a Greek-Persian alliance. Tyrants such as Periander of the Cypselid dynasty ruled, for the point, what Greek city that hosted the Isthmian Games?

Corinth (or Kórinthos; accept League of Corinth)

(21) This man convinced a group of Native Americans to oppose a forced crossing of the Platte River, which led to the Battle of Red Buttes. After John Grattan's men killed Conquering Bear, this man went into a trance and a vision quest during which he believed he was told to dress modestly and not take scalps. The half-Tahitian Frank Grouard misinterpreted this man's words and while trying to escape he was mortally stabbed. For the point, name this Oglala Sioux warrior who won at Little Bighorn.

Crazy Horse (or Thasunke Witko; or His Horse is Crazy)

(30) The Ninth of September Front opposed an independence movement for this island led by George Grivas known as EOKA [[ee-OH-kah]]. The nationalist Nikos Sampson was installed as the leader of this island after a coup ousted Makarios [[mah-KAH-ree-ohss]] III. That coup was followed by a 1974 invasion of this country codenamed Operation Atilla. For the point, name this island divided between a Turkish northern half and a Greek southern half and governed from Nicosia [[nik-oh-SEE-ah]].

Cyprus (or Kýpros; accept Republic of Cyprus; or Kypriakí Dimokratía; accept Kıbrıs; or Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti)

(22) This singer wrote one of her best known songs to explain why she was leaving The Porter Wagoner Show, and this artist recorded the album Jolene. This singer is the namesake of a Tennessee amusement park. For the point, name this country superstar behind "9 to 5" and "I Will Always Love You."

Dolly Parton (or Dolly Rebbeca Parton; prompt on "Dollywood")

(3) This government used writs of intrusion in an attempt to decertify land ownership and charge quitrent. As part of the formation of this government, the keys to the Third Church were seized to introduce Anglican worship. As part of the resistance to this government's formation, Robert Treat hid a document in the Charter Oak. This regime's lieutenant governor, Francis Nicholson, was overthrown in Leisler's Rebellion, shortly after the Boston Revolt deposed its only governor, Edmund Andros. For the point, name this attempted unification of seven British colonies that lasted from 1686 to 1689.

Dominion of New England in America (prompt on "New England")

(1) John Paul Stevens replaced a man with this surname, who is still the longestserving Supreme Court Justice (+) in U.S. history. The Freeport Doctrine was devised by one man with this surname who wrote the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Justice (*) William O. shared, for the points, what surname with a man who debated Abraham Lincoln seven times?

Douglas (accept Stephen A(rnold) Douglas; accept William O(rville) Douglas)

(25) This figure resigned from the DAR after Marian Anderson was blocked from performing at Constitution Hall. This figure helped write the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which included the "Four Freedoms" created by her husband. For the point, name this woman who served as First Lady for four terms.

Eleanor Roosevelt (or Anna Eleanor Roosevelt; prompt on "Roosevelt"; prompt on answers synonymous to "Mrs. Roosevelt" or "Madame FDR")

(13) During this election year, Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer was denied the Democratic nomination. It's not 1896, but Albert Lasker (+) helped one of the candidates with a "Front Porch Campaign" in this election year that called for a (*) "Return to Normalcy." For the points, name this post-World War One election year, a landslide victory for Warren Harding.

Election of 1920

(13) With Robert B. Owens, this scientist co-discovered radon while working at McGill University in Montreal. In 1908, this scientist won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering alpha and beta particles. With Ernest Marsden and Hans Geiger, this scientist conducted an experiment in which alpha particles were bombarded against sheets of gold foil. Often regarded as the "father of nuclear physics," for the point, what physicist discovered the concept of radioactive half-life and the atomic nucleus?

Ernest Rutherford (or 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson)

(27) The second movement of this piece was performed at the funerals of Erwin Rommel as well as the eleven Israeli athletes killed at the 1972 Summer Olympics. This symphony, the second movement of which is a C minor funeral march, was rededicated to Joseph Franz Maximilian and, ultimately, to "the memory of a great man" after Napoleon crowned himself emperor. Often considered the first "Romantic" symphony, for the point, what is this third symphony by Ludwig van Beethoven?

Eroica Symphony (accept Beethoven's Third or Symphony No. 3 by Ludwig van Beethoven before "third" is mentioned)

(30) Going against his superior's wishes, this cabinet member preserved the Navy Aviation Division after the First World War, citing it as the future of warfare. This man boasted to the press that he laid the groundwork for the Washington Naval Conference while serving as Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the Wilson administration. This man unsuccessfully ran as James Cox's Vice President in a bid against eventual winner Warren G. Harding. For the point, name this former governor of New York who served as US president during World War Two.

Franklin D. Roosevelt (prompt on partial answers; accept FDR)

(35) Upon arriving in the U.S. with his beloved greyhound Azor, this man narrowly escaped arrest as a British officer, because he mistakenly wore a red uniform. This man named several officers, including future New York congressman Benjamin Walker, as his unofficial "sons." The third (+) Saturday in September is celebrated in several U.S. metro areas as a day named for this man that honors (*) German-Americans. For the points, name this Prussian officer who oversaw the training and disciplinary standards of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War.

Friedrich von Steuben (or Friedrich Wilhelm August Heinrich Ferdinand von Steuben; or Friedrich Wilhelm Ludolf Gerhard Augustin Louis von Steuben; accept Baron von Steuben)

(4) Laborers in this industry were led by Clara Lemlich in the Uprising of the 20,000. The ILGWU was a union in this industry, and a factory in this industry was maintained by Max Blanck and Isaac Harris. Those two men locked escape doors to prevent theft from a factory in this industry where 146 workers perished as part of a disaster. For the point, name this industry affected by the Triangle Shirtwaist fire.

Garments Industry (accept Clothing or Dressmaking Industry; prompt on "Textile Industry")

(4) This man put the Lord Chamberlain in charge of theatre censorship after passing the Licensing Act. This man was a member of a social organization that met at Trumpet's Tavern known as the "Kit-Kat Club." News of the failed Battle of Cartagena [[car-tah-HEHnah]] de Indias, which was part of the War of Jenkins' Ear, catalyzed the political downfall of this man. For ten points, identify this politician who came to power following the collapse of the South Sea Bubble and who is generally considered to be the first British prime minister. Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford (accept either underlined portion) The War of Jenkins' Ear was the Caribbean theatre of the War of the Austrian Succession, during which this monarch became the last British king to personally lead troops in combat at the Battle of Dettingen.

George II (prompt on "George")

(11) This man described slavery as a "wicked, cruel, and unnatural trade" in a document he wrote that was presented to Lord Dunmore. Along with Edmund Randolph and Elbridge Gerry, this man was one of three delegates remaining at the end of the (+) Constitutional Convention to vote against ratification. This author of the Fairfax Resolves objected to the Constitution's lack of a Bill of Rights, after (*) writing a similar 16-section document in 1776. For the point, identify this author of the Virginia Declaration of Rights and namesake of a northern Virginia university.

George Mason (or George Mason IV)

(29) An enslaved person belonging to this man was named William Lee and was assisted by Christopher Sheels after injuring his knee. A dapperly dressed enslaved person belonging to this man was named Hercules Posey and was one of America's earliest celebrity chefs. The number of enslaved persons belonging to this man increased by 84 in 1759 after his marriage to the widow Custis. All such enslaved persons were manumitted by this man's widow on January 1, 1801. For the point, name this man whose enslaved persons labored at Mount Vernon.

George Washington

(26) A senator from this state wrote the National School Lunch Act and co-wrote the Southern Manifesto. That politician from this state names the oldest (+) Senate office building, and this state was the home of the only man to serve as vice president of the Confederacy. Richard Russell and (*) Alexander Stephens hailed from, for the points, what state where Jimmy Carter once governed from Atlanta?

Georgia

(33) On October 28th, this country celebrates Ohi Day, also called the Anniversary of the No, which commemorates this country's rejection of an ultimatum and subsequent entry into World War Two. This country was invaded in Operation Marita after its forces liberated the city of Korçë [[KART-shuh]] and the region of Epirus [[ih-"PIE"-russ]]. Benito Mussolini launched a failed invasion of this country, which was led by Ioannis Metaxas [[yoh-AH-niss meh-TUK-sass]]. For the point, in which European nation did German troops raise a Nazi flag on the Acropolis?

Greece (or Hellenic Republic; or Elliniki Dimokratia; or Ellas; or Ellada; accept Hellenic State; accept Kingdom of Greece)

(7) One of these buildings at Gharni built by King Tiridates [[tee-ree-DAH-tees]] of Armenia was converted into a summer residence by Arsacid Queen Khosrovidukht [[kohsroh-VEE-dookt]]. To celebrate the victory at Chaeronea [[kay-roh-NEH-ah]], Athenian sculptor Leochares [[leh-oh-KAH-rehs]] was commissioned with building one of these structures known as Philippeion. The "Sacred Way" connected the city of Samos to one of these locales known as the Heraion. Artemis is the dedicatee of an "Ancient Wonder of the World" in Ephesus which is, for ten points, what type of religiously significant structure?

Greek Temples (accept Sanctuaries; accept equivalents)

(17) William Dudingston commanded this ship in a mission against the Fortune and was shot by Joseph Bucklin during this ship's last voyage. The St. John and the Liberty suffered similar fates to this vessel, which was (*) boarded by both the future founder of Brown University and Abraham Whipple. This ship attempted to chase the Hannah past (*) Warwick in 1772. For the point, name this British customs schooner that ran aground and was burned by the Sons of Liberty while enforcing the Navigation Acts.

HMS Gaspee (accept Gaspee affair)

(18) This woman was cited, but not sanctioned, for contempt of Congress when she refused to testify about the dismissal of federal prosecutors in 2006. Conservatives criticized this woman for attending a (+) pro-gay church and supporting a minority quota system when she was president of the Texas State Bar. This woman never served as a judge before being put forward for a role that ultimately went to (*) Samuel Alito. For the point, name this White House Counsel who withdrew from consideration as a Supreme Court Justice 24 days after being nominated in 2005.

Harriet Miers (or Harriet Ellan Miers)

(18) A 2020 presidential candidate from this state was the first Hindu member of Congress. The first U.S. representative of this state was a World War Two veteran who also served 49 years as the first Japanese-American elected to the Senate. Mazie Hirono is the current junior senator from this state, where Tulsi Gabbard and Daniel Inouye [[ih-nooYEH]] served. For the point, identify this island state and birthplace of Barack Obama.

Hawaii

(15) This figure created the Vital Voices initiative to promote women in the politics of their home nation, and this person's senior thesis about Saul Alinsky quietly disappeared at the request of White House officials. This figure. who claimed to "hammer on the (+) glass ceiling." won her first elected office as a senator from (*) New York in 2000. For the points, name this woman who served as first lady for most of the 1990s.

Hillary Clinton (or Hillary Dianne Rodham Clinton)

(19) This justice's dissent in Adamson v. California advanced the theory of "total incorporation." As a senator, this man sponsored the "thirty hour bill" drastically limiting working hours. This jurist was said to have gone from "wearing white robes and scaring Black people to wearing black robes and scaring white people" during his transformation from KKK member to pro-civil rights Supreme Court justice. For the point, name this Alabama-born free speech absolutist whose 34-year Court tenure ended in 1971.

Hugo Black (or Hugo Lafayette Black)

(4) A document named for a port with this name noted "We are a people of this generation" and was written by Tom Hayden for Students for a Democratic Society. Fur trading strategically occurred on an island in a lake with this name called Mackinac [[MAHkuh-NAW]]. The Beaver Wars took place, in part, near Manitoulin Island in that lake with this name. For the point, give this name of a Great Lake between Michigan and Erie.

Huron (accept Lake Huron; accept Port Huron)

(2) One city in this state was named after a man stationed at Fort Armstrong, George Davenport. Presidential candidates have often stopped at butter cow statues in this state, which hosts the first caucus. For the point, name this state governed from Des Moines.

Iowa (accept IA)

(11) The Northern Star newspaper was published by the instigators of this conflict. The Republic of Connaught [[KON-nacht]] was proclaimed during this conflict following the "Races of Castlebar." The losing side of this conflict were defeated at the Battle of Vinegar (+) Hill, and France tacitly provided support for this revolt thanks to the efforts of Wolfe (*) Tone, who died before his planned execution after this event. Leading to the 1800 Acts of Union, for the points, what was this late-eighteenth century conflict against British rule of the Emerald Isle?

Irish Rebellion of 1798 (or the Rising of 1798; accept Éirí Amach 1798; accept The Hurries; accept synonyms such as Revolution or Uprising in place of Rebellion)

(18) People of this ethnicity fought in the early 1870s Orange Riots. Many immigrants of this ethnicity deserted the U.S. Army to fight for Mexico as part of the Fenian Brotherhood. A secret society run by people of this ethnicity that was predominant in Pennsylvania was called the Molly Maguires. For the point, name this ethnicity of immigrants, many of whom came to the U.S. after a major potato famine.

Irish-Americans

(16) A rare candid photo of this man shows him guarding Japanese ambassador Katsuji Debuchi and Secretary of State Henry Stimson. This man often fired people who "looked stupid like pinheads" or got more publicity than him, such as Melvin Purvis. Under this man, an agency sent a suicide letter as part of COINTELPRO to discredit Martin Luther King, Jr. Under this man's leadership, agents killed many people including Pretty Boy Floyd and John Dillinger. For the point, name this long-serving FBI director.

J. Edgar Hoover

(7) This figure wrote A New Conscience and Ancient Evil, the subject of which was prostitution. This member of the Anti-Imperialist League formally nominated Teddy Roosevelt at the Progressive party convention in 1912. This pacifist and author of Newer Ideals of Peace founded a Chicago settlement with Ellen Gates Starr. For the point, name this "Mother of Social Work" who founded Hull House.

Jane Addams (or Laura Jane Addams)

(14) Nelson Barbour helped the founder of this group write Three Worlds. "Colporteurs" distributed the work of this group until 1931, when the term was changed to "pioneers." In Columbus, Joseph Franklin Rutherford introduced this group's present name, preaching of 144,000 anointed members. Charles Taze Russell founded this group, along with the Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society, and they distribute The Watchtower magazine. For the point, name this nontrinitarian group known for its door-to-door preaching.

Jehovah's Witnesses

(18) In 1995, this group's leadership, which refers to itself as "faithful and discreet slaves," promulgated a doctrinal change in which it abandoned the notion that Armageddon will occur in the lifetime of people born before 1914. Members of this group were prosecuted in the "fighting words" case, Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, and won the right to refrain from the Pledge of Allegiance in West Virginia v. Barnette. For ten points, name this religious group that evolved from Charles Taze Russell's followers, which publishes The Watchtower and practices door-to-door evangelism.

Jehovah's Witnesses

(25) This man wore a black suit while riding the Killer Typhoon water slide at Heritage USA after taking over the PTL organization from Jim Bakker [["BAKER"]]. A lawsuit initiated by this man led to the Supreme Court ruling that public figures cannot sue for emotional distress caused by parodies, after a caricature of this man was depicted as committing incest in a fake Campari ad in Hustler magazine. For the point, name this Lynchburg, Virginia-based founder of The Old-Time Gospel Hour, Thomas Road Baptist Church, and Liberty University.

Jerry Falwell (or Jerry Laymon Falwell, Sr.)

(4) This man was the first president of the American Professional Football Association, a precursor to the NFL. This man was the first American winner of the Olympic decathlon, although he was stripped of his Olympic titles after playing professional baseball. A member of the Sac and Fox Nation, this is, for the point, what Native-American athlete?

Jim Thorpe (or James Francis Thorpe)

(14) This man's plane was next to Fred White's when a Zuni rocket malfunctioned and slammed a Skyhawk plane, causing the 1967 USS Forrestal fire. After being implicated as part of the Keating Five, this man fought for stricter campaign finance laws leading to an Act with Russ Feingold in 2002. This man's father was commander of U.S. forces in Vietnam, but this man was still imprisoned and tortured by the North Vietnamese. Barack Obama's opponent in 2008, for the point, who was this Republican senator from Arizona and Vietnam War hero?

John McCain III

(8) This ruler formally ended imperial funding for the Neoplatonic Academy, which had been revived by Emperor Theodosius the Younger. In the text The Buildings, Procopius falsely attributes the construction of walls in Edessa and Tomis to this patron of his rather than to this man's uncle and predecessor of a similar name. The unpopularity of taxes raised by this monarch and his advisor, John the Cappadocian, led to the Nika [[NEE-kah]] Riots. The Corpus Juris Civilis was compiled by, for ten points, what sixth century Byzantine emperor who married Theodora?

Justinian the Great (accept Justinian I; do not accept or prompt on "Justin")

This politician introduced the Homeowner Bill of Rights, which banned dualtracking and robo-signing. This politician investigated the practices of the Bakersfield Police Department before running for president in 2020 in a campaign that was later suspended before the primaries due to a lack of funding. Alex Padilla inherited the Senate seat of, for the point, what first female vice president of the U.S.?

Kamala Harris (or Kamala Devi Harris)

(26) A prominent figure in this group once referred to his involvement in a scandal as an "asterisk" to their political career. The person that gives his name to this group was nominated by Ronald Reagan as Ambassador to the Bahamas. Donald Riegle, Dennis DeConcini, and (+) Alan Cranston were members of this group, who protected a business from investigation by the Federal Home Loan Bank Board. John (*) Glenn and John McCain were a part of, for the points, what group of U.S. senators that were accused in 1989 of corruption and of intervening on behalf of the namesake chairman of Lincoln Savings and Loan Association?

Keating Five (prompt on "Keating")

(27) A battle in this state included fighting on Open Knob. That battle in this state, Perryville, is considered the Western "high-water mark of the Confederacy." John Hunt Morgan raided this state on Christmas before invading Ohio. At this state's Chaplin Hills, Don Carlos Buell maintained Union control, and under Braxton Bragg, the 1862 Confederate Heartland Offensive targeted this state and Tennessee. The birth state of Abraham Lincoln, for the point, name this Southern border state.

Kentucky

(4) Thomas Ewing submitted reports to Stephen Douglas on irregularities surrounding endorsement of this document. The plebiscite that supported this document was widely infiltrated by fraudulent voting from groups known as "bushwhackers" and "border ruffians." This document was followed by another failed draft named for Leavenworth and a successful application for statehood accompanied by a version known for Wyandotte. For ten points, name this 1857 document which pro-slavery forces submitted during the process of admitting Kansas as a state.

Lecompton constitution (prompt on "constitution of Kansas" before "Kansas" is mentioned)

(30) A member of this family names a resolution that formed the basis of the Declaration of Independence. The Battle of Edgar's Lane was won by a member of this family who earned a nickname due to his skill in commanding a namesake legion of dragoons. Ulysses S. Grant forced a member of this family to surrender at Appomattox Courthouse, effectively ending the Civil War. For the point, name this prominent American family which included "Light Horse Harry" and Confederate general Robert E.

Lee (accept Robert E. Lee; accept "Light Horse Harry" Lee; accept Richard Henry Lee)

(8) In 1865, this city experienced riots over the imprisonment of a woman who purportedly stole two pounds of beef drippings. A 1936 march of fascists led by Oswald Mosley in this city's Leylands neighborhood led to the Battle of Holbeck (+) Moor. Parliamentary forces under the command of Thomas Fairfax took control of this city from the Royalists who were led by William Saville (*) in 1642. For the points, name this city in West Yorkshire, a historical center of the British wool trade.

Leeds (accept Leeds Dripping Riot)

(16) Parts of these structures were used metaphorically to designate political roles such as "keepers of the western door" and "keepers of the central council fire." These structures were built by weaving (+) bark strips among up to a thousand firehardened sapling trunks. The endonym "Haudenosaunee" [[HOH-duh-nuh-SHAWnee]] means (*) "people of" this kind of structure. Many Eastern North American Native groups built, for the point, what communal dwellings named for measuring up to 100 feet in their greatest dimension?

Longhouses

(33) Until 1982, the roads around this city's main intercity bus terminal comprised one of the few areas in the U.S. that used a left-side drive system with clockwise traffic circles. In 1990, this metro area opened its long-delayed return to rail transit service with a Blue Line originating at Pico Station. The film Who Framed Roger Rabbit? is set during the elimination of the streetcar system in this metro area. For ten points, name this metro area where public transit might extend to Tarzana, South Central, or Hollywood.

Los Angeles

(25) Kenneth Roberts wrote of one of these people in the novel Oliver Wiswell, set in the Ninety-Six Siege. The greencoats, including Skinner's Greens, were comprised of these people, and one of their units included De Lancey's Cowboys in Westchester County. At Oriskany, Nicholas Herkimer defeated a force of Mohawk along with these people. At the Battle of Waxhaws, these people committed Buford's Massacre while serving under Banastre Tarleton. For the point, name these supporters of George III, also known as Tories.

Loyalists (or Royalists; or King's Men; accept Tory before mentioned)

(5) Romance language named for a region of the Adriatic Sea coast whose last speaker died in an explosion near Dubrovnik.

Dalmatian (accept Dalmatic)

(21) During World War Two, this structure housed a copy of the Declaration of Independence and the original U.S. Constitution. This structure, that is located halfway between Elizabethtown and Louisville, is named after the first secretary of war. The United States Bullion Depository is located near, for the point, what Kentucky army base and fort that contains much of the nation's gold reserves?

Fort Knox

(8) This man served as a senator from Rhode Island after a military career that included a successful campaign to capture Elizabeth City and other North Carolina coastal regions. During the Civil War, this man commanded the (+) Union's Ninth Corps after earlier commanding the Army of the Potomac. For the points, name this man who suffered losses at the Battle of (*) Fredericksburg and was noted for his distinctive facial hair.

Ambrose Everett Burnside

(5) At this battle, a cavalry detachment led by John Hammond was attacked near Parker's Store by A.P. Hill's Third Corps. This battle began when Gouverneur Warren's Fifth Corps attacked Richard Ewell's Second Corps along the Orange Turnpike. On the second day of this battle, James (+) Longstreet was wounded in the neck by friendly fire. Several days after this inconclusive battle, one commander fought Robert E. Lee's men at the Battle of (*) Spotsylvania Court House. For the points, name this first major battle of Ulysses S. Grant's Overland Campaign.

Battle of the Wilderness

(27) A B-26 bomber faked an emergency landing in Miami during this event in order to fool the media. This event was carried out with assistance from exiles known as Brigade 2506. Che Guevara sent a "Thank You" note to the U.S. government after this event, which forced the resignation of Allen Dulles and embarrassed the administration of John F. Kennedy. For the point, name this failed 1961 invasion of Cuba.

Bay of Pigs Invasion (or Invasión de bahía de Cochinos; or invasión de playa Girón; or batalla de Girón)

(30) This man burned a distinctive blue jacket after driving to Bennington, Vermont. Much of the legal process against this man centered on whether he told Darrell Cabey, "You seem to be all right, here's another." Attorneys also contested whether (+) screwdrivers were used to threaten this man or were being carried as part of plan to break into arcade machines later. The Guardian Angels donated thousands of dollars to the defense of this electronics repairman, who (*) boarded the 2 [[TWO]] Train at 14th street in December 1984. For the point, name this Manhattan resident who shot four would-be robbers on a subway car.

Bernie Goetz (or Bernhard Hugo Goetz, Jr.)

(7) Arawakan language once spoken in the Greater Antilles originating words like "barbecue," "tobacco," and "savannah."

Classic Taíno

(21) This group included the leader of the Holly Springs Raid, which caused a general order expelling Jews for violating trade regulations. R. George Peters shot that member of this group at Spring Hill for a possible affair with Jesse Helen Kissack Peters. An army camp with an alleged 1943 massacre of an all-Black regiment in World War Two was named for a member of this group. Earl Van Dorn served this army, as did the creator of Hardee's Tactics. This army's generals included John Bell Hood and P.G.T. Beauregard. For the point, name this 19th century army.

Confederate States Army (prompt on "Southern" or "The South")

(11) This politician was the ranking member on the House committee that investigated the Iran-Contra Affair, and his chief of staff, Scooter Libby, was indicted for leaking CIA information. This man served as House minority whip before being appointed secretary of defense by George H.W. Bush, during which time he oversaw Operation Desert Storm. For the point, name this vice president under George W. Bush.

Dick Cheney

(15) A song named for this event denounces "bum detectives" while praising "the man that fights for honor." Hugh O'Donnell became a prominent organizer during this event, which first became violent during an attempt to land the steamboat Little Bill full of Pinkerton agents. In response to this event, Alexander Berkman travelled from New York and stabbed Henry Clay Frick. For the point, name this 1892 labor action against a Carnegie Steel facility outside Pittsburgh.

Homestead strike (or Homestead steel strike; or Homestead massacre; or Battle of Homestead)

(3) A document named for a port with this name noted "We are a people of this generation" and was written by Tom Hayden for Students for a Democratic Society. Fur trading strategically occurred on an island in a lake with this name called Mackinac [[MAHkuh-NAW]]. The Beaver Wars took place in, for the point, what name of a Great Lake between Michigan and Erie?

Huron (accept Lake Huron; accept Port Huron)

(17) During this controversy, Robert Turnbull's "Brutus" pamphlet argued on behalf of the Radical faction, which allied with a former moderate who gave the Fort Hill Address. This controversy was the immediate subject of the (*) Webster-Hayne debate. This controversy was agitated by the pamphlet South Carolina Exposition and Protest, which (*) John C. Calhoun circulated against the Tariff of Abominations. For the point, name this 1828 to 1833 imbroglio over whether states could refuse to allow a federal law to be enforced.

Nullification crisis

(21) Several of these events were held in a writing room by Helena Blavatsky, who helped create the Mahatma Letters. Figures like William Cullen Bryant and other New Yorkers attended some of these events led by Leah, Margaretta, and Catherine Fox. These events were often hosted in the Red Room of the White House by Mary Todd Lincoln to communicate with her son, Willie. The 19th-century Spiritualist movement helped popularize, for the point, what gatherings led by spirit mediums who would try to receive messages from the dead?

Séances (accept synonymous answers which indicate talking to the dead before mentioned)

(20) In cases in which charges relating to these bills were brought against officers, Golden v. Hales decided that that "the dispensing power" would be favored. A cartoon depicting a man's attempts to repeal these bills, which are often grouped with a Corporation Act, (+) shows him standing on a barrel labelled "FANATICISM." The line "I do believe that there is not any transubstantiation" was a required recitation by the terms of one of these bills passed in (*) 1673. For the points, name this group of British acts aimed at hindering the political participation of Catholics.

Test Acts (accept Test Act of 1673; accept Corporation Act of 1661 before "Corporation" is mentioned)

(25) Gerard Baker issued a controversial memo to this publication that informed employees not to use the phrase "seven majority-Muslim countries" during the 2017 Muslim Ban. Rupert (+) Murdoch currently owns this newspaper, which is published by (*) Dow Jones & Company. For the points, name this newspaper that is partially named for the biggest financial hub in Manhattan.

The Wall Street Journal (accept WSJ)

(26) In 2016, this institution's parent company was bought by Vistria and Najafi, with Vistria COO, Former Department of Education Deputy Secretary Anthony Miller, becoming chairman of that parent company. John Murphy and John Sperling founded this institution in 1976 under the Apollo Group. This institution's first class had only eight students, but expanded rapidly after the 1989 launch of its online program. The largest receiver of Post9/11 GI Bill tuition benefits, for the point, what is this for-profit university named for a western U.S. city?

University of Phoenix (prompt on "UOPX" or "UOP")

(2) During this decade, the Sioux [[SOO]], Cheyenne, and Arapaho fought the U.S. in the Powder River War. The Fetterman (+) Fight ended a conflict in this decade that resolved with the Treaty of Fort Laramie. Red Cloud's War occurred in this decade, in which Native Americans fought in the Second Battle of (*) Bull Run. Some Natives joined the Confederacy during, for the points, what decade in which the Civil War was fought?

1860s (prompt on "60s")

(21) The fictitious "Ramon Raquello [[rah-KWEH-yo]] and His Orchestra" played music at the start of this event. This event included interviews with Princeton astronomy professor Richard Pierson and a description of cylinders appearing in the Great Swamp outside Morristown. This event, part of the Mercury Theatre on the Air series, was created as a Halloween special in 1938. For the point, identify this event in which an Orson Welles radio adaptation of an H.G. Wells novel caused mild panic about an alien invasion.

1938 radio broadcast of The War of the Worlds

(8) This city is named for the noble title of the man who sponsored the voyage of the Ark and Dove. Alexander Cochrane [["COCK"-ren]] was one leader of a failed attack on this city that included the Battle of North Point. During that attack on this city, George Armistead's defending forces raised a flag made by Mary Pickersgill. For the point, name this city where Fort McHenry resisted the British during the War of 1812.

Baltimore

(1) This figure created the Valley Tan Whisky Distillery, and this figure allegedly scapegoated his son-in-law, John Lee, after the Mountain Meadows massacre. This second president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles instituted a ban on Black members receiving traditional blessings. For the point, identify this former Mormon leader who names the church's biggest school.

Brigham Young (accept Brigham Young University)

(5) A figure from this country nicknamed "Little Pale Star" defended its existence in the "Cornerstone (+) Speech." This country that met with the U.S. at the Hampton Roads Conference had only one vice (*) president in its history. For the points, identify this short-lived country led by its only president, Jefferson Davis.

Confederate States of America (accept CSA; accept the Confederacy)

(2) Franklin Roosevelt gave a speech criticizing Republicans in Congress that was named for one of these animals. One of these animals led a team including Gunnar (+) Kaasen in transporting diphtheria antitoxin in the 1925 serum run. White House pets Laddie Boy and (*) Fala were, for the points, what animals that also include the sled-racing husky Balto?

Dogs

(5) Concerning the Aztecs, name the...Patron deity of Tenochtitlan to whom they sacrificed humans by removing their hearts.

Huītzilōpōchtli [[HWEET-zee-loh-"POACH"-tlee]]

(7) This man was charged with incompetence by political rival Frank Blair. This man was the first presidential candidate of the Republican Party and served as Governor of Arizona, as well as one of the first senators from California. For the point, identify this politician who led the Bear Flag Revolt, an explorer nicknamed "the Pathfinder."

John C(harles) Frémont

(22) This state's Farmer-Labor Party was once led by its governor, Floyd Olson. Carlo Tresca was arrested during a miner's strike at a major center of iron production in this state known as the (+) Mesabi Range, and one politician from this state later served as Lyndon Johnson's vice (*) president. Hubert Humphrey and Senator Al Franken hail from, for the points, what northern state governed from St. Paul?

Minnesota

(1) A man with this surname gave three sermons in Charlestown advancing John Robinson's theory that the Illuminati orchestrated the French Revolution, and wrote the textbook (*) Geography Made Easy. Jedediah, the "Father of American Geography," had this surname and was the father of the painter who produced Judgment of Jupiter and (*) The Gallery of the Louvre. For the point, give this surname of the man who, in 1844, sat in the basement of the Capitol and sent the message "What hath God wrought?"

Morse (accept Jedidiah Morse or Samuel F(inley) B(reese) Morse; accept Morse code)

(13) This politician narrowly defeated Majority Leader Ernest McFarland for one senate seat. Fact magazine was sued for libel by this politician after an article stated that over 1,000 psychiatrists deemed him "psychologically unfit." Ronald Reagan gave his "A Time for Choosing" speech in support of this politician. Succeeded by John McCain after retiring, for the point, what five-time senator from Arizona lost in a landslide to Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1964 U.S. presidential election?

Barry Goldwater (or Barry Morris Goldwater)

(35) An event similar to this one was inflicted on Australians beginning at Sandakan. Midway through this larger atrocity, the Pantingan River Massacre occurred. Ordering this event was the chief reason that Homma Masaharu was sentenced to death. This action targeted people who were hiding in the Malinta Tunnel commanded by Jonathan Wainwright and lasted for sixty-five miles from Mariveles [[mah-ree-VEH-lehs]] to San Fernando. For the point, name this deadly April 1942 transfer of American and Filipino POWs.

Bataan death march

(3) 32 war elephants were employed at this battle in which a side that included Stefan Lazarevic faced an assault by horse archers. The victor's son, Miran Shah, was in command of the right flank at this battle while the left was led by Shah Rukh. Sipahi units were utilized at this battle, which brought about an (+) "Interregnum." A man nicknamed "the Thunderbolt" was captured at this battle fought in Central (*) Anatolia in 1402. For the points, name this devastating victory for Timur over the Ottomans near what is now the Turkish capital.

Battle of Ankara

(7) This man's belief in modern, nondenominational education led to him becoming the founding president of New York University. This man and John Russell Bartlett founded the American (+) Ethnological Society. At the Parkinson's Ferry meeting, this longtime anti-excise tax advocate counseled fellow western (*) Pennsylvania residents to refrain from violence during the Whiskey Rebellion. For the point, name this longtime Treasury Secretary under Jefferson and Madison who is known as the "Swiss Founding Father."

Albert Gallatin (or Abraham Alfonse Albert Gallatin)

(5) This man was replaced in his highest position by a quick succession of George W. Campbell, Alexander J. Dallas, and William Jones. This person was the first cabinet member to serve in one post for (+) more than eight years, a role he fulfilled under presidents Jefferson and Madison. The Report on the Subject of Manufactures was created by, for the points, what (*) Swiss-born politician, the longest-serving Secretary of the Treasury?

Albert Gallatin (or Abraham Alfonse Albert de Gallatin)

(23) Early in this war, Nito Alves was exiled and a USSR-backed coup by his close followers resulted in the execution of 10,000 political dissidents. Task Force Zulu launched the failed Operation Savannah during this conflict, stalling after losses at the Battle of Ebo and at "Bridge 14." (+) The death of UNITA leader Jonas Savimbi formally ended this two-decade conflict, during which Cuban paratroopers intervened in Operation Carlota. (*) For the points, name this Southwest African civil war won by the communist MPLA.

Angolan Civil War (or Guerra Civil Angolana)

(34) The subject of a 2021 film imagines themselves dressed as this person as they walk down a hallway repeatedly yelling, "Tell them I'm not well!" In that film, Spencer, Princess Diana envisions the ghost of this person in place of Queen Elizabeth II during a Christmas dinner at Sandringham. This person's demise was depicted in a 2008 film after Jane Parker claims that this woman was having an incestuous affair with her brother, George. For the point, who was the second wife of King Henry VIII [[the Eighth]], ultimately beheaded on charges of adultery and treason?

Anne Boleyn (prompt on "Anne"; prompt on "The Other Boleyn Girl")

(6) A man nicknamed for one of these objects attacked over a dozen Italian immigrants in New Orleans in 1918-19. These objects were often buried in the earth at the conclusion of Native American treaty ceremonies. In 1892, a woman in Fall River, Massachusetts, was accused of murdering her mother and stepfather with "forty whacks" from one of these weapons, but was never convicted. For the point, name this weapon used by Lizzie Borden, known as a "tomahawk" by some Native Americans.

Axe (or Hatchet; or Tomahawk before it is mentioned, accept Axe Man before "buried")

(24) In 1970, this woman's remains were purported to have been discovered by the KGB who then haphazardly exhumed, cremated, and tossed them into a tributary of the Elbe River. This woman, who served as assistant to Official Party Photographer Heinrich Hoffman, supposedly overrode armament minister Albert Speer's call for a ban on women's luxury goods in 1943. The only time this woman appeared in official press photographs was during the 1936 Berlin Olympics. For the point, name this mistress-turned-wife of Adolf Hitler, whose life ended alongside him in the Fuhrerbunker.

Eva Braun (or Eva Anna Paula Braun; accept Eva Anna Paula Hitler; prompt on "Hitler" or "Hitler's wife")

(1) A manifesto created as part of this movement was published by Valerie Solanas and named for the abbreviation SCUM. This movement has been divided into four periods, the second of which led to the creation of NOW. Gloria Steinem's Ms. magazine help advance the ideas of, for the point, what general movement for the greater political and social equality for women?

Feminism (accept Second-Wave Feminism)

(22) This character claims that success in the Army means you "make your bed real neat; remember to stand up straight." A woman walks through the reflecting pool in front of the Washington Monument when she sees this character giving a speech against the Vietnam War. This character partners with Lieutenant Dan to operate a shrimping boat. For the point, identify this character played by Tom Hanks in a 1994 film.

Forrest Gump (accept either)

(27) Governor Johan Risingh upgraded this site's defenses with earthworks after its settlers attacked the nearby Fort Casimir. After a ten-day siege, soldiers surrendered this location to the Dutch under the command of Peter (+) Stuyvesant, who renamed this location Fort Altena. This settlement was built by colonists who traveled on the Fogel Grip and Kalmar Nyckel. (*) For the points, name this fort located in present-day Delaware, considered the capital of New Sweden.

Fort Christina (accept Fort Altena before mentioned; prompt on "New Sweden" or "Delaware" before mentioned).

(6) Louis de Villiers [[duh-vil-YEH]] led men out of this location to avenge the Jumonville [[ZHOO-mahn-VEE-luh]] massacre. A failed attempt at capturing this location, which moved slowly due to the construction of a road along the way, was stopped ten miles south at the Battle of the Monongahela [[muh-NAHN-guh-HEE-luh]]. The Braddock Road was followed three years later by one named for John Forbes, who successfully took this location in 1758. For the point, name this fort in what is now downtown Pittsburgh, whose capture was a major objective of the French and Indian War.

Fort Duquesne [[doo-KEHN]] (be lenient on pronunciation; accept Fort Pitt before "Pittsburgh" is mentioned; prompt on "Fort Prince George")

(17) During World War Two, this structure housed a copy of the Declaration of Independence and the original U.S. Constitution. This structure is named after the first Secretary of War. The United States Bullion Depository is located near, for the point, what Kentucky army base and fort that contains much of the nation's gold reserves?

Fort Knox

(15) This location was named after an early Cabinet member who told George Washington "you are now a king under a different name." John Merryman was imprisoned here while petitioning for habeas corpus. British admiral Alexander Cochran fired over 1500 rounds at this facility whose failure was observed from the HMS Tonnant by a lawyer negotiating a prisoner release in September 1814. For the point, name this Baltimore fort whose flag inspired Francis Scott Key to write "The Star-Spangled Banner."

Fort McHenry

(6) The Supreme Court declined to incorporate all protections of this amendment in 1949's Wolf v. Colorado. A federal rule regarding this Constitutional amendment was put forth in Weeks v. U.S. and was later applied to states, in a reversal of Wolf that arose from a (*) Cleveland police seizure of gambling paraphernalia. The case of Mapp v. Ohio created the state-level (*) exclusionary rule enforcing this amendment. For the points, name this Constitutional amendment which protects against warrantless searches and seizures.

Fourth Amendment (or Amendment four)

(14) This figure was motivated to become the executive secretary of the Committee of Safety in New York after personally witnessing the death and destruction of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory (+) fire. This person, who drafted the Social Security Act, is the namesake of the headquarters for the Department of (*) Labor. For the points, identify this woman who served as FDR's secretary of labor, the first female cabinet member in American history.

Frances Perkins (or Fannie Coralie Perkins)

(19) An Indianapolis newspaper named for this political party's Banner published from 1948 to 1954. The formation of this political party was largely the result of a merger between factions such as the Barnburner Democrats and Conscience (+) Whigs. This political party nominated John Hale and Martin van Buren for president, and this party strongly opposed the Compromise (*) of 1850. For the points, name this party named for its opposition to slavery in new lands.

Free Soil Party

(15) This Supreme Court case was consolidated with a related issue in the Branch and Jackson sexual assault cases. Potter Stewart's opinion in this case compared the issue at hand to "being struck by lightning" due to the seemingly arbitrary nature of imposition. (+) Stewart's opinion in this case also fell short of the Brennan and Marshall opinions, which hinted at finding the entire process under discussion to be unconstitutional as (*) cruel and unusual punishment. For the points, what 1972 Supreme Court decision temporarily outlawed the death penalty in the U.S.?

Furman v. Georgia (or William Henry Furman v. State of Georgia)

(2) This person was expelled from Norwich military school after herding sheep into the barracks. This man was promoted to captain in the same year in which he was given command of the USS Dolphin upon its launch. During the Civil War, this man served with David Farragut (+) as an executive lieutenant on the USS Mississippi. While aboard his flagship, the USS Olympia, this man gave the command, "You may (*) fire when you are ready, Gridley." For the points, name this admiral who defeated the Spanish fleet in the Battle of Manila Bay.

George Dewey

(16) This person's body may have been discovered by Zhang Junyan and Wang Hungbao, but Wang died in an avalanche before giving a precise location. A puncture found on this person's skull suggest they died of an ice axe infliction. This person was last seen during a 1924 expedition, as he and Andrew Irvine were 245 meters from reaching one summit. Edmund Hillary called this person the "initial pioneer of the whole idea of climbing [a certain mountain]." For the point, what mountaineer took part in the first three British expeditions to Mount Everest?

George Mallory (or George Herbert Leigh Mallory)

(10) This Cabinet member lobbied Harry Truman to financially pressure the Netherlands into recognizing the independence of Indonesia. Following the failure of Patrick Hurley's efforts, this man led a final namesake "mission" to China in an unsuccessful attempt to prevent the Chinese Civil War from resuming after World War Two. This man was the first uniformed officer to serve as Secretary of Defense, doing so in the midst of the Korean War after earlier endorsing a 13 billion dollar program as Secretary of State. For ten points, identify this namesake of a postwar "plan" for European recovery.

George Marshall (or George Catlett Marshall, Jr.; accept Marshall Mission; accept Marshall Plan)

(21) Captain Bullitt and this man designed the Mountain Road Lottery in order to build a resort at the Homestead. James Anderson convinced this man to build a whiskey distillery. This man was the first president of the canal-building Potomac Company. This surveyor helped begin the French and Indian War by attacking the French at Jumonville Glen. Adjusted for inflation, this man was the richest president of the US before Donald Trump. For the point, name this owner of Mount Vernon.

George Washington

(34) After a sculpture of this person by Antonio Canova was lost in an 1831 fire, a number of bronze copies were made by William James Hubard [[HOO-bard]]. The inclusion of both a cane and a sword in one sculpture have led to speculation that this person was meant to be compared to Cincinnatus. The year 1788 is inscribed in that statue of this person despite being finished at least three years later by Jean-Antoine Houdon [[hooDOHN]]. For the point, identify this person whose life mask and measurements were taken when the sculptor visited Mount Vernon.

George Washington

(2) Poet Phillis Wheatly wrote On the Death of [this man], writing that he "wrestled with his God by night" and is an "Eminent Servant." With Charles Wesley, this religious figure wrote the hymn "Hark! The Herald Angels Sing." With Jonathan Edwards, this cleric's travels to North America in the 1740s led to the First Great Awakening, and Benjamin Franklin wrote of this man's revivals in Philadelphia. For the point, name this Methodist preacher, whose sermons inspired his nickname "The Great Itinerant."

George Whitefield [[WIT-feeld]]

(33) This artist spent three youthful summers in Charlottesville and made a series of watercolor depictions of University of Virginia buildings now displayed there. This painter made several depictions of the "White Place," a formation near Abiquiú [[ABik-yoo]]. (+) Some features of the Ghost Ranch and Pueblo myth are reflected in this artist's late-career painting of a turquoise background (*) behind a floating Ladder to the Moon. For the points, name this painter who spent the last 50 years of her life depicting flowers and cow skulls in New Mexico.

Georgia (Totto) O'Keeffe

(22) People crossed through the Alaskan port of Skagway to reach one of these events in the Yukon region (+) of Klondike. Levi Strauss sold blue jeans during one of these events that was sparked by a discovery at (*) Sutter's Mill. For the points, name these events in which forty-niners and prospectors searched for a precious metal.

Gold Rushes (accept Yukon or California Gold Rush)

(27) Samuel Brannan began one of these events after a discovery made by James W. Marshall. People crossed through the Alaskan port of (+) Skagway to reach one of these events in the Yukon region of Klondike. Levi Strauss sold blue jeans during one of these events that was sparked by a discovery at (*) Sutter's Mill. For the points, name these events in which forty-niners and prospectors searched for a precious metal.

Gold Rushes (accept Yukon or California Gold Rush)

(32) At a political rally, Donald Trump said this film, along with Sunset Boulevard, deserved to win the Oscar for Best Picture instead of that year's winner, Parasite. The main actor of this film almost boycotted its premiere upon hearing his co-star was denied entry due to the state's Jim Crow laws. The first African-American to win an Academy Award, Hattie McDaniel, won Best Supporting Actress for this film. Starring Vivien Leigh [[LEE]] and Clark Gable, for the point, what 1939 romance film is set during the American Civil War?

Gone with the Wind

(19) Rohtas gained prominence due to changes made to this structure under a ruler who ordered the regular spacing of baolis. Megasthenes noted that members of one army maintained this structure, and several renovations were made to this pathway under the namesake founder of the (+) Suri Dynasty. This network was described as "a river of life as nowhere else exists in the world" by Rudyard Kipling, who described the solitude of a "fifteen hundred mile" section. Passing through (*) Peshawar, Chittagong, and Kolkata, for the points, what was this ancient highway of the Indian subcontinent?

Grand Trunk Road (accept Uttarapath; accept Sarak-e-Azam; accept Badshahi Sarak; accept Sarak-e-Sher Shah)

(3) A member of this party wrote the draft of the Ku Klux Klan Act while another member referred to bankers as "Huns and Vandals" when accepting the nomination for vice president. Peter Cooper was this party's first presidential candidate but received less than one percent of the popular vote. The Specie Payment Resumption Act and the Coinage Act of 1873 were opposed by this party, which merged with the Populist Party in the 1890s. Barzillai J. Chambers and Benjamin F. Butler were members of, for the point, what political party that advocated for the circulation of paper money?

Greenback Party (or Greenback Labor Party; prompt on "Independent Party" or "National Independent Party")

(13) In 1970, freshman senator Bob Dole introduced an amendment to repeal this measure that John White claimed was based on fabricated pretenses. This measure was repealed as part of the Foreign Military Sales Act, and the War Powers Act was passed in response to this measure. For the point, name this resolution that brought the U.S. into the Vietnam War, and was named for a Vietnamese waterway.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

(24) In one incident, Lord Dunmore ordered the removal of this substance from Williamsburg against Patrick Henry's militia. A 1774 "Alarm" began after Thomas Gage removed some of this substance from a building in Somerville, Massachusetts. George III banned the import of this substance from Europe, which was historically made of saltpeter. For the point, name this substance used as a propellant in firearms.

Gunpowder (accept Gunpowder Incident; prompt on "Powder Alarm")

II} 11. Theodore Dwight was assigned to take notes at this meeting, and later published a book about its history. This meeting was formally suggested by Harrison Gray Otis and its attendees agreed on five points, including a repeal of the Three-Fifths rule that would reduce the power of the south. Radicals at this meeting were known as "Blue Lights", based on the accusation that they lit lights to guide warships. Attendees at this meeting resented that their states shipbuilding and merchant industries were disrupted by the War of 1812. For the point, at which convention did New England Federalists debate seceding from the Union?

Hartford Convention <BA>

(4) A holder of the position who resided at Quispiguanca [[kwees-pee-GWAHN-kah]] employed ethnic groups including the Cachis as yanakunas. A holder of this position who built the Sacsayhuaman [[sahk-say-HWAH-mahn]] legendarily turned stones into warriors to defend his city from the rival Chanka people. After Vincente de Valverde gave the last holder of this position a Bible, he threw it back in his face. That holder of this position ordered a room to be filled with gold after being captured at the Battle of Cajamarca [[kahhah-MAHR-kah]]. For ten points, name this royal position whose last holder was Atahualpa [[ah-tah-HWAHL-pah]].

Incan Emperor (or Sapa Inca; accept answers indicating the ruler of the Incan Empire)

(35) Despite effectively losing the Livonian War, this ruler centralized rule around his person by dismantling the "Chosen Council." This man's oprichniki [[oh-preech-NEE-kee]] secret police committed the massacre of Novgorod and conducted a mass repression of the Boyars. For the point, name this "fearsome" grand prince of Moscow who declared himself the first Tsar of All Russia.

Ivan the Terrible (or Ivan Grozny; accept Ivan IV Vasilyevich; prompt on "Ivan")

(2) This figure locked over 100 bankers in his library until they struck a deal to save the Lincoln Trust Company, prompting the creation of the Federal Reserve. It's not Thomas Edison, but this co-founder of General Electric loaned $65 million to the U.S. government to prevent a default on bonds. For the point, name this Gilded Age financier who bailed out the U.S. economy in the panics of 1893 and 1907.

J.P. Morgan (or John Pierpont Morgan)

(21) In 1964, this figure served as one of the national directors for Nelson Rockefeller's presidential campaign. Branch Rickey decided to hire this figure because he "had guts enough to not fight back." This man befriended Pee Wee Reese, who supported him in his first years in professional sports. The number 42 is retired in honor of, for the point, what Dodgers legend who broke baseball's color barrier?

Jackie Robinson (or Jack Roosevelt Robinson)

(8) In a city with this name, Subway Lounge became a popular venue for AfricanAmerican blues musicians. During Prohibition, that city of this name saw bootleg liquor sold along Flowood Road in a region called the Gold Coast. The Chairman of the Democratic Party in a county of this name mentored Harry Truman as the political boss of Kansas City. In the 1920s, Meridian was surpassed in population by a "City of Soul" known by this name that is found near Vicksburg. For the point, a nineteenth-century president inspired the name of what capital of Mississippi?

Jackson (accept Jackson County)

(20) Some of this artist's first major works include The She-Wolf and Male and Female. Those works bely a technique used by this artist for works such as Lavender Mist (+) and Number 17A, the latter of which was auctioned for $200 Million in 2016. This abstract expressionist employed a technique sometimes known as (*) "all-over," or "action" painting. For the points, identify this Wyoming-born artist sometimes known as Jack the Dripper.

Jackson Pollock (or Paul Jackson Pollock)

(3) A report by this man titled "Some Things We Drink" led to the purchase of land surrounding the New Croton [[KRAH-tun]] Reservoir. This man sold his weekly paper, the News, to politicians he had previously targeted for five times its original price. A work by this man led to the destruction of Mulberry Bend, one of the poorest portions of Manhattan's Five Points neighborhood. For the point, name this Danish-American muckraker who depicted the conditions of the New York slums in his How the Other Half Lives.

Jacob Riis [[REES]]

(20) This book was assembled to demonstrate that certain ideas "are within the comprehension of a child" and includes a table recounting the order in which its components were selected. This book was compiled using a razor and glue from the Latin and Greek texts of the Plantin Polyglot, a French translation from Geneva, and a King James edition. For the point, name this 1820 document that arranged selections from the Gospels while eliminating references to Jesus's divinity and miracles in order to express the religious beliefs of a deist residing at Monticello.

Jefferson Bible (or The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth; accept answers referring to Thomas Jefferson's modified copy of the Bible or the New Testament)

(7) Gossip columnists reported on this man's time at the homestead of Sarah Anne Ellis Dorsey and his appearance on a train with Virginia Clay, with whom he exchanged a three-year correspondence after being (*) imprisoned with Virginia's husband, Clement, at Fort Monroe. A 2018 novel by Cold Mountain author Charles Frazier follows this man's widow, (*) Varina, whom he married after the death of his first wife Sarah Knox, the daughter of Zachary Taylor. For the point, name this only president of the Confederacy.

Jefferson Davis (or Jefferson Finis Davis)

(5) This man organized a fake company called Test Fleet as part of a kickback scheme. This man's alliance with Johnny Dio to create "paper locals" against Dave Beck led to the formation of the (*) McClellan committee. This man appears in the subtitle of the 1960 book The Enemy Within by Robert F. Kennedy, whose squad dedicated to (*) "getting" this man put him in prison until 1971, after which his pardon forbade him from leading any labor union. For the point, name this longtime Teamsters president who disappeared in 1975.

Jimmy Hoffa (or James Riddle Hoffa)

(6) This figure penned the 1994 Crime Bill, which included a ten-year ban on assault rifles. This figure, who led the Senate Judiciary Committee during the controversial confirmation of Clarence Thomas, was forced to end his presidential run in 1988 after plagiarizing a speech by Neil Kinnock. For the point, name this seven-term Delaware senator, the 46th and current president of the United States.

Joe Biden (or Joseph Robinette Biden Jr.)

(13) This man was targeted by one of his former students, Randolph Bourne, in the critical essay "The Twilight of the Idols." This thinker complained that (+) technology distracted people from more important problems in a text written to refute Walter Lippman, titled (*) The Public and Its Problems. For the points, name this 20th century psychologist and reformer who authored Democracy and Education.

John Dewey

(16) An "expedition" named for this man discovered Wyoming's South Pass. A street named for this man was the site of 1847 riots over whether Edwin Forrest or William Charles Macready played the better Macbeth. This man used the ship Macedonian to sell ten tons of opium to China before resuming trade in another good, for which he chartered the first U.S.-controlled city on the Pacific Coast. For the point, name this German immigrant whose fur-trading business made him the first American multi-millionaire.

John Jacob Astor I (or Johann Jakob Astor)

(26) This man fell out with his brother, Albert, after seemingly convincing Albert to shoot himself in an argument over ice cream. This man commissioned Nelly Bly to make a real journey in less time than Jules Verne's Around the World in Eighty Days for a publication whose "mummified corpse" he bought from Jay Gould after successfully operating the St. Louis Post Dispatch. For the point, name this publisher of the New York World who endowed a series of prizes for literature and journalism in 1917.

Joseph Pulitzer (accept Pulitzer Prize(s))

(3) This person, who lived at a Rhode Island home called Oak Glen, issued an "Appeal to womanhood throughout the world," which is also known as the Mother's Day (+) Proclamation. The title of The Grapes of Wrath quotes a line by this poet, and the words "Man United" appear in a re-appropriation of one song by this poet with lyrics originally written to the tune of (*) "John Brown's Body." For the points, name this poet of "The Battle Hymn of the Republic."

Julia Ward Howe (accept either; accept Julia Ward)

(2) In this period, the refusal to arrest Major Vojislav Tankosić [[YOY-ih-slahf tahnKOH-sitch]] and dissolve the Narodna Odbrana led to an increase in world tension. Edward Grey's failure during this period to prevent the outbreak of war led to his quote "The lamps are going out all over Europe. We shall not see them lit again in our time." Minister of War Erich von Falkenhayn and Secretary Arthur Zimmerman backed a "Blank Cheque" by Kaiser Wilhelm issued during this period, committing the German Empire to war. An ultimatum from Austria-Hungary to Serbia following the death of Archduke Franz Ferdinand occurred during, for the point, which "Crisis" prior to the outbreak of World War One?

July Crisis (prompt on descriptive answers like "the fallout from the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand"; prompt on "lead-up to (or outbreak of) World War One" until mentioned)

(8) While a sub-lieutenant, this man was captured after the scuttling of the UB-68, resulting in his imprisonment in a POW camp. This man gave the Laconia Order, which resulted in a rescue operation by the Axis after Werner Hartenstein unintentionally sank a British passenger ship. Following Hitler's suicide, this admiral served for nearly a month as president of Germany in a government with Chancellor Goebbels [[GEHR-buls]]. The creator of the "wolfpack" tactical model used by U-Boats, for the point, who was this Nazi admiral, the Supreme Commander of the German Navy during World War Two?

Karl Dönitz [[DUHR-nitz]] (be lenient on pronunciation)

(20) During this event, Terry Norman was working as a photographer for the FBI's COINTELPRO when he allegedly had to defend himself with a pistol. This event's namesake "Truth Tribunal" is run by the family of Allison Krause, one of this event's victims. Four people died in this event when students protesting U.S. military expansion into Cambodia were fired upon by members of the National Guard. For the point, name this 1970 "massacre" of Ohio college students protesting the Vietnam War.

Kent State shootings (accept May 4 massacre; accept synonyms for "shootings" such as "killings" or "massacre")

(3) During a war with the Arabs, these people legendarily lit their besieged village on fire and burned with it rather than surrender to forces organized by Marwan ibn Muhammad. To run their distant regions, these people used an administrative official named the tudun, borrowed from their former overlord, the Göktürks. One leader of this steppe people supposedly converted to a monotheistic faith in the 8th century to assert independence from both the Umayyad Caliphate and the Byzantine Empire. For the point, name these semi-nomadic Turkic people, whose nobles supposedly converted to Judaism.

Khazars (accept Gazari); or Kuzarim; or Házaroi)

(3) This organization's first major leader was Confederate general Nathan Bedford Forrest. The Civil Rights Act of 1871 (+) was also named for this group who committed the Greensboro massacre against the Communist Workers' Party. Sued for (*) lynching Michael Donald, this is, for the points, what white supremacist group that burns crosses and wears hooded robes?

Klu Klux Klan (or KKK

(3) This organization's first major leader was Confederate general Nathan Bedford Forrest. The Civil Rights Act of 1871 (+) was also named for this group who committed the Greensboro massacre against the Communist Workers' Party and bombed the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham. Sued for (*) lynching Michael Donald, this is, for the points, what white supremacist group that burns crosses and wears hooded robes?

Klu Klux Klan (or KKK)

(25) This group held meetings at Zarephath and was headed by Arthur Hornbui Bell and Alma White in New Jersey. Joseph Huffington started this group's Indiana branch for William Simmons, while Hiram Wesley Evans recruited members. Indianapolis mayor John Duvall's connection to this group led to charges of bribery. An adult literary assistant who wrote One Hundred Years of Health was attacked by Gentry and Clenck, as well as a head of this group, Madge Oberholtzer. For the point, name this organization known for burning crosses and wearing robes.

Ku Klux Klan (accept KKK; prompt on "Klan")

BONUS: Shostakovich's 13th symphony takes its name from a poem by Yevgeny Yevtushenko [[yehv-too-SHEHN-koh]], which itself is named for Babi Yar, the site of the Nazi massacre of over one hundred thousand Jews in what Ukrainian city?

Kyiv (or Kiev)

(21) This city was the site of the Hamaguri Gate Rebellion, also called the Kinmon Incident. Emperor Kanmu moved his capital from Nara to the Daidairi Palace in this city, beginning the Heian Period. The Battle of Toba-Fushimi occurred in a field between this city and Osaka. Following the Battle of Sekigahara, Shogun Tokugawa moved his capital from this city to Edo. For the point, name this cultural capital of Japan, replaced as the seat of government in 1603 by Tokyo.

Kyoto (accept Heian-kyo)

(15) After its most famous event, this ship was renamed the Ion and sold to the French. Joseph Story authored the opinion determining the fate of the men on this ship after a sevenhour defense by John Quincy Adams. For the point, name this Spanish slave ship whose captives were declared free men after a mutiny.

La Amistad (accept United States v. The Amistad)

(10) This work, whose sections include "Calamus" and "Sea-Drift," was revised and expanded in a "Death Bed Edition" that the author intended to be definitive. This work contains poems (+) such as "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd," an elegy for Abraham Lincoln. "I Sing the (*) Body Electric" and "Song of Myself" are included in, for the points, what collection of poetry by Walt Whitman?

Leaves of Grass

(19) Ethnic tensions between this leader's group and an Asian federation's Bumiputeras led to his country's expulsion from that union in the midst of a confrontation with Sukarno's Indonesia. This leader founded the People's Action Party, and despite controversies such as his lawsuits against political opponents, was credited with enabling his country, whose symbols include the merlion and red dot, to "enter the first world" in his lifetime. For the point, name this founder and first Prime Minister of Singapore.

Lee Kuan Yew (or Harry Lee Kuan Yew; accept Harry Lee; accept LKY; prompt on "Yew")

(31) Jewish-American sculptor Moses Jacob Ezekiel is considered vital to this viewpoint by historians like Gabriel Reich due to his creation of works like John W. Daniel and Virginia Mourning Her Dead. The intervention of UDC President-General Mildred Rutherford led to this narrative being (+) codified in turn-of-the-century history textbooks. Alexander Stephens's contemporary "Cornerstone Speech" is often cited by modern historians when (*) dismissing this viewpoint as revisionist. For the points, name this pseudo-historical denialist ideology which rejects the idea that slavery was a cause of the Civil War in favor of a "heroic" Confederacy.

Lost Cause of the Confederacy (prompt on descriptions like "pro-Confederacy", "pro-Southern", or "slavery denialist")

(30) Gregore Sambor yelled through a megaphone at this group, "This is America, you have to abide by the laws of the United States." Everyone in this group's Osage [[OH-sej]] Avenue headquarters took the surname "Africa." After exchanging over 10,000 rounds of gunfire with this group in a 90-minute period, police were authorized by Mayor Wilson Goode to target this group's rooftop bunker from a helicopter. For the point, name this Black radical organization whose Philadelphia headquarters was bombed by police in 1985.

MOVE (accept Christian Movement for Life)

(1) Concerning the life of Malcolm X, name the...Civil Rights leader he called "a chump" for supporting Black integration into white society.

Martin Luther King Jr. (accept MLK)

(25) This musician used the Ernie Barnes painting The Sugar Shack as the cover art for their album I Want You. This artist recorded the original version of "How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved By You)" for Tamla Records, which later became (+) Motown. This artist described "picket lines and picket signs" in the song (*) "What's Going On?" For the points, identify this singer of "Let's Get It On" who performed "Ain't No Mountain High Enough" with Tammie Terrell.

Marvin Gaye (or Marvin Pentz Gay Jr.)

(12) After this incident was resolved, Charles Miller's actions in crossing the Brevie Line led to legal action. A brief Marine operation against Koh Tang island, designed to end this crisis, is often called the "last battle of the Vietnam War." (+) This incident involved the Sea-Land Service's vessel named for a town in Puerto (*) Rico. For the points, name this May 1975 diplomatic crisis during which the Khmer Rouge government of Cambodia seized an American merchant ship.

Mayaguez incident (accept descriptive answers of the event surrounding the seizure of the SS Mayaguez)

(15) During this war, the consuls Sempronius Gracchus and Publius Valerius Falto received an offer to occupy the city of Utica, which they declined. The Gallic leader Autaritus [[aw-TAH-rit-us]] and his fellow foreign leaders were crucified during this war following their loss at the Battle of the Saw. (+) The prestige of the Barcid [[BARkid]] family increased after its leader, Hamilcar Barca, put down this revolt led by the Campanian slave Spendius. (*) Rome quickly annexed Corsica and Sardinia during the chaos of, for the points, what war named for the paid soldiers who revolted against Carthage after the First Punic War?

Mercenary War (accept Truceless War before "paid soldiers" is mentioned)

(11) The head of a statue of Emperor Augustus buried under the door of a temple in this city is now housed in the British Museum. Queen mothers of this city were known as kandakes [[kahn-DAH-keez]], and this city succeeded Napata as a capital. Sitting at the edge of (+) Butana, more than 200 short, steep pyramids were used for burials of rulers in this city. The Egyptian Twenty-Fifth Dynasty (*) was, at times, ruled from, for the points, what Nubian city, the last capital of Kush?

Meroë [[meh-ROH-ee]] (or Medewi; or Bedewi; or Meruwah; prompt on "Bagrawiyah"; accept reasonable pronunciations)

(31) Edward Morgan began crusading on behalf of these people in radio commentaries following a visit to Virginia senator Harry Byrd's estate. Edward R. Murrow's last documentary for CBS was an exposé on conditions for these people throughout the eastern U.S. called Harvest of Shame. These people launched a strike in California in 1933, where they were often referred to as "fruit tramps." For ten points, name these people, often employed in agriculture, who move from place to place to find jobs.

Migrant workers (accept Itinerant workers; prompt on "seasonal workers" or "farm workers" or "agricultural workers"; accept "laborers" or similar answers in place of "workers")

(1) The tyrant Peisistratos [[pye-see-STRAH-tohs]] recalled this military figure's father, Cimon [[KYE-mohn]] Coalemos, from exile after Cimon dedicated his chariot victory in the Olympics to that politician. Political rivals used this man's failed expedition to Paros to have him jailed where he died of gangrenous wounds suffered at the hands of the Persians. This strategos [[strah-TEH-gohs]] defeated Datis and Artaphernes at a battle which ended Darius the Great's invasion of Greece. For the point, name this Athenian general, the victor at the Battle of Marathon.

Miltiades the Younger

(22) One set of entities given this task was nicknamed "Mickey Mouse," because their pennant numbers began with "MM." The use of fiberglass and soundproofing became common in vessels designed for this activity, whose German practitioners were referred to as "very much the unsung heroes of the Kriegsmarine." Right-clicking can lead to the setting of a red flag in a game named for this military task, which involves use of towed bodies such as "oropesas" to clip dangerous objects. For the point, name this task of destroying certain bombs in open waters.

Minesweeping (accept equivalents like Minesweeper; accept Minehunting before "game" even though technically different)

(25) This civilization created a fresco with five dolphins in the Queen's Megaron. This civilization's Phaistos Disc is an early example of typographic print and is inscribed with symbols similar to this civilization's undeciphered language, Linear A. An eruption on Thera made this civilization vulnerable to the Mycenaeans, who succeeded them as the dominant civilization on Crete. For the point, name this early Greek civilization whose namesake king built the Labyrinth.

Minoan Civilization (accept Minoans; prompt on "Minos")

(24) A governor of this state named Ross Barnett ordered the police to "Break their spirits, not their bones," when referring to the Freedom Riders imprisoned there. James Meredith planned the March Against Fear to this state's flagship university after it initially refused to accept him as a student. Workers for the Congress of Racial Equality died at the hands of the KKK and its allies, inspiring a film titled [this state] Burning. For the point, name this southern state with the cities of Oxford and Jackson.

Mississippi

(27) An aging Thomas Jefferson claimed this act would destroy the Union in a letter addressed to John Holmes. The Tallmadge Amendment served as a precursor to this bill which prohibited the expansion of one institution beyond Parallel 36 degrees 30 seconds. The Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed a provision of this bill, which banned most of the Louisiana Territory from becoming slave states. For the point, name this omnibus bill, supported by Henry Clay, which accepted the title slave state in exchange for the admittance of Maine as a free state.

Missouri Compromise

II} 21. The document first stating this policy notes that "we have always been anxious and interested spectators" of a "quarter of the globe, with which we have so much intercourse." This policy's emphasis on "European powers," as first stated in a routine annual written address to Congress, was re-emphasized in a 1928 document called the Clark memorandum. An aggressive extension of this policy was known as the Roosevelt Corollary. For the point, what policy, declaring the Western hemisphere an exclusive sphere of influence for the United States, was issued by the fifth U.S. President?

Monroe doctrine [do not accept "Roosevelt Corollary"] <MJ>

(14) A man whose career ended as head of this agency was denounced by Frances Perkins for handing out the Italian Fascist economics tract The Corporate State to influential politicians. The government's authority to create this agency was invalidated in the 1935 "sick chicken case." Charles Coiner designed the symbol of this agency, which contained the motto "we do our part" along with a stylized blue eagle. For ten points, name this early New Deal agency that attempted to impose semi-voluntary "codes" on businesses in order to boost labor standards.

National Recovery Administration (prompt on "NRA")

(13) After Brent Scowcroft's [[SKOH-krofts]] second stint in this position, Tony Lake succeeded him in the Clinton administration. The author of The Grand Chessboard, Zbigniew Brzezinski [[ZBIG-nyef bruh-ZIN-skee]], held this position under Jimmy Carter. At the same time that he held the role of Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger also held this role, while Condoleezza Rice held this role before becoming Secretary of State. For the point, name this principal advisor to the president on certain aspects of foreign affairs.

National Security Advisor (accept Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs; prompt on "NSA")

(19) Clayton Vogel's Amphibious Corps made the largest-scale use of these people following a suggestion from Philip Johnston. Terms such as "shark" and "iron fish" were used for words that these people could not produce organically such as "submarine." The strategy of using these people during the war against Japan proved so successful that their medium remains the only World War Two cipher that was never broken. For ten points, give this term for American Indians who communicated military information during the war by using difficult-to-learn indigenous languages.

Navajo code talkers [Editors note: Code talkers were used at many times in American history and came from a variety of American Indian groups, but all the clues in this question are about Navajo code talkers in World War Two.]

(18) The Norfolk Herald praised the absence of this practice on the Vandalia during a public debate sparked by Cabinet member James Paulding's restrictions on this practice. An officer who opposed this practice was court-martialed for tying a subordinate naked to an artillery piece as a substitute. Uriah Levy crusaded against this practice, which was the subject of Herman Melville's novel White-Jacket. For the point, name this form of corporal punishment which was banned from the U.S. Navy in 1850.

Naval flogging (accept Whipping or Flagellation; accept descriptive answers such as "being whipped"; prompt on "corporal punishment" before mentioned)

(28) This country's weapons were studied in Operation Big, part of the Alsos mission. Some of this country's citizens were detained at Farm Hall in Operation Epsilon. Holger Toftoy offered contracts to scientists from this country who were sent to Fort Bliss and White Sands. Some scientists from this country were sent to the Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama. As part of Operations Paperclip and Overcast, the United States recruited scientists for rocket research from, for the point, what nation, the birthplace of Wernher von Braun?

Nazi Germany (accept German Empire; accept German Reich; Greater German Reich)

(23) In 1966, military researchers spread a Bacillus subtilis variant in this system by dropping contaminated lightbulbs. Bernie Goetz (+) shot four young men on this system, and the predecessor to this system was the Interborough Rapid Transit Company. Multiple bomb threats have targeted stops along this system, such as the (*) Times Square-42nd Street station. For the points, name this underground transit system that serves America's largest city.

New York City Subway (accept NYC Subway; prompt on "MTA;" prompt on "Subway" alone)

(29) This newspaper is the modern descendant of a publication once edited by Alexander Hamilton and William Cullen Bryant, that formerly had the word "Evening" in its name. Vincent Musetto was behind many of this paper's notorious full-page headlines, which have included "Gadafy Killed by Yankee Fan" and "Headless Body In Topless Bar." For ten points, name this newspaper whose current form is a tabloid-size daily, owned by Rupert Murdoch, that competes with the more highbrow Times.

New York Post (or New York Evening Post)

(9) One of these works named the Massachusetts Spy featured entries by "Centinel," "Mucius Scaevola," and "Leonidas." One of the leading examples of these items was The Port Folio, written by Joseph Dennie, Paul Allen and Nicholas Biddle. John Fenno published one of these works for the Federalist Party, and the Hell-Fire Club created one of these things with James Franklin under the title The New England Courant. Ben Franklin began his career as an apprentice printing, for the point, what form of media, exemplified by the New York Times?

Newspaper(s) (accept Magazine before "Fenno"; prompt on "Periodical" and similar answers)

(2) This court case invalidated the decision made by the Minnesota Supreme Court in Baker v. Nelson. Rowan County Clerk Kim Davis gained national attention for refusing to follow this court case's ruling. In his dissent, Justice John Roberts said the decision in this landmark case, which built off of Windsor v. U.S., could potentially expand the definition of marriage to allow polygamy. For the point, name this Supreme Court case which legalized same-sex marriage in all fifty states.

Obergefell v. Hodges (or James Obergefell, et al., Petitioners v. Richard Hodges, Director, Ohio Department of Health, et al.)

(34) This astronomer wrote a critique of an earlier thinker whom this man credited with inventing the armillary sphere. Much of what is known about this author of Against the Geography of Eratosthenes comes from commentaries on and accounts from Ptolemy's Almagest. (+) The first reliable method of predicting solar eclipses is credited to this man, who discovered the changing rotational axis of a certain body. Considered the father of (*) trigonometry, for the points, who was this Ancient Greek astronomer from Nicaea thought to have discovered the procession of the equinoxes?

Hipparchus of Nicaea

(28) J.R. Richard's career with this team was abruptly ended by a stroke, though this team enjoyed solid pitching throughout the 1980s from Joe Niekro, Mike Scott, and Nolan Ryan. Prior to joining the Big Red Machine, César Gerónimo and Joe Morgan were members of this team, which began play as the "Colt .45s" but was renamed after its pioneering indoor stadium. For ten points, name this team that later won a World Series title behind George Springer and Justin Verlander but was penalized for a sign-stealing scandal.

Houston Astros (accept either underlined portion; accept Houston Colt .45s; accept Houston Astrodome; prompt on "Astrodome")

(13) With technical support from Hezbollah, this faction launched its propaganda wing through the television channel Almasirah. This movement, which is dominated by the theology of the Zaidi [[ZAY-dee]] sect of Shia Islam, assassinated former president and onetime ally Ali Abdullah Saleh on claims of treason. This movement established the Supreme Political Council after seizing the Presidential Palace and forcing Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi to flee to neighboring Saudi Arabia. For the point, name this Islamist political movement led by a namesake Yemeni tribe that conquered Sana'a in 2014.

Houthis (or Houthi Movement; accept Ansar Allah; prompt on "Supreme Political Council")

(8) This thinker wrote a follow-up to his best-known book that pulls in primary sources of figures like Chief Joseph and Mother Jones. This author analyzed the voter registration efforts by Black activists in SNCC [[SNIK]]: The New Abolitionists. The chapter "Columbus, the Indians, and Human Progress" opens a book by this author which analyzes U.S. history from the perspective of exploitation instead of "fundamental nationalist glorification of country." For the point, name this author of A People's History of the United States.

Howard Zinn

(15) During his last term in the Senate, this politician joined with California congressman Augustus Hawkins to sponsor a bill mandating full employment at age 16. This man's strong endorsement of a civil rights plank at the 1948 Democratic convention sparked the exodus of the Dixiecrats. This candidate did not enter any primaries against Eugene McCarthy prior to winning nomination at a brokered convention and selecting Ed Muskie as his running mate. For ten points, name this vice-president under Lyndon Johnson who was the losing Democratic presidential nominee in 1968.

Hubert H. Humphrey (or Hubert Horatio Humphrey, Jr.)

(6) An officer of these military units known as the Towarzysz [[tah-WAHR-zeez]] wore a leopard pelt over his shoulder when riding into battle. Along with other military regulations, the Diet of Temesvár established these units to screen enemies of Matthias Corvinus's Black Army of Hungary. Jan Sobieski led a decisive charge of these cavalrymen into the Ottoman line during the 1683 Siege of Vienna. For the point, name this variant of Polish shock cavalry that became a common light cavalry unit in the 17th and 18th centuries.

Hussars (accept Winged Hussars; prompt on "cavalry" or "horsemen")

(26) One participant in this action had a vision of soldiers falling upside down as "thick as grasshoppers." Congress passed the Maypenny Agreement and the "Sell or Starve" Act less than a year after this battle. Despite assisting a battalion led by Marcus Reno, Frederick William Benteen received criticism after this battle for failing to join a lieutenant colonel in a surprise attack. Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull defeated the 7th Calvary Regiment in, for the point, what 1876 battle that was a part of the Great Sioux War, known as "Custer's Last Stand"?

Battle of the Little Bighorn (or Battle of the Greasy Grass; accept Custer's Last Stand until mentioned)

(8) This figure applies Maslow's hierarchy of needs when discussing how a certain group of people have been trapped at its lowest level. This thinker interviewed former classmates at Smith (+) College, who discussed a general unhappiness, which this author then described as "the problem that has (*) no name." For the points, name this feminist author who wrote The Feminine Mystique.

Betty Friedan (or Bettye Naomi Goldstein)

(29) This company operated two adult-targeted indoor theme parks in Albuquerque and Indianapolis during the mid-1990s. This company underwent rapid expansion after selling to former trash collection magnate Wayne Huizenga [["hi"-ZENG-ah]]. This company was sued by several states in the 2000s for its misleading "no late fees" ad campaign after it passed on an offer to purchase Netflix. One franchised outlet in Bend, Oregon is all that now remains of, for the point, what formerly ubiquitous chain of VHS and DVD rental stores?

Blockbuster (accept Blockbuster Video or Blockbuster LLC)

(23) This text was hidden in a box of beans during a move to Pennsylvania and allegedly was protected by a black snake from a skeptic trying to view it. Martin Harris lost 116 pages of this text after Lucy Harris questioned its authenticity. This text was translated from "Reformed Egyptian" using the "seer stones" Urim and Thummim. This text was found on golden plates at the Hill of Cumorah by a man guided by the angel Moroni [[moh-ROH-nai]]. For the point, name this scripture which Joseph Smith claimed to discover in 1827.

Book of Mormon (accept the Golden Plates before "Golden Plates" is mentioned)

(28) This city was occupied after Francis Bernard dissolved an assembly that refused to revoke the "Circular Letter." Officials in this city fled to Castle William after they attempted to illegally seize the Liberty. An effigy of Andrew Oliver was hung from a massive elm tree in this city which became the original "Liberty Tree." In 1774, this city's port was closed in the aftermath of a raid in which colonists threw cartons of tea into the harbor. For the point, name this largest city in Massachusetts.

Boston

(1) William Cooper Neil created a celebration for this event which followed the death of Christopher Seidler and began with an argument between apprentice Edward Garrick and John Goldfinch. Bartholomew Broaders and Hugh White participated in this event. Thomas Hutchinson moved troops to Castle Island after this event, and those charged in this event were defended by John Adams. For the point, name this 1770 event in which a mob was attacked by British soldiers in a New England city.

Boston Massacre

(21) In the second part of these proceedings, a man asserted that "facts are stubborn things" and Hugh Montgomery and Matthew Kilroy were convicted of manslaughter. In the first of these proceedings, a man who wrote that he "consented to my own ruin" questioned Richard Palmes about a command to fire, leading to the acquittal of Thomas Preston. For the point, identify this pair of 1770 cases at which John Adams represented British soldiers who shot protestors.

Boston Massacre trials (accept answers indicating the trials of the soldiers accused in the Boston Massacre; accept the trial of Thomas Preston before "Thomas Preston" is mentioned)

II} 6. In the early 20th-century, this city named a type of "marriage" in which two women lived together. This city's long-time mayor was the "Rascal King," James Curley. The phrase "there's no right to strike against the public safety" was said by Calvin Coolidge during a police strike in this city. 21 people were killed in a 1919 flood in this city, its so-called "Molassacre". The Immigration Restriction League was founded by three of this city's upper class "Brahmins." For the point, what is this city located across the Charles River from Harvard, the capital of Massachusetts?

Boston, Massachusetts <JB>

(20) One of these structures, later renamed for Bob Graham, was involved in a 1980 accident in which 35 people died. Emily Warren took over as chief engineer of one of these structures after her husband, Washington Roebling, fell ill. To test the stability of one of these structures, P.T. Barnum led Jumbo and 20 other elephants across it. Tubby, the cocker spaniel was the only fatality of the collapse of one of these structures nicknamed "Galloping Gertie." For the point, name these structures which include the Tacoma Narrows and the former Sunshine Skyway.

Bridges

(1) Harry Byrd coined the phrase "massive resistance" after this case that relied heavily on an experiment with dolls performed by Kenneth Clark. Nothing happened with this case until a (+) 1955 follow-up, in which this case was supposed to be enforced with (*) "all deliberate speed." For the points, name this Supreme Court case that found segregation unconstitutional, requiring Topeka schools to accept Black students.

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

(7) The first city to hold this status was awarded the "Liberty Bell of the West," after it was captured by George Rogers Clark's "Kentucky Long Knives," and no longer exists today due to the change in course of the Mississippi River. The "Long Nine" were a group of unusually (+) tall legislators who advocated removing this status from another city in 1837. Kaskaskia and Vandalia held this status prior to a bill advocating central placement introduced by State Legislator (*) Abraham Lincoln. For the points, identify this status that, since 1839, has been held by Springfield, where Governor J.B. Pritzker now sits.

Capital of Illinois

(15) A philosopher from this city named Tertullian, considered the father of Latin Christianity, wrote the anti-Semitic treatise An Answer to the Jews. The Vandal kingdom promoted Arianism in this city, their capital, which was captured in the 5th century. After moving to this North African city, Saint Augustine of Hippo converted from Manichaeism [[man-ih-KAY-ism]] to Christianity. The biblical canon of the Western Church was confirmed at a council named for, for the point, which African city that fought the Punic Wars with Rome?

Carthage (accept Carthago; accept Qart Hadasht)

(18) Producers of this commodity fought in the Johnson County War. Dodge City, Kansas was a major center for this (+) commodity, which was drastically reduced in an event called the Great Die-Up. Barbed wire was used to protect (*) these animals from rustlers who would steal them. Namesake "Drives" escorted, for the points, what animals that were often killed for steaks?

Cattle (accept Cows; accept Beef; accept Bulls; prompt on "Meat")

(24) An early example of these events was organized by David Morrill Poor and was known as the "Great Chihuahua" instance, one of the rare southward-oriented examples of these events. These events often involved a spare supply of "remuda" and served food from a (+) "chuckwagon." These events were the primary use of the Goodnight-Loving, Great Western, and Chisholm (*) Trails. These events ended at train depots that transported products to stockyards. For the points, name these actions conducted by cowboys to bring livestock to market.

Cattle drives (accept descriptive answers showing clear knowledge)

(3) The construction of this complex was delayed by the Ash Wednesday Storm, which destroyed a piledriver barge known as "Big D." Methods previously used near Baltimore by Ole Singstad were perfected to build this structure, which opened to traffic in 1964 under the leadership of longtime commission chair Lucius J. Kellam. This structure virtually ended more than 300 years of ferrying from the Eastern Shore to the Newport News-Norfolk region. For ten points, name this 17-mile complex that carries vehicle traffic across the harbor of Hampton Roads.

Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel (accept Lucius J. Kellam Jr. Bridge-Tunnel before "Lucius J. Kellam" is mentioned; do not accept or prompt on "Chesapeake Bay Bridge")

(22) In a diary entry, this leader wrote of his adversary, "He has a soft-as-cotton outer layer but at the same time has sharp needles hiding inside," before saying, "He will be crushed inside my palm." With the help of the Blue Shirts Society and the CC Clique, this figure and his wife led the Neo-Confucian New Life Movement. Over 3,000 critics were executed as a result of martial law imposed by this leader in an event known as the White Terror. For the point, what "Generalissimo" fled to Taiwan after losing to Mao Zedong in the Chinese Civil War?

Chiang Kai-shek (accept Chiang Chung-cheng; accept Chiang Chieh-shih; accept Cheung Kai-shek; accept Jiang Jieshi; prompt on "Kai-shek"; prompt on "Generalissimo" before mentioned)

(27) Joe Maniaci [[mah-nee-AH-chee]] and Bill Osmanski scored early touchdowns for this team in a championship victory. After opposing owner George P. Marshall provided this team with extensive bulletin board material, this team won the 1940 NFL Championship game against Washington by a score of 73 to zero. Sid Luckman quarterbacked this team and owner-coach George Halas introduced the T-formation during their "Monsters of the Midway" era. For the point, name this NFL team that has played at Soldier Field since 1971.

Chicago Bears (prompt on "Chicago")

(12) In this nation, a protest erupted outside the headquarters of the Construction, Forestry, Maritime, Mining, and Energy Union in response to the vaccine mandate placed on construction workers. The Minister for the Environment of this nation was taken to court by a group of teenagers and a nun to halt the expansion of the Vickery coal mine. Alex Hawke rejected an athlete's visa to this country because he was "a talisman of anti-vaccination sentiment." Novak Djokovic [[JOH-koh-vitch]] was deported from, for the point, what country led by Prime Minister Scott Morrison?

Commonwealth of Australia

(4) Ronald Reagan's speech "A Time for Choosing" declared a need to stop this ideology, and Dwight (+) Eisenhower ran on a platform of opposing this ideology, corruption, and Korea. "Containment Theory" tried to halt this ideology, and the "Hollywood Ten" (*) refused to answer questions about their involvement with this ideology. For the points, name this ideology, subject of the "Red Scare."

Communism

(17) This legislation created New Mexico and Utah as territories and led to the admission of California as a state. Part of this legislation was the Fugitive Slave Act, and another provision to this legislation ended the slave trade in Washington D.C. For the point, name this compromise that put off the Civil War for a decade.

Compromise of 1850 (accept California Compromise before "California")

(31) This man commanded Operation Oak Tree, which stationed eighteen thousand soldiers in the Birmingham FBI building to respond to rioting in 1963. This commander's 37th Battalion relieved the 101st Airborne at Bastogne [[bah-STOHN]] after leading the breakout from Utah Beach. As Army chief of staff, this commander oversaw the implementation of the All-Volunteer Force and the final stage of Vietnamization. For the point, identify this commander of American operations in Vietnam from 1968 to 1972, the namesake of the M1 battle tank.

Creighton Abrams (or Creighton Williams Abrams, Jr.; or Abe Abrams; accept M1 Abrams)

(24) Homer Morehouse died while participating in this fad, which was popularized by Alma Cummings. A revival of this fad began in 1969 after the release of the film adaptation of Horace McCoy's novel They Shoot Horses, Don't They? and is still used as a charity fundraiser at many universities. Participants in the original form of this fad were required to remain standing to avoid disqualification, though often one partner in a couple at a time could sleep while the other kept the pair moving. For ten points, name these contests popularized in the 1920s in which people moved to music for as long as possible.

Dance marathons

(3) During one trial, this man argued that the appointment of William H. Woodward violated the Contract Clause. A presentation by this man inspired John Marshall to state that the "power to tax is the power to destroy." This man claimed his alma mater is a "small college" and "yet there are those who love it." In an 1850 speech, this man stated the South had the right to complain in response to Northern states ignoring the Fugitive Slave Act. For the point, who was this Massachusetts man who served as Secretary of State under three presidents?

Daniel Webster

(32) John Paul Stevens's dissent in this case cited the work of "professors of linguistics and English" who analyzed all known uses of a two-word phrase between 1776 and 1791, while its majority opinion relied on the Muscarello interpretation. This ruling overturned much of 1934's (*) Miller v. U.S. and laid the groundwork for incorporation of the amendment considered in this ruling in (*) McDonald v. Chicago. For the point, name this 2008 Supreme Court case which held that the Second Amendment protects an individual's right to own firearms, striking down a statute in Washington, D.C.

District of Columbia v. Heller (or D.C. v. Heller; or District of Columbia, et al. v. Dick Anthony Heller; Stevens disagreed about the meaning of the phrase "bear arms."

(2) Franklin Roosevelt gave a speech criticizing Republicans in Congress that was named for one of these animals called Fala. One of these animals led a (+) team including Gunnar Kaasen in transporting diphtheria antitoxin in the 1925 serum run. One of these animals named (*) Laddie Boy was the first White House pet to be regularly covered by the press. For the points, name these animals that include the sled-racing husky Balto.

Dogs

(14) This company advanced companding algorithms in its consumer B standard, which was later incorporated into its "spectral recording" system for commercial exhibitors. In the early 1990s, this company raced to roll out its new on-print system on Batman Returns prior to the competing CD-based DTS standard. In 2012, this company introduced a 3-D system called Atmos. For the point, name this company that produces noise-reduction and digital encoding technologies for movie theatres and home audio.

Dolby Laboratories, Inc. (accept "Labs" in place of "Laboratories"; accept Dolby B; accept Dolby SR; accept Dolby Atmos)

(12) In this country, a plebiscite organized by Buenaventura Báez strongly supported annexation by the United States. This country's gavilleros [[gah-vee-YEH-rohss]] opposed Harry Knapp and Sumner Welles's American occupation of this country, which lasted from 1916 to 1924. A dictator of this country negotiated the end of U.S. financial oversight with Cordell Hull and organized a racially integrated baseball league that attracted many American stars in the 1930s. In 1961, the CIA supported the assassination of, for ten points, what country's dictator, Rafael Trujillo [[troo-HEE-yoh]]?

Dominican Republic (or Republica Dominicana; or La Dominicana; accept Santo Domingo; accept the Dominican)

(5) This country resettled Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany in the town of Sosúa [[soh-SOO-ah]] after the Évian Conference. During one massacre in this country, the fate of the victims was determined by how they pronounced the term "perejil'' [[peh-reh-HEEL]] (+) when soldiers held up a certain herb. One leader of this country had several thousands migrants from a neighboring country killed in the Parsley Massacre and was nicknamed "El (*) Jefe" [[HE-feh]]. For ten points, name this Caribbean country that was ruled for over thirty years by Rafael Trujillo [[troo-HEE-yoh]] from Santo Domingo.

Dominican Republic (or República Dominicana; prompt on "DR"; do not accept or prompt on "Dominica")

(1) In response to this movement, a new "Law and Order" document was passed, resulting in the election of James Fenner. A suit arising from this movement invoked the "republican form of government" clause. John Tyler declined to send federal troops to aid Samuel King against this movement, which convened a "People's Legislature" following an unofficial referendum on a new state constitution. For the point, name this uprising against restrictive voting qualifications that began in 1841 in Rhode Island.

Dorr Rebellion (or Dorr's Rebellion; accept "War" in place of "Rebellion")

(15) Description acceptable. Mason Weems wrote "God's Revenge Against" this practice, and John Lyde Wilson codified this practice in South Carolina. The first instance of this practice in the Americas involved Edward Doty and Edward Lester. Stephen Decatur was killed while participating in this practice. Andrew Jackson was known for his participation in this practice, which sometimes occurred in the South due to the perceived equivalence of creditworthiness and honor. For the point, name this practice which claimed the life of Alexander Hamilton.

Dueling (accept synonymous answers involving facing off with guns)

(23) A student at this university, Reade Seligmann, was targeted by coerced testimony from taxi driver Moezeldin Elmostafa. The open letter "What Does a Social Disaster Sound Like?" was signed by the "Group of 88" faculty at this university. Mike Nifong was disbarred as a result of actions against students from this university, which relied on accusations from Crystal Mangum. For the point, name this university whose men's lacrosse team was at the center of a false prosecution scandal in 2006.

Duke University

(11) Both Daniel Boone and Daniel Morgan served as wagoners in this general's army while en route to the Ohio Country. This man, who was later buried at Fort Necessity, led a force which was ambushed by First Nation tribes and Europeans led by Daniel Liénard de Beaujeu. Tasked with capturing Fort Duquesne, this man led a corps of colonial soldiers including a future US president. For the point, name this British general who led a namesake expedition during the French and Indian War, ending in disaster at the Battle of the Monongahela.

Edward Braddock

(30) This figure resigned from the DAR after Marian Anderson was blocked from performing at Constitution Hall. This figure, the first chair of the UN Commission on Human Rights, helped write the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which included the "Four Freedoms" created by her husband. For the point, name this woman who served as first lady for four terms.

Eleanor Roosevelt (or Anna Eleanor Roosevelt; prompt on "Roosevelt" alone; prompt on "Mrs. Roosevelt" or "Madame FDR" or anything like that)

(16) During this election year, Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer was denied the democratic nomination. It's not 1896, but Albert Lasker helped one of the candidates with a (+) "Front Porch Campaign" in this election year that called for a "Return to Normalcy." James Cox ran for president in this election year as a Democrat. (*) For the points, name this post-World War One election year, a landslide victory for Warren Harding.

Election of 1920

(10) This woman advocated for improving an Ernestine Rose-proposed property law. This woman's cousin, Gerrit Smith, founded the Secret Six and financially backed John Brown. Another of this woman's cousins brought Bloomers to fame in New York. This woman was the primary author of The Woman's Bible, which Rachel Foster Avery of NAWSA opposed. Lucretia Mott and this woman held the Seneca falls Convention. For the point, name this woman's rights leader who worked with Susan B. Anthony.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(20) This woman's second husband, Joseph, died after Britain captured the Lion in 1781. This person entered popular consciousness thanks to the efforts of her grandson, William Canby, in the 1870s. This person showed her uncle-in-law, George, who was a member of the Continental Congress, and George Washington how to fold a sheet into triangles and use a single cut to create a five-pointed star. For the point, name this Philadelphia upholsterer who legendarily created the first American flag.

Elizabeth Griscom "Betsy" Ross (accept Elizabeth Griscom; accept Elizabeth Griscom Ashburn; accept Elizabeth Griscom Claypoole)

(1) After this document was made public, Mansfield Lovell and John Quitman had to be dissuaded at the last moment by the president from launching a military expedition. This document proposed that "by every law, human and divine, we shall be justified" in a plan that arose from a meeting among U.S. diplomats John Mason, James Buchanan, and Pierre Soulé [[soo-LEH]]. For the point, name this 1854 document proposing the purchase or conquest of Cuba from Spain, that was drafted after a meeting in Belgium.

Ostend Manifesto (or Ostend Circular)

(14) Philip Fendall used this man's name as a pseudonym to defend the John Quincy Adams administration from attacks in the press by John C. Calhoun writing as "Onslow." John Robinson shouted at this man after he noted, "Caesar had his Brutus, Charles I [[the first]] his Cromwell" in a speech proposing a set of "Resolves" in response to the Stamp Act. This man, who "smelt a rat" at the Constitutional Convention, later spoke at St. John's Church. For the point, name this Virginian who said, "Give me liberty or give me death."

Patrick Henry

(7) Future Secretary of Commerce Ron Brown appeared in one of this company's first advertisements targeting the African-American community. This company controlled the sixth-largest navy in the world after the USSR traded seventeen warships in exchange for this company's product. This company attracted controversy for a 2017 ad depicting Kendall Jenner quelling riots by giving a police officer this company's namesake product. For the point, name this multinational food and beverage company which competes with Coca-Cola.

PepsiCo (accept Pepsi-Cola Company; prompt on "Pepsi")

(17) This party drafted a document calling for the abolition of the Pinkerton system. Ignatius Donnelly partially wrote this party's Omaha Platform, which called for the elimination of private banks. With Grover Cleveland and Benjamin Harrison, this party's candidate, James Weaver, evenly split North Dakota's three electoral votes. Along with the Democrats, this left-wing party nominated William Jennings Bryan in 1892 shortly before collapsing. For the point, name this late-19th century agrarian third party.

Populist Party (accept People's Party)

(30) This man's "Madman" theory was described as "a threat of egregious military action" by H.R. Haldeman. This man and Henry Kissinger attempted to restrain revolution through the "Linkage" policy. John Birt produced a series of interviews between this man and David Frost. This man won 520 out of 538 electoral votes, losing just Washington, D.C. and Massachusetts to George McGovern. This man used the "Bring Us Together" slogan and visited Mao Zedong in China. For the point, name this 37th US President.

Richard M(ilhous) Nixon

(6) Many of this writer's best-known works were produced from 1900 to 1909 while this writer taught at Pinkerton Academy and farmed his family's plot in Derry, New Hampshire. This author's collection, Mountain Interval includes "The Oven Bird" and another piece, perhaps this writer's best-known, inspired by English poet, Edward Thomas. The only person to receive four Pulitzer Prizes for Poetry, for the point, who is this poet laureate of Vermont, the author of "Mending Wall" and "The Road Not Taken"?

Robert Frost

(2) This man traveled to England with John Clarke in an attempt to have a commission given to William Coddington revoked. This man wrote A Key into the Language of America, the first published English-language study of Native American languages. After writing a tract criticizing King James for stealing land from the Narragansset Indians, this man moved to Salem and served as an assistant to Samuel Skelton. Providence Plantation was founded by, for the point, what man who after being expelled from the Massachusetts Bay Colony founded Rhode Island?

Roger Williams

(22) Two answers required: These two people signed the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty following the Washington Summit. In a meeting at Reykjavík, these two people tentatively agreed to eliminate nearly all nuclear weapons before a dispute over the Strategic Defense Initiative derailed the conference. During a June 1987 speech at the Brandenburg Gate, one of these people demanded of the other, "Tear down this wall!" For ten points, name these two national leaders who negotiated arms control during U.S.-Soviet summits in the 1980s.

Ronald (Wilson) Reagan and Mikhail (Sergeyevich) Gorbachev

(20) A man with this last name headed the American Friends of the Middle East, which proved critical in the overthrow of Mohammed Mossadegh [[moh-SAH-deh]]. That man's grandfather with this last name explored with Cândido Rondon on the River of Doubt, an unexplored portion of the Amazon. That man with this last name, who authored books like The Naval War of 1812 ran on the Progressive Party ticket against his former vice president, William Howard Taft. For the point, give this last name of businessman Kermit and U.S. president Theodore.

Roosevelt (accept Kermit Roosevelt; accept Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt)

(10) This man's running mate asked "Who am I? What am I doing here?" during a debate. Admiral James Stockdale ran with this politician, who told an opponent to "let me finish" in an oft-mocked southern drawl. This founder of the Reform Party won 18% of the vote one year, and may have tipped the scales away from George H.W. Bush. For the point, name this Texas billionaire who ran for president in 1992 and 1996.

Ross Perot

(3) This person wrote under the pseudonym "Camillus" when writing to newspapers defending the Jay Treaty. Alexander Hamilton encouraged this person to abandon his law practice to move to New York and was eventually elected to the New York State Assembly. This person ran as a (+) Federalist in the 1816 presidential election with running mate John E. Howard (*) but lost in a landslide to James Monroe. For the points, who was this signer of the U.S. Constitution from New York, the last Federalist to run for president?

Rufus King

(20) In 1836, a member of this family retrieved from England the money bequeathed for the Smithsonian Institution. A member of this family created namesake mercury-based "thunderbolts" for the Lewis and Clark expedition and wrote (*) Diseases of the Mind, becoming the "father of American psychiatry." Prior to serving as Treasury Secretary under John Quincy Adams, a member of this family secured limits on Great (*) Lakes weaponry at an 1818 summit with Britain. For the point, name this family that included Philadelphia patriot physician Benjamin and his son, Richard, who negotiated a treaty with Charles Bagot.

Rush family (accept Richard Rush or Benjamin Rush)

(17) A "second incarnation" of this event occurred in 1878 in Ipswich and involved Daniel Spofford. The "Touch Test" was used in this event, which was recorded by Robert Calef. Elizabeth Hubbard instigated this event, involving Ann Putnam, Betty Parris, and Abigail Williams. The enslaved Carib woman Tituba [[TIT-yoo-bah]] was accused in this event which led to the crushing to death of Giles Corey. This event is central to Arthur Miller's The Crucible. For the point, name this series of trials in Massachusetts.

Salem Witch Trials

(12) According to William Watkins, Jr. this man "took on the air of a prosecutor" during a trial against Thomas Cooper by bolstering the arguments of actual prosecutor William Dawes. This judge refused to discharge a grand jury in New Castle, Delaware after they refused to indict a printer. Thomas Jefferson urged John Randolph of Roanoke to bring charges against this man due to his perceived political bias during the trial of John Fries [[FREES]]. For the point, name this only Supreme Court justice to be impeached.

Samuel Chase

(4) This man's son, who was named after Horatio Nelson, attempted to institute a 25 percent wage cut, triggering the first strike in U.S. history. This partner of Moses Brown pioneered a vertically integrated approach in which entire families were hired, known as the Rhode Island System. While working under Jedediah Strutt, this man circumvented laws against copying machine designs by completely memorizing the layout of Richard Arkwright's water frame. For the point, name this British immigrant who established the first industrial cloth mill in the U.S.

Samuel Slater

(8) A ruling authored by this Justice put forth the two-part test for ineffective assistance of counsel. This jurist succeeded Henry Kissinger as chancellor of (*) William & Mary. This author of the majority opinion in Strickland v. Washington also wrote for the Court in the enemy combatant case Hamdi v. Rumsfeld. This replacement for Potter (*) Stewart was known as a supporter of abortion rights prior to joining the Supreme Court. For the point, name this Arizonan who was appointed in 1981 as the first woman Justice.

Sandra Day O'Connor

(24) Anchored off the coast of this non-U.S. city, the U.S. Navy lost the USS Memphis after 70-foot rogue waves wrecked it during repairs. Rear Admiral William Caperton's threats to bombard this city led the government of Desiderio Arias to flee, leading to an eight-year U.S. occupation. U.S. agents supported Joaquín Balaguer [[wah-KEEN bah-lah-GEHR]] loyalists who fought for control of this city after the death of a leader who committed the Parsley Massacre. For the point, name this city from which Rafael Trujillo [[troo-HEE-yoh]] ruled the Dominican Republic.

Santo Domingo

(27) People affected by the failure of these institutions led to Lewis Seidman's Resolution Trust Company administering government insurance payments. Charles Keating operated the "Lincoln" example of these institutions that at one point had negative 100 million dollars in total value. Over a third of the 3200 institutions of this kind that operated in the U.S. in 1986 failed by 1995. For ten points, name this type of banking institution offering limited kinds of accounts that often collapsed in a late 1980s financial scandal.

Savings and loans (accept S and L; accept Lincoln Savings and Loan Association)

(13) This man's father-in-law, Lucius Aemilius Paullus, legendarily killed the mercenary captain Viriathus. This man's tombstone, which reads "Ungrateful fatherland, you will not even have my bones," was erected due to bitterness at his exile from Rome after being falsely charged with taking bribes from Antiochus the Great. The death of this man's father at Upper Baetis by Hasdrubal prompted this general to undertake the Hispania campaign of the Second Punic War. For the point, name this victor at Zama who was given the honorific Africanus.

Scipio Africanus the Elder (or Scipio Africanus Major; accept Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus; accept Scipio alone after "Africanus" is mentioned)

(4) The man who engineered this event was later said to have accumulated a cache of atomic weapons in Gulfport, Mississippi, for the Marsallis Company and is credited with inventing "Synthetic Bitumin." That man who sponsored this event, George Rappleyea, managed the Cumberland Coal and Iron Company in Dayton, Tennessee and convinced a group of local businessmen to sponsor this event as a test of the Butler Act. William Jennings Bryan and Clarence Darrow argued, for the point, what 1925 trial concerning the teaching of evolution?

Scopes Monkey Trial (prompt on "Monkey Trial"; accept The State of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes)

(24) This composer created an operatic telling of Booker T. Washington's White House visit titled A Guest of Honor. This composer, who received a posthumous Pulitzer Prize in 1976, wrote an opera about a Texarkana slave woman named (+) Treemonisha. This composer did his best-known work in a genre that includes compositions partially titled "Searchlight" and (*) "Maple Leaf." "The Entertainer" was composed by, for the points, what ragtime composer?

Scott Joplin

(1) This city is named for a Duwamish chief who gave a speech that ends, "Dead, did I say? There is no death, only a change of worlds." Anti-globalization protests in 1999 occurred in this city after a meeting of the World Trade Organization. This city hosted the 1962 World's Fair, for which it built an observation tower inspired by a flying saucer. For the point, name this city that contains the Space Needle.

Seattle

(2) During this period, Ellen G. White developed the "Great Controversy Theme" which outlined the "28 Fundamental Beliefs." In the 1830s, the second best-selling book in the U.S. after the Bible was an autobiography by a figure in this movement, Lorenzo Dow. (+) During this movement, radical sects of Christianity arose such as the (*) Shakers and the Latter-Day Saints. For ten points, name this early 19th century period of religious revival in the U.S. which led to an increase in membership for Baptists and Methodists.

Second Great Awakening (prompt on partial answers; prompt on "Nineteenth Century" or "1800s"; do not accept "First Great Awakening")

(23) This position was taken by Jacob M. Dickinson after William Howard Taft chose not to retain its previous holder for the role. The eldest son of Abraham Lincoln, Robert, was the 35th person to hold this position before becoming the Minister to the United Kingdom. Kenneth C. Royall was the last holder of this position before it was split under the National Security Act of 1947. For the point, name this now-defunct Cabinet position, first held by Henry Knox, which served a role similar to the Secretary of Defense?

Secretary of War (accept War Secretary; do not accept "Secretary at War"; do not accept "Secretary of Defense")

(30) A 2010 special election for this office featured a commercial that prominently displayed the words "deny rape victims care" and a surprising loss for Martha Coakley. While holding this office, a man gave the "Dream Shall Never Die" speech during the highwater mark of his attempts to be nominated for president despite his role in the Chappaquiddick Incident. Scott Brown took this office in 2010 following the death of Ted Kennedy. For ten points, name this legislative position later held by Ed Markey and Elizabeth Warren.

Senator from Massachusetts (prompt on "Senator" or "U.S. Senator")

(6) This figure, who used the slogan "unbought and unbossed" to title her autobiography, founded the Congressional Black Caucus. This lawmaker visited segregationist (+) George Wallace in the hospital in 1972 when they were both running for president. A representative from (*) New York from 1969 to 1983, this is, for the points, what politician who was the first Black woman elected to Congress?

Shirley Chisholm (or Shirley Anita Chisholm)

(28) This Major League Baseball player won the American League Rookie of the Year Award in 2018. This player, who lost the 2021 Home Run Derby to Washington Nationals outfielder Juan Soto, is often seen in interviews with Ippei Mizuhara. For the point, identify this Japanese-born two-way player for the Los Angeles Angels who won the American League MVP Award in 2021.

Shohei Ohtani (accept either)

(30) Wojciech [[VOH-chek]] Korfanty led an uprising in this region which culminated in the Battle of Annaberg against the Freikorps of the Weimar Government. German miners expelled from this region were relocated to the Ruhr Valley by the West (+) German government. Frederick the Great's 1740 occupation of this region triggered the War of the Austrian Succession. (*) For the points, name this historically German-speaking region of modern Poland which contains Breslau, or Wroclaw [[VRAHTswahf]].

Silesia (accept Śląsk; or Schlesien; or Slezsko; or Ślōnsk; accept Upper Silesia; or Lower Silesia)

(7) This Supreme Court ruling, which was decided the day after the Colfax Massacre, included a dissent from Stephen Field that rejected the theory of two distinct "bundles of rights." John Campbell argued for the "right to labor for himself" in this case, which upheld the constitutionality of a sanitation monopoly. This set of cases found that the "privileges and immunities" clause of the 14th Amendment does not apply to state governments. For the point, name these 1873 rulings which arose out of a challenge to Louisiana's regulation of the meat industry.

Slaughter-House Cases

(16) A botched administration of this practice caused the death of preacher Jonathan Edwards. William Douglass led the medical opposition to this practice, which was advocated by the slave Onesimus [[oh-NEH-sih-mus]] and the doctor Zabdiel Boylston and was supported on both medical and religious grounds by Cotton Mather during a 1721 epidemic. For the point, name this method of protecting individuals from a devastating eighteenthcentury infection, which was practiced in Boston 75 years before Edward Jenner invented the less risky procedure of vaccination.

Smallpox inoculation (accept Variolation; prompt on "inoculation"; do not accept or prompt on "smallpox vaccination")

(1) This war began following the Ten Years' War, in which concentration camps were set up by "Butcher" Weyler. This war, which was partially sparked by the De Lome Letter was called a "splendid little war" by John Hay. George Dewey attained victory at Manila Bay during this war, whose combatants included Leonard Wood's Rough Riders. For the point, name this war sparked by the explosion of the USS Maine.

Spanish-American War

(32) In 1989, this city began an athletic tournament that awards "Loser Kings" tshirts and now involves over 6000 teams playing 3-on-3 basketball, known as Hoopfest. Sonora Smart Dodd founded the Father's Day holiday in this city in 1910. In this home of the 1974 World's Fair, the (+) Jesuit Joseph Cataldo founded a university whose basketball team has achieved great success since 1999 under Coach Mark Few. The second-largest (*) city in its state by population, after Seattle, is, For the points, what home to Gonzaga University and center of eastern Washington?

Spokane

(2) Thomas Hunt kidnapped this person before taking him to Spain, and Miles Standish led a rescue party to save this person after he was kidnapped a second time. After discovering that the entire population of this person's village at Patucket had died, this person was sent to the village of Pokanoket in Rhode Island. For the point, identify this member of the Patuxet tribe, an interpreter for the Pilgrims.

Squanto (accept Tisquantum before mentioned)

(24) Robert Hayling led the Civil Rights Movement in this city, which was targeted in an image of James Brock tossing acid into a pool at Monson Motor Lodge. During Queen Anne's War, James Moore besieged this city's Castillo de San Marcos [[kah-STEE-yo deh sahn MARkos]]. Pedro Menéndez founded this city while organizing a massacre of French sailors in 1565 near the northernmost point reached by Ponce de León [[POHN-seh deh leh-ON]]. For the point, name this first capital of Spanish Florida and oldest continuously inhabited European settlement in the U.S.

St. Augustine, Florida

(26) Discharge of these products depends on the Brunner Test, and Sallie Mae's business model primarily revolves around servicing these products, which come in subsidized and unsubsidized forms. William D. Ford names a type of these items which also come in Perkins and Stafford varieties. Parents may take the PLUS type of these products, in which ten percent of the U.S. debt is tied, according to former Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos. Many American university attendees suffer from obligations to pay back, for the point, what type of financial aid?

Student loans (prompt on "loan" or "financial aid" until mentioned)

(25) A "Black" one of these acts was opposed by the Bluffton Movement, which invoked "separate state action." James K. Polk signed one of these acts into law, which was named for treasury secretary Robert J. Walker. John Calhoun's theory of nullification was inspired by one of these acts nicknamed for its distastefulness. For the point, name these imported taxes, which included one "of Abominations."

Tariffs (accept Black Tariff; accept Walker Tariff; accept Tariff of Abominations)

(7) At one of these locations, Vicente de Zaldívar and his men killed over 500 people in Acoma. The Hohokam and Mogollon people likely held rituals associated with the kachina belief system in the kiva room of these places. A leader of the Tewa people named Popé led a revolt named for this type of place. The Zuni and Anasazi constructed these places out of materials like stone and adobe mud. For the point, name these Southwestern Native American communal residences, which lend their name to indigenous groups in modernday New Mexico.

Pueblos (accept Acoma Pueblo before mentioned)

(16) Street & Smith introduced color illustrations and "all-ages" marketing to this genre, which was essentially invented by Frank Munsey's Argosy in 1896. This genre was dominated by the "Big Four" but sustained other publications, including H.L. Mencken's side project, which transitioned from this genre to hard-boiled detective fiction, called Black Mask. Proto-superheroes, such as Doc Savage and The Shadow, debuted in this genre, which was eclipsed in popularity by the rise of Golden Age comic books. For ten points, name this genre of popular literature in the 20th century that was named for being printed on cheap paper.

Pulp fiction (or Pulp magazines)

(27) In this country, one leader gave the Apopa sermon following the deportation of Mario Londono. A U.N. Truth Commission held the Atlacatl [[aht-lah-KAH-tul]] Battalion responsible for a massacre that killed roughly 800 inhabitants in this county's village of El Mozote. The killing of Rutilio Grande in this country prompted liberation theologian, Archbishop Óscar Romero, to refuse to attend state occasions. A violent 1979 to 1992 civil war was fought in, for the point, what country between Guatemala and Honduras?

Republic of El Salvador (accept República de El Salvador)

(23) Civilians in this country were assisted by CIVIC, founded by Marla Ruzicka. Ted Koppel devoted an entire Nightline show to reading the names of 721 men who died in this country. The British admitted that attacking this country was not the last resort in the Chilcot Report. Operation Viking Hammer discovered chemical weapons in this country while it was invaded by the Coalition of the Willing. A gigantic statue of Saddam Hussein was torn down in this country. For the point, name this Middle Eastern country which the US invaded in 2003.

Republic of Iraq

(35) This one-time colony experienced widespread race riots after Police Constable Beesoo was killed by a Creole gang, who went on ransack the village of Souillac [[sooLAHK]]. Along with the Seychelles, the Chagossian Islanders were forcibly relocated to this nation in an effort by the UK to build a military base on Diego Garcia. Due to island tameness, a native bird of this island called the Dodo was hunted into extinction after its discovery by Europeans in the 16th and 17th century. For the point, name this country, the highest on the human development index in Africa, governed from Port Louis.

Republic of Mauritius (or République de Maurice; or Repiblik Moris)

(11) Covert deals with Manucher Ghorbanifar [[muh-NOO-ker goor-BAN-uh-far]] supported one faction in this country under a program called "The Enterprise." Arms sales to Iran sparked that crisis involving this country and a faction called the Contras. For the point, name this South American country once led by the Sandinistas.

Republic of Nicaragua (accept República de Nicaragua)

(2) This song was titled after the composer visited an event in Northeast Pennsylvania and may have been based on Dan Emmett's composition "Old Dan Tucker." This song's melody was adapted by English soccer fans to taunt Germany in international matches. Participants in the title event of this song include a "bay," a "bob-tail nag," and other horses. For ten points, name this popular 19th-century song by Stephen Foster in which people at a "race-track five miles long" sing "doo-dah, doo-dah."

"Camptown Races" (accept "Gwine to Run All Night" or "The Celebrated Ethiopian Song")

(18) A biography by Nathan Miller claims that this speech was extemporaneously dictated to secretary Grace Tully almost verbatim to how it was delivered the next day. Harry Hopkins suggested adding the line "we will gain the inevitable triumph, so help us God" to this speech. This speech makes reference to a formal exchange of messages between Cordell Hull and Kichisaburō Nomura, which contained "no threat or hint of war" despite continuing for an hour after the bombing of Oahu. For ten points, identify this December 8, 1941 speech to Congress by Franklin Roosevelt regarding the U.S. response to Pearl Harbor.

"Day of Infamy" (or "a Date which will live in Infamy"; accept Infamy Speech; accept answers describing Franklin Roosevelt's or FDR's Pearl Harbor speech before "Franklin" is mentioned)

(15) Groups which resisted enforcement of this law engaged in the Oberlin-Wellington Rescue and the Christiana Riot. The Supreme Court case Ableman v. Booth overturned Wisconsin's attempt to declare this law unconstitutional. The Committee of Vigilance sought to block the use of this law in Boston during the trial of Anthony Burns. This law mandated higher pay for judges who found this law applicable than for those who ruled in favor of accused escapees. For ten points, name this controversial part of the Compromise of 1850 that mandated free states return slaves to the South.

1850 Fugitive Slave Act (prompt on "Compromise of 1850")

(10) John P. Hale garnered five percent of the vote in this year as the final presidential candidate of the Free Soil Party. The main contest in this year was between two Mexican War heroes and focused on personal sniping. In this election year, one man was derided for referring to a "hasty plate of soup" and accusing his opponent of "fainting." The second of the three "doughface" presidents was elected in this year. For ten points, name this year in which the last Whig nominee, Winfield Scott, lost the presidential election to Democrat Franklin Pierce.

1852

(18) The opening chapters of Thomas Pynchon's Against the Day take place at this event. One character's grandfather is abandoned at this event in a flashback sequence from the graphic novel Jimmy Corrigan, the Smartest Kid on Earth. A false claim to be building a hotel for tourists visiting this event was used to explain the final additions to the "Murder Castle" of H.H. Holmes. For ten points, name this historical event that provides the backdrop for Erik Larson's novel The Devil in the White City.

1893 Chicago World's Fair (or World's Columbian Exposition; accept World's Fair: Columbian Exposition; accept 1893 World's Fair; prompt on "World's Fair")

(24) This action erupted after failed negotiations with Mayor Andrew J. Peters and Commissioner Edwin Curtis. This was the last U.S. labor action among its type of employees for the next 65 years, until an event in Baltimore. Samuel Parker commanded university students and state militia when they were used to break this action by Governor Calvin Coolidge, who stated, "There is no right to strike against the public safety, anywhere, anytime." For ten points, name this September 1919 labor action by law enforcement officers in Massachusetts.

1919 Boston police strike (accept answers describing a strike by members of the police department in Boston, Massachusetts)

(7) In this year, a party convention voted to nominate Frank Orren Lowden for vicepresident, but Lowden declined to run. The second-place candidate in this election had the worst popular vote performance of any post-Civil War Democratic nominee. The winning vice-president in this year won the following year's Nobel Peace Prize for organizing a restructuring of German war debts in a namesake plan. 17 percent of votes went to Progressive Party candidate Robert La Follette in this year. For ten points, identify this election year in which John W. Davis lost to incumbent Calvin Coolidge.

1924

(26) Daryl Gates was forced to resign due to his poor response to these events. During these events, the clergyman Bennie Newton protected Fidel Lopez from "Football" Williams, who earlier the same day led the beating of truck driver Reginald Denny. These events are referred to as "Sa-i-gu" by Korean-Americans, who have often been depicted using rifles on rooftops during this series of events. For ten points, identify this spring 1992 period of civil unrest that erupted after police officers were acquitted of the videotaped beating of a Black motorist.

1992 Los Angeles riots (accept L.A. riots; or Rodney King riots)

(6) This proposal included a "Grand Council" with bloc voting under the leadership of an appointed "President-General." This proposal was slightly modified into Joseph Galloway's suggestions at the First Continental Congress. A cartoon in the Pennsylvania Gazette, of a snake cut into segments, supported this proposal under the slogan "Join, or Die." For ten points, name this 1754 proposal for colonial alliance that was put forth by Benjamin Franklin at a namesake "Congress" in New York.

Albany Plan of Union (accept Albany Congress)

(9) A Life magazine special that came out five weeks after this battle implied that all 242 dead soldiers depicted were killed here. The "maximum pressure" policy was replaced with "protective reaction" as a result of public outrage over this battle, at which Weldon Honeycutt attempted to secure monitoring positions over the A Sầu [[AH-SHAO]] Valley during Operation Apache Snow. At least 72 American soldiers were killed at this May 1969 battle, which was generally held to have no strategic purpose. For ten points, identify this weeklong battle near Vietnam's border with Laos, known by the name of a food.

Battle of Hamburger Hill

(4) Mary K. Hawes assembled a committee to design this language on behalf of the Burroughs Corporation's defense contracts. This language was designed to standardize immediate predecessors such as COMTRAN and FLOW-MATIC. Jean Sammet was a lead designer of this language, with technical input from Grace Hopper. This language was the major target of software revision efforts in the late 1990s to avoid the Year 2000 problem. For ten points, name this programming language which ran many large business mainframes from 1960 onwards.

COBOL (or Common Business-Oriented Language)

(5) Almost this entire mountain range was once the private property of a two-person corporation that obtained the Hardenberg Patent. In the mid-20th century, this mountain range hosted a large number of Jewish-targeted resorts that comprised the "Borscht Belt." This mountain range's town of Bethel was home to Max Yasgur's dairy farm, which hosted Woodstock. For ten points, name this extension of the Appalachian Mountains into the southeast portion of upstate New York.

Catskills (or Catskill Mountains)

(2) A book created by this man was based on his childhood memories of Herpolsheimer's and Wurzburg's, two defunct department stores in Grand Rapids, Michigan. This artist won his first Caldecott Medal for a book about a mysterious product bearing the warning "Do not begin unless you intend to finish" that causes a lion to appear in Peter's house. The Pere Marquette 1225 historical locomotive exhibit inspired another of this man's books about a train that takes children to meet Santa Claus. For ten points, name this writer-illustrator of The Polar Express and Jumanji.

Chris Van Allsburg

(1) A man in this city said he acted to prevent "the discomfiture of coming back to trial." Earl Rose was prevented from performing an autopsy at this city's Parkland Memorial Hospital. Clint Hill can be seen standing on a car's running board in this city, where J.D. Tippit was killed and John Connally was wounded. Jack Ruby arrived at police headquarters in this city during a live television broadcast and shot Lee Harvey Oswald, whose earlier actions were captured on the Zapruder film. For ten points, name this city where John F. Kennedy was assassinated.

Dallas, Texas

(35) This island built a new complex to replace the Barge Office that was used after the original structures here burned down in 1887. This former site of the Fort Gibson naval magazine was under disputed state ownership prior to the 1998 case New Jersey v. New York. The Black Tom explosion damaged facilities on this island, and on nearby Liberty Island, eight years before new quota restrictions caused it to stop providing a service that once processed 5000 people per day. For ten points, name this island in New York Harbor where East Coast immigrants arrived from 1892 to 1954.

Ellis Island

(15) During a battle in this war, cracks in the walls of a fort proved large enough for a victorious force to advance directly to the walls and fire guns through the holes, thus capturing Fort Bull. The Forbes Expedition led to this war's Treaty of Easton, which caused the Lenape [[LEN-ah-pay]] and Shawnee to withdraw from this conflict. This war was set off by an incident that included Tanaghrisson killing an opposing commander with a tomahawk. A 32-year old George Washington incited this war at Jumonville Glen. For ten points, name this American theater of the Seven Years' War.

French and Indian War (prompt on "Seven Years' War" before mentioned)

(29) This company once operated an aerospace research division that invented stratosphere-capable balloons for the military in Project Skyhook. This company introduced several innovations such as packaging tear strips and "Anderson sealers" that automatically glued interior bags, as well as the "puffing gun" used today on many oat and rice products. On a seasonal basis, this company provides "monster" themed products such as Franken Berry and Count Chocula. For ten points, name this Minnesota-based food manufacturer that produces Lucky Charms and Cheerios.

General Mills, Inc.

(25) During a mission led by this man, William Ludlow paid William Illingworth to take extensive photographs of potential gold mining sites in the Black Hills. This man died alongside his brothers, Thomas and Boston, after splitting off from detachments led by Marcus Reno and Frederick Benteen during a confrontation with Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse in Southeastern Montana. For ten points, name this Army colonel who decisively lost a "Last Stand" at the Battle of the Little Bighorn.

George Armstrong Custer (accept Custer's Last Stand)

(15) Uriah Forrest's home, located in what is now this neighborhood, was where many plans for the future of the federal government were negotiated, along with another location in this neighborhood, Suter's Tavern. An inheritance from George Washington's will was used to purchase the Tudor Place mansion in this neighborhood. This former Maryland town was formerly incorporated as its own municipality prior to Congressionally-ordered consolidation in 1871. For ten points, name this neighborhood in the District of Columbia that is home to a large Catholic university.

Georgetown (prompt on "Washington, D.C." or "District of Columbia")

(30) Ignatius Donnelly proposed the fringe theory that this event began due to a meteor shower induced by Biela's Comet. Roswell Mason ordered the release of prisoners during this event, which spread due to a "whirl" phenomenon. This event took place on the same day as a similar tragedy in Peshtigo, Wisconsin. Michael Ahern admitted to making up a story about this event supposedly being caused by "Mrs. O'Leary's cow." For ten points, name this 1871 event that devastated a city on Lake Michigan.

Great Chicago Fire of 1871

(21) A town populated almost entirely by this religious movement elected Mates Friesel as its mayor from 1961 to 2015. The towns of Kaser and Palm Tree are comprised almost solely of this specific religious movement. Another town populated near-exclusively by these people has the lowest median age and highest poverty rate of any U.S. municipality and is named after a Satmar leader with the surname Teitelbaum. The New York towns of New Square and Kiryas Joel are populated almost entirely by, for ten points, what group of traditionalist Orthodox Jews known for wearing black coats and fur hats?

Hasidic Judaism (accept Hasidim; accept Skverer Hasidism or Satmar Hasidim before "Satmar" is mentioned; accept "Jews" in place of "Judaism"; prompt on "Jews" or "Orthodox (Jews)" or "Haredi (Jews)")

(13) This man owned the first private house in New York to be wired for electric power and worked with Anthony Drexel to merge Thomas Edison's businesses into the new General Electric Company. This man worked with Treasury Secretary George Cortelyou and colleague James Stillman to distribute federal bailout money among New York banks to resolve the Panic of 1907. In 1901, this man oversaw the merger of Judge Moore, Elbert Gary, and Andrew Carnegie's firms to create U.S. Steel. For ten points, name this early 20th century financier, whose namesake bank later merged with Chase Manhattan.

J.P. Morgan (or John Pierpont Morgan; accept JPMorgan Chase; accept J.P. Morgan & Co.)

(14) This man led the killing of Jolly Wymore during a crime that specifically targeted a Republican-owned institution in Liberty. This man benefitted from a legislative cap on reward money offers that was passed after Allan Pinkerton orchestrated the bombing of a house that killed this man's half-brother, Archie. This man's gang, which earlier lost John Younger to a firefight with another Pinkerton detective, was devastated during a shootout in Northfield, Minnesota, six years before this man was killed for reward money by Robert Ford. For ten points, name this bank robber who operated alongside his brother, Frank.

Jesse (Woodson) James (prompt on "James")

(12) This man used his Varina Farms plantation to experiment with imports from Trinidad, which he dubbed the "Orinoco" strain. This man brought his family to meet Anne of Denmark and other royals during an expedition aboard the Treasurer, two years after his wife took the new name "Rebecca." This man was given a wedding present of an enormous tract of James River shore land by Powhatan. For ten points, name this early Virginia colonist who began commercial tobacco cultivation and married Pocahontas.

John Rolfe

(1) Unanimous ratification of this treaty in the Senate was spoiled by a single "no" vote from John Blaine of Wisconsin. The USSR joined this treaty by the Litvinov Protocol. Technical violations of this treaty were one of the charges used to legitimize the Nuremberg Trials. The U.S. Secretary of State under Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover won the Nobel Peace Prize for negotiating this treaty with the foreign minister of France. For ten points, name this 1928 treaty which purported to "outlaw war."

Kellogg-Briand Pact (accept General Treaty for Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy; prompt on "Pact of Paris")

(8) Burton Wheeler's phrase in opposition to this program became the refrain of Pete Seeger's isolationist anthem "Plow Under." This program extended similar efforts from the prior two years including the "cash and carry" and "destroyers for bases" arrangements. Harry Hopkins was put in charge of this program, which abrogated the Neutrality Act of 1939. For ten points, name this program, from the nine months before the U.S. entered World War Two, under which war material was provided to Allied countries.

Lend-Lease Policy (accept An Act to Promote the Defense of the United States; accept "Bill" or "Program" in place of "Policy")

(13) This man hosted the Black Panthers fundraising party that Tom Wolfe mocked in the essay "Radical Chic." In the 1950s, this conductor brought the Young People's Concerts to CBS shortly after becoming the first American to conduct at La Scala. In 1956, this composer collaborated with Richard Wilbur on an operetta version of Candide, a year before working with Stephen Sondheim on an adaptation of Romeo and Juliet. A Christmas 1989 performance of Ode to Joy in Berlin was conducted by, for ten points, what composer of the score to West Side Story?

Leonard Bernstein (or Louis Bernstein)

(3) The Union was pressured into honoring this kind of document issued by the Confederacy through threats of reprisal executions during the trial of the Savannah's crew. The Grand Turk was preparing to operate under this kind of document prior to the cessation of the Second Barbary War. Immediately after the power to punish piracy, the Congressional power to issue these documents is outlined in Article One of the Constitution. For ten points, name these documents authorizing privateering as a means of war.

Letters of Marque and Reprisal

(19) This man appointed William Stone as governor, and this man's lands were supported against William Fuller's forces at the Battle of the Severn, sometimes dubbed the "last battle of the English Civil War." This proprietor sent Father Andrew White, along with 328 initial settlers, aboard the Ark and Dove. The 1649 Toleration Act established religious freedom in the colony this man was granted by Charles I. For ten points, name this Catholic nobleman who founded the colony of Maryland.

Lord Baltimore (or Cecil Calvert; or Cecilius Calvert; or 2nd Baron Baltimore)

(5) This creator of the Erie doctrine, along with Harlan Stone and Benjamin Cardozo, was considered one of the three pro-New Deal "Three Musketeers." This Justice's 1928 dissent to Olmstead advanced the concept of "right to privacy." As a solicitor, this man summarized the testimony of social scientists who argued for limited working hours in Muller v. Oregon. For ten points, identify this Supreme Court Justice who invented a namesake kind of "Brief" involving expert testimony.

Louis (Dembitz) Brandeis

(19) Former president Thomas Jefferson denounced this law as creating something that "held up to the angry passions of men, will never be obliterated." Jesse Thomas introduced the key geographic provision of this act which was passed a year after the Tallmadge Amendment was proposed regarding the same location. This act created a namesake "line" at 36 degrees, 30 minutes north latitude to determine the future status of new states regarding slavery. For ten points, identify this 1820 law that admitted Maine as a free state, in tandem with a namesake slave state.

Missouri Compromise

(3) Memoirist Joseph Plumb Martin popularized the story of this woman, a story that is sometimes blurred with that of Deborah Sampson, who earned a military pension after fighting in disguise as a man. This woman is usually said to have performed her deeds on a hot day in June 1778 after initially serving as a water-carrier. Margaret Corbin and Mary Ludwig Hays were possible identities of, for ten points, what woman who took over her fallen husband's cannon at the Revolutionary War Battle of Monmouth?

Molly Pitcher (accept Margaret Corbin or Mary Ludwig Hays before mentioned)

(16) The purview of this statement included foreign-controlled corporations as deemed by the 1912 Lodge Resolution. From 1895 to 1933, this principle was subject to a clarification about border disputes known as the Olney Interpretation. Debt collection and other enforcement actions were subsumed into U.S. responsibility under the Roosevelt Corollary to this statement, which was formulated in response to Russian advances on the Pacific Northwest. For ten points, identify this 1823 proclamation against European involvement in the Americas, named for the fifth president.

Monroe Doctrine (prompt on "James Monroe")

(20) This estate was acquired and restored by naval officer Uriah P. Levy in 1834. A nail factory was built on this estate to be staffed by enslaved persons who lived at Mulberry Row. The main house of this estate was designed to emulate the Chiswick House created by Andrea Palladio. Sally Hemings lived at this estate, which is depicted on the reverse of the nickel. A telescope could be used from this estate to view construction of the University of Virginia. For ten points, name this Charlottesville estate designed by Thomas Jefferson.

Monticello (prompt on "home of Thomas Jefferson" and similar answers)

(31) The Adena built a large example of these structures at Grave Creek. Though Spanish and French explorers saw active habitation of these structures, they were falsely believed in the 19th century to be entirely prehistoric. The oldest surviving examples of these structures are found at Watson Brake, in the same modern-day state as Poverty Point. Many of these structures surround one called "Monks" at the Cahokia site. For ten points, name these structures that were created by indigenous cultures of the Eastern U.S., which are collectively known as their "builders."

Mounds (accept Mound-Builders; accept Grave Creek Mound; accept Monks Mound; accept Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site)

(21) This author was bedridden for a year after sustaining a leg injury playing an early form of baseball at age nine. This author used Father Rale's War as the setting for a story about a man who breaks a promise at the Battle of Pequawket, called "Roger Malvin's Burial." A novel by this man, which draws on his own ancestor's time as a judge, ends by using heraldry terms to describe a "gules" [[GOOLS]] object. For ten points, name this author who used Puritan Massachusetts as the setting of his novel about the adulterous Hester Prynne, The Scarlet Letter.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

(32) Robert Overcracker died trying to transit this landmark in a jet ski. The artificial Terrapin Point was created at this landmark in 1955 by filling in the area around Goat Island. In 1837, British troops burned the American ship Caroline, which went over this landmark, precipitating a diplomatic crisis. In 1801, Joseph and Theodosia Alston became the first couple to venture to this landmark specifically for a honeymoon. For ten points, name this feature on the U.S.-Canadian border, downstream of Lake Erie, which is composed of three waterfalls.

Niagara Falls (accept Goat Island before mentioned; accept Horseshoe Falls or Canadian Falls before "three" is mentioned)

(20) In this city, early Japanese influence on American architecture can be seen in Greene & Greene's Gamble House. In 1890, this city's Valley Hunt Club organized a parade that is always held near New Year's Day. Kip Thorne and Murray Gell-Mann won Nobel Prizes for research conducted in this city, where Tournament Park had been the original site of the oldest college football bowl game. For ten points, name this city, adjacent to Los Angeles, where Caltech and the Rose Bowl are both located.

Pasadena

(24) University of Chicago professor Hans Suess [[ZOOSS]] refined calculations based on this process by incorporating "wiggles" caused by "cosmic schwung." At the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, Serge A. Korff's work predated this process, predicting that a certain isotope would be created by the interaction of thermal neutrons with another isotope in the upper atmosphere. The 1960 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to American chemist Willard Libby for discovering this technique. For ten points, name this process which uses the known rate of decay of the 14-neutron isotope of an organic element to determine the age of objects.

Radiocarbon dating (accept Carbon-14 dating; accept Radioactive dating; accept Radiometric dating; accept Radioisotope dating)

(16) Randolph Marcy's 1852 expedition along this river resulted in the transfer of Greer County from a state to a then-federally controlled territory. An Army Corps of Engineers project to extend the zone of navigability along this river reached the center of Caddo Parish in 2018 and began in the 1870s with the dynamiting of the "Great Raft." This river is named for the sandstone deposits it accumulates in the "bed country." For ten points, name this river that flows through Shreveport, Louisiana after forming the Texas-Oklahoma border.

Red River (or Red River of the South)

(34) A game created by this studio triggered a CEO's resignation and several government actions in 2004 when the explicit "Hot Coffee" minigame was revealed. Sam Houser founded this company in 1998 as a subsidiary of Take-Two Interactive. At least nine criminal defendants have claimed to be imitating actions in a series of games from this company that are set in locations such as San Andreas and Vice City. For ten points, name this video game publisher of the Red Dead Redemption and Grand Theft Auto series.

Rockstar Games, Inc.

(1) In this city, an aluminum iris called the Hoberman Arch was used to present medals, and the mascots Powder, Copper, and Coal have been used in this city. Sarah Hughes won figure skating gold in this city, where an opening ceremony displayed a flag recovered from the World Trade Center. After a bribery scandal involving the original organizing committee for this city, Mitt Romney was hired as the CEO of this city's Olympics, the last held in the United States as of 2022. For ten points, name this city that hosted the 2002 Winter Olympics in Utah.

Salt Lake City

(5) The only men executed for participating in this event were common burglars, Charles Rose and John Bly. At the end of this event, Lieutenants Eli Parsons and Luke Day were stopped by forces mustered at Petersham under Benjamin Lincoln. James Bowdoin's increased tax enforcement prompted this scheme to seize the Springfield Arsenal. Federal inability to assist in suppressing this event became an argument in favor of the new Constitution. For ten points, name this anti-debt uprising that broke out in 1786 in Massachusetts.

Shays' Rebellion (accept synonymous answers for "Rebellion" such as "Uprising")

(10) This document was supported by Congressman James K. Polk, whose position as Speaker of the House was challenged by John Bell as a result. Short-term provisions in this document were made for settlers on less than 320 acres and for the use of Virginia scrip. This document, issued by Treasury Secretary Levi Woodbury, contributed to the inflationary period known as the Panic of 1837. For ten points, name this 1836 executive order requiring that gold and silver be used for most public land purchases.

Specie Circular

(4) One president pledged to enforce this law in a speech called "Proclamation to the People" which asked, "Can you consent to become traitors?" William Harper was among the strident opponents of this law, which was backed by promises to send the military in the Force Bill. This law raised duties up to 50 percent on iron, hemp, and wool in a backfired scheme to create a law too destructive to New England manufacturers to garner Congressional support, For ten points, name this 1828 excise measure that caused South Carolina to threaten secession.

Tariff of Abominations (accept Tariff of 1828 before "1828" is mentioned)

(12) Characters in this novel find temporary respite at Weedpatch, a camp operated by the Resettlement Administration. In a landmark film adaptation of this novel directed by John Ford, Henry Fonda gives the "I'll be there" speech. Rose of Sharon tries to feed a dying man at the end of this novel in which Jim Casy attempts to unionize labor. For ten points, name this novel following the Joad family's Depression-era journey from Oklahoma to California, by John Steinbeck.

The Grapes of Wrath

(32) Melvin Laird announced the end of this process a year early following the recommendations of the Gates Commission on implementing Richard Nixon's campaign promise to bring this process to a close. On Jimmy Carter's first day in office, he granted a blanket pardon to almost everyone convicted of failing to comply with this process. "Numbers" issued on "cards" as part of this process were "called up" after each random drawing. For ten points, name this procedure, last held in 1973, which involuntarily inducted young adult males into the U.S. military.

U.S. military draft (or Conscription; accept Selective Service System; accept "Armed forces" or "Army" in place of "military")

(6) As a result of this organization's merger with the former District 65 group, about one quarter of its membership is now composed of graduate students at universities. Attempts by Harry Bennett to keep pamphleteers from this organization, such as Richard Frankenstein, out of the River Rouge complex resulted in assaults captured by news photographers and dubbed the "Battle of the Overpass." Walter Reuther led this organization during the Flint sit-down strike. For ten points, name this component of the CIO which represents employees of companies such as General Motors.

United Auto Workers (or UAW; or The International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace, and Agricultural Implement Workers of America)

(27) A major 1980s scandal at this federal agency was exposed by whistleblower Hugh Kaufman, who later became prominent as the "Rubber Chicken Man" of the Washington Nationals. Anne Gorsuch, the mother of Supreme Court Justice Neil Gorsuch, was the administrator of this agency under the early Reagan administration, shortly after this agency's powers were expanded by the "Superfund" law following the exposure of the Love Canal disaster. For ten points, name this U.S. executive agency, created by Richard Nixon, that regulates toxic waste disposal and air and water quality.

United States Environmental Protection Agency (or EPA)

(6) This group used a four-finger gesture to refer to the Manson family murders after one of this group's leaders praised the event at its "Flint war council." Near the end of its existence, this group split into the militant May 19th Communist Organization and a public face called the Prairie Fire Collective. Including prominent leaders Bernardine Dohrn and Bill Ayers, for ten points, what was this militant offshoot of Students for a Democratic Society that perpetrated the "Days of Rage" and several early 1970s bombings in opposition to the Vietnam War.

Weather Underground Organization (accept Weathermen; prompt on "WUO")

(28) A program of this kind was the subject of the King v. Smith case, which ended the "man in the house rule" for these programs. A major program of this kind operated under "thirty and a third" eligibility and was replaced with a new funding structure in the TANF program. These programs were overhauled in a set of legislation that included "PRWORA," a bill which was cited as ending this type of system "as know it" and encouraged moving from this system "to work." For ten points, name this kind of program that underwent a large "reform," negotiated by Newt Gingrich and Bill Clinton in 1996.

Welfare programs (accept Welfare reform; accept Welfare to Work Bill; accept Aid to Families with Dependent Children or AFDC before "PRWORA";prompt on descriptive answers)

(8) In 1870, this man joined Lucy Stone and others to edit the suffragist newspaper The Woman's Journal. This man failed in his attempts to gain clemency for Washington Goode's death sentence in 1849. The Tappan brothers led a faction out of the AAS during this man's leadership. In 1854, this man spoke against "a covenant with death and an agreement with hell" during his public burning of the Constitution. For ten points, name this abolitionist firebrand who published The Liberator.

William Lloyd Garrison

(20) The decline in opportunities for this activity is the subject of John F. Kain's "spatial mismatch" theory. Kain's research was extended in a book by William Julius Wilson regarding when this activity "disappears," which was a main source for season two of The Wire. A 1974 collection of interviews by Studs Terkel is titled for, and showcases various forms of, this activity. For ten points, identify this activity whose degree of physicality partly distinguishes "blue-collar" from "white-collar" participants.

Work (accept Working; accept Labor before "Disappears" is mentioned; accept When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor; accept Blue-collar workers or White-collar workers)

(34) What is now this park was mapped in 1869 by the Cook-Folsom-Peterson Expedition. In 1988, factors including the end of the 300-year lodgepole pine life cycle led to an eruption of fires that burned down about a third of this park. Nathaniel Langford wrote of discovering and naming a feature in this park that activates at a frequency of no more than two hours. An 1872 law signed by Ulysses Grant created, for ten points, what first U.S. national park, mostly in Wyoming, that contains the Old Faithful geyser?

Yellowstone National Park

(16) At an 1898 exhibition in Madison Square Garden, this man demonstrated his "teautomaton," [[toh-TOM-ah-tawn]] a working radio-controlled boat. A 1960 decision to name the unit of magnetic flux density after this man led to a revival of interest in his biography, including his "teleforce" device which puts an immense charge on tungsten and which this man called his "death beam." For ten points, name this inventor whose alternating current system prevailed over the DC system of his rival Thomas Edison.

Nikola Tesla (accept Tesla weapon)

(2) While captaining The Flying Deer, this man and his crew were killed by a rogue hurricane off the coast of St. Kitts. With the assistance of Flemish merchant Samuel Blommaert, this man used the ships Fogel Grip and Kalmar Nyckel to found New Sweden. This non-Swede's unintentional support of patroons who participated in the illegal fur trade led to the Dutch West India Company relieving him of his post. The island of Manhattan was bought for twenty-two dollars in beads by, for the point, which third director of New Netherland?

Peter Minuit

(1) A 1919 propaganda poster depicts a young man patronizing one of these locales, claiming he is "a member of good standing at the Poor Man's Club." Republican attorney and lobbyist Wayne Wheeler led a "League" (+) against these specific places. In response to a weapon-wielding woman, many of these places had signs which stated "all nations welcomed except (*) Carrie." Prohibition led to closure of many examples of, for the points, what type of establishment which sells alcohol?

Saloon (accept Anti-Saloon League; accept equivalents like Tavern or Bars)

(29) The title object of this story is described as making the sound of a "watch...enveloped in cotton." The main character of this story is driven to commit the central act by the pale blue, vulture-like (+) eye of another character. That act is later uncovered after the main character of this story tears up the (*) floorboards. For the points, identify this Edgar Allan Poe short story about a murder uncovered by the ghostly beating of the title organ.

"The Tell-Tale Heart"

(7) A ceramic mask from the Sesklo culture depicted these creatures as early as 6000 BCE. The oldest stone pediment in Greece displays an image of one of these creatures at the temple of Corfu. According to Hesiod's Theogony, (+) Ceto and Phorcys were the parents of these creatures, which were often depicted beheaded (*) and placed onto shields, like the Aegis. Believed by the Ancient Greeks to have provided protective magic for homes, for ten points, what mythological serpent-headed monsters included Medusa?

Gorgons (or Gorgon sisters; prompt on "Medusa(s)")

(1) Two candidates for this position were supported by factions called the "Minstrels" and "Brindletails." While holding this position, Orval Faubus (+) tried to stop nine Black children from enrolling in Central High, an action countered by Dwight Eisenhower and the 101st (*) Airborne Division. For the points, name this position once held by Bill Clinton, who led a state governed from Little Rock.

Governor of Arkansas (accept Governor of AR)

(16) A brawl known as "Bloody Monday" took place after this man was given 19 impeachment charges, and this man promoted the "Share Our Wealth" (+) program with the slogan "Every Man a King." This politician was the first sitting U.S. senator to be (*) assassinated after being shot by Carl Weiss in 1935. For the points, name this "Kingfisher" politician from Louisiana.

Huey Long (or Huey Pierce Long Jr.; prompt on "Kingfish" before "Kingfisher" is mentioned)

(13) This eldest son of Hedwige Liudolfing [[hed-VEE-geh loo-DOHL-fing]] was preceded by a king who was nicknamed "the Do-Nothing." A failed plan to deliver this man to Holy Roman Emperor Otto III was partly concocted by Adalberon. This husband of Adelaide of Aquitaine (+) unsuccessfully attempted to have his future successor, Robert II, crowned co-king in the same year that this man was crowned. In order to depose Archbishop Arnulf, this ruler called the Council of Reims [[RAHMZ]]. (*) Crowned in 987, for the points, which King of the Franks founded a namesake dynasty that preceded the Valois?

Hugh Capet (accept Hugues Capet; prompt on partial answer; prompt on "Capetian")

BONUS: North Korea's first president was this Communist leader who founded the "Down with Imperialism" Union.

Kim Il-sung (prompt on "Kim"; do not accept or prompt on "Kim Jong-il" or "Kim Jong-un")

(34) After this crime, Mad Men inspiration Jerry Della Femina claimed that the brand involved could not possibly be revived. Many investigators believe that extortionist James West was guilty of this crime. As a result of this crime, thermoplastic seals became widely used and new laws were passed that led to the conviction of copycat Stella Nickell, who added cyanide to Excedrin. For the point, identify this mass murder incident in which seven people in the Chicago area died from adulterated pain medication.

1982 Tylenol poisonings (accept Chicago Tylenol murders or answers referring to Tylenol being poisoned or causing people to die)

(7) Concerning the New Deal, name the...Initially pejorative term used to refer to agencies which used various acronyms like the FCC and NRA.

Alphabet Agencies (accept Alphabet Soup)

(4) Semitic language of the Levant that is commonly called the "language spoken by Jesus."

Aramaic (or Aramaya)

(7) The U.S. Socialist Workers Party published an article concerning an attempt at this action titled The Murder of Bob Harte. Muralist David Alfaro Siqueiros [[see-KEH-rohss]] made an attempt at this action with NKVD agent Joseph Grigulevich, resulting in the target's nephew, Esteban, being shot in the foot. A Spanish-born agent successfully committed this action, for which he was awarded the Order of Lenin by Leonid Brezhnev [[BRESH-nehf]]. Ramón Mercader [[rah-MOHN mehr-KAH-dehr]] used an ice-axe to commit, for the point, what 1940 hit-job on a rival of Joseph Stalin in Mexico?

Assassination of Leon Trotsky (accept equivalents like killing Trotsky; accept Lev Bronstein in place of Leon Trotsky)

(18) Henry Dodge gained national recognition in the U.S. for his conduct during this war, overall U.S. command of which was given to Henry Atkinson. The Battle of Kellogg's Grove during this war included Abraham Lincoln's only personal combat experience. This conflict opened with Isaiah Stillman's flight after he and his Illinois militia were attacked by the British Band. The Battles of Wisconsin Heights and Bad Axe concluded, for the point, what 1832 frontier conflict against a namesake Sauk warrior?

Black Hawk War

(10) This adjective named an attack at a battle regretted by Ulysses Grant, which was the last Confederate victory of the Civil War. A period of time described by this adjective began after George Kennan sent the Long Telegram. For the point, give this adjective that describes an ideological "War" between the U.S. and Soviet Union.

Cold (accept Cold War; accept Battle of Cold Harbor)

(19) During a debate over this legislation, Henry Foote pulled a gun on Thomas Hart Benton. This legislation created New Mexico and Utah as territories and led to the admission of California as a state. Part of this legislation was the Fugitive Slave Act, and another provision to this legislation ended the slave trade in Washington D.C. For the point, name this compromise that put off the Civil War for a decade.

Compromise of 1850 (accept California Compromise before "California")

(14) This industrial site on the Macondo Prospect suffered a 2010 explosion that claimed eleven lives and injured seventeen others. After the explosion, this industrial site remained on fire for more than a day before damage to the structure caused it to sink, which resulted in the spilling of 200 million gallons of oil into the Gulf of Mexico. For the point, name this BP semi-submersible offshore drilling rig south of Louisiana, the destruction of which created the greatest marine oil spill in history.

Deepwater Horizon

(12) This figure created the Vital Voices initiative to promote women in the politics of their home nation. This figure, who claimed to "hammer on the (+) glass ceiling," won her first elected office as a senator from (*) New York in 2000. For the points, name this woman who served as first lady for most of the 1990s.

Hillary Clinton (or Hillary Dianne Rodham Clinton)

(8) A 1997 monograph by José Brandão posits that this group replaced dead members by taking prisoners in "Mourning Wars." One of those wars fought by this group was an early 17th-century conflict with the French and Huron that was traditionally interpreted as having been fought over beaver fur trading. These people held that they were organized by the Great Peacemaker, and their other early heroes included the subject of an epic poem, Hiawatha. In 1722, the Tuscarora became the sixth member of, for ten points, what Indian confederacy of the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes regions?

Iroquois (or Haudenosaunee; accept Iroquois League; accept Iroquois Confederacy)

(1) Over 800 families were evacuated from a site near this city with the help of Lois Gibbs after the site was purchased by the Hooker Chemical Company. Toxic chemicals were dumped for decades into this city's Love Canal, and W. E. B. DuBois [[dew-BOYSS]] founded a civil rights "Movement" named for this city. Annie Taylor descended down a structure that shares its name with this city while in a barrel. For the point, name this city in western New York whose tourist industry is based on its notable waterfalls.

Niagara Falls, New York

(11) This man's efforts were the primary lobbying force behind the extension of protection to musical scores and the doubling of terms from 14 to 28 years in the Copyright Act of 1831. This man, who was subsidized by Alexander Hamilton to edit the pro-Federalist newspaper American Minerva, sought to replace British books in primary schools by authoring what became the "Blue-Backed Speller." For the point, identify this grammarian whose namesake English dictionary merged with that of the G & C Merriam Company.

Noah Webster, Jr.

(2) This larger operation was supported by Operation Silence, which hampered judges by transporting witnesses out of their jurisdiction. In 2000, Leonel Brizola claimed that Juscelino Kubitschek [[zhoo-seh-LEE-noo KOO-bih-chek]] was killed as part of this initiative. A collection of documents detailing atrocities committed by the Archives of Terror, Alfredo Stroessner's [[STROH-sners]] secret police, were used to prove the existence of this operation. For the point, name this clandestine operation in which the U.S. supported right-wing dictatorships in South America.

Operation Condor (or Plan Condor)

(11) Lewis Fielding, the psychoanalyst of the man who assembled these documents, had his office burglarized. Neil Sheehan (+) was given access to these documents, and John Mitchell attempted to document the man who assembled these documents, which were leaked to the New York Times (*) in 1971. Robert McNamara commissioned, for the points, what documents that detailed U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War?

Pentagon Papers

(13) Senator and rebel leader Prince Y. Johnson captured a man in this position and videotaped himself drinking beer while that man in this position had his ears cut off. That man, Samuel Doe, was succeeded in this position by Charles Taylor, who lost control of the countryside due to a late 1990s civil war while fighting the groups MODEL and AFL. Former AC Milan footballer George Weah [[WEE-uh]] entered this office in 2018 after defeating the incumbent, the first woman to hold this position, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf. Former Virginia slave Joseph Jenkins Roberts was the first to hold, for the point, what position that resides in the Executive Mansion in Monrovia?

President of the Republic of Liberia

(8) This man's running mate, James Stockdale, asked, "Who am I? What am I doing here?" during a debate. This founder of the Reform Party won 18% of the vote one year, which may have tipped the scales away from George H.W. Bush. For the point, name this Texas billionaire who ran for president in 1992 and 1996.

Ross Perot (or Henry Ross Perot)

(9) This people migrated to Persia after their leader had a falling out with Yabghu [[YAHB-goo]] and subsequently separated from the Oghuz. In Persia, this group of people defeated the Ghaznavid [[gahs-NAH-vid]] army at both the Battle of Nasa plains and the Battle of Dandanaqan [[dan-DAN-uh-kun]]. For the point, name this Sunni Muslim dynasty that established a namesake empire under Toghrul I, as well as the Sultanate of Rum, both of which were targets of the First Crusade.

Seljuk dynasty (or Seljuks; or Seljukids; accept Seljuk Turks; or Seljuk Turkomans)

(26) In this city, Jonas and Anne Catherine Green published a staunchly anti-British newspaper. This city was the temporary capital of the U.S. between Princeton and Trenton and was the location of George Washington's resignation as commander-in-chief. At Mann's Tavern in this city, representatives of twelve states agreed to a meeting with broader scope in Philadelphia the next year. A 1786 "convention" on the U.S. federal system was held in, for the point, what current home of the United States Naval Academy in Maryland?

Annapolis

(20) General Arthur Percival was ordered to fight to the last man to defend this location, but instead surrendered around 80,000 troops. The assault on this city began with the Battle of Sarimbun Beach. Winston Churchill called the surrender of this city the "worst disaster in British military history." This city's capture was the culmination of the Malayan campaign and involved Japanese use of bicycle infantry. For the point, name this "Gibraltar of the East" that fell to the Japanese after a weeklong battle in 1942.

Singapore (accept Fall of Singapore; or Battle of Singapore)

(34) During a 2 A.M. phone call, a majority whip from this state told Bill Clinton, "How could I ever look in the faces of our children and grandchildren had I not voted for Barack Obama?" A senator from this state holds the record for the longest filibuster, speaking against the Civil Rights Act of 1957 for over 24 hours. Currently represented by Jim Clyburn, for the point, which state was also represented by politicians like Strom Thurmond and John C. Calhoun?

South Carolina (or SC)

(1) Pappy Hoel founded a race in this state with the Jackpine Gypsies, the first of which was held in 1938 by Indian Motorcycle riders. This state is divided into East and West River portions, the latter of which was the region from which Governor Walter Dale Miller hailed. In 1981, Citibank moved its credit-card operations to this state due to its advantageous interest laws. The capital of this state was challenged by Huron and is named for a fur trader named Choteau from St. Louis. For the point, name this state with Sturgis, Sioux Falls and Pierre [[PEER]].

South Dakota

(2) This person was rescued by a party led by Miles Standish after he was kidnapped a second time. After discovering that the entire population of this person's village at Patucket had died, this person was sent to the village of Pokanoket in Rhode Island. For the point, identify this member of the Patuxet tribe, an interpreter for the Pilgrims.

Squanto (accept Tisquantum before mentioned)

(16) This Democratic senator co-sponsored the No Child Left Behind bill with Judd Gregg. This politician was never asked if he was drinking after the car crash that killed Mary Jo Kopechne [[kuh-"PECK"-nee]] at Chappaquiddick. For the point, name this "Lion of the Senate" whose brothers Robert and John were attorney general and president, respectively, in the early 1960s.

Ted Kennedy (or Edward Moore Kennedy; prompt on "Kennedy")

(4)Concerning agriculture and feudalism in Medieval Europe, name the... Legal term for land ownership, now commonly used for an indefinite academic appointment at a university.

Tenure (accept Land Tenure)

(4) This magazine came under fire for altering OJ Simpson's mug shot to make him look darker. This magazine was founded by Henry Luce, (+) and this magazine was once published with Life Magazine. A (*) red border is seen on every cover of, For the points, what magazine that named Charles Lindbergh its first Person of the Year.

Time Magazine

(25) Two men with this surname worked with printing presses at their Dayton cycle shop. Those two men with this surname made the first controlled (+) heavier-than-air aircraft in 1903, which was called their namesake (*) "Flyer." For the points, give this surname of the brothers who tested the first successful airplane at Kitty Hawk.

Wright (accept Orville and Wilbur Wright)

(19) A district named for these objects surrounds the Gandan monastery, which was depopulated by Stalin-era purges. Herodotus described an early example of these objects used by the Scythian people. These homes were often distributed in a huree (+) circle according to the Secret History of the Mongols and were built to be easily (*) collapsible to facilitate transport by yaks. For the points, name these round tents used by steppe nomads of Central Asia for over three thousand years.

Yurts (or Ger; prompt on "Tents")

II} 3. This group's weapons and funding from the CIA included Stinger missiles to shoot down Hind helicopters. Gust Avrakotos led Operation Cyclone, which funded this group for over ten years. Texas Representative Charlie Wilson used 300 million dollars in excess Pentagon money to fund this group. George H.W. Bush continued to fund this group against the advice of Benazir Bhutto, and many of this group's members would later join the Taliban. For the point, which group of Muslim fighters opposed the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and included Osama bin Laden?

mujahideen (prompt on descriptive answers) <TR>

(12) The horse-drawn Leiper route was incorporated into this company, which was itself ultimately absorbed into Cyrus Eaton's Chessie System. This company was blocked from purchasing coal by a canal firm partially named for the Chesapeake, and thus diverted its main route south at Harpers Ferry. A warehouse named for this company, whose motto was "Linking 13 Great States with the Nation," stands beyond right field at Camden Yards. For the point, name this pioneering railroad originating in Maryland.

B&O railroad (or Baltimore and Ohio Railroad)

(9) This figure appealed to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs to talk about how a certain group of people are only allowed identity through sexuality. This figure interviewed former classmates at Smith College, (+) who discussed a general unhappiness, which this author then described as "the problem that has no name." (*) For the points, name this first president of the National Organization of Woman, a feminist author and thinker who wrote The Feminine Mystique.

Betty Friedan

(8) During this war, Operation Hiroshima was an offensive by mercenaries led by Taffy Williams to capture the city of Onitsha. While jailed for being a dissident during this war, Wole Soyinka wrote several protest poems on toilet paper. Political dominance by the Muslim Hausa-Fulani people led to this conflict, which began when officer Odumegwu Ojukwu [[oh-duh-MEHG-woo oh-JOO-kwoo]] revolted against a Lagos-based government. A namesake Igbo breakaway region agitated for independence in, for the point, which 1960s war in southeastern Nigeria?

Biafra War (accept Nigerian-Biafran War; accept Nigerian Civil War before "Nigeria" is mentioned)

(10) This president used the slogan "It's the economy, stupid" to win an election that saw Ross Perot play spoiler. This president instituted "Don't Ask, (+) Don't Tell" and the "Defense of Marriage Act," and his administration included the first female attorney general, Janet Reno, and the first female secretary (*) of state, Madeleine Albright. For the points, name this Democrat and U.S. president from 1993 to 2001.

Bill Clinton (or William Jefferson Clinton; accept William Jefferson Blythe III)

(16) Aaron Copland wrote a ballet about this man, who was charged alongside the Lincoln County Regulators in the murder of William J. Brady. This outlaw was killed by Pat Garrett after fleeing to Arizona Territory. For the point, name this American gunfighter of the Old West who was nicknamed for his youthful appearance.

Billy the Kid (prompt on partial answers; or Henry McCarty; accept William Bonney; accept Henry Antrim; accept Kid Antrim)

(33) Alice Wolfson, who became prominent as a 1960s critic of this product, led a feminist protest of the all-male Nelson Hearings on this product's safety. This product's effective ingredient levels were cut in half after Edris Rice-Wray noticed side effects in trials conducted in Puerto Rico. The FDA approved this product in 1960 under the trade name "Enovid." For the point, name this product that accelerated the sexual revolution by providing a reliable pharmaceutical method of preventing pregnancy.

Birth control pill (accept Oral contraceptive; accept Enovid before "Enovid" is mentioned; prompt on "The Pill" or "Birth Control")

(3) Charles Sumner was convinced to support this cause by the expeditions of William Healey Dall. Eduard de Stoeckl (+) negotiated this cause, which was mostly unsuccessful until gold was discovered in (*) Klondike. For the points, identify this cause, also known as "Seward's Folly," that involved a major land deal between Russia and the U.S.

Purchase of Alaska (accept Buying Alaska; accept Seward's Folly before mentioned)

(26) During this war, Captain William Bainbridge, commander of the USS Retaliation, surrendered after he mistakingly believed the ships he encountered were his allies. One of those ships was eventually captured by Captain Thomas Truxton, commander of the USS Constellation, and was taken as a prize to Saint Kitts during this war. Diplomats Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, John Marshall, and Elbridge Gerry's failed attempt to meet Talleyrand led to this war. Ended by the Treaty of Mortefontaine, for the point, what undeclared naval war was fought between the United States and France?

Quasi-War (or Quasi-guerre; prompt on answers such as "undeclared naval war with France" before "France" is mentioned)

(12) This man claimed that he "may as well be in the Alps" in a telegram to John Lindsay complaining about outer borough snow removal during the blizzard of February 1969. This man pretended to be a (*) chauffeur while traveling the South with Gunnar Myrdal in order to write An American Dilemma. A committee led by this man produced a 1947 partition plan, and this man later succeeded Folke Bernadotte as (*) United Nations mediator. For the point, name this American diplomat who negotiated an end to the first Arab-Israeli War, leading to his being awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

Ralph Bunche (or Ralph Johnson Bunche)

(26) Operation Nifty Package targeted one leader of this country, who was pressured to submit by blaring rock music. John Hay signed two treaties allowing the U.S. to control one zone in this country, though that area was re-nationalized by the Torrijos-Carter treaties. Operation Just Cause deposed Manuel Noriega in, for the point, what Central American country that names a strategically important canal?

Republic of Panama (or República de Panamá; accept Panama Canal)

(10) In this case, 26-year-old lawyer Sarah Weddington represented the plaintiff, later compiling her experiences in her book A Question of Choice. This challenge to a Texas statute had a companion case challenging a Georgia law filed on the same day called Doe v. Bolton. This court case was upheld in the 1993 Supreme Court case Planned Parenthood v Casey. For the point, name this landmark 1973 case with an anonymous plaintiff, which legalized abortion nationwide.

Roe v. Wade (or Jane Roe, et al. v. Henry Wade, District Attorney of Dallas County)

(12) The name of this figure came from a 1942 song by Redd Evans and John Jacob Loeb. This figure titles a documentary by Connie Field that focused on women like Wanita Allen and Margaret White. A 1943 poster of a woman flexing her arm is often mistakenly associated with this figure, who is often depicted in a red bandana. For the point, identify this figure who represented female factory workers in World War Two.

Rosie the Riveter

(6) This politician created the Free Soil slogan, "Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men." This man, who ruled (+) that Southern states didn't have the right to secede in Texas v. White, replaced Roger (*) Taney [[TAH-nee]] in one position. For the points, name this Ohio governor who worked in Abraham Lincoln's cabinet before being appointed Chief Justice.

Salmon Portland Chase

(25) Description acceptable. 700 instances of this activity among the Dahomey Amazons were observed by John Duncan. In Father Rale's War, John Lovewell led expeditions to do this practice. Objects such as reeds, oyster shells, or obsidian could be used for this activity. While escaping the Abenaki, Hannah Duston committed this action ten times for bounties. For supporting this practice, Fort Detroit commander Henry Hamilton was called the "Hairbuyer general." For the point, name this practice of taking part of the human head as a war trophy.

Scalping (accept descriptive answers involving removal of the scalp)

(15) A work from this school, titled Sic et Non, begins by asking, "Does faith deal only with unseen things, or not?" A French pioneer of this philosophy, Peter Abelard, wrote the first autobiography in Western Europe, titled History of my Misfortunes. The originator of the ontological argument, Anselm of Canterbury, is considered the father of this school of philosophy. Thomas Aquinas was a practitioner of, for the point, what medieval school of philosophy that attempted to harmonize Aristotle and Catholic doctrine, the dominant school in Europe from 1100 to 1700?

Scholasticism (or the Scholastics)

(6) This man wrote the screenplay for the film Smoke Signals, based on his allegorical short story collection The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fist Fight in Heaven. This author grew up on the Spokane (+) Indian Reservation and used his experiences to create the semi-autobiographical character (*) Arnold Spirit. For the points, name this author of The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian.

Sherman Alexie (or Sherman Joseph Alexie Jr.)

BONUS: While on his quest to find the city of El Dorado, what explorer possibly became the first European to view Angel Falls? Earlier this English statesman founded the failed colony of Roanoke.

Sir Walter Raleigh (or Walter Ralegh; Editor's Note: surname is spelled differently in various sources)

(11) A 1940 act named for a man with this surname required Americans who were not citizens to be fingerprinted. One man with this surname was nicknamed "the Happy Warrior (+) of the political battlefield", and another man with this surname led the (*) Jamestown Colony. For the points, give this surname of John, a confidant of Pocahontas.

Smith (accept Alfred Emmanuel "Al" Smith; accept John Smith; accept Smith Act)

(6) During this dynasty, a resurgence of Confucianism was led by Cheng Yi and Zhu Xi [[SHE]]. The scroll painting Along the River During the Qingming [[CHING-MING]] Festival was created during this dynasty. This dynasty lost to Zhong Hongfan's far smaller naval force at the Battle of Yamen. This dynasty's "Southern Period" began when the Jurchen Jin Dynasty conquered its capital of Kaifeng. Inventions during this dynasty include the compass and gunpowder. For the point, name this Chinese dynasty that was conquered by the Mongols.

Song dynasty (or Sòng cháo)

(1) This war, which was partially sparked by the De Lome Letter was called a "splendid little war" by John Hay. George Dewey attained victory at Manila Bay during this war, whose combatants included Leonard Wood's Rough Riders. For the point, name this war sparked by the explosion of the USS Maine.

Spanish-American War

(8) This war was declared by one side in part due to a wave of negative publicity toward the concentration camps overseen by a commander known as "Butcher" Weyler. Leonard Wood commanded one unit during an assault on Kettle Hill during this conflict, though he was overshadowed by his second-in-command, a former Assistant Secretary of the Navy. For ten points, name this late nineteenth century war during which the Rough Riders captured San Juan Hill, part of a campaign to take Puerto Rico from a European power.

Spanish-American War (or Guerra hispano-estadounidense; or Guerra hispano-americana; or Digmaang Espanyol-Amerikano)

(24) Thomas Reed earned the nickname "Czar" after claiming this position by using his status with the Rules Committee. James Traficant was stripped of his party seniority after voting for a Republican for this position. Dennis Hastert replaced Newt Gingrich in, for the point, what position in the House, currently held by Nancy Pelosi?

Speaker of the House

(29) Thomas Reed earned the nickname "Czar" after claiming this position by using his status with the Rules Committee. Jo Byrns suffered a heart attack after taking this position, and James Traficant was stripped of his party seniority after voting for a Republican for this position. Dennis Hastert replaced Newt Gingrich in, for the point, what position in the House currently held by Nancy Pelosi?

Speaker of the House

(30) The Venona Papers supported claims of involvement in this activity, for which David Greenglass accused his brother-in-law and sister. The "Pumpkin Papers" were used by Whittaker Chambers to accuse another person of this action, for which Nathan Hale was executed by the British. For the point, identify this activity of which Alger Hiss and the Rosenbergs were accused.

Spying (or Espionage; accept synonymous answers)

(1) The completion of this project was celebrated with the first ticker-tape parade held in New York City. Originally planned as a lighthouse on the Suez Canal, this project was built on an exclave called Bedloe's Island and rests on steel infrastructure designed by Gustave Eiffel. A broken chain lies at the feet of this sculpture, whose title figure holds a tablet in her left arm. Designed by Frederic Bartholdi, for ten points, what is this colossal sculpture of a crowned woman holding a torch in New York Harbor?

Statue of Liberty (accept Liberty Enlightening the World; accept La Liberté éclairant le monde)

(17) A man with this name is remembered by J. Massey Rhind's Indiana Plaza sculpture. That doctor, with the first name Benjamin and this last name, founded the Grand Army of the Republic. The second Ku Klux Klan was severely weakened when an Indiana man with this name was convicted of (+) attacking Madge Oberholtzer. A man of this surname who instituted a spoils system in the Post Office was rewarded by becoming Grover Cleveland's second vice-president. That man's (*) grandson of this name was dubbed an "egghead" during two losing presidential campaigns. For the points, give this last name of two-time 1950s Democratic presidential nominee, Adlai.

Stevenson (accept Benjamin F. Stephenson; accept D(avid) C(urtis) "Steve" Stephenson; accept Adlai E(wing) Stevenson)

(18) This politician was elected as governor of his state after promising to crush the Barnwell Ring. This politician spoke for more than (+) 24 hours in the longest filibuster in Senate history to oppose the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Running for president on the (*) Dixiecrat ticket in 1948, this is, for the points, what long-time senator from South Carolina who served from 1954 to 2003?

Strom Thurmond (or James Strom Thurmond Sr.)

(30) The event that inspired this structure's creation occurred during a rebellion led by an Afghan noble in the Deccan Plateau. After this structure was built, its commissioner was put under house arrest by his son, Aurangzeb, until his death in 1666. A controversy was raised in 2017 when this building was excluded from tourism materials produced in Uttar Pradesh as officials deemed this building's Mughal builders were "traitors." Built as a memorial for his wife, Mumtaz, for the point, what 17th century mausoleum was commissioned by Emperor Shah Jahan in Agra, India?

Taj Mahal

(1) This author wrote a book subtitled How I Got Licked about his failed "End Poverty in California" campaign. This author stated, "I was aiming for the public's heart, and by accident I hit it in the stomach" after one of his novels led Congress to pass the Pure Food and Drug Act. That novel by this author concerned the Lithuanian immigrant Jurgus Rudkus, who works in Chicago's historic meatpacking industry. For ten points, name this activist and author of The Jungle. Upton Sinclair (or Upton Beall Sinclair, Jr.) Sinclair's novel Oil! was written in the context of what Harding-era scandal, which involved the leasing of Navy petroleum reserves in Wyoming to private oil companies?

Teapot Dome Scandal

(18) During a revolt in this city, Pedro de Alvarado led a party across a namesake causeway while fleeing during "La Noche Triste [[lah-NOH-cheh-TREE-steh]]." Sacrifices to Tlaloc and Huitzilopochtli [[hweet-zee-loh-POHKT-lee]] were made at this city's Templo Mayor complex. During a siege of this city, a woman named La Malinche [[la-mah-LEENkeh]] helped the invading Spanish by serving as an interpreter. The capital of New Spain, Mexico City, was built on the ruins of, for the point, which Aztec capital?

Tenochtitlan (prompt on "Mexico City" before mentioned)

(28) In 2005, this state's 10th largest city celebrated the 250th anniversary of its founding by Don Tomas Sanchez Barrera. This state is home to the "World's Littlest Skyscraper," which was built by a conman in 1919 in a northern city which is today the location of Sheppard Air Force Base. This state's largest metro area is called the "Metroplex," and this state's primary port was relocated following a deadly 1900 Hurricane. For the point, name this U.S. state home to the cities of Laredo, Wichita Falls, and Galveston.

Texas (accept Laredo, Texas; accept Wichita Falls, Texas; accept Galveston, Texas)

(5) During a Congressional trial, this man supposedly gave a speech while eating raw eggs and drinking brandy as a way to relieve his edema. Using his ironworks in Caledonia as a safehouse, this man and his lover, Lydia Smith, facilitated the escape of Black people on the Underground Railroad. This head of the Ways and Means Committee during the Civil War later introduced the Tenure of Office Act to Congress, which was used to impeach his rival, Andrew Johnson. For the point, name this Pennsylvania Radical Republican.

Thaddeus Stevens

(26) Jack Crace combined forces with the American fleet during this naval battle, which resulted in the demotion of Admiral Takagi. This battle was the first in history where neither of the naval fleets involved saw each other. The USS Yorktown (+) was damaged in this battle, which caused the Japanese ship Shokaku to miss the (*) Battle of Midway. For the points, name this 1942 battle that took place in a sea near the Great Barrier Reef.

The Battle of Coral Sea

(13) The idea for creating this structure was proposed by Henry Pleasants after overhearing a stray remark from the 48th Pennsylvania. After political interference with a plan to send Black troops around this structure, James Ledlie disastrously sent white troops directly into this location, which was instantly formed at 4:44 am on July 30, 1864. For the point, identify this land feature created by a Union-orchestrated gunpowder explosion that names a Civil War battle fought in Petersburg, Virginia.

The Crater (accept Battle of the Crater)

(6) Attempts to debunk this two-word phrase by Herbert York were denounced as "soothing syrup" in a 1959 editorial by Joseph Alsop. This phrase, which summarized faulty intelligence prepared by the Gaither Committee and leaked by Stuart Symington, was first used in a 1958 speech testing the waters for John F. Kennedy's presidential campaign, which predicted a disparity of 130 versus 1500 by 1963. For the point, give this two-word phrase referring to a supposed lower number of American than Soviet ICBMs.

"Missile gap"

(6) Concerning the New Deal, name the...Term for the early days of the New Deal which included the creation of a new bank holiday and passage of the Securities Act.

The First Hundred Days

(5) Harry Tuck Lee Pang was killed firefighting during this event in which Homer Wallin led salvage operations. Fringe theorists like Robert Theobald and Harry Barnes claim that governments knew in advance of this event. Stephen Early made the White House's official announcement of this event which was followed by the Niihau Incident. This event included a raid on "battleship row" and was followed by FDR's "Infamy" Speech. For the point, name this 1941 attack by Japan on a Hawaiian naval base.

Attack on Pearl Harbor (or Operation AI; or Operation Z; prompt on "Hawaii Operation")

(29) A secret treaty named for this city promised that Charles II Stuart would end his conflict with Louis XIV [[the Fourteenth]] and convert to Catholicism at an unset date. Much of the force which planned to assist in Operation Dynamo, the planned evacuation at Dunkirk, massed in this port due to its relative proximity. This member of the historical "Cinque [[SEENK]] Ports" inspired the poet Matthew Arnold to write a poem titled for its "Beach." Chalk makes up the White Cliffs of, for the point, what Kentish city, the former site of the Roman Portus Dubris?

Dover (prompt on "Portus Dubris"; accept White Cliffs of Dover; accept "Dover Beach")

(15) Ralph Anspach made an "Anti-" version of this product, which led to a trademark infringement lawsuit. Compasses and real (+) money were included in a version of this product to help World War Two prisoners escape. Created to explain the single-tax theory of Henry George, this game was inspired by locations in (*) Atlantic City. For the points, name this Parker Brothers game in which players buy and trade property.

Monopoly

(19) Paul Crowther was convicted of assaulting this man with a milkshake for, he claimed, "spouting bile and racism." This man, who claimed the basic principles of the controversial "Rivers of Blood" speech were correct, was challenged to a sword duel by Polish aristocrat John Zylinski due to his comments over Eastern European immigrants. This man nearly died in 2010 after a pro-United Kingdom Independence Party banner was caught in the tailplane of the small aircraft in which he was traveling. The Euroskeptic "Brexit Party" was founded by, for the point, which British right-wing populist politician?

Nigel Farage [["FAIR"-ahzh]] (or Nigel Paul Farage)

(6) This thwarted event was to take place after a tour hosted by Frank Sinatra of the set of Can-Can, at which the man at the center of this attempted event complained about revealing costumes. This event was the culmination of a controversial day in which a man mentioned (+) "rockets...on the assembly line" in a speech at Los Angeles Town Hall. The person at the center of this event asked if "an epidemic of cholera" or (*) "gangsters tak[ing] over the place" were the source of security issues. For the point, identify this denied September 1959 request by a visiting Soviet leader to see an amusement park.

Nikita Khrushchev's attempt to visit Disneyland (accept answers referring to Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev and a thwarted or unsuccessful attempt to visit Disneyland; do not accept answers indicating that the visit took place; do not accept answers referring to "Disney World")

(26) Parts of this song were inspired by "De Wild Goose-Nation" and "Johnny Roach." This song was introduced as "Albany Beef" in New York, and Daniel Decatur Emmett may have written this song. Albert Pike wrote a verse for this song, and Frances Crosby wrote a Union-inspired lyric. The Snowden Family Band made the latest challenge for credit of this song, which may have originated with blackface minstrels. For the point, name this song which was played in Charleston after each vote to succeed from the Union.

"Dixie('s) Land" (or "I Wish I Was in Dixie")

(1) A partly improvised section of this speech was prompted by a cry from singer Mahalia Jackson. An earlier iteration of this speech was given outside Cobo Hall following the Great Walk to Freedom. This speech, which was given at the (+) March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, repeats the line "Now is the time" and cries out (*) "Let freedom ring." For the points, name this speech by Martin Luther King, Jr. that called for an end to racism in the United States.

"I Have a Dream"

(31) Description acceptable. The person who gave this speech said it was an honor to have known Jacob Ruppert, a former representative from New York. Existing film snippets only capture four sentences of this speech. The first number to have ever been retired in baseball history occurred the same day this speech was given, and this speech is often referred to as "baseball's Gettysburg Address." Given on the speaker's "Appreciation Day," for the point, what speech was given by a New York Yankees first baseman on July 4, 1939?

"Luckiest man on the face of the earth" speech (accept equivalents to Lou Gehrig's farewell address or Lou Gehrig's retirement speech)

(1) This speech denounced "hirelings picked from the drunken spew and vomit of an uneasy civilization." This speech targeted the F Street Mess faction, including a son of "shameful imbecility" who this speech labeled a "Don Quixote" consorting with "the harlot, slavery." This speech took two days to deliver and was written after hearing of the sack of Lawrence. For the point, name this May 1856 speech denouncing Andrew Butler, by Charles Sumner, that was the immediate cause of Preston Brooks's cane attack.

"The Crime Against Kansas" (prompt on "Charles Sumner's 1856 speech against Andrew Butler" or similar answers; prompt on "Charles Sumner's 1856 speech that led to the caning of Preston Brooks" or similar answers before mentioned)

(13) A sinister backdrop for this radio broadcast was created by playing Debussy and Chopin. Jack Paar had to handle a wave of frightened callers after this show. During this show, a ham radio operator desperately inquired, "Isn't there anyone on the air?" This broadcast began with the theme for Mercury Theatre on the Air. This show described objects at Grover's Mill, New Jersey, and abruptly ended a radio feed when a reporter was attacked by heat rays and Martians. For the point, name this 1938 radio drama of an H.G. Wells novel narrated by Orson Welles.

"The War of the Worlds"

(17) This nickname arose from terminology used in a reply to Lloyd Tilghman by Andrew Foote, who oversaw naval bombardments that greatly assisted in securing this epithet. A song popularizing this nickname began, "We were sworn to death or victory for our (+) Union, God defend her." This nickname arose for an action agreed to by Simon Bolivar Buckner following John Floyd's abandonment of Fort Donelson (*) in February 1862. For the points, give this nickname which was humorously said to be the real meaning of U.S. Grant's initials.

"Unconditional Surrender"

(8) John Stuart negotiated a modification to this decree known as the Treaty of Hard Labour, relinquishing one tribe's claims west of the Allegheny Mountains. Daniel Boone willfully violated this decree while blazing the trail through the Cumberland Gap and settling in modern Kentucky. This edict, a provision of the Treaty of Paris, created the "Indian Reserve" past the Appalachians. For the point, name this "Proclamation" which forbade European settlement of the American Midwest, named for an 18th-century year.

The Royal Proclamation of 1763

(18) This amendment was notably opposed by John Drayton. This amendment was ratified in response to the 1796 (+) election, which resulted in Thomas Jefferson taking a position in service to (*) his rival, John Adams. For the points, identify this constitutional amendment that was ratified in 1804 as a call for separate votes for the president and vicepresident.

12th Amendment

(14) Louis Ludlow names an amendment proposed in this decade that called for a referendum on declarations of war. This decade saw the passing of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff, with intentions of improving the economy following a stock market crash the decade prior. For the point, name this decade in which measures were taken to counteract the Great Depression.

1930s (prompt on "30s")

(29) In a musical titled for these people, the selection of Samuel Leibowitz as their attorney is covered in the song "That's Not The Way We Do Things." Both the Norris and Patterson Supreme Court decisions, regarding jury selection, arose out of a case involving these people, (+) as did the decision which first applied part of the Sixth Amendment to states. These people were implicated in a racially-charged incident on a (*) train that led to a series of controversial trials starting in 1931. For the points, name this group of nine Black teenagers who were falsely accused of rape in Alabama.

The Scottsboro Boys

(3) In the aftermath of this case, Louis Brandeis stated, "This is the end of this business of centralization." This case was cited as a precedent in the 2011 case Bond v. United States, which stated individuals could raise Tenth Amendment challenges to federal law. This case led to Franklin Roosevelt's attempt to pack the court due to its anti-regulatory decision. Declaring the National Industry Recovery Act unconstitutional, for the point, what was this 1935 Supreme Court case over regulations in the poultry industry?

A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States (accept sick chicken case)

(33) Development of this project began after Bob Taylor noticed that three different machines were needed to use Q-32, Project Genie, and Multics. The only original location of this project outside of California was the University of Utah. This project was the first to implement (+) store-and-forward packet switching, backbones, and nodes. The popularity of this project exploded after Ray (*) Tomlinson's merger of two protocols to create e-mail. For the point, name this Department of Defense computer network that went online in 1969 and pioneered many technologies later used in the open Internet.

ARPANET (or Advanced Research Projects Agency Network)

(2) This man fathered two children with Mary Emmons of Calcutta, one of whom became an agent of The Liberator. An adopted son of this man founded the American Honduras Company. Edward Everett Hale depicts this man as a friend of Philip Nolan in the Union morale-raiser The Man Without a Country. This man communicated with Anthony Merry and the Marquis of Casa Yajo and was arrested in the Mississippi Territory for treason, having intended to sell land to the Spanish. For the point, name this third U.S. vice president.

Aaron Burr

(27) This man refused to acknowledge that abolitionist John Pierre was his illegitimate son with his East Indian servant, Mary Emmons. Joseph Alston, a future governor of South Carolina, married this man's daughter, Theodosia, but was widowed when she mysteriously disappeared aboard the Patriot. This man married Theodosia Prevost who had previously been married to a British officer. For the point, name this senator from New York who served from 1801 to 1805 as the third vice president of the United States.

Aaron Burr

(11) This figure quipped that Alexander Hamilton was "a man as ambitious as Julius Caesar." In a letter to her husband, this woman wrote, "All Men would be tyrants if they could." A letter telling her husband to "remember the ladies" was written by, for the point, what second First Lady of the United States?

Abigail Adams (prompt on answers synonymous to "Mrs. Adams" or "Madame Adams")

(35) The British government promoted the evangelical Clapham Sect to promote this view in an effort to allow the sugar production of the West Indies to compete with a rival state. In response to this event, plantation owners, known as fazendeiros, started the organization "Society for the (+) Promotion of Immigration" to acquire replacement labor. The Rio Branco Law preceded this event, of which an ailing Pedro II (*) was informed while away in Milan for medical treatment. Princess Isabel of the House of Braganza championed, for the points, what action facilitated by the Golden Law?

Abolition of Slavery in Brazil (accept word forms and descriptions such as "getting rid of Slavery in Brazil")

(27) This mountain range was the site of the death of president of the Philippines Manuel Quezon at one of many facilities opened by Dr. Edward Livingston Trudeau to treat tuberculosis. A Millionaire's Row on Bolton Road by a lake in this mountain range attracted figures such as Alfred Stieglitz and John D. Rockefeller. An Olympics held in this mountain range in 1980 featured the surprising Soviet ice hockey defeat in the "Miracle on Ice." Saranac Lake and Lake George are found in, for the point, what mountain range in upstate New York where the Lake Placid Olympics were held?

Adirondack Mountains (accept Adirondacks)

(14) Students were blocked from entering a university in this state during the Stand at the Schoolhouse Door. Civil rights marchers were attacked on this state's Edmund Pettus Bridge while walking from Selma to its capital. For the point, name this state where racial unrest was centered in Birmingham.

Alabama

(16) Students were blocked from entering a university in this state during the Stand at the Schoolhouse Door. Addie Mae Collins and three others were killed in a 1963 bombing at this state's 16th Street Baptist Church. Civil rights marchers were attacked on this state's Edmund Pettus Bridge while walking from Selma to its capital. For the point, name this state where racial unrest was centered in Birmingham.

Alabama

(8) Concerning the Aztecs, name the...Term for "city-state," typically a polity which paid tribute as a vassal in exchange for limited autonomy.

Altepetl (or Altepeme)

(2) At Curtiss Field, this person founded and served as president of the NinetyNines. With Fred (+) Noonan, this person piloted a Lockheed Model 10-E Electra and disappeared near (*) Howland Island. For the points, name this aviator, the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean.

Amelia Earhart (or Amelia Mary (Earhart)

(1) The Irene Hunt novel Across Five Aprils is set at this conflict's beginning and end. This conflict is the subject of the Ambrose Bierce collection Tales of Soldiers and (+) Civilians. Joshua Chamberlain is a character in Michael Shaara's novel about this war titled The Killer (*) Angels. For the points, identify this conflict, the subject of Stephen Crane's The Red Badge of Courage.

American Civil War

(1) A relative of this language from Chilmark, Massachusetts became extinct after the death of Katie West. Thomas Gallaudet founded the school in Harford where this language originated. This language, which borrows heavily from its French counterpart, was formerly common on Martha's Vineyard. For the point, name this language used by the deaf and hard of hearing.

American Sign Language (accept ASL, Martha's Vineyard Sign Language, MVSL, Henniker Sign Language, Sandy River Valley Sign Language)

(16) This group was given the right to stop their children's education at elementary schools in Wisconsin v. Yoder. Members of this group engage in a period known as Rumspringa that allows for association with outsiders, referred to as "English." Holmes County, Ohio, and Lancaster County, Pennsylvania were founded by, for the point, what Mennonite offshoot whose members drive horses and buggies?

Amish (accept Old Order Amish; prompt on "Pennsylvania Dutch"; prompt on "Mennonites" before mentioned)

(28) This man was said to have given a "Post Orfis" appointment to the satirical Southern character Petroleum Vesuvius Nasby. This politician used the line "it is not for the purpose of making speeches that I now appear before you" when beginning his speeches. This man responded, "I don't care about my dignity" when questioned about responding to hecklers during his 1866 midterm election speeches. For the point, name this president who gave the "Swing Around the Circle" speeches two years before his impeachment.

Andrew Johnson (prompt on "Johnson")

(13) William Randolph Hearst claimed this person stole to buy cocaine, but this person eventually won 54 out of 55 libel suits. As a child, this person was abused by "the wolves," people who treated her like a slave, likely an Ohio family named Boose. Frank Butler was defeated by this person but later married her. Sitting Bull called this woman "Watanya Cicilla," and she had a rivalry with Lillian Smith. This woman might have shot the ashes off of Kaiser Wilhelm II's cigarette. For the point, name this sharpshooter in Buffalo Bill's Wild West show.

Annie Oakley

(9) This ballet's first draft included an interpolation of Uncle Tom's Cabin and was called The House of Victory. In a section of this ballet, four "Worshippers" circle around a preacher, first played by Merce Cunningham, who makes jerky movements pointing towards an engaged couple. At the premiere of this ballet, the "pioneer woman" character was performed by its choreographer, Martha Graham. The seventh section of this ballet incorporates variations on Joseph Brackett's Shaker hymn "Simple Gifts." For ten points, name this ballet set in rural Pennsylvania by composer Aaron Copland.

Appalachian Spring

II} 35. In 2010, an investigation found that this place was mismanaged by its superintendent John Metzler. This location was converted to its current purpose after the Battle of the Wilderness and its site was once owned by Robert E Lee. A major event to take place at this location on November 25th, 1963 saw Jacqueline Kennedy light an eternal flame over her late husband's grave. For the point, which location near Washington DC is the burial place of many military veterans, including presidents William Howard Taft and John F. Kennedy?

Arlington National Cemetery [prompt on partial answers] <TR>

(28) This document excluded "paupers, vagabonds, and fugitives from justice" from a right to interstate travel. The eleventh section of this document pre-approved the potential joining of Quebec. The Annapolis Convention was called to revise this document, under which each state had one vote in a unicameral legislature. The lack of tax powers and the requirement for unanimous consent of states created a weak federal government under, for the point, what document that was replaced by the U.S. Constitution?

Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union

(22) Leaders of this government fought over the appointment of their deputy Kō no Moronao in the Kannō incident. This government controlled the Northern Court during the Northern and Southern Courts Period. This government was badly weakened by the internal Ōnin War, (+) and it began when Takauji turned on Emperor Go-Daigo, ending the Kenmu Restoration. The collapse of this government led to the Sengoku, (*) or warring states, period. For the points, name this Japanese government that ruled between the Kamakura and Tokugawa shogunates.

Ashikaga shogunate (accept Muromachi shogunate; accept Ashikaga bakufu; or Muromachi bakufu)

(1) The perpetrator of this event determined to defend himself personally in court, against his lawyer's recommendation, and later recited his poem "I am Going to the Lordy" at the gallows. The victim of this event was treated by Alexander Graham Bell, who devised a metal detector to find the bullet lodged in the body of this event's victim. This event occurred at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station in Washington, D.C. and was perpetrated by Charles Guiteau [[ghee-TOH]]. For ten points, identify this event that led to Chester A. Arthur ascending to the presidency.

Assassination of James A(bram) Garfield (accept synonyms for Assassination such as Murder) BONUS: Garfield's assassination was instrumental in the passage of this piece of legislation which reformed the process of bureaucratic office appointment and effectively ended the spoils system. Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act

(20) As a result of this event, the father of future NFL commissioner Roger Goodell was appointed to finish out a term of office. The perpetrator of this event was restrained by football player Rosey Grier and journalist George Plimpton. This event, perpetrated by an Arab immigrant from Jerusalem who was angry about one man's position on the Six-Day War, took place while that man was shaking the hand of busboy Juan Romero at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. For ten points, identify this June 1968 event for which Sirhan Sirhan was convicted.

Assassination of Robert (Francis) Kennedy (accept RFK; accept synonyms for assassination; prompt on "Kennedy")

(19) Washington Irving was tasked by a man with this surname to document an expedition to Oregon that resulted in the establishment of the first U.S. settlement on the Pacific (+) Coast. That man with this surname used Mackinac [[MAH-kuh-NAW]] Island as a base for his American (*) Fur Company. For the points, give this surname of a wealthy family whose patriarch John Jacob came from Waldorf and was America's first multi-millionaire.

Astor (accept John Jacob Astor; accept Astoria; accept Waldorf-Astoria)

(1) This city tried to annex Sandy Springs, where many white residents bought homes during the Civil Rights Movement. The Commerce Clause was used to implement the Civil Rights Act after a motel in this city denied Black customers. Eric Rudolph bombed Centennial Park in this city, whose "Heart" names a motel subject to a 1964 Supreme Court case. For the point, name this Georgia city that hosted the 1996 Olympics.

Atlanta (accept Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States)

(5) One precursor to this event was William Ortiz being put in "keeplock." Following this event, the Weather Underground detonated a bomb near Russell Oswald's office. To investigate this event, the McKay Commission was appointed by Governor Nelson Rockefeller. That commission's report criticized Rockefeller, the Department of Corrections, and the New York State Police's handling of this event. Occurring in a namesake western New York prison, for the point, what is this bloodiest prison uprising in American history?

Attica Prison Riot (accept Massacre, Rebellion, or Uprising in place of "Riot")

(21) A KGB-led disinformation campaign against this man's regime, named Operation TOUCAN, included the forging of a CIA letter approving a hit on a New York Times journalist by DINA. The "Coalition of Parties for NO" formed in the late 1980s in an attempt to peacefully replace this man. On his 60th birthday, the CIA launched Operation Condor to suppress left-wing movements in this man's nation and neighboring Argentina. The overthrow of Salvador Allende [[ah-YEHN-deh]] was carried out by, for the point, which Chilean dictator?

Augusto Pinochet [[pee-noh-SHEH]] (accept Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte)

(8) This city is named for the noble title of the man who sponsored the voyage of the Ark and Dove. Alexander Cochrane [["COCK"-ren]] was one leader of a failed attack on this city that included the Battle of North Point. A flag made by Mary Pickersgill was raised in, for the point, what city where Fort McHenry resisted the British during the War of 1812?

Baltimore

(27) Edward Preble negotiated for the use of the ports of Messina during the first of these conflicts. William Eaton was outraged during the first of these conflicts at the $60,000 spent to free (+) American POWs. The second of these conflicts only lasted three days and ensured that western powers could trade freely around the (*) Mediterranean. For the points, name these conflicts that pitted the United States and Sweden against pirates off the coast of modern Libya.

Barbary Wars

(31) This candidate was the first national politician supported by Young Americans for Freedom. This man's primary campaign against the "Eastern Establishment" was the subject of Phyllis Schlafly's book A Choice Not an Echo. A Fact magazine poll about this man led the American Psychiatric Association to make a namesake "rule" barring diagnosis of public figures without a personal examination. For the point, name this Arizona Republican who lost the 1964 presidential election in a landslide to Lyndon Johnson.

Barry Goldwater (or Barry Morris Goldwater)

(3) During one of these events, a man gave a speech stating, "I may have had a tough break, but I have an awful lot to (+) live for." An uncontrollable mob during one of these events in Cleveland led to the end of Ten Cent Beer Night. Arnold Rothstein bribed (*) people like "Shoeless" Joe Jackson before one of these events, which were rigged in the Black Sox Scandal. Lou Gehrig gave his retirement speech at, for the points, what type of event played at Yankee Stadium?

Baseball Games (accept synonyms for Baseball Games, such as Baseball Matches or Baseball Contests; accept World Series after "Arnold Rothstein")

(35) A Kentucky senatorial campaign ad about an event at this university accused Rand Paul of worshipping a deity called "Aqua Buddha" while attending school here. A future president of this university, Rufus Burleson, baptized Sam Houston in the Brazos River. A 2015 review (+) found that this university mishandled a series of sexual assault complaints, resulting in the firing of President Ken Starr and the head football coach, Art Briles. In 2019 and 2021, this university won, respectively, the women's and (*) men's Division One NCAA basketball championships. For the points, name this Baptist-affiliated university in Waco, Texas.

Baylor University

(14) Saint Gobnait [[GOB-nat]] supposedly hurled skeps used in this industry to ward off cattle thieves stealing from her Cork convent. In the treatise "Golden Rules of Business Success," political figure Fan Li suggested using wooden boxes in this discipline to increase the quality of a certain foodstuff. In the early 20th century, the Isle of Wight experienced the first well-recorded instance of "Colony Collapse Disorder," wiping out much of this industry. Honey is a byproduct of, for the point, which form of animal husbandry?

Beekeeping (accept word forms and descriptive answers involving Bees; accept Apiculture; accept Apiary)

(5) In 1782, this man authorized an expedition to take Nassau from the British. This man's forces were victorious at the Battle of Fort Charlotte and captured Pensacola with the help of French ships. This man's troops captured Baton Rouge and he was promoted to Viceroy of (+) New Spain in 1785. Due to this man's campaigns, both East and West Florida were returned to Spain in the (*) Treaty of Paris. For the points, name this governor of Spanish Louisiana during the American Revolution and who lends his name to a coastal Texas city.

Bernardo Vicente de Gálvez y Madrid (do not accept or prompt on "Galveston")

(4) This man arranged a secret meeting with Ben-Hur author Lew Wallace at which he informed on the murderers of Huston Chapman in exchange for clemency. This man became involved with a paramilitary force that supported John (+) Tunstall's dry goods business, known as the Lincoln County Regulators. After escaping a death sentence for killing (*) Sheriff William Brady, this man was himself killed at Fort Sumner, New Mexico in 1881 by Pat Garrett. For the point, name this Old West gunfighter who was known for his youth.

Billy the Kid (or Henry McCarty; or William H. Bonney)

(21) Horace Porter wrote a formal letter rejecting a $500,000 bribe to participate in this scheme. This scheme ramped up when broker Daniel Butterfield stopped receiving orders from Treasury Secretary George Boutwell as part of a national debt reduction plan. Access to (+) government officials for this scheme was provided through Abel Corbin, who was married to the president's sister Jennie. An investigation by James Garfield cleared (*) Ulysses Grant of culpability in this plot. For the points, give this calendar-based name for Jay Gould and James Fisk's 1869 attempt to corner the gold market.

Black Friday (prompt on descriptions such as "Gould and Fisk's plan to corner the gold market" until "Gould" is mentioned)

(9) This man published what is considered the first Native-American autobiography in the U.S., a book titled Embracing the Traditions (+) of His Nation. This warrior fought with the British in the War of 1812, in part to protect (*) Sauk territory. For the points, identify this chief who led the "British Band" in a namesake war, and today names a Chicago hockey team.

Black Hawk (accept Black Hawk's War; or Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiak)

(3) Opponents of this law claimed it was a scheme to enrich a clique of San Francisco-based "Bonanza Kings." This law resulted in the piling up of nail kegs containing over 150 million pieces of undesirable (+) "stove-lid" items that were manufactured at a 16:1 ratio to more valuable counterparts. This law, passed over the veto of Rutherford Hayes, was the first attempt to reverse the "Crime of '73" and was extended in (*) 1890 by a similar "purchase act" named for John Sherman. For the point, name this 1878 bill that required the Treasury to purchase and coin a minimum amount of silver.

Bland-Allison Act (or Grand Bland Plan of 1878)

(1) Tampa mayor James McKay captained a sidewheel steamship used for this purpose, the Scottish Chief. The screw-driven steamships also used in this role included the Fingal and the Sumter, captained by a pre-Alabama Raphael Semmes. Many (+) ships which filled this role stopped either in the Bahamas to meet John Newland Maffitt or in Cuba. Cotton was exported to Europe via (*) intermediaries by these ships. For the points, name these ships which attempted to avoid the Union embargo on Confederate trade during the Civil War.

Blockade runners

(33) This company's first test vehicle was called the Charon [["Sharon"]]. This company announced a plan to "provide anyone with the opportunity to establish their own address in orbit" in a project called Orbital Reef. One person aboard one of this company's vehicles was 82-year-old Wally Funk, who was the oldest person to go to space until that record was broken by William Shatner nearly three months later. The New Shepard is operated by, for the point, what aerospace company that was founded by Jeff Bezos?

Blue Origin, LLC

(1) This man's downfall began when his puppet auditor, James Watson, died in a horse-sleigh accident. As chairman of the State Senate's Finance Committee, this man bought the votes of the corrupt (+) Black Horse Cavalry in order to pass a devolved municipal charter. The Committee of Seventy formed to oppose this man, who was (*) captured in Spain after being recognized from cartoons by Thomas Nast. For the point, name this notoriously corrupt head of Tammany Hall throughout the 1860s.

Boss Tweed (or William Marcy Tweed; or William Magear Tweed)

(18) In a speech about this conflict, Wilhelm II declared that a certain group "will [never] ever again dare to look cross-eyed at a German." Some of the clauses in a "Protocol" ending this conflict included an apology to the German emperor for Baron von Ketteler's assassination and the destruction of the Taku Forts. This conflict was formally ordered by Empress Dowager Cixi [[SEE-SHEE]]. Won by the Eight-Nation Alliance, for the point, what anti-foreign "Rebellion" in China was named after the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists?

Boxer Rebellion (or Boxer Uprising; or Boxer Resurrection; or Yihetuan Movement)

(18) This organization won a 2000 Supreme Court case overturning a New Jersey law compelling it to reinstate James Dale. Under the leadership of former Defense Secretary Robert Gates, this organization voted in 2015 to remove its last ban on gay members. In 2020, the twenty percent of this group comprised of Mormon chapters withdrew, just before this group declared bankruptcy after a sex abuse scandal. For the point, name this organization that awards ranks such as Eagle upon the accumulation of merit badges.

Boy Scouts of America (or BSA)

(3) A man nicknamed for this body part headed the Department of the Missouri during the battles of Island Number Ten, Pea Ridge, and Shiloh. A group known by the name of this body part was centered on Columbia professors Raymond Moley, Adolf Berle, and Rexford Tugwell. One man nicknamed for this body part served between George McClellan and Ulysses Grant as commanding general of the Union army. Henry Wager Halleck was known as the "old" version of this body part. For the point, identify this organ which names a "trust" of FDR advisors.

Brains (accept Old Brains; accept Brain Trust)

(1) This figure created the Valley Tan Whisky Distillery, prompting charges of hypocrisy. This figure allegedly scapegoated his son-in-law, John Lee, after the Mountain Meadows massacre. This second president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles instituted a ban on Black members receiving traditional blessings. For the point, identify this former Mormon leader who names the church's biggest school.

Brigham Young (accept Brigham Young University)

(2) A man from this province, who successfully argued to be made an exemplar of clemency, expressed wonder at wealthy Romans coveting "poor huts." In this Roman province, Cartimandua [[kahr-tee-mahn-DOO-ah]] of the Brigantes [[bree-GAHN-tehs]] received and handed over the rebel leader Caratacus [[kah-rah-TAH-kooss]]. A generation later, Suetonius Paulinus put down a revolt in this region by defeating the Iceni [["eye"-SEEnee]] at Watling Street. For ten points, name this Roman province where Boudica's [[BOOdih-kahs]] revolt occurred and of which the northern boundary was marked by Hadrian's Wall.

Britannia (or Roman Britain; do not accept or prompt on "Great Britain," "England," or "United Kingdom") Caratacus pled his case to which Roman emperor, the fourth Julio-Claudian, under whom the conquest of Britain was achieved? Claudius (or Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus; do not prompt on partial answer if "Claudius" is not mentioned)

(3) Isaac Hecker left this place to convert to Catholicism and found the Paulist Fathers. This institution began publishing The Harbinger and built an ill-fated "Phalanstery" after falling under the ideas of Charles Fourier. A writer who complained of being "brutified" by labor satirized this place in The Blithedale Romance. Nathaniel Hawthorne was a founding member of this experiment under George Ripley. For the point, name this debt-laden West Roxbury, Massachusetts commune that operated in the 1840s.

Brook Farm Institute of Agriculture and Education

(6) Teenagers dressed like this man and formed neighborhood gangs in a namesake 1950s subculture in the Belgian Congo. A Beatles song inspired by the "Bungalow" version of this man asks him, "What did you kill?" In the musical Annie Get Your Gun, this man attempts to persuade Annie Oakley to join his company in the song, "There's No Business Like Show Business." For ten points, what American showman was famed for his cowboythemed Wild West show?

Buffalo Bill (or William Frederick Cody; accept Buffalo Bill's Wild West)

(10) Gloria Navarro declared a mistrial in the case of a member of this family, who led a campaign after the Hammond arson case. Lloyd D. George ordered a member of this family to stop trespassing near Gold Butte. The tasing of a member of this family led to the Battle of (+) Bunkerville. This family led an armed standoff against the Bureau of Land Management in Nevada in (*) 2014 as well as the 2016 Malheur National Wildlife Refuge occupation in Oregon. For the points, name this Nevada and Idaho-based ranching family of far-right activists whose members include Ammon and Cliven.

Bundy (accept Cliven Bundy or Ammon Bundy)

(18) This case followed the Harris I [[ONE]] case, and Theodore Olson and David Boies [[BOYS]] gave oral arguments in this case. An alternative method could not meet the "safe harbor" deadline in this decision. Anthony Kennedy was so incensed in this case that he sent a memo accusing dissenters of "trashing the court." John Stevens and Ruth Bader Ginsburg dissented in this decision on Equal Protection grounds. This case centered on "optical scanner" and "punch card" voting systems. For the point, name this 2000 case which ended a recount in Florida.

Bush v. Gore (accept George W. Bush and Richard Cheney, Petitioners v. Albert Gore, Jr. and Joseph Lieberman, et al.)

(5) A fixture on the Rouen [[roo-EHN]] Cathedral is known as the "[This Commodity] Tower" due to having been built by churchgoers who gave up this item up for Lent. Propagandist Joseph Goebbels stated, "One cannot shoot with [this commodity], but with guns" in a speech justifying peacetime rationing. A challenge by Napoleon III to invent a substitute for this foodstuff for the poor led to the invention of margarine. Described by Pliny as "the most delicate of food among barbarous nations," for ten points, what is this dairy product made by churning?

Butter (accept Butter Tower; prompt on "Dairy" before mentioned)

(3) A war that took place in this state and a northern neighbor featured a man named Captain Jack who fled to nearby lava beds. The Modoc War started in the northeast of this state, which was home to the Chumash people. Gavin Newsom apologized for "a genocide" against natives in, for the point, what West Coast state?

California (accept CA)

(7) A "Hunting Lodge" led by Bill Johnston took retribution for this incident by targeting the Sir Robert Peel the following year. This incident targeted a (+) vessel that was attempting to resupply Rensselaer Van Rensselaer, the leader of a small detachment of New Yorkers who supported William (*) Mackenzie's Upper Canada Rebellion. For the point, name this 1837 border clash in which British troops pursuing Canadian rebels pushed a burning American ship over Niagara Falls.

Caroline affair (accept "incident" or "case" in place of "affair")

(14) Items which were surrendered under this program were required to undergo a procedure involving circulating sodium silicate in order to be rendered permanently unusable. A New York Times editorial by Alan Blinder garnered public support for this program, which (+) paid for up to $4500 in new model purchases based on a sliding scale of fuel efficiency and was responsible for around 240,000 new sales (*) despite a general recession. For the points, name this 2009 program through which the federal government subsidized consumer car upgrades as an economic stimulus.

Cash for Clunkers (or Car Allowance Rebate System; prompt on "CARS")

(25) A pioneer nicknamed for these animals, Ellen Watson, was lynched alongside her husband in Wyoming during the Johnson County War. Confederate leader Wade Hampton led horsemen in a 100-mile raid to capture these animals in Union territory during the Siege of Petersburg. The use of barbed wire to contain these animals in the American West led to the Fence Cutting Wars, an attempt by settlers to return to the "Open Range" period. For the point, name this type of livestock which can produce milk as well as beef.

Cattle (accept Cows; accept Bulls)

(1) A Labor tax to force Xhosa [[HOH-sah]] men into employment on commercial farms, called the Glen Grey Act, was passed by this politician while he headed one colony. A turn-of-the-20th century political (+) cartoon depicts this figure standing over the continent of Africa, representing the prospective Cape to Cairo railway. The modern nations of Zimbabwe (*) and Zambia were once named for, for ten points, what British entrepreneur who names a scholarship that provides a full tuition to Oxford?

Cecil John Rhodes (accept Rhodes Scholarship)

(24) In the Phillip Roth novel The Plot Against America, this man defeats FDR in the 1940 presidential election and allies the U.S. with Nazi Germany. Secretary of War Henry Stimson claimed that this spokesman for the America First Committee spoke like Joseph Goebbels [[GUHR-bulls]]. In a highly publicized 1932 case, Richard Hauptmann kidnapped, ransomed, and killed this man's infant son. For the point, name this man who made the first solo, nonstop transatlantic flight aboard the Spirit of St. Louis.

Charles Lindbergh

(6) Concerning the Aztecs, name the...Technique for growing crops in shallow lake beds on small rectangular areas.

Chinampa

(28) Court proceedings over this organization's treatment of Lawrence Wollersheim discussed a procedure it calls "Fair Game." This organization operates a facility known as "The Hole" within its Gold Base compound in the Riverside, California area. This group's Operation Snow White involved attempts to destroy records of its conduct by infiltrating agencies such as the IRS. In 1993, this group was recognized as a tax-exempt religion in the U.S. while under the leadership of David Miscavige [[mis-KAV-ij]]. For ten points, name this religious organization founded by L. Ron Hubbard, to which Tom Cruise belongs.

Church of Scientology (or Scientologists)

II} U.S. History Bee 2015, Nationals Set, Round 6, Page 3 of 9 9. This person spearheaded American diplomatic efforts with Sultan Abdul Hamid II after his massacres of Armenians. Mabel Thorp Boardman led a faction that challenged this woman's cult of personality. This woman coordinated the response to the Thumb Fire in northeastern Michigan, but her organization was better known for its response to the Johnstown Flood. She set up grave markers at Andersonville Prison as part of her effort to identify every missing soldier in the United States. For the point, who is this nurse during the Civil War who founded the American branch of the Red Cross?

Clara Barton [or Clarissa Harlowe "Clara" Barton] <AG>

(17) This man was questioned about having read The Exorcist during a series of hearings. This man served as chair of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, during which time a woman claimed he made a sexual remark about a can of Coke. Anita Hill accused this man of sexual harassment, though he was confirmed in 1991 to the Supreme Court. For the point, name this conservative Black American justice.

Clarence Thomas

(23) The curriculum at the first of these institutions was set by Bill Ballantine and Irvin Feld in Venice, Florida. Penn Jillette and Steve-O are alumni of one of these institutions, which teaches courses such as pantomime and stilts. Examples of these institutions include Dell'Arte Conservatory, the San Francisco Circus Center, and a former institution operated by the Ringling Brothers-Barnum & Bailey. For ten points, name these educational institutions which teach skills such as face-painting and making balloon animals.

Clown colleges (accept Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Clown College)

(9) During the English Civil War, Roundhead soldiers desecrated this man's bones along with William Rufus during their sack of Winchester Cathedral. This man, who married the widow of Aethelred the Unready, Emma of Normandy, seized the Kingdom of (+) Norway after bribing officials under Olaf II. An invasion by this man led to a treaty with Edmund Ironsides, which gave this man control of (*) England save the petty kingdom of Wessex. For the points, name this Scandinavian king and son of Sweyn [[SVAYN]] Forkbeard who formed what is now known as the North Sea Empire.

Cnut the Great (or Canute the Great)

(25) Amelia Sablich, a member of the IWW, led workers in this industry in a 1927 demonstration known as the "first Columbine massacre." John D. Rockefeller, Jr. ordered an attack on workers during a Colorado "War" with people in this industry. Over 300 laborers in this industry died in Monongah [[mah-NAHN-gah]], West Virginia after a fire broke out from an open oil lamp falling on the ground. The UMW led a 1902 strike of workers in this industry which was named for anthracite. For the point, name this industry centered around the extraction of a certain fossil fuel.

Coal Mining (prompt on "Mining" or "Miners")

(26) This man changed the pronunciation of his name to match that of the man who captained the first B-17 to be shot down. This man's doctrine modified the Weinberger Doctrine and consisted of eight questions. This man quoted the "Pottery Barn rule" when he told George W. Bush that he would be "the proud owner of 25 million people" if he invaded Iraq. Called the "Reluctant Warrior," this Joint Chiefs of Staff chairman called for diplomacy before war. For the point, name this general, succeeded by Condoleezza Rice as Secretary of State.

Colin Powell

(10) The greatest number of prisoners of war from this country were held at New York's Elmira Prison. A figure from this country nicknamed (+) "Little Pale Star" defended its existence in the "Cornerstone Speech." This country that met with the U.S. at the Hampton Roads Conference (*) had only one vice president in its history. For the points, identify this short-lived country led by its only president, Jefferson Davis.

Confederate States of America (accept CSA; accept the Confederacy)

(28) A document named for this modern-day state was mostly written by Roger Ludlow and was protected by Joseph Wadsworth. Colonists in this modern-day state hid a colonial document inside the Charter Oak. This state, once known as the Quinnipiac Colony, names a compromise that gave states equal power in the Senate, but not the House. For the point, name this state, the site of the Hartford convention.

Connecticut

(18) This event was opposed by the song "Up With the Flag!" and by editorials in the Daily Eagle. Andrew Green was the "father" of this action, which was also strongly supported by Senator Thomas Platt. This event took place four years after a series of referenda on which (+) Mount Vernon and Westchester voted "no" and 24 years after the similar creation of the "Annexed District" from most of the (*) Bronx. For the points, identify this 1898 event which added Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island to their present city government.

Consolidation of New York City (accept answers referring to the creation of the modern borders of New York City, or NYC, or Greater New York; accept answers describing the merger of New York and Brooklyn)

(25) Terry Holdbrooks performed this action after working as a guard at Guantanamo Bay for six months. The sura Al-Baqara warns against compelling this practice by force. The slave Bilal was one of the first people to do this action, though he was preceded by Khadija [[khah-DEE-jah]]. This action, which can be performed by earnestly saying the Shahada, was undertaken in prison by a man nicknamed "Detroit Red" after conversing with Elijah Muhammad. For the point, name this general action undertaken by Malcolm X in the late 1940s.

Converting to Islam (accept equivalents; accept becoming a Muslim or equivalents; accept Joining the Nation of Islam or equivalents but please explain that these things are not equivalent; NOTE: Be generous with answers; we are also not intending to equate the Nation of Islam with Islam as a whole)

(2) Concerning the Gilded Age Robber Barons, name the man who...Was known as "The Commodore" and made his fortune in steamship lines before forming the New York Central railroad.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

(5) This man was a major financial backer of William Walker's invasion of Nicaragua, though he later withdrew his support. This man, who transported people across the Isthmus of Panama during the California Gold Rush, fought with Daniel Drew in the Erie War. This man founded the New York Central Railroad and clashed with James Fisk and Jay Gould. For the point, name this rail magnate nicknamed "the Commodore."

Cornelius Vanderbilt

(3) This man lost the title "Shirt-wearer," which he had earned by his actions at the Battle of Platte Bridge, after sleeping with the married Black Buffalo Woman. This leader successfully hindered George S. Crook's 1,000-man force from joining the 7th Cavalry during an engagement in the Great Sioux Wars. Henry Standing Bear has funded an incomplete memorial to this man in the Black Hills, seventeen miles from Mt. Rushmore. For the point, name this Lakota chief and ally of Sitting Bull who was a victor at the Battle of Little Bighorn.

Crazy Horse (accept Tȟašúnke Witkó)

(9) During this war, Samuel Dale won a skirmish against heavy odds during the "Canoe Fight." After a battle in this war along the Tallapoosa River, Red Eagle claimed "my people are no more." This war escalated after a mass scalping at Fort Mims and ended with the transfer of 21 million acres of land in the Treaty of Fort Jackson following the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. For the point, name this conflict between the Red Sticks and an opposing faction of the namesake tribe that allied with Andrew Jackson in present-day Alabama.

Creek War (or Creek Civil War; accept Red Stick War before mentioned; prompt on "War of 1812" before "Treaty of Fort Jackson" is mentioned)

(3) This company was organized out of the former Pennsylvania Fiscal Agency by Thomas Durant. A Massachusetts congressman who took over this company noted that its shares were worth less than the price of a vote, and thus trading it could not constitute a bribe. Oakes Ames, James Garfield, and Vice-President Schuyler Colfax all profited from this company's namesake scandal. For the point, name this shell company formed to allow politicians to profit from construction of the Union Pacific Railroad.

Crédit Mobilier (or Société Générale du Crédit Mobilier; accept Crédit Mobilier Scandal; accept General Society of Home Credit)

(25) This scandal was exposed using letters leaked to the New York Sun by Henry Simpsons McComb. James Brooks and James Bayard were the major Democrats implicated in this mostly-Republican scandal, which involved a company founded by Thomas Durant and George Francis (+) Train. Massachusetts congressman Oakes Ames was the pivotal person in this scandal, which involved financing for the (*) Union Pacific. For the points, identify this early 1870s scandal involving congressmen being gifted stock in railroad construction firms.

Crédit Mobilier scandal

(2) Senator Chuck Schumer was inspired by this speech when making a statement following the storming of the Capitol Building on January 6, 2021. A sentence in the original draft of this speech mentioned "commenced bombings" in the Philippines (+) before the country was replaced in its final draft. The words "world history" was changed last minute with a more famous substitution in the (*) first sentence of this speech. Prompting an immediate declaration of war, for the points, what speech by President Franklin D. Roosevelt was read to Congress a day following the attack on Pearl Harbor?

Day of Infamy Speech (prompt on answers similar to "speech given by FDR" before mentioned; prompt on answers similar to "Pearl Harbor speech" before mentioned; prompt on answers similar to "United States declaration of war" before mentioned)

(27) A Democratic president's plan to create this department had its closest ally in South Dakota Republican senator Chan Gurney. This Cabinet department was reorganized under the 1986 Goldwater-Nichols Act. Less than two years after this department was created, its first Secretary was found dead below a window at a hospital after psychiatric treatment. For ten points, name this Executive department which was formed by the National Security Act of 1947's merging of the War and Navy departments after World War Two.

Department of Defense (or Defense Department; accept Secretary of Defense)

(21) A man who held this position once demanded that all arcade games display the message "Winners Don't Use Drugs." The COINTELPRO (+) program was created by a man with this title who encouraged surveillance of Martin Luther King Jr. and others suspected of (*) communist ties. For the points, what position held by people such as Christopher Wray and J. Edgar Hoover?

Director of the FBI (accept Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation)

(1) In this city, Luke Short and Calk Beeson owned the Long Branch Saloon, which was protected from government interference by a collection of Western legends captured in an iconic photograph of the "Peace Commission." This town flourished after the penultimate (+) western move of the tick quarantine line took business away from Abilene. The onetime "queen of (*) cow towns" was, For the points, what settlement in Southwestern Kansas that was emblematic of the first phase of Old West frontier life?

Dodge City

(9) This politician resigned from Congress to be director of the Office of Economic Opportunity during the Nixon administration. In the Halloween Massacre, this politician was moved to secretary of defense, a position he would later hold again when claiming there were weapons of mass destruction in Tikrit. For the point, name this Secretary of Defense under both Gerald Ford and George W. Bush.

Donald Rumsfeld (or Donald Henry Rumsfeld)

(1) John Paul Stevens replaced a man with this surname who wrote the majority opinion in the Supreme Court case Griswold v. Connecticut. That man with this surname was the longest-serving Supreme Court justice (+) in U.S. history. The Freeport Doctrine was devised by one man with this surname who wrote the KansasNebraska Act. Justice (*) William O. shared, for the points, what surname with a man who debated Abraham Lincoln seven times?

Douglas (accept Stephen A(rnold) Douglas; accept William O(rville) Douglas)

(6) The Joseph Fauchet [[foh-SHAY]] scandal caused this politician to resign as Secretary of State. After his resignation, this man defended Aaron Burr at his treason trial. This man defended George Washington's conduct during the Whiskey Rebellion in essays written under the pseudonym "Germanicus." This member of the Committee of Detail proposed the Virginia Plan at the Constitutional Convention and succeeded Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State. For the point, name this first U.S. Attorney General.

Edmund Randolph

(23) This amendment was the subject of a decision written by Chief Justice Earl Warren in the case Trop v. Dulles. This amendment was referenced in the case Weems v. United States, in which the plaintiff was charged with falsifying an official document. In the case United States v. Bajakajian, the Supreme Court held that forfeiting over $350,000 violated a clause in this amendment. For the point, what amendment protects American citizens from "excessive fines" and "cruel and unusual punishments"?

Eighth Amendment

(5) This activist traveled with Henry Morgenthau Jr.'s wife to the Westmoreland Homesteads in Pennsylvania, after which residents renamed the area after the last syllables of her name. 165 homes for unemployed local miners and farmers were constructed with assistance from this woman in Arthurdale, West Virginia. This woman resigned from the DAR after it refused to allow Marian Anderson to play Constitution Hall, and this diplomat served as the first Chair of the UN Commission on Human Rights. For ten points, name this longest-serving First Lady, the wife of FDR.

Eleanor Roosevelt (accept Anna Eleanor Roosevelt; prompt on "Roosevelt")

(12) The winner of this election year muttered "There you go again" during a debate. That man asked listeners "Are you better off (+) than you were four years ago?" during this election year, in which its major topics included the (*) Iran Hostage Crisis. For the points, name this election year in which Ronald Reagan defeated Jimmy Carter.

Election of 1980

(3) These things were first theorized by George Johnston Stoney as a "fundamental unit quantity of electricity." A theory created by John Dalton depicts the water molecule without these particles while a model created by Erwin Schrödinger presents these particles as "matter waves." Robert A. Millikan's oil drop experiment was successful in measuring the charge of this particle. Discovered in 1897 by British physicist J. J. Thomson, for ten points, what is this negatively charged particle integral to quantum physics?

Electrons

(7) With Fannie Lou Hamer and Bob Moses, this woman founded the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party to oppose the all-white Mississippi Democratic Party. This woman criticized the leadership style of Martin Luther King, Jr., arguing that "strong people don't need strong leaders." The Southern Christian Leadership Conference hired this woman as their first Associate Director following her role in the Crusade for Citizenship. Stokely Carmichael and Rosa Parks were mentored by, for the point, what activist who founded the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee?

Ella Baker

(6) Leader of Communist Albania whose move toward Maoism caused a full break with the Warsaw Pact.

Enver Hoxha [[HOH-juh]] (or Enver Halil Hoxha)

(13) At a New York rally for this man, fifteen thousand working men sang "The Internationale" after listening to an inspiring speech by this man's running mate, Emil Seidel. Clarence Darrow represented this head of the American Railway Union in his 1895 court case against the United States. This man's 1920 U.S. presidential campaign was run out of a prison cell after he encouraged workers to dodge the World War One draft. For the point, name this American Socialist who organized the Pullman Strike and ran for president five times.

Eugene V. Debs

(32) This network was formed from a core of former Metromedia stations purchased by TCF and debuted with a late-night talk show hosted by Joan Rivers. At the end of its first year of existence, this network commissioned Matt Groening [[GRAY-ning]] to design animated shorts for The Tracey Ullman Show, which evolved into a half-hour cartoon that is still in production for this network. For ten points, name this U.S. television network which broadcasts the World Series, Family Guy, The Simpsons, and along with CBS, Sunday afternoon NFL games.

FOX network (or FOX Broadcasting Company)

(4) The album Songs My Mother Taught Me showed this person's use of music as a weapon in the Civil Rights era. After arresting this person, Mississippi state (+) troopers had other inmates beat her nearly to death. Lyndon Johnson attempted to distract from the testimony of this woman who said she was "sick and tired (*) of being sick and tired." For the points, name this co-founder of the Freedom Democratic Party.

Fannie Lou Hamer (accept Fannie Lou Townshend)

(6) One leader of this organization was blamed for the 1980 to 1982 recession, and that leader, Paul Volcker, worked with this body's open market committee to tighten monetary policy. This group's "Dual Mandate" involves controlling prices and long-term interest rates. For the point, name this central bank of the U.S.

Federal Reserve System (or The Fed)

(14) In the Philadelphia paper The Port Folio, members of this party wrote a welcome platform under pseudonyms until Nicholas Biddle became its editor. Despite not running a candidate in the Election of 1820, this party managed to earn sixteen percent of the popular vote. This political party collapsed after the Hartford Convention in the midst of the War of 1812, leading to the Era of Good Feelings. For the point, name this rival party of the Democratic-Republicans, whose members included John Adams and Alexander Hamilton.

Federalist Party (or Federalists)

(8) An instance of this activity that began at Round Island implicated Mississippi's former senator John Henderson and sitting governor John Quitman as supporters. Six years later, the most successful example of this activity displaced the rule of the Accessory Transit Company. Narciso López engaged in this activity in Cuba, and William Walker did it in Nicaragua. For ten points, what activity of American adventurers attempting to take over Latin American territory lends its name to the practice of stalling Senate legislation by speaking for a long period of time?

Filibustering

(18) One leader of this event built the Bethesda Orphanage, and another leader during this event infamously threw his pants into a bonfire. A Faithful Narrative is an account of this event's (+) "surprising work," which was written by a man who elsewhere wrote "their foot shall slide in due time" in a fiery sermon titled "Sinners in the (*) Hands of an Angry God." Jonathan Edwards partly led, for the points, what 18thcentury religious revival movement?

First Great Awakening (prompt on "Great Awakening;" prompt on "Northampton Revival" or "Revival" before mentioned; do not accept or prompt on "Second Great Awakening")

II} 25. An initiator of this event had been condemned by Edmund Gibson. Theodorus Frelinghuysen and Gilbert Tennent were forerunners of this event. This period featured conflict between the "Old Lights" and "New Lights." A speech given during this period focused on the line "Their foot shall slide in due time," and utilized the image of a spider being hung over a fire. That sermon, "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," was given by Jonathan Edwards. For the point, what was this widespread religious revival in mid-18th century America?

First Great Awakening <SH>

(16) This period led to the first American publishing of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, circulated by White Russian, Boris Brasol [[BRAH-zohl]]. The panic of this period derived, in part, from the successes of the Galleanists, a circle of Italian anarchists who targeted sites like Wall Street. Department of Justice head A. Mitchell Palmer orchestrated the arrest of 3,000 leftists and foreigners during this period. For the point, name this "Scare" during the Wilson administration sparked by the success of the Bolshevik Revolution.

First Red Scare (prompt on "Red Scare")

(4) These people may have been influenced by the Garçonne [[gar-SOHN]] style of Coco Chanel. This term and "Philosophers" names a short story collection in which one character performs a title action to gain a look typical of this subculture. F. Scott Fitzgerald's "Bernice Bobs Her Hair" is a representative short story of, for the point, what Western subculture in which women wore short skirts and danced to Jazz?

Flappers (accept Flappers and Philosophers)

(2) Participants in this event were organized into fifteen-man "captaincies" that sang about doing this event's namesake action "when the speedup comes" and "when the boss won't talk." Participants in this event were given material support by the Women's Emergency Brigade. This event targeted the crucial body "dies" at Fisher Plant Number One and included the Battle of the Running Bulls with police. This action achieved its main goal when General Motors recognized the United Auto Workers. For the point, name this 1937 labor action in which workers refused to leave plants in a Michigan city.

Flint sit-down strike (or 1937 General Motors strike; or 1937 Flint strike; prompt on "General Motors strike" or "Flint strike")

(15) This item was discovered in December 2020 by a medical student named Jack Stuef [[STOOF]]. Nine clues leading to this item were written as a poem in the book The Thrill of the Chase. (+) The second stanza of that poem regarding this item reads, "Begin it where waters halt and take it in the canyon down." (*) For the points, what cache of gold and jewels was hidden by a former U.S. Air Force pilot and art dealer in the state of Wyoming?

Forrest Fenn treasure (accept any equivalents to "treasure of Forrest Fenn")

(34) In a painting from this series, the words "Each According to the Dictates of His Own Conscience" appear above a crowd of people who look to the left and hold their hands to their mouths. A woman tucks her two children into bed (+) while her husband holds a newspaper upside down in a painting from this series. A man stands to raise an objection at a town council meeting in a painting in this series, which includes a painting depicting a (*) woman placing a Thanksgiving turkey on a table. For the points, name this series of four Norman Rockwell paintings inspired by an FDR speech.

Four Freedoms

(31) A contemporary cartoon satirizing this plan depicts a man asking for a "PWA grant" from Harold Ickes [[ICK-eez]] for a comically large building. The bill formalizing this plan was slowed by the sudden death of Arkansas senator Joe Robinson and would have required a new appointment to match every incumbent over age 70. The Four Horsemen's "switch in time" in West Coast Hotel made this plan moot. For the point, identify this neverimplemented plan by FDR to expand the number of justices on the Supreme Court.

Franklin D. Roosevelt's court-packing plan (accept Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937)

(7) During this conflict, forces under William Johnson captured the Baron Dieskau at the Battle of Lake George. Tanacharison led a group of Mingo warriors during an ambush in this conflict that resulted in the death of Joseph Coulon de Villiers. In the prelude to this conflict, Virginians building Fort Prince George were rebuffed by an army that instead built Fort Duquesne. For the point, name this 1754 to 1763 war which pitted the United Kingdom against its European rival and their Native American allies.

French and Indian War (accept Guerre de la Conquete; accept War of Conquest; prompt on "Seven Years War")

(3) Laborers in this industry striked during the Uprising of the 20,000. Max Blanck and Isaac Harris locked escape doors to prevent theft from a factory in this industry, where 146 workers perished as part of a disaster. For the point, name this industry affected by the Triangle Shirtwaist fire.

Garments Industry (accept Clothing or Dressmaking Industry; prompt on "Textile Industry")

(4) Discontent over the lax enforcement of this settlement led to the Webb-Heney Law. An exception to this settlement for arranged marriage partners led to a rise in (+) "picture brides." After a summit at the White House with mayor Eugene Schmitz, this settlement reversed a segregation order placed by the (*) San Francisco School Board. A party to this settlement suspended issuing passports for emigrant laborers for seventeen years. For the point, name this 1907 understanding that restricted Japanese emigration to the U.S.

Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907

(35) This composer wrote a parody of fascist sympathies in Europe through a Broadway musical where the "Blue Shirts" allow President Wintergreen to arrest the Supreme Court in Let 'Em Eat Cake. The Gullah community of the coastal Carolinas inspired (+) the setting of one of this man's works which includes songs like the Torah inspired "It Ain't Necessarily So" and the south folk song (*) "Summertime." The opera Porgy and Bess is by, for the points, which early 20th century Jewish-American composer of the work Rhapsody in Blue?

George Gershwin

(22) Leah Boustan [[boo-STAHN]] advanced James Gregory's methods for calculating the extent of this event in Competition in the Promised Land. Many participants in this event read advertisements for job openings in the Chicago Defender regarding World War One manufacturing. The start of this event is sometimes pinpointed as taking place in Selma, Alabama in 1916. For the point, identify this mid-twentieth century trend of AfricanAmericans moving out of the South to other parts of the country.

Great Migration (accept First Great Migration; accept Great Northward Migration; accept Black Migration)

(9) In 1970, freshman Senator Bob Dole introduced an amendment to repeal this measure. This measure was repealed as part of the Foreign Military Sales Act, and the War Powers Act was passed in response to this measure. For the point, name this resolution that brought the U.S. into the Vietnam War, and was named for a Vietnamese waterway.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (or the Southeast Asia Resolution)

(5) Due to the details of this event being supposedly known by Father Henry Garnet, this event became known as the Jesuit Treason. Francis Tresham was suspected of sending a letter to William Parker that eventually revealed the details of this event. Lord Monteagle investigated this event, which resulted in a last stand at Holbeche House. For ten points, what event was conspired by Sir Everard Digby, Robert Catesby, and Guy Fawkes to assassinate King James I of England?

Gunpowder Plot (or Gunpowder Treason Plot; accept Jesuit Treason before mentioned) Guy Fawkes Night is celebrated on what date, commemorated by the song lyric, "Remember, remember [this date]?" November 5th (accept "Remember, Remember, the Fifth of November")

(8) This organization built the largest wooden ship of the late 16th century, known as Der Grosse Adler for service during the Northern Seven Years' War. The Stalhof of London served as the principal kontor, (+) or foreign trading post, of this organization until Edward IV expelled a group of Cologne merchants. Maritime trade of the medieval Baltic (*) and North Seas was dominated by, for ten points, what trade league of German and Scandinavian guilds and towns?

Hanseatic League (accept Düdesche Hanse; accept Hanze; accept Hansa)

(1) Asa Philip Randolph founded the activist newspaper The Messenger in this neighborhood, and sculptor Augusta Savage was associated with a revitalizing (+) art movement in this city. Langston Hughes wrote about white people storming this neighborhood's businesses such as (*) The Cotton Club during Prohibition. For the points, name this New York City neighborhood where Black art flourished during a namesake "Renaissance."

Harlem (accept Harlem Renaissance)

(9) The final statement of this gathering suggested constitutional amendments excluding all immigrants from holding government office and removing the (+) threefifths compromise. Moderates at this meeting wrote a statement identifying Washington's farewell address as "conclusive" and followed Harrison Gray Otis's leadership in rejecting (*) Timothy Pickering's proposal of secession. For the point, name this meeting that ended in January 1815, at which Federalists discussed opposition to the War of 1812.

Hartford Convention

(3) The peace resulting from this treaty is commemorated by Chicago's Fountain of Time. Viscount Castlereagh [["CASTLE"-RAY]] was advised to take the pre-war status quo when negotiating this treaty across from John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay. This treaty was signed approximately two weeks before the Battle of New Orleans took place. For the point, identify this treaty, named for a Belgian city, that ended the War of 1812.

The Treaty of Ghent

(30) This institution investigated homosexuals in the Secret Court of 1920 after Cyril Wilcox's suicide, and, in 1922, it attempted to ban African-Americans in certain halls. This institution's president, A. Lawrence Lowell, developed the system of majoring in a specific academic area. Charles Chauncy headed this college as did Josiah Quincy and Increase Mather. The first female president of this college was former Radcliffe dean, Drew Gilpin Faust. For the point, name this Massachusetts Ivy League university.

Harvard University (accept Harvard College)

(12) The death of this man prompted the "White Night Riots." This man led a boycott against Coors when they wouldn't hire teamster drivers, and this politician gathered public support by lobbying to make dog owners clean up poop in his city. Dan White murdered, for the point, what San Francisco politician and first gay elected official in California?

Harvey Milk (or Harvey Bernard Milk)

(11) This man chaired the Civil Service Loyalty Review Board during a 1951 to 1953 search for potential communists. This man lost his Senate seat to Augustine Longergan after a scandal over hiring lobbyist Charles Eyanson to write tariff bills. After writing a 1909 book retracing the steps of Simón Bolivar, this man climbed Mount Coropuma during a search for Vitcos and another lost city. For the point, name this American explorer who first publicized the site of Incan ruins at Machu Picchu in 1911.

Hiram Bingham III

(30) It's not horticulture, but Francis Parkman was a practitioner of this profession and wrote essays against women's suffrage. A man with this profession named Allan Nevins built on earlier work by (+) Shelby Foote for the eight-volume Ordeal of the Union. The American "Father of" this profession was one-time secretary of the Navy (*) George Bancroft. For the points, name this profession of scholars who write about the past.

Historians

(9) An administrator who resigned after this event had been hired by Joe Allbaugh and had previously served as commissioner of the International Arabian Horse Association. Ray Nagin and Kathleen Blanco faced blame for their handling of this event. Michael Chertoff relieved one man of his duties after this event, and the press criticized President Bush's comment after this event, "Brownie, you're doing a heck of a job." Levees broke as refugees fled to the Louisiana Superdome during, for the point, what 2005 hurricane which struck New Orleans?

Hurricane Katrina

(23) This period ended after 32 months on Christmas Day and was originally scheduled to last ten years. This period began as a result of a speech that claimed Soviet Russia was "the first real democracy." This period took place mostly in Atlanta and was the result of a speech in Canton, Ohio that violated the Espionage Act. While undergoing this period, a man received 3.5 percent of the presidential vote in 1920. For the point, name this period during which a Socialist orator became "Convict No. 9653."

Imprisonment of Eugene Victor Debs (accept conviction of Eugene Victor Debs or descriptive answers involving Eugene Victor Debs's time in prison)

(28) At a debt-retiring ball the night before this event, Sammy Davis Jr. was warned to stay away due to Davis's plans to marry a white woman, an incident which caused Davis to become a Republican. A speech at this event asserted, "The torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans." After a blinding reflection off of snow prevented a man from reading the text of "Dedication" at this event, Robert Frost instead recited "The Gift Outright" from memory. For ten points, identify this January 1961 event at which a man stated, "Ask not what your country can do for you."

Inauguration of John F. Kennedy (accept answers referring to John F. Kennedy, or JFK, and his inauguration or being inaugurated)

(3) Concerning the Gilded Age Robber Barons, name the man who...Resolved the Panic of 1907 with his personal wealth and helped consolidate U.S. Steel and General Electric.

J. P. Morgan (or John Pierpont Morgan)

(17) In 1964, this figure served as one of the national directors for Nelson Rockefeller's presidential campaign. This man befriended Pee Wee Reese, who supported him in his first years in professional sports. The number 42 is retired in honor of, for the point, what Dodgers legend who broke baseball's color barrier?

Jackie Robinson (or Jack Roosevelt Robinson)

Thanks to this man's connection with Maximilian I, he was given possession of the County of Kirchberg. After extracting metals from Bohemia and Hungary, this man and his family had a monopolistic hold on copper in Europe. This man funded Charles V's election as Holy Roman Emperor and built a namesake chapel in St. Anne's Church, as well as the oldest social housing project in the world. For the point, name this German banker and merchant, considered the richest man in early modern Europe.

Jakob Fugger of the Lily (accept Jakob Fugger the Rich; or Jakob II)

(5) Concerning the Gilded Age Robber Barons, name the man who...Founded the American Tobacco Company and endowed a university in Durham, North Carolina.

James Buchanan Duke (accept Duke University)

(24) It's not France, but the U.S. signed a Treaty of Amity and Commerce with this nation on the deck of the USS Powhatan. Immigration from this country to the U.S. was limited via the 1907 (+) Gentlemen's Agreement. Matthew C. Perry worked to open this Asian country's ports of (*) Shimoda and Hakodate [[hah-koh-DAH-the]]. For the points, name this country that established relations with the U.S. under the Tokugawa Shoguns.

Japan (or Nippon-koku; or Nihon-koku)

(8) According to this treaty, Native Americans born in Canada can get domestic tuition fees in the US. Chief Justice Oliver Ellsworth wrote an advisory opinion rejecting the House's right to decide this treaty's merits. Fort au Fer [[OH-FAIR]] was vacated through this treaty, which granted most-favored-nation status. Issues over forts in the Mackinac [[MAK-in-aw]] and Maumee regions, as well as sailor impressment, were dealt with in this treaty. Leading to the creation of Jeffersonian Republicans and the Federalists, for the point, name this 1795 treaty between the US and Britain.

Jay's Treaty (or Treaty of Amity, Commerce, and Navigation Between His Britannic Majesty and the United States of America)

(29) This structure was proposed by the McMillan Commission, which suggested modeling it on the Roman Pantheon. Construction on this structure did not begin until 33 years later when a biography by Claude Bowers inspired FDR to add it to the Federal Triangle project. John Pope designed this complex on the Tidal Basin of the Potomac River, which contains a bronze statue by Rudulph Evans. For ten points, name this structure which contains inscribed excerpts of the Declaration of Independence written by its honoree.

Jefferson Memorial (prompt on "Thomas Jefferson")

(9) This man founded Thomas Road Baptist Church and began The Old-Time Gospel Hour. This man sued Christopher Lamparello in 2006 over ownership of an internet domain with a variation on his name and also sued Larry Flynt in 1983 after he was parodied in a "mock interview." After Jim Bakker [[BAY-ker]] resigned, this man took over the PTL ministry and honored his promise to ride a waterslide at Heritage USA, which he did fully dressed in a suit. For the point, name this televangelist who founded Liberty University and co-founded the Moral Majority.

Jerry Falwell, Sr.

(30) When running for president, this man was often asked about the criminal charges against his half-brother, Noah Robinson, Jr. Universal health care and a fifteen percent cut to defense spending were among this man's campaign pledges. During his second presidential run, this candidate held the delegate lead after winning the Michigan caucus and ultimately finished second in total votes behind Michael Dukakis. For the point, name this Black activist who sought the Democratic presidential nomination in 1984 and 1988.

Jesse Jackson (or Jesse Louis Jackson; accept Jesse Louis Burns)

(10) An 1828 song about this man by Thomas Rice states, "Weel about and turn about and do jis so." The "New" version of this figure titles a Michelle Alexander book about a racial caste system in mass incarceration. Statutes named for this figure were the subject of publications such as the Green Book. For the point, identify this figure that named a series of segregation laws in the American south.

Jim Crow (accept "Jump Jim Crow"; accept The New Jim Crow; accept Jim Crow laws)

(5) This man was the first president of the American Professional Football Association, a precursor to the NFL. This man was the first American winner of the Olympic decathlon, a feat he accomplished while wearing shoes found in a garbage can. This member of the Sac and Fox Nation was stripped of his medals after playing professional baseball. For the point, identify this Native American athlete.

Jim Thorpe (or James Francis Thorpe)

(30) Serving as this man's Ambassador to the U.N., Andrew Young successfully negotiated an end to the Rhodesian Bush War, which paved the way for the founding of Zimbabwe. With strongman Omar Torrijos, this president agreed to return ownership of the Panama Canal to Panama on the last day of 1999. This president authorized Operation Eagle Claw, a failed attempt to end the Iran Hostage Crisis. For the point, name this U.S. president and former governor of Georgia who defeated Gerald Ford in the Election of 1976.

Jimmy Carter

(8) This individual claimed the United States was facing a "crisis of confidence" in his "Malaise Speech." A meeting organized by this individual led to the signing of the Camp David (+) Accords, and this president was criticized for his handling of the (*) Iran Hostage Crisis. Succeeded by Ronald Reagan, this is, for the points, what Georgia-born 39th president of the United States?

Jimmy Carter (or James Earl Carter, Jr.)

(5) This figure penned the 1994 Crime Bill, which included a ten-year ban on assault rifles. This figure was forced to end his presidential run in 1988 after plagiarizing a speech by Neil Kinnock. For the point, name this seven-term Delaware senator, the 46th and current president of the United States.

Joe Biden (or Joseph Robinette Biden Jr.)

(19) This man's lengthy criticism of George Marshall was published as the book America's Retreat from Victory. This man's tactics were denounced by Frederick Woltman in a series of articles called the "Balance Sheet." This man was accused of a "hysterical disregard for decency" in a See It Now commentary by Edward R. Murrow, a charge echoed by Joseph Welch during hearings into the Army conducted by this man and his counsel, Roy Cohn. For ten points, name this Wisconsin senator who crusaded against communists in the early 1950s.

Joe McCarthy (or Joseph (Raymond) McCarthy; accept McCarthyism)

(3) Under this president, a tax was imposed that included counting the size of windows, which inspired a Pennsylvania auctioneer to revolt. An incident under this president involved Germans in Bucks County who opposed the Direct House Tax. John Fries [[FREEZ]] led a rebellion under this president, who signed an act for sick sailors and used the Midnight Judges Act to appoint many jurists during his lame duck period. For the point, name this Federalist who participated in a peaceful transition of power to Thomas Jefferson.

John Adams (do not accept or prompt on "J(ohn) Q(uincy) Adams", prompt on Adams)

(19) In one speech, this man claimed that if he had taken his alleged actions on behalf of the rich, then "every man in this court would have deemed it an act worthy of reward rather than punishment." Prosecutor Andrew Hunter dispelled the notion that this man kissed a Black baby while walking to the gallows. Julia Ward Howe used a popular marching song titled for this man's body as the basis of her "Battle Hymn of the Republic." For the point, name this abolitionist, who was executed after leading an 1859 raid on Harpers Ferry.

John Brown

(25) This man was supported by Thomas Wentworth Higginson and Franklin Sanborn, members of the "Secret Six." Following the (+) Sack of Lawrence, this man killed five pro-slavery settlers near Pottawatomie Creek during Bleeding Kansas. Marines under Robert E. Lee captured this man in an (*) armory before he could lead a slave revolt. For the points, name this abolitionist who led a failed raid on Harpers Ferry.

John Brown

(3) This man's six-week buying spree of 22 companies in 1872 became known as the "Cleveland Massacre." This man made the initial donation to create the General (+) Education Board, which shaped medical school curricula in the Flexner Report and eradicated hookworm in the South. With Samuel Andrews and Henry Flagler, this man founded a company that was (*) broken up under a 1911 antitrust ruling and targeted in a muckraking "history" by Ida Tarbell. For the point, name this magnate who led Standard Oil.

John D(avidson) Rockefeller, Sr.

Concerning the Gilded Age Robber Barons, name the man who... (1) Concerning the Gilded Age Robber Barons, name the man who...Founded Standard Oil and is widely considered the wealthiest American of all time.

John D(avison) Rockefeller

(4) This man attacked Mary I and stated that female monarchs went against biblical teachings in the pamphlet The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women. This man briefly preached to a group of Marian exiles in Frankfurt and claimed that (+) Charles V was "no less enemy to Christ than was Nero." In Stirling, this man gave the sermon at James VI's [[the Sixth's]] (*) coronation. For ten points, name this Scottish Calvinist theologian and founder of Presbyterianism.

John Knox

(8) This man's son ran the Manassas Gap Railroad, and Bushrod Washington asked this man to write a biography of his uncle. In Murray v. The Charming Betsy, this man argued that Congressional law should avoid violating foreign law. Joseph Story was often asked by this man to find legal precedent. Under this Chief Justice, the court heard a case arising from the Yazoo land scandal, Fletcher v. Peck, along with Gibbons v. Ogden. For the point, name this longest-serving Supreme Court Chief Justice.

John Marshall

(5) This man's cause was supported by Thomas Gordon and John Trenchard's Cato letters. This immigrant from the Palatinate transmitted accusations including inadequate defense of the harbors against French intelligence in his Weekly Journal. Despite impediments from Judge James DeLancey, Andrew Hamilton defended this man against charges of libeling Royal Governor William Cosby. For ten points, name this New York newspaper publisher who won a landmark free speech case in the 1730s.

John Peter Zenger (accept Zenger case)

(18) This Justice wrote the Supreme Court opinion using state sovereignty to invalidate the "coverage formula" and "preclearance" provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 in Shelby County v. Holder. An opinion written by this Justice found that the Congressional power to tax made most provisions of the (+) Affordable Care Act constitutional. Midway through this former DC Circuit judge's confirmation process, his nomination was changed so that he was no longer (*) Sandra Day O'Connor's replacement. For the points, name this man who replaced William Rehnquist in 2005 as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

John Roberts (or John Glover Roberts, Jr.)

(21) In one speech commemorating a 141st birthday, this man said, "Ladies and gentlemen, the chips are down -- they are truly down." This subject of a 2020 bestseller by Larry Tye was associated with a movement which William F. Buckley claimed "men of ... stern morality can close ranks" behind. One president claimed that he "will not get into the gutter with [this man]," whose popularity plummeted after he was asked "have you no sense of decency, sir" during a set of hearings. For the point, name this Wisconsin senator and anti-communist who fueled the Second Red Scare.

Joseph McCarthy (or Joseph Raymond McCarthy; accept "Tail-Gunner Joe" McCarthy)

(17) This man died on an expedition to the Spice Islands that he captained along with García Jofre de Loaísa [[HOH-freh deh loh-ah-EE-sah]]. This man commanded the Victoria when it arrived in Seville with only seventeen other men in 1522. This man was promoted to lead one expedition after his predecessor was (+) killed at the Battle of Mactan. This man was granted a coat of arms with the motto "Primus circumdedisti me" [[PRE-moos keer-koom-deh-DIS-tee meh]] (*) by Emperor Charles V. For the points, name this Castilian navigator of Basque descent who completed the first circumnavigation of the Earth after the death of Ferdinand Magellan.

Juan Sebastián Elcano (or Juan Sebastián del Cano)

(8) Concerning agriculture and feudalism in Medieval Europe, name the...Prussian term for German land-holding nobles, commonly considered a modern hold-out of feudalism.

Junkers [[YOON-kehr]]

(32) An insult to the exalted actor Paris may have led to this man's lengthy exile in Egypt, as recounted by Martial. This man parodied various contemporaneous sycophant court officials like Crispinus [[krihs-PIE-nus]] in a tale in which officials argue as to how to properly (+) cook a royal fish from the Emperor Domitian. This man criticized the neglectfulness of the common man with wider political and social issues through a phrase he coined, (*) "Bread and Circuses." For the points, name this Roman writer of the Satires

Juvenal (accept Decimus Junius Juvenalis)

(1) A visit to this city by a Norwegian delegation led by diplomat Jonas Gahr Støre [[YOO-nas GAR STOO-ruh]] prompted a contingent of the Haqqani [[hah-KAHN-ee]] network to attack the Serana Hotel. Beginning in the Shari Naw neighborhood of this city, the Saur Revolution overthrew Mohammed Daoud Khan and killed him after he refused to pledge allegiance to the Soviet aligned Communist Party. A mid-1990s siege of this city culminated in the hanging of former president Mohammad Najibullah outside the Arg Presidential Palace. The Taliban retook, for the point, what capital of Afghanistan in 2021?

Kabul

(7) Brock Pierce invited this man to a debate, and during a campaign event, this man wore a bulletproof vest and criticized Harriet Tubman for never freeing the slaves. Rocky De La Fuente chose this man as his running mate for the American Independent Party after this man gave up his own campaign with Michelle Tidball. This man came up with the "Democratic Plantation" theory in which welfare is used as a means of compliance. Originally a candidate for president with the "Birthday Party," for the point, who is this rapper and would-be politician?

Kanye West

(19) A Nazi operation named for this officer ordered the Wehrmacht [[VEHR-mahkt]] to defend Berlin to the last man. This man, who may have coined the term "Armchair General," assisted in organizing the Convention of Tauroggen, which created an anti-Napoleonic coalition in 1812. This man described the uncertainty of ongoing battles as the "Fog of War," and he said, "War was the Continuation of Politics by another means." For the point, name this 19th century German military theorist who wrote On War.

Karl von Clausewitz (or Carl Philipp Gottfried (or Gottlieb) von Clausewitz; accept Operation Clausewitz)

(28) This attorney successfully argued on behalf of Juneau-Douglas High School principal Deborah Morse in a Supreme Court case restricting certain student speech rights. This man wrote about that case in an article entitled (+) "Bong Hits and the Enduring Hamiltonian-Jeffersonian Colloquy." This man was dismissed as president of Baylor University over his response to sexual assaults. This man was appointed to investigate matters such as (*) Vince Foster's suicide and the Whitewater scandal. For the point, name this special prosecutor whose namesake 1998 "report" discussed Bill Clinton's affair with Monica Lewinsky.

Kenneth Winston "Ken" Starr

(9) In this kingdom, Savoyard mason Master James of Saint George built a ring of fortifications, including Beaumaris [[boh-mah-REH]], following the passage of the Statute of Rhuddlan. Rhys Gethin [[REES GEH-tihn]] and a national hero of this kingdom, Owain Glendower, defeated the forces of Henry IV at the Battle of Stalling Down. A ruler of this region's kingdom of Powys [[POW-iss]], Llywelyn [[loo-ELL-in]] the Last, swore fealty to Edward I following the English conquest of this modern country. For ten points, name this constituent country of the United Kingdom whose name appears in the Princely title of the heir to the English throne.

Kingdom of Wales (or Cymru; accept Prince of Wales; accept Kingdom of Powys before mentioned)

(20) It is believed that the artist of this work foreshadowed their future by depicting themselves with the Cross of Saint James three years prior to being knighted. This work was restored by Juan García de Miranda after it was damaged in a fire at the Alcázar. A figure in this painting was misidentified as Maria Theresa when it was inventoried at the Madrid Royal Palace. Viewed from the lenses of Mariana of Austria and Philip IV, for the point, what 1656 painting by Diego Velázquez depicts the Infanta Margarita surrounded by her ladiesin-waiting?

Las Meninas

(23) This opera's title character notes, "They were all lying! All of them!" after realizing that a ship is the USS Abraham Lincoln. The aria "Dovunque [[doh-VOON-keh]] al Mondo" features motifs of the "Star-Spangled Banner" in this opera. That motif in this opera accompanies a character who marries Kate, prompting the protagonist to give her son an American flag and kill herself. For the point, name this Giacomo Puccini opera about a woman who marries American Lieutenant B.F. Pinkerton, Cio-Cio [[CHO-CHO]] San.

Madama Butterfly (accept Madame Butterfly)

(35) KFWB reporter Randy Kerdoon came close to scooping this announcement, leading to John Black moving it one day earlier than planned. Prior to this disclosure, Rick Vacek [[VAH-sek]] set up a satellite news office in the Park Plaza ballroom, and (+) agent Lou Rosen called to give advance notice to David Stern. This November 1991 event took place less than three weeks before the death of Freddie Mercury and resulted in Sedale Threatt [[see-DALE THREET]] taking over as (*) point guard. For the point, identify this event in which a star for the Los Angeles Lakers disclosed his medical status.

Magic Johnson announcing that he had HIV (accept answers referring to Magic Johnson or Earvin Johnson, Jr. making an announcement of his HIV-positive status and/or his retiring from the NBA)

(9) Ernest Arthur Dickinson put down a short-lived rebellion which aimed to restart this conflict led by Abd al-Qadir known as the Wad Habuba Revolt. Garnet Wolseley led a relief force to assist the besieged general "Chinese" Gordon during this war's Emin Pasha Expedition. During this war, future Secretary of War Herbert Kitchener implemented the first use of hollow point munitions known as "Dum Dum" bullets at the Battle of Omdurman. Sufi religious figure Muhammad Ahmad led, for the point, which late 19th century revolt in Sudan?

Mahdist War (accept Mahdist Revolt; Mahdi Revolt; prompt on answers including "Sudan" before mentioned; accept Wad Habuba Revolt before mentioned)

(3) During this war, the Scots Guards perpetrated the Batang Kali Massacre on unarmed villagers in the modern state of Selangor. The so-called "New Villages" were created during this conflict in an effort to intern ethnically Chinese dissidents, a part of the larger Briggs (+) Plan supported by the Atlee government. This communist insurgency largely ended after the failure of the Baling Talks prompted MNLA leader Chin Peng to flee to nearby (*) Thailand and retire. For the points, name this mid-20th century "Emergency," a guerilla war fought against British rule.

Malayan Emergency (or Darurat Malaya)

(1) Charlotte Serber attempted to share her story about working for this initiative in Standing By and Making Do, but publishers rejected the manuscript for over ten years. While working on this project, Leona Woods hid her pregnancy from Walter Zinn so she wouldn't be removed. Chieng-Shiung Wu [[CHENG-SHUNG-WOO]] was critical in solving an issue relating to xenon poisoning at this project's Hanford Site. In order to maintain security, the Calutron Girls were misled while working for this project. For the point, name this project which resulted in the creation of the first atomic bomb.

Manhattan Project (accept Development of Substitute Materials)

(24) DuPont president Walter Carpenter Jr. declined to profit from this operation. One figure in this operation was once given the title Coordinator of Rapid Rupture, in reference to a neutron chain reaction. For the point, identify this World War Two project that created the first nuclear weapons in the world.

Manhattan Project (accept Manhattan District; accept Development of Substitute Materials)

(29) DuPont president Walter Carpenter Jr. declined to profit from this operation, which was purposely relocated to the isolated Hanford Site near Richland, Washington. One figure in this operation was once given the title Coordinator of Rapid Rupture, in reference to a neutron chain reaction. For the point, identify this World War Two project that created the first nuclear weapons in the world.

Manhattan Project (accept Manhattan District; accept Development of Substitute Materials)

(7) A quotation from the ruling in this case about what is "emphatically the province and duty" of a government body is now inscribed at the Supreme Court. This case found that the Judiciary Act of 1789 contained provisions contrary to the original jurisdiction parameters of Article Three of the Constitution. This case was brought by a Maryland banker who failed to receive a judge's commission under the "midnight appointments." For ten points, name this 1803 Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review.

Marbury v. Madison (or William Marbury v. James Madison, Secretary of State of the United States)

(20) While at this man's grave in his homeland, Martin Luther King, Jr. declared that "[this man] was the first man of color to lead and develop a mass movement." This activist openly met with Grand Wizard Edward Young Clarke in 1922 and earlier thanked white people for Jim Crow. This founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association had his flag's colors adopted by the nation of Ghana. For the point, name this Black Nationalist of Jamaican descent who was the leader of the "Back to Africa" movement.

Marcus Garvey

(26) This person and Gregory Bateson produced a short documentary about the Kris Dance, a ritual practiced in Balinese culture. Derek Freeman called this person a "fateful hoaxing" for being duped by indigenous interviewees. This person argued that adolescents in Western cultures faced "storm and stress" compared to those living on the island of Ta'ū. For the point, what cultural anthropologist who advocated for a broadening of sexual attitudes wrote Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies and Coming of Age in Samoa?

Margaret Mead

(21) This artist recorded the original version of "How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved By You)" for Tamla Records, (+) which later became Motown. This artist described "picket lines and picket signs" in the song (*) "What's Going On?" For the points, identify this singer of "Let's Get It On" who performed "Ain't No Mountain High Enough" with Tammie Terrell.

Marvin Gaye (or Marvin Pentz Gay Jr.)

(6) This person claimed to have a telegraph from Warren Harding that promised the end of a police state in West Virginia. Reese Blizzard called this organizer "the most dangerous woman in America." This person gained recognition when she led the March of the Mill Children to Theodore Roosevelt's home with signs reading "we want to go to school." For the point, name this labor organizer who lends her name to a popular liberal magazine, the co-founder of the Industrial Workers of the World.

Mary G. Harris "Mother" Jones

(6) Cyrus Dallin created a statue of this man that stands on Cole's Hill. This man, one of whose names means "Yellow Feather," was described as wearing "a great chain of white bone beads about his neck" by Edward Winslow. A depiction of peace talks shows this man smoking a pipe with (+) John Carver. This man's son, Wamsutta, was himself succeeded by Metacomet, the namesake of King Philip's War. The title sachem was held by this leader, who sent (*) Squanto to greet the Plymouth colonists. For the points, name this Wampanoag chief who allied with the Pilgrims.

Massasoit Sachem (accept Ousamequin; accept Yellow Feather before mentioned; prompt on "Great Sachem")

(20) A woman named Jessie, who was the wife of one person killed in this event, married one of its perpetrators twelve days later. An exchange during this event was prompted when a warrant was deemed "bogus" by Cabell Testerman. Centered near the Pocahontas (+) District, this event was the subject of a 1987 film by John Sayles. Members of the Baldwin-Felts Agency participated in this event, in the aftermath of which Sid Hatfield was assassinated. The fallout from this event led to the next year's (*) Battle of Blair Mountain. For the points, name this 1920 shootout involving coal miners in West Virginia.

Matewan Massacre (or Battle of Matewan)

(3) With David Porter, this military figure seized Villahermosa [[vee-yah-ehr-MOH-sah]] from a tiny Mexican garrison, giving the U.S. nominal control over Tabasco. Another expedition headed by this man led to the Peace of Kanagawa, allowing an American embassy to be opened in Shimoda. This naval officer was tasked with ending one nation's period of sakoku, propagated by the Tokugawa Shogunate. For the point, name this American commodore who opened the ports of Japan to western trade.

Matthew C(albraith) Perry

(5) A 1937 strike on this island was led by Manuel Fegel on behalf of the Vibora Luviminda [[vee-BOH-rah loo-vee-MEEN-dah]] union, marking the end of ethnicallybased sugarcane strikes. This island's city of Lahaina [[lah-hah-EE-nah]] was a former center of the (+) whaling industry. Missionaries on this island created the twelve-letter alphabet now used for the language spoken on this island and its neighbors. (*) Kahului [[kah-hoo-LOO-ee]] is the largest town on, For the points, what second-largest island by area in Hawaii, which is named for a trickster god?

Maui

(9) This graphic novel contains an interlude entitled "Prisoner on the Hell Planet" in which the artist depicts himself reacting to his mother's suicide. The main narrative of this graphic novel takes place in Sosnowiec [[SAH-snoh-VEET]], the subject of Anja's [[AHN-yahs]] (+) burned diaries. In 2022, a Tennessee school board voted to ban the teaching of this graphic novel, causing it to return to the (*) bestseller list. For the points, name this graphic novel in which Art Spiegelman uses animals to recount his father's experience in the Holocaust.

Maus

(19) One holder of this position ordered a mob to destroy Frank Costello's slot machines with a sledgehammer. One holder of this position lost re-election due to the (+) Crown Heights Riot, and one holder of this position received regular advice from (*) Robert Moses. David Dinkins was the first African American holder of, for the points, what position held by Fiorello La Guardia and Rudy Giuliani?

Mayor of New York City (accept Mayor of NYC)

(5) This device was the subject of competitions at the 1855 Paris Exposition, which was won by John Henry Manny's design, and the 1851 Crystal Palace Exhibition, where this device won a gold medal over Obed Hussey's entry. A crowd gathered from Steele's Tavern viewed this machine's public demonstration in 1831, six years before the equally laborsaving steel plow was demonstrated by John Deere. For the point, name this farm device whose first practical version was invented by Cyrus McCormick.

Mechanical reaper (or McCormick reaper)

(17) This company issued documents titled "The FUD Begins" and "The Fatal Anniversary" in its Halloween Documents which discussed strategies to counter Linux [[LIN-ux]]. This company was called "an abusive monopoly" in a case heard by Thomas Penfield Jackson. This company tried to eliminate Netscape as a competitor, and the government almost divided this company into two, one to sell software and the other for its OS. Formerly led by Steve Ballmer, for the point, what is this company which created Xbox and Windows?

Microsoft Corporation

(17) A monk wrote the Ormulum in this language, interpreting how the homily should be given during Mass. The development of William Caxton's printing press led to the transition of this language to its "Early Modern" counterpart due to standardization. This language began to undergo the "Great Vowel Shift" in the 14th and 15th centuries, changing how long vowels were pronounced. The Canterbury Tales were written in, for the point, what language, influenced by both Norse and Norman French?

Middle English (prompt on "English"; do not prompt on or accept "Old English")

(24) A valley named after this group was excavated by a French painter named Paul Jamot [[zhah-MOH]], where he discovered that the sanctuary there also had a theatre. Pythagoras advised the people of Croton to build a shrine emulating this group in the middle of the city in order to promote learning. The main cult of these beings was based in Mount Helicon in Boeotia [[bee-OH-shah]]. Including Terpsichore [[terp-SIK-oh-ree]], Polyhymnia, and Clio, for the point, what nine "inspirational" goddesses in Greek mythology presided over the arts?

Muses

(23) The documentary The Hate That Hate Produced focused primarily on this group. Elijah Muhammad was one leader of this group, and a later leader of this group gave the "Ballot or the Bullet" speech and was assassinated at the Audubon Ballroom. For the point, name this religious organization led by Louis Farrakhan and Malcolm X.

Nation of Islam (accept NOI; prompt on "The Nation")

(25) The documentary The Hate That Hate Produced focused primarily on this group, which established headquarters at Mosque Maryam in 1972. Elijah Muhammad was one leader of this group, and a later leader of this group gave the "Ballot or the Bullet" speech and was assassinated at the Audubon Ballroom. For the point, name this religious organization led by Louis Farrakhan and Malcolm X.

Nation of Islam (accept NOI; prompt on "The Nation")

(28) This tribe's sacred dwellings are called "hogans." After the invasion of Canyon de Chelly, Kit Carson forcibly relocated members of this tribe in the "Long Walk" to Bosque Redondo. Philip Johnston helped recruit hundreds of members of this tribe who trained in Camp Elliot. Chester Nez was a member of this tribe who used a radio to transmit messages in their native language. For the point, name this tribe which lives in a namesake "Nation" in the southwest and worked as code talkers during World War Two.

Navajo (or Diné)

(18) This amendment was supported by a group of picketers known as the Silent Sentinels. Alice Paul led a parade advocating for the passage of this amendment, and this amendment was ratified over four decades after Susan B. Anthony's activism. For the point, name this amendment, supported by suffragettes, which guaranteed women the right to vote.

Nineteenth Amendment (accept in either order; accept Amendment XIX; accept the Anthony Amendment before Susan B. Anthony is mentioned)

(2) Edward Doheny was implicated in an investigation into this industry by Thomas J. Walsh. Following a 1969 disaster in this industry, Senator Gaylord Nelson organized the first Earth Day. Ida Tarbell published an exposé of a company in this industry, members of which bribed Albert Fall to lease federal land in Wyoming. The Teapot Dome Scandal involved, for the point, what industry led by John D. Rockefeller?

Oil industry (accept Petroleum industry)

(2) Following a 1969 disaster in this industry, Senator Gaylord Nelson organized the first Earth Day. Ida Tarbell published an exposé of a company in this industry, members of which bribed Albert Fall to lease federal land in Wyoming. The Teapot Dome Scandal involved, for the point, what industry led by John D. Rockefeller?

Oil industry (accept Petroleum industry)

(5) Pleasant Porter, commander of the Light Horsemen, sold land in this state to the US. This state was home to the Sequoyah Constitutional Convention, and Charles Carpenter and David Payne led a settlement movement in this state. Elias Cornelius Boundinot coined the term "Unassigned Lands" for this state. There were two "Boomer" movements in this state, and the "Sooners" travelled to this state which included Indian Territory. In 1893, the Land Run occurred in what is now this state. For the point, name this panhandle state, north of Texas.

Oklahoma

(15) A "gang" of employees named for this building controlled political clubs in Harlem in the 1940s. This building once housed the Adolph Weinman sculpture Day, which was photographed in a garbage dump, leading to the formation of the Landmarks Preservation Commission. The 1966 demolition of this building outraged architectural historians and led to the opening of a new depot underneath Madison Square Garden. For the point, name this main point of departure for inter-city train service from New York.

Old Penn Station (or New York Pennsylvania Station; or Old Pennsylvania Station)

(2) This text noted that "energy of mild and just government ... afforded such an assurance of their permanency and increase." John Adams openly opposed the writing of this document, stating that the colonies should have already raised a navy. George III allegedly refused to even read this document since it was written by traitors. This document, authored by John Dickinson, was followed by the Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms. For the point, name this petition, which was drafted by the Second Continental Congress to halt conflict with Great Britain.

Olive Branch Petition

(20) In Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. United States, this justice ruled that evidence obtained from an illegal search was inadmissible, establishing the doctrine of "fruit of the poisonous tree." In Buck v. Bell, this justice proclaimed that "three generations of imbeciles are enough." This man also argued that the First Amendment does not protect someone "falsely shouting 'fire' in a theater." For the point, name this justice who wrote the majority opinion in Schenck v. United States.

Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.

(9) This man's father, a Fireside Poet, wrote "Old Ironsides" to preserve the USS Constitution. This man briefly acted as Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court during a vacancy between the death of William Howard Taft and the confirmation of Charles Evans Hughes. This man established the "clear and present danger" doctrine while deliberating on Schenk v. U.S.. For the point, name this renowned American jurist who served on the Supreme Court from 1902 to 1932.

Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.

(16) This woman was arrested after the publication of a poster in which she demanded the public choose between the "Three Urns," which included a unitary republic, federation, or constitutional monarchy. This member of the Society of the Friends of Truth suggested that, since women had "the right to mount the scaffold," they too must have the (+) "right to mount the speaker's platform." This ally of the Girondins wrote a reply to a document drafted by the Marquis (*) de Lafayette. For the points, name this French playwright and author of the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen.

Olympe de Gouges (or Marie Gouze)

(4) Samuel Kirkland converted many members of this tribe to Christianity through his friendship with Chief Skenandoa. This tribe was given 6 million acres (+) in New York, though it was eventually reduced to 32 acres, forcing many of this tribe to march to (*) Wisconsin. For the points, name this tribe that founded the Iroquois League with the Mohawk, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca.

Oneida

(5) Samuel Kirkland converted many members of this tribe to Christianity through his friendship with Chief Skenandoa, prompting this tribe to side with the colonists in the American Revolution. This tribe was given 6 million acres in (+) New York, though it was eventually reduced to 32 acres, forcing many of this tribe to march to Wisconsin. For the points, name this tribe that founded the (*) Iroquois League with the Mohawk, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca.

Oneida

(5) In the aftermath of this conspiracy, the firebrand judge Roland Freisler used the "People's Court" for public show trials. Despite coming into contact with known plotter Johannes Popitz, Heinrich Himmler did nothing to stop this conspiracy, as he believed the ongoing war to be unwinnable. This plot, which occurred in East Prussia, began when a bomb in a briefcase was placed in a meeting room in an attempt to kill the Führer. Claus von Stauffenberg led, for the point, which 1944 attempt to kill Hitler in the Wolf's Lair, which led to the death of Erwin Rommel?

Operation Valkyrie (or Unternehmen Walküre; accept July Plot; or 20 July 1944)

(25) An American of Swiss origin named Albert Gallatin [[GAL-ah-tin]] negotiated a tenyear joint occupation of this territory with Great Britain. Visitors to this territory often traveled on a path constructed by settlers Philip Foster and Sam Barlow. This territory's namesake treaty established the American line of control at the 49th parallel, excepting the southern portion of Vancouver Island. The slogan "54-40 or Fight" was used during boundary disputes over, for the point, what region and later U.S. territory which names a trail connecting the Missouri River to the West?

Oregon Country (accept Oregon Territory)

(10) During this period, Detroit mayor Hazen S. Pingree introduced the "Potato Patch Plan." Ohio businessman Jacob Coxey led a namesake "army" of protestors which occupied Washington during this period. The repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act led to widespread deflation during this period, the worst US depression of the 19th century. For the point, name this late-19th century "Panic" which derailed the Cleveland administration, leading to an electoral victory by the Republicans and William McKinley.

Panic of 1893

(6) Though this man was nominally Pasteur Bizimungu's vice president, he held the real power of his country during two wars against his country's large western neighbor, once called Zaire. This man led a rebellion from Uganda and opposed the hate speech of RTLM and the Interahamwe militia. This man's country has been referred to as the "Singapore of Africa" for its recovery after the brutal 1994 massacres of the Tutsi people, of which this man is a member. For the point, name this president of Rwanda since 2000.

Paul Kagame [[kah-GAH-meh]]

(12) Marion Butler ran on a fusion ticket combining this party with Republicans in North Carolina. L.L. Polk founded this party, almost becoming its 1892 presidential nominee. This party called for free silver and abolition of national banks as part of the Ocala Demands. This party's "second Declaration of Independence" called for a 16:1 ratio of silver to gold as written by Ignatius Donnelly in the Omaha Platform. In 1896, this party nominated a ticket of Thomas Watson and William Jennings Bryan for president. For the point, name this leftwing agrarian party.

People's Party (or Populist(s) Party)

(27) This psychologist founded the Heroic Imagination Project and also developed the Time Perspective Theory. In his book, The Lucifer Effect, this psychologist wrote, "Good people can be induced, seduced, and initiated into behaving in (+) evil ways." This psychologist's best-known experiment involved assigning students into roles within a mock (*) prison. For the points, what psychologist is notable for conducting the Stanford Prison Experiment?

Philip Zimbardo (or Philip George Zimbardo)

(15) One division of this company arrested Big Bill Haywood after the murder of Idaho Governor Frank Steunenberg. This company's first female member, Kate Warne, played a major role in foiling an alleged 1861 plot in Baltimore against Abraham Lincoln. This group, whose slogan was "we never sleep," was hired to break up the Homestead Strike. For the point, name this private detective agency.

Pinkerton National Detective Agency (accept Pinkertons)

(1) Future governor of this colony Edward Winslow wrote the treatise Mourt's Relation, describing the initial exploration of the nearby Provincetown harbor. Once an English mercenary in the Eighty Years' War, Myles Standish was initially hired to serve as a military advisor to this colony. This colony managed to form peaceful relations with neighboring natives such as the Wampanoag [[wahm-pah-NOH-ag]] due, in part, to the help of the Patuxet [[pah-TUK-set]] tribesman, Squanto. For the point, name this English colony in New England settled by the Pilgrims.

Plymouth Colon

(6) The Defence No. I calls the "spirit" of these entities "an inseparable appendage of human nature." Another essay argues that rather than removing the causes of these entities, we should control their effects. The power of these entities is curbed by Republicanism (+) according to "Federalist X [["TEN"]]." George Washington called the "alternating domination" of these entities "a frightful despotism" in his (*) farewell address. For ten points, name these organizations that coordinate political candidates and have included the Federalists and Democrats.

Political Parties (accept Factions)

(26) In 1913, this city's mayor, Henry Albee, attempted to outlaw all non-religious public speaking. The 1957 CBS special A Day Called X chose this city to simulate the process of evacuating a major metropolitan area in advance of a nuclear strike. The 1970 consolidation of Tri-Met reformed public transit to this city's suburban counties of Yamhill and Clackamas. Since at least 2017, this city has experienced regular outbreaks of violence between groups such as Patriot Prayer and Rose City Antifa. For ten points, name this most populous city in Oregon.

Portland

(30) Gerard Baker issued a controversial memo to this publication that informed employees not to use the phrase "seven majority-Muslim countries" during the 2017 Muslim Ban. Charles H. (+) Dow founded this newspaper that is currently owned by Rupert Murdoch, and this newspaper is published by (*) Dow Jones & Company. For the points, name this newspaper that is partially named for the biggest financial hub in Manhattan.

The Wall Street Journal (accept WSJ)

(8) The Duke of Modena tasked this ally of Charles Louis with raising an army against the Papal States, only for the attack to be cancelled. All of present-day Manitoba was once part of a territory named after this man, who served as the first governor of the (+) Hudson's Bay Company. In his twenties, this son of Frederick V of the Palatinate served as a cavalry commander at Edgehill and lost the Battle of Marston Moor (*) during the English Civil War. For the points, name this German-English Royalist prince.

Prince Rupert of the Rhine, Duke of Cumberland (accept Prince Rupert's Land; or Rupert's Land)

(26) A memo on making political use of this woman's case was written by Brian Darling for Senator Mel Martinez. This woman's case was moved into federal court by the "Palm Sunday Compromise." This woman suffered a cardiac arrest as the result of bulimia in 1990 and was later the subject of a namesake law giving Jeb Bush the authority to override decisions on her care. For the point, name this Florida woman who was in a persistent vegetative state during a 2005 controversy over removing her feeding tube.

Theresa Marie "Terri" Schiavo [[SHY-voh]] (or Theresa Marie "Terri" Schindler)

(19) A sub-war within this larger conflict named for general Lennart Torstenson resulted in Sweden's annexation of Gotland, Saaremaa [[sah-reh-MAH]], and Halland with assistance from the Dutch Republic. During this war, Saxony and Brandenburg-Prussia led the formation of the Heilbronn League in the wake of the Battle of Lutzen. This war began when Protestants led by Count Thum [[TOOM]] committed the "Second Defenestration of Prague." For the point, name this 17th-century war primarily fought in Germany, ended by the Treaty of Westphalia.

Thirty Years' War (accept Dreißigjähriger [[DRY-sik-YAH-rig-uh]] Krieg; prompt on "Torstenson War" or "Hannibal War")

(23) This man founded the Black Maria, a motion picture studio located in West Orange. This man used the kinetoscope (+) to shoot many early films, including one of Fred Ott sneezing. Nicknamed the (*) "Wizard of Menlo Park," this is, for the points, what man who invented the phonograph and the first mass-market incandescent light bulb?

Thomas Edison (or Thomas Alva Edison)

(17) In an act of war protest, this man once set his boat, the Tigris, on fire off the coast of Djibouti while on a nine-nation expedition to determine how Egyptians and Mesopotamians could have contacted the Indus Valley Civilization. One book by this man describes another expedition that sailed from Morocco to Barbados and was named after the Egyptian deity Ra. For the point, name this Norwegian adventurer and experimental archeologist whose travels across the Pacific in a balsa wood raft are chronicled in the book Kon-Tiki.

Thor Heyerdahl

(12) This figure co-wrote a text with William Brennan calling the death penalty "Cruel and Unusual" after William Furman's execution. After serving as executive director of the NAACP's Legal Defense Fund, this figure replaced Tom Clark in his best known position. For the point, name this lawyer who became the first Black Supreme Court Justice.

Thurgood Marshall (accept Thoroughgood Marshall)

(16) This figure co-wrote a text with William Brennan calling the death penalty "Cruel and Unusual" after William Furman's execution. After serving as executive director of the NAACP's Legal Defense Fund, this figure replaced Tom Clark in his best known position, and Elena Kagan served as this man's clerk in that position. For the point, name this lawyer who became the first Black Supreme Court Justice.

Thurgood Marshall (accept Thoroughgood Marshall)

(2) In a majority opinion, this Justice dealt with an establishment owned by Moreton Rolleston and upheld the constitutionality of enforcing Title II of the Civil Rights Act against the Heart of Atlanta Motel. In another majority opinion, this man noted that many states rejected a certain "ignoble shortcut" in (+) Wolf v. Colorado. That 1961 case subjected the states to the exclusionary rule, setting limitations on what evidence was admissible under the Fourth (*) Amendment. For the points, name this Supreme Court Justice who authored the opinion in Mapp v. Ohio.

Tom C(ampbell) Clark

(29) One of these objects, eventually used as a birdhouse, was developed by Lester Wire based on a British system. Ashville, Ohio claims to have had the oldest working example of these objects, which was in service for fifty years. William Potts developed an innovation of these devices by utilizing an "amber" light. The Acme Corporation built the first of these devices in Los Angeles, supplementing their most notable element with signs saying "Stop" and "Go." In 1922, African-American inventor Garrett Morgan patented, for the point, what technology used to regulate car flow on roads?

Traffic Lights (or Traffic Signals; accept Stoplights)

(16) This treaty agreed to submit arbitration of the Pig War to William I, the German emperor. John Macdonald's presence on the negotiating committee for this treaty, led by the Marquess of Ripon [[RIP-un]], made it, in part, the first agreement between the U.S. and the (+) newly confederated Dominion of Canada. This treaty secured fishing rights for American vessels in Canadian waters and led to a 15-million dollar payment in compensation for damage done by (*) Confederate vessels built in the U.K. For the points, name this 1871 treaty that settled the Alabama claims.

Treaty of Washington

(14) In one work depicting this event, a panel consisting of Melchior Inchofer [[een-KOHfehr]], Agostino Oreggi [[oh-REH-jee]], and Zaccaria Pasqualigo [[pas-kwah-LEE-goh]] offered opinions. This event's central figure wrote the controversial Sidereus Nuncius [[NOON-kee-us]]. That figure at the center of this event was found "vehemently suspect of heresy" after publishing Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems. For the point, name this event involving an Italian astronomer who may have uttered the phrase "and yet it moves" in support of heliocentrism.

Trial of Galileo Galilei (accept equivalents for "trial"; prompt on "Galileo")

(19) During an operation against the monarch of this city, William Eaton led an army comprised of mostly Arab mercenaries on a 500-mile march across the desert to capture the fort of Derne [[DURN]]. Pasha Karamanli demanded a ransom for POWs larger than the annual U.S. military budget after William Bainbridge ran the USS Philadelphia aground in this city. That ship was burned by Stephen Decatur in this city during the Barbary Wars. For the point, name this Libyan city whose "shores" are mentioned in the Marine Hymn.

Tripoli (accept Derne before "Derne" is mentioned)

(14) After its founder moved to the U.S., this group became widely known after organizing a three-day prayer session for Richard Nixon and creating the News World conglomerate, which founded the (*) Washington Times. This group follows the book Divine Principle and believes that the (*) "Cheon Il Guk," or One Heavenly Kingdom, will be hastened by the performance of "blessing ceremonies." For the point, name this church that performed mass weddings and was founded in South Korea by Sun-Myung Moon.

Unification Church (accept Unification Movement or Unificationism or Unificationists; prompt on "Moonies" before "Moon" is mentioned)

(1) The U.S. and this country feuded over borders in the San Juan Islands during the Pig War. In the Trent Affair, John Slidell was captured by one of this country's ships in the early years of the Civil War. For the point, name this country that fought the American colonies in the Revolutionary War.

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (accept either underlined portion; accept UK; accept England)

(16) A territory in this modern state had its first capital in the town of Fillmore in the Pahvant Valley until raids made settlers flee to Cove Fort. Dressed as Paiute [[PAI-yoot]] natives, a Christian sect ambushed and killed members of the Baker-Fancher wagon train at this state's site of Mountain Meadows. This state was the location of Brigham Young's attempt to create an independent entity named Deseret, a safe haven for the Mormon people. For the point, name this Western U.S. state.

Utah

(25) The Cutter Incident undermined public trust in these things after tainted batches resulted in 120,000 people becoming sick in 1955. Albert Sabin's oral variety of these things was opposed by the March of Dimes, who preferred a different version of these things developed by Jonas Salk. Polio was beaten by, for the point, what inoculations that immunize people from disease?

Vaccines (accept Polio Vaccines; accept Oral Vaccines; or Polio Vaccines)

(25) After this state declared independence in 1777 it minted "coppers" and ratified its constitution at Windsor Tavern. The first two senators from this state were members of the Anti-Administration faction. After the 2018 elections, one senator from this state was the longest-serving senator but was only six months older than his junior senator. As a result of American enthusiasm for all things French after the Revolution, Jacob Davis chose to name this state's capital after a French city near the Mediterranean. For the point, name this 14th US state.

Vermont

(8) The first person to hold this specific position was nicknamed "Cactus Jack." Henry A. (+) Wallace served for four years in this specific position, and the last man to hold this specific position became the 33rd (*) President of the United States. For the points, identify this specific position that was held by John Nance Garner and Harry Truman under the longest-serving U.S. president.

Vice Presidents of Franklin Roosevelt (accept anything that mentions Franklin Roosevelt or FDR and Vice President; prompt on "Vice President")

(9) An altercation involving the USS Maddox took place during this war, which was the subject of documents released by Daniel Ellsberg. (+) Duplicitous tactics used to generate support for this war were detailed by The New York Times using the Pentagon (*) Papers. Operation Rolling Thunder was a long-term air bombardment during, for the points, what war in Southeast Asia?

Vietnam War (accept Second Indochina War)

(11) This man created a namesake play while coaching Frank Gifford as offensive coordinator of the New York Giants. In one of this head coach's most storied victories, he responded to a suggestion to run the "31 wedge" play by saying, "Run it, and let's get the hell out of here" to Bart Starr during the Ice Bowl. For ten points, name this coach who won the first two Super Bowls with the Green Bay Packers and is now the namesake of the Super Bowl championship trophy.

Vince Lombardi (or Vincent Thomas Lombardi; accept Vince Lombardi Trophy; accept Lombardi sweep)

(6) Entries like "Cengunmé" and "Sokaku-Reibo" were included in these objects. Ann Druyan's brainwaves were included in these things, which also feature Jon Lomberg's "Diagram of vertebrate evolution." The inclusion of Chuck Berry's "Johnny B. Goode" was a source of controversy regarding these objects, which bear similarity to the Pioneer plaques. Resembling time capsules, the creation of these items was supported by Carl Sagan. For the point, name these objects depicting human life that were sent as part of a namesake 1977 space mission.

Voyager Golden Records (prompt on partial answer)

(24) A World War One propaganda poster promoting these items, depicted a U.S. soldier being crucified by a German soldier. Along with "Thrift Stamps," volunteers known as the "Four Minute Men" facilitated the purchase of these items across the U.S. through patriotic speeches. The "Series E" type of these items were marketed by the U.S. Department of Treasury during the Second World War. For the point, name these securities used by the U.S. government to help pay for 20th century conflicts.

War Bonds (accept Liberty Bonds; accept Series E Bonds before mentioned)

(2) Concerning agriculture and feudalism in Medieval Europe, name the...Crop which, along with rye and barley, was used in bread-making.

Wheat (accept Triticum)

(24) A simulated version of this man on the program Deadliest Warrior was victorious over Shaka Zulu in a fight. During a rap battle, this man tells his opponent, "You died owning slaves. I died setting men free." In that same episode of Epic Rap Battles of History, George Washington asks this man, "How'd you get beat by a dude named Longshanks?" For the point, what nationalist fought in the First War of Scottish Independence and was played by Mel Gibson in the film Braveheart?

William Wallace

(27) In conjunction with a plan formulated by this man, George B. McClellan hoped to launch an assault on a southern capital along the Kanawha River. The U.S. Ram Fleet was built to carry out this general's plan, which was a response to the CSS Virginia's sinking of the USS Cumberland. The execution of this man's strategy included Ambrose Burnside's engagements off of the Outer Banks, attempting to curtail blockade runners. For the point, name this general who retired after formulating a plan to blockade the Confederacy, named for a type of snake.

Winfield Scott (prompt on "Anaconda Plan"; accept Scott's Great Snake)

(6) During Reconstruction, this artist painted a former family of enslaved people giving a chilly greeting to a former plantation resident in A Visit from the Old Mistress. This painter depicted General Francis Barlow in a scene including surrendering Confederate officers, Prisoners from the Front. This artist's After the Hurricane may depict the same Black sailor whose broken boat is encircled by sharks in another of his scenes. For ten points, name this painter of Breezing Up and The Gulf Stream.

Winslow Homer

(11) Created by Len Wein and Herb Trimpe in 1974, this character's first major appearance was in Incredible Hulk, Number 181 in which he fights both the Wendigo and the Hulk. This character worked for the intelligence agency, Department H, and served in the 1st Parachute Battalion at (+) D-Day. From 2000 to 2017, this character appeared in nine films, and the actor playing this character held the Guinness record, along with (*) Patrick Stewart, for the "Longest career as a live-action Marvel superhero." For the points, name this character played in the X-Men films by Hugh Jackman.

Wolverine (or Logan; or James Howlett; prompt on "James")

(20) Tensions leading up to this event escalated after the killing of Sitting Bull, who was charged with being a "Ghost Dancer." Big Foot and Black Coyote were among the 300 Lakota killed in this 1890 massacre led by Colonel James Forsyth. For the point, identify this massacre that took place near a South Dakota creek, which is considered the last major conflict between Native Americans and the U.S. Army.

Wounded Knee Massacre

(23) Off-duty policemen who identified as the "Vengeance Squad" participated in this event. This conflict took place during ongoing appeals from members of the 38th Street Gang who were convicted in the prior year's Sleepy Lagoon murder. This event targeted (+) "pachucos" [[pah-CHOO-kohss]] who were believed to be flouting wartime regulations on the (*) use of fabric. For the points, name this June 1943 period of unrest in Los Angeles between military members and the largely Mexican-American wearers of oversized clothing.

Zoot Suit riots (accept reasonable synonyms for "riot")

1. A "multiplex" version of this technology for use on trains was created by Granville Woods. The creator of this technology was a portrait artist and the painter of Gallery of the Louvre. A large project involving this technology was completed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel's Great Eastern and financed by paper manufacturer Cyrus Fields. Western Union's services once relied on this technology, and its first public use was the sending of the message "What has God wrought?" For the point, what is this communication technology developed by Samuel Morse?

electric telegraphy [or the sending of telegrams] <JB>

II} U.S. History Bee 2015, Nationals Set, Round 6, Page 4 of 9 13. One of these animals is depicted near a pit labeled "Southern Claims Chaos" on the left side of Thomas Nast's cartoon "The Third Term Panic." In 1903, the Edison Manufacturing Company shot a 74-second film of one of these animals being put to death. One of these animals named Topsy was electrocuted by the owners of Luna Park. A March 2015 announcement declared that the Ringling Brothers would stop using these animals in their shows. For the point, what animals, a staple of circus performances, are typically used to represent the Republican Party?

elephants <KG>

II} U.S. History Bee 2015, Nationals Set, Round 6, Page 7 of 9 26. During this event, the man at its center appointed John M. Schofield to a disputed position. The minority who opposed this action was led by James F. Wilson. This event came to a head with a trial in which John A. Bingham was chairman and Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase presided. The man targeted by this action had mocked a "rump Congress" and dismissed Edwin M. Stanton as secretary of war, violating the Tenure of Office Act. For the point, what was this attempt to remove the successor of Abraham Lincoln from the presidency?

impeachment of Andrew Johnson [accept word forms; accept impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson; prompt on trial of Andrew Johnson] <SH>

(2) This body of water, home to the Eora and Tharawal people for thousands of years, is the location to which Maggie May is sent after "robbing a homeward bounder" in a Liverpool folk song. Arthur Phillip was assigned to establish a British (+) colony at this location but opted to settle at Port Jackson. James Cook initially referred to this location as "Stingrays Harbour," (*) and this body of water was his first landing site in Australia after sailing from New Zealand. For ten points, what bay in Sydney did the British establish as a penal colony?

Botany Bay (or Kamay; accept Stingrays Harbour before mentioned)

(22) A politician with this surname, nicknamed the "Lion of White Hall," served as U.S. minister to Russia during the Civil War. Another politician with this surname formed a "triumvirate" with John C. Calhoun and Daniel Webster and promoted the "American System." That man with this surname served as secretary of state under John Quincy Adams. For the point, give this surname of the "Great Compromiser," Henry.

Clay (accept Henry Clay Sr.; accept Cassius Marcellus Clay)

(4) Ronald Reagan's speech "A Time for Choosing" declared a need to stop this ideology. Dwight Eisenhower (+) ran on a platform opposing this ideology, corruption, and Korea. (*) "Containment Theory" tried to halt, for the points, what ideology, subject of the "Red Scare"?

Communism

(5)Concerning the New Deal, name the... Strategy used by the president to fill the judiciary branch with pro-New Deal judges.

Court-packing (accept Supreme Court-packing; accept Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937)

(27) In one speech, this man identified himself as an American, not a "Northern man" or a "Massachusetts (+) man." While serving as secretary of state, this man signed a treaty with Baron Ashburton that put an end to the Aroostook War. This man gave the "Seventh of March Speech" (*) and stated "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable." For the points, name this senator who argued against the devil in an American short story.

Daniel Webster

(34) Mary Anne Fitzgerald was wrongfully imprisoned by this man's government after she outed him for using Indian financiers to export coffee on the black market. It's not an Egyptian leader, but a Free Officers movement led by Hezekiah Ochuka and former VP Jaramogi Oginga Odinga attempted to oust this leader in a 1982 coup. The Kiambu [[keyahm-BOO]] Mafia, led by the Kikuyu elite, opposed this man and his successor Uhuru Kenyatta. For the point, name this second President of Kenya, a KANU politician who succeeded Jomo Kenyatta.

Daniel arap Moi

(28) In Hurst v. [this state], the Supreme Court declared that this state must use a unanimous jury to place inmates on death row. Santería practitioners went to court to protect their right to sacrifice animals in a court case in this state, Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah. Bush v. Gore concerned a recount dispute in the 2000 election after 61,000 votes went missing in this state. For the point, name this state governed by people including Jeb Bush and Ron DeSantis from Tallahassee.

Florida

(20) Following the Sack of Lawrence, this man killed five pro-slavery settlers near Pottawatomie Creek during Bleeding Kansas. Marines under Robert E. (+) Lee captured this man in an armory before he could lead a (*) slave revolt. For the points, name this abolitionist who led a failed raid on Harpers Ferry.

John Brown

(3) Both this man and his cousin, Charles, were part of a 1776 expedition to Montreal that tried to convinced Quebec to join the American Revolution. This man and other patriots from his order met at White Marsh to break away from London's vicar and organize a new national church. In a later position, this man named Robert Plunkett the first president of a new school that he founded in 1790. Benjamin Franklin recommended this Jesuit to Pope Pius VI for a seat created in Maryland. For the point, name this founder of Georgetown University, the first Catholic archbishop in the U.S.

John Carroll

(3) This man's scholarly father, James, wrote an anti-Hindu historiography chronicling English colonialism in The History of British India. With Henry Hunt, this man was the first member of Parliament to openly call for women's suffrage in England, and this man wrote The Subjection of Women after conversations with his wife, Harriet Taylor. The teachings of Jeremy Bentham inspired, for ten points, what philosopher and MP who wrote Utilitarianism?

John Stuart Mill John Stuart Mill called for the eradication of poverty through what kind of tax, which was implemented in the U.S. through the 16th amendment? Income Tax

(3) Language family of northwestern Europe that included Gaulish, Gallaecian, and Brittonic.

Celtic Languages

(3) Concerning the life of Malcolm X, name the...Boxer once known as Cassius Clay whom he assisted in converting from Christianity.

Muhammad Ali

(17) An exorcism was performed on this figure in the months prior to her death due to the belief that the devil was causing insomnia. This person led the rescue of 37 children from a bombed psychiatric hospital during the Siege of Beirut. A prominent critic of this person was Christopher Hitchens, who called her "a fanatic, a fundamentalist, and a fraud" after she was beatified by John Paul II in 2003. The winner of the 1979 Nobel Peace Prize, for the point, what Roman Catholic nun was the founder of the Order of the Missionaries of Charity?

Mother Teresa (or Anjezë Gonxhe Bonaxhiu; or Mother Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu; or Saint Teresa of Calcutta)

(22) This committee chairman facilitated passage of the National Banking Act and Legal Tender Act of 1862 as war-financing measures during his time as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee during the Civil War. An 1865 speech in Lancaster (*) by this man proposed confiscating the 70,000 largest estates in the South to fund Sherman's "40 acres and a mule" program. The film Lincoln depicts this man's semipublic relationship with his (*) Black housekeeper, Lydia Smith. For the points, name this Radical Republican leader from Pennsylvania.

Thaddeus "Thad" Stevens

(29) Eastern Airlines Flight 401 crashed in this region after its crew became distracted by a burnt-out landing gear indicator light. In this region, Hamilton Disston purchased over four million acres of land near St. Cloud to build canals. One book about this region is subtitled River of Grass and was written by Marjory Stoneman Douglass. This region's drainage was accelerated under the administration of Governor Napoleon Bonaparte Broward. Home to the assimilated Seminole people, for the point, what is this large region of marshy wetlands in South Florida?

The Everglades (accept Everglades National Park)

(3) This devastating event was the subject of the treatise Loimologia [[loy-moh-LOHgee-ah]] which was written by a physician who personally witnessed this event, Nathaniel Hodges. In an attempt to stop this event, the village of Eyam lost over 200 people after collectively participating in an early instance of quarantining for disease control. Due to this event, the royal capital moved to the cities of Salisbury and Oxford after the wealthy, led by King Charles II, fled London. For ten points, name this 17th century epidemic which ravaged England, a blight caused by Yersinia pestis.

The Great Plague (accept the Great Plague of London; accept the Plague of 1665; accept Plague of 1666; prompt on the "Bubonic Plague")

(3) One of this expedition's leaders died a mysterious death at an inn along Natchez Trace. A person whose name translates from Hidatsa (+) as "Bird Woman" aided this expedition, whose departure point is commemorated by the (*) Gateway Arch. For the points, name this expedition ordered by Thomas Jefferson to explore the American West.

The Lewis and Clark Expedition (accept The Corps of Discovery)

(28) Along side the victor of this event, Mark Spitz appeared on a Sports Illustrated cover, but that victor of this event would not appear in another public match for two decades. The victor of this event criticized its format for incentivizing draws, and he was the pre-match favorite due to his higher (+) ELO rating. An unsuccessful attempt to remove cameras from a room led to a forfeit during this event, which included the first non-Soviet (*) victory in the game at the center of this event in 24 years. For the points, name this 1972 event in which Boris Spassky lost to U.S. chess phenom Bobby Fischer.

The Match of the Century (accept World Chess Championship 1972; accept chess match between Robert James "Bobby" Fischer and Boris [Vasilievich] Spassky before mentioned)

(4) Under Rudolf Bing, this organization moved to its current home in 1966. Peter Gelb replaced one of this group's stars due to tensions over the Ukraine War and dismissed a long-serving music director over sexual assault allegations. This organization serves as a rival to the Academy of Music, and it competes with the New York City Opera. For the point, identify this opera company based at the Lincoln Center.

The Metropolitan Opera

(6) Anachronisms in this movie include a man expressing his admiration for Great Danes over a century before that breed name was in common use and a man using an Abraham Lincoln five-dollar bill before Lincoln was born. Thomas Sumter and Francis (+) Marion were among the inspirations for the protagonist of this film, whose villain, William Tavington, is based on (*) Banastre Tarleton. For the points, name this movie from the year 2000 in which a South Carolina militiaman, played by Mel Gibson, fights in the Revolutionary War.

The Patriot

(9) This book notes the enormous sales of a popular treatment of its subject, Elizabeth Phelps's novel The Gates Ajar, and posits that belief in the home-based "good" form of its subject was abruptly shattered. This book's short chapter titles describe processes such as (+) "Naming," "Burying," "Doubting," and "Surviving." This book, which came out six months after its author assumed the presidency of Harvard University, posits that the unprecedented scale of Civil War (*) casualties permanently changed American culture's attitude towards death. For the point, name this 2008 book by Drew Gilpin Faust.

This Republic of Suffering

(28) This man popularized the stock ticker, which led to the growth of bucket shops. This man founded the Black Maria studio in West Orange and used the (+) kinetoscope to shoot many early films, including one of Fred Ott sneezing. Nicknamed the (*) "Wizard of Menlo Park," this is, for the points, what man who invented the phonograph and the first mass-market incandescent light bulb?

Thomas Edison (or Thomas Alva Edison)

(3) One ruler of this name defeated Azariah of Judah and subjugated Qedar. The first king of this name recorded a number of his military campaigns on a set of "fifth year annals" that took the form of eight-sided prisms. The third king of this name appointed eunuchs as governors (+) and decreased the size of individual provinces in order to weaken subordinates. The Neo-Hittites were defeated by that king of this name, who was said to have ruled the "Four Corners of the World" before being succeeded by his son, (*) Shalmaneser V. For the points, give this name shared by various Assyrian kings.

Tiglath-Pileser (accept Tukultī-apil-Ešarra I; accept Tukultī-apil-Ešarra III; accept Tiglath-Pileser I; accept Tiglath-Pileser III)

(22) An attempt to enforce this event led to the Dade Massacre. Secretary of War Lewis Cass was charged with implementing much of this event, part of which was agreed to by Greenwood LeFlore at the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek. Future Confederate general Stand Watie [[WAY-tee]] signed a treaty setting up this event at New Echota [[eh-KOH-tah]] over the objections of Chief John Ross. For ten points, name this event in which tribes such as the Cherokee were removed from the American Southeast.

Trail of Tears (prompt on "Indian removal," "Cherokee removal," or similar answers)

(11) Michael Hillegas [[HILL-eh-gass]] was the first person to hold this position under the Articles of Confederation. Harry Truman appointed Georgia Neese Clark as the first woman to this position, and she was succeeded by Ivy Baker Priest. Jovita Carranza [[hohVEE-tah kah-RAHN-zah]] resigned from this position in 2020 to lead the Small Business Administration. It's not the Secretary of the Treasury, but this person's signature appears on U.S. banknotes. For the point, name this government position responsible for overseeing the Bureau of Engraving & Printing and the U.S. Mint.

Treasurer of the United States (or U.S. Treasurer; do not accept or prompt on "treasury secretary" or "Secretary of the Treasury")

(27) This treaty stipulated that 25 percent of the output of the Baku oil fields must be given to one side to repay a debt of three million marks. Following this treaty, power was placed in the hands of the volksdeutsche [[VOLKS-doytch-eh]] elite in the newly created United Baltic Duchy and Kingdom of Lithuania. This 1918 treaty, which is named for a Belorussian city, was invalidated by the Treaty of Versailles. The newly-formed Soviet Union negotiated with the Central Powers, for the point, what treaty that allowed Russia to exit World War One?

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

(22) James Densmore made a crucial adjustment to the design for these devices, based on information from a Pennsylvania educator. This was the original product manufactured by the Smith Corona company and, along with guns, one of two chief pre-World War Two products of Remington Rand. IBM's Selectric line used a low-noise "ball" instead of bars to strike the ribbon in these devices. For the point, name these devices which were a central feature of offices and schools prior to the rise of desktop computers.

Typewriters (prompt on "keyboards" before "Smith Corona" is mentioned)

(31) Judith Leavitt's biography of this person asserts that Ernst Lederle's settlement with her was the result of pressure from William Randolph Hearst. After this woman worked for Charles Warren, George Soper was hired to determine her identity. The similar case of Tony Labella arose during this woman's time on North Brother Island. For the point, name this asymptomatic New York City-area cook who persistently infected people with a bacterial fever prior to spending the last 23 years of her life in quarantine.

Typhoid Mary (or Mary Mallon; or Mary Brown)

(21) The United Christian Party's first presidential run occurred during this election year, in which Wharton Barker was the Populist candidate. The winning vice-presidential candidate in this election year had previously been appointed to that post after the death of Garret Hobart. The losing candidate in this election year lost his home state of Nebraska. Seeing a repetition of front porch campaign techniques, this election's winner gained support thanks to his victory in the Spanish-American War. For the point, name this election year in which William McKinley was re-elected.

U.S. presidential election of 1900

(35) This building contains a depiction of the muse Clio riding in a chariot called the Car of History. Thomas Walter added a wing to this building with Raphael-inspired decorations known as the Brumidi Corridors. This building's second floor houses National Statuary Hall, and this building's original design by William Thornton was further revised by Benjamin Latrobe and Charles Bulfinch. For the point, name this domed building on a namesake hill, in which the chambers of the U.S. Congress meet.

United States Capitol building

(11) During the official counting of electoral votes from this year's presidential election, John Floyd and Arthur Livermore argued over the validity of votes from Missouri. After this year's presidential election, New Hampshire's William Plumer became one of fourteen electors who refused to vote for Vice-President Daniel Tompkins and the only elector to vote against the incumbent president. For the point, identify this election year in which James Monroe near-unanimously won a second term as president.

United States presidential election of 1820

(21) After an event on this holiday, Byron Bolton confessed that Claude Maddox helped Robert Carey and Gus Winkeler escape. Six North Side Gang members were killed on this holiday at a Chicago warehouse, in an act perhaps orchestrated by Al Capone. For the point, name this romantic holiday often celebrated with candy and flowers.

Valentine's Day (accept February 14th; accept St. Valentine's Day; accept St. Valentine's Day Massacre)

(23) After an event on this holiday, Byron Bolton confessed that Claude Maddox helped Robert Carey and Gus Winkeler escape. "Affection" greeting cards for this holiday were popularized by Esther A. Howland. Six North Side Gang members were killed on this holiday at a Chicago warehouse, in an act perhaps orchestrated by Al Capone. For the point, name this romantic holiday often celebrated with candy and flowers.

Valentine's Day (accept February 14th; accept St. Valentine's Day; accept St. Valentine's Day Massacre)

(3) This man burst a blood vessel and died while giving an angry speech to the Quadi people on why they should cease raiding Roman lands. This leader from Illyria put down a Pict and Scotti attempt to seize the isle of Britain during the "Great Conspiracy." This successor of Jovian put down an Alamanni incursion at the Battle of Solicinium [[soh-leeKEE-nee-uhm]]. The father of Emperor Gratian was, for the point, which Roman emperor during the Crisis of the Third Century who was co-emperor with his similarly named brother, Valens?

Valentinian I (or Valentinian the Great)

(1) Temperance Flowerdew became one of the richest women in this colony after the death of her husband George Yeardley. In this colony, Cecily Jordan Farrar became the owner of Jordan's Journey plantation after the death of her husband. This colony's namesake company secured brides for its citizens in exchange for 120 pounds of tobacco. Settlers in this future state befriended the Powhatan people after Pocahontas married John Rolfe. For the point, name this English colony which contained settlements including Jamestown.

Virginia Colony (accept "Jamestown" before "namesake")

(5) East German First Secretary who approved the building of the Berlin Wall.

Walter Ulbricht (or Walter Ernst Paul Ulbricht)

(25) Secretary Friedrich Kritzinger attempted to resign immediately following this event, one aim of which was to provide more housing to ethnically German people in the Protectorate of Bohemia-Moravia. This summit included a protocol which targeted the previously (+) undisturbed Mischling, or mixed-race people, and it was preceded by the compiling of a list of certain citizens by Adolf (*) Eichmann. Reinhard Heydrich organized, for the points, what 90-minute long "Conference" outside of Berlin, during which the Nazi bureaucratic and military apparatus were informed of the planned "Final Solution" against the Jewish people?

Wannsee [[VAHN-seh]] Conference (accept Wannseekonferenz)

(9) Tennessee members of this group frequently alluded to the Duck River Massacre. Major voices from this group, which was known by colleagues as "the boys," included John Sevier and Felix Grundy. This group mostly represented Western states and cited issues of national honor such as impressment. The most prominent voice of this group was the newly-installed Speaker of the House, Henry Clay. For the point, identify this coalition of Congressmen who vigorously supported the War of 1812.

War Hawks (prompt on "Hawk(s)")

(9) This man's presidency was dominated by Charles R. Forbes and Harry Daugherty, two members of the Ohio Gang. (+) This president, who had an affair with Nan Britton, was disgraced by the (*) Teapot Dome Scandal. For the points, identify this 29th president who was succeeded by Calvin Coolidge.

Warren Gamaliel Harding

(17) During the battle over handing over these sources, the phrase "expletive deleted" became a national catchphrase after appearing in transcripts. John Sirica [[sih-RIH-kuh]] issued a subpoena for these media, which contained a "smoking gun" ordering the CIA to break the law. An image of a contorting Rose Mary Woods was circulated to explain an eighteen-minute gap in one of these media. For the point, name these recordings in which illegal activities surrounding the president's 1972 re-election campaign were discussed.

Watergate tapes (accept Nixon tapes, White House tapes, or Oval Office tapes)

(22) As president, this man ruled against Hansborough Bell's attempt to claim what is now New Mexico for Texas. This man was politically damaged by tje involvement of his Secretary of War, George Galphin, in a brazenly corrupt inheritance case. Earlier, this commander successively defeated Mariano Arista, Pedro de Ampudia, and Santa Anna in a campaign culminating at Buena Vista. For ten points, name this Mexican War hero whose presidency ended with his 1850 death and succession by Millard Fillmore.

Zachary Taylor

(22) This man defeated forces under Mariano Arista at the Battle of Palo Alto. This president died of a stomach (+) illness just sixteen months into his administration, after which he was succeeded by his running mate, (*) Millard Fillmore. For the points, identify this "Old Rough and Ready" president who distinguished himself as a general during the Mexican-American War.

Zachary Taylor

(17) During this event, off-duty officers known as "Vengeance Squads" walked around the Main Street of a US city to find pachucos. Jack Tenney, the head of California's UnAmerican Activities Committee, claimed that this period of unrest was a Nazi-sponsored attempt to hurt the US war effort. Councilman Norris Nelson stated that the clothes worn by victims of this event were an unpatriotic "sign of hoodlumism." For the point, name this clash between US servicemen and Chicanos wearing this event's namesake garb in 1940s Los Angeles.

Zoot Suit Riots

(7) This author denounced "Communist penetration" and put forth an analogy about an "old white mare" in a 1955 letter to the Orlando Sentinel in which she expressed disagreement with the Brown v. Board decision. This author drove the "Sassy Susie" on her first (*) fieldwork expedition, where she learned not to speak "Barnardese" and transcribed dialect that became her book Mules and Men. The author of a novel about the all-Black (*) town of Eatonville, Florida, For the points, who was this anthropologist and novelist who wrote about Janie Crawford in Their Eyes Were Watching God?

Zora Neale Hurston

(13) This commander was forced to lead half his division in a doomed attack at Savage's Station due to Stonewall Jackson's decision to build a bridge instead of fording a river. This man, who fled to the service of (+) Maximilian in Mexico for several years after the Civil War, broke the naval blockade of Galveston after rumors that he was drunk at Malvern Hill. Earlier, this victor at Big Bethel kept George McClellan out of (*) Yorktown until Joseph Johnston's arrival to defend Richmond. For the point, name this major general who commanded the Confederate Army of the Peninsula and was known as "Prince John."

"Prince" John Magruder (or John Bankhead Magruder)

(2) Lindsay Graham questioned if this event was "Peyton Place," becoming the only Republican committee member to vote against it. Men like Bob Livingston and the "manager" Henry Hyde had their hypocrisy revealed during this event, leading Larry Flynt to offer a reward on other lawmakers. Betty Currie was coached in this event, and Linda Tripp's secret recordings led to this event along with the Starr Report. Al Gore blamed the the central figure of this event for his 2000 loss. For the point, name this Senate trial of the 42nd US president.

1999 Impeachment Trial of Bill Clinton

(22) This author spent several months in Kansas assisting her childhood friend, Truman Capote, with research for his book In Cold Blood. This woman set her best-known novel in an Alabama town, and she used her father's experiences as a lawyer to create the character, Atticus Finch. Go Set a Watchman was written by, for the point, what author of To Kill a Mockingbird?

Harper Lee (or Nelle Harper Lee)

(13) This company built the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator. The ComputingTabulating-Recording Company was a predecessor to this company, which adopted the slogan "THINK." A supercomputer that played on Jeopardy! was named after the CEO of, for the point, what "Big Blue" technology corporation known by three letters?

IBM (accept International Business Machines; accept IBM Watson)

(28) This man was depicted in a cage on top of two griffins "conquering the air" in a painting from Burgundian chronicler Jean Wauquelin's biography of him. In a Flemish painting, this man is depicted being lowered into the sea in a bathysphere and being paid homage by fish, referencing a scene from his namesake (+) Romance. In Islamic depictions, this man is referred to as the "two-horned one," and he is often depicted in Greek sculptures with a (*) lion on his helmet. Seen battling Darius III in a mosaic from Pompeii, for the points, who was this culturally influential Macedonian conqueror?

Alexander the Great (or Alexander III of Macedon; accept Alexander Romance)

(35) This person was the first president of an organization called the Ninety-Nines. A 2018 discovery of bones found on the island of Nikumaroro were believed to be this person's remains. One theory surrounding the whereabouts of this person and their companion, Fred Noonan, was that they were executed by Japanese soldiers on Saipan. For the point, what American pilot disappeared while attempting to be the first woman to complete a circumnavigational airplane flight?

Amelia Earhart (or Amelia Mary Earhart)

(33) William Temple Hornaday founded a "society" named for these animals after submitting a report on their conservation. Scotty Philip began the resurgence of these animals, which were subject to Samuel Bedson's crossbreeding program starting in 1880. The Kansas Pacific Railroad originally hired William Cody to control these animals, which were targeted in a "last hunt" near Standing Rock by the Yanktonai and Lakota in 1882. For ten points, name these animals which were nearly exterminated from the Great Plains during attempts to deprive Indian tribes of traditional lifestyles.

American bison (or Bison bison; prompt on "buffalo")

(7) In the U.S. Senate, this man was succeeded by his state's former governor, James Henry Hammond. Along with Stephen Douglas, this man co-authored an act that overturned the Missouri Compromise and allowed western states to maintain sovereignty on the issue of slavery. This co-author of the (+) Kansas-Nebraska Act was compared to Don Quixote in a speech claiming that this man chose slavery as his "harlot." That speech prompted this man's cousin, (*) Preston Brooks, to violently beat one senator. For the points, name this South Carolina senator and target of Charles Sumner's "Crime Against Kansas" Speech.

Andrew Butler (or Andrew Pickens Butler)

(26) In 1968, this person and Mario Amaya were the subject of an attempted assassination by Valerie Solanas. This person hired men to urinate on canvases to oxidize a copper based paint. This artist ran a Manhattan studio called The Factory where he designed the cover for the Rolling Stones's Sticky Fingers, and historical figures depicted in this artist's silkscreens include Mao Zedong and Marilyn Monroe. For the point, name this American pop artist, known for his depictions of Campbell's soup cans.

Andy Warhol

(22) This artist offered a drawing of a high heel shoe to the Museum of Modern Art, but it was rejected. Films created by this man include Chelsea Girls and the six-hour Sleep, though this artist is best known for silkscreen works, including the Marilyn Diptych. For the point, identify this artist who painted Campbell's soup cans.

Andy Warhol (or Andrew Warhol Jr).

(1) This geographic feature was named after an American who died from a head injury in Panama. A quest to find golden ore led to the immortalization of this feature after a pilot and his companions spent eleven days descending the tepui in order to reach the nearby village of Kamarata. The El Río Caroní, a Flamingo monoplane atop Auyán-tepui [[ow-YAHN teh-PWEE]] near this geographical feature, was finally recovered more than 30 years after it crashed. For ten points, what geographical feature in Venezuela is the world's tallest uninterrupted waterfall?

Angel Falls (or Salto Ángel; or Kerepakupai Vená)

(28) Concerning this product, Norihiko Saito successfully sued over credit for an interface device that was first widely used in it. Vinnie Chieco coined the name for this product in reference to a line from the film 2001. This product successfully competed with the Samsung YEPP, Diamond Rio, and Microsoft Zune. The original version of this product had a five gigabyte capacity and came with a FireWire charger, for $399. For the point, name this line of dedicated digital music players introduced in 2001 by Apple.

Apple iPods (accept iPod Classic; prompt on answers involving Apple music players before mentioned; Saito invented the click wheel.)

(1) The Commerce Clause was used to implement the Civil Rights Act after a motel in this city denied Black customers. Eric Rudolph bombed Centennial Park in this city, whose "Heart" names a motel subject to a 1964 Supreme Court case. For the point, name this Georgia city that hosted the 1996 Olympics.

Atlanta (accept Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States)

(2) A lance-bearer who once held this king's post claimed that he died of a selfinflicted wound in what is now Hama, Syria. Though not Artaxerxes [[ar-tah-ZERKsees]], this man defeated Psamtik [[SAHM-tik]] III at a battle near the Egyptian city of Pelusium. (+) This man's younger brother was sometimes known as Smerdis, and this king rose to his highest post after his predecessor was supposedly killed fighting the Massagetae [[mass-ah-GET-"eye"]] tribe. The son of the founder of the (*) Achaemenid Empire, for the points, who was this successor of Cyrus the Great?

Cambyses II (accept Kabujiya II; prompt on "Cambyses"; prompt on "Kabujiya")

(21) Producers of this commodity fought in the Johnson County War, and Charles Goodnight made a fortune as a producer of this commodity. Dodge City, Kansas was a major center for this (+) commodity, which was drastically reduced in an event called the Great Die-Up. Barbed wire was used to protect (*) these animals from rustlers who would steal them. Namesake "Drives" escorted, for the points, what animals that were often killed for steaks?

Cattle (accept Cows; accept Beef; accept Bulls; prompt on "Meat")

(14) While protesting the policies of George H.W. Bush, this activist was severely beaten by San Francisco police officer Frank Achim [[AY-kim]]. This woman, along with Fred Ross, founded the Stockton chapter of the Community Service Organization. This woman was on the platform with Robert Kennedy moments before his 1968 assassination. This woman coined the phrase "Sí, se puede" to support a hunger strike carried out by César Chávez. For the point, name this co-founder of the United Farm Workers who helped plan the Delano grape strike.

Dolores Huerta

(28) In this work, a surveyor named Lolo Soentoro marries the mother of the protagonist, who subtitled this work, "A Story of Race and Inheritance." Experiences at Occidental College are described in this book, which was re-released in 2004 after its author gave the DNC (+) keynote address that year. Ending with its author's entry into Harvard Law School, this book was published eleven years prior to (*) The Audacity of Hope. Set in cities like Chicago and Honolulu, for the points, what is this memoir written by Barack Obama?

Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance

(23) The six women who originally operated this device, including Marlyn Meltzer and Frances Spence, were known as "Top Secret Rosies." This 18,000-tube machine, designed by Presper Eckert and John Mauchly [[MAWSH-lee]], immediately became the basis for a revised design suggested by John von Neumann [[NOY-mahn]] that incorporated the notion of stored programs. For the point, name this machine built at the Moore School of the University of Pennsylvania, the first programmable, general-purpose, electronic computer.

ENIAC (or Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)

(31) The announcement of this policy shift pre-empted the passage of the harsh CullomStruble Bill. This doctrinal change was made after a failed court challenge to the EdmundsTucker Act and was communicated by Wilford Woodruff in a manifesto that now comprises "Official Declaration 1" in the Doctrine and Covenants. A self-labeled "fundamentalist" splinter group led by Warren Jeffs rejects this doctrinal change, which paved the way for Utah's statehood. For the point, identify this shift in the Latter-Day Saints's policy on family composition.

Ending the practice of polygamy (accept descriptive answers referring to the Mormon, LDS, or Latter-Day Saints church ending, banning, or abandoning the practice of polygamy, polygyny, or plural marriage)

(27) This man set up a base of operations at Snow's Island along the Pee Dee River and defeated a group of Loyalist militiamen at the Battle of Black Mingo. Colonel Banastre Tarleton was tasked with killing this man, whose use of territory between the Santee and Pee Dee Rivers to escape led to his nickname. For the point, name this Continental soldier whose extensive use of guerilla tactics in his native South Carolina earned him the nickname "The Swamp Fox."

Francis Marion (accept Swamp Fox before read)

(1) Asa Philip Randolph founded the activist newspaper The Messenger in this neighborhood. Langston (+) Hughes wrote about white people storming this neighborhood's businesses such as The Cotton Club during (*) Prohibition. For the points, name this New York City neighborhood where Black art flourished during a namesake "Renaissance."

Harlem (accept Harlem Renaissance)

(2) This politician's work on the Hunt Commission is credited with inspiring the formation of superdelegates. This politician replaced Tip O'Neill as secretary of the House Democratic Caucus and claimed she wouldn't run for Senate in 1986 after revelations that her husband wasn't filing tax returns. For the point, name this New York congresswoman who became Walter Mondale's running mate in 1984.

Geraldine Ferraro

(5) A constitution in this language was authored by Lorrin A. Thurston and was signed "under absolute compulsion" by the king. This language, whose revitalization efforts have been led by publications such as the Star-Advertiser, has been heavily preserved on Ni'hau. This language was banned from schools in 1896 after a monarch was overthrown for attempting to rewrite the Bayonet Constitution. For the point, name this language of figures like Queen Lili'uokalani [["lily"-woh-kah-LAH-nee]] on a namesake island chain.

Hawaiian language (accept ʻOlelo Hawaiʻi)

(17) The day after this event, the very similar Bay View Massacre happened in Wisconsin. Rudolph Schnaubelt may have been the person who escalated this event. Three of the eight men convicted over this incident were pardoned by Governor John Peter Altgeld, though Albert Parsons and August Spies [[SPEEZ]] were hanged. This incident began with a demonstration for an eight-hour workday. For the point, identify this confrontation in which a fatal bomb attack on police led to shootings of labor activists in Chicago in 1886.

Haymarket Affair (accept Haymarket Square Affair; accept "Massacre" or "Riot" in place of "Affair")

(17) A set of eight resolutions named for this man, beginning with California statehood, were the basis for the Compromise of 1850. This politician was the target of a freedom suit by one of his enslaved persons, Charlotte Dupuy. Though a local rival of Felix Grundy, this man joined Grundy in the "War Hawks" contingent in Congress. This proponent of the "American System" of roads and canals was defeated both during Andrew Jackson's reelection bid and by James K. Polk in two presidential runs as the Whig nominee. For ten points, name this "Great Compromiser" from Kentucky.

Henry Clay, Sr. (accept The Clay Resolutions)

(3) This action came seventeen days after the unpopular veto of the GarnerWagner relief bill. Dwight Eisenhower claimed that specific orders for the conduct of this action were hidden by George (+) Van Horn Moseley. The president's orders for this action were exceeded by Douglas MacArthur, who deployed (*) tear gas and burned down a makeshift camp on the Anacostia Flats. For the point, identify this event in which protestors seeking early payment of veterans' certificates were forcibly removed from Washington, D.C.

Herbert Hoover's decision (or order) to attack the Bonus Army (accept similar words to "attack" such as "fight"; accept Bonus Expeditionary Force in place of "Bonus Army"; accept Battle of Anacostia Flats before "Anacostia" is mentioned)

(14) This man's expedition reported on the mysterious Quigualtam [[kwee-GWAHLtahm]] culture, which has not been conclusively identified. John Swanton was put in charge of a committee that researched this man's route 400 years after the fact, attempting to settle the question of where he went after the Battle of Mabila. The former captive Juan Ortiz served as a translator for this man, who lost 200 of his soldiers in a battle with Chief Tuskaloosa. For ten points, name this Spanish explorer who led a 1539 to 1542 expedition through the American Southeast, becoming the first European to cross the Mississippi River.

Hernando de Soto

(34) This author wrote the chapter "Miss Willard's Attitude" which exposed derogatory rhetoric used by the president of the Women's Christian Temperance Union. In retaliation for this woman's writings, a mob destroyed the (*) Free Speech and Headlight newspaper offices, in which she denounced the 1892 People's Grocery incident and urged readers to move out of Memphis. This writer denounced "white Delilahs" in (*) Southern Horrors, which was followed by the more statistical Red Record. For the point, name this NAACP co-founder who wrote against lynching.

Ida B. Wells (or Ida Bell Wells-Barnett)

(29) This state's oldest building is the Cataldo Mission, and this state's Pierre's Hole was the site of a battle between trappers, led by William Sublette, and the Gros Ventre [[GROWVONT]] after a rendezvous gone wrong. The name for this state's capital may be from the French word for "The Woods," and it was founded by Benjamin Bonneville. Fort Hall on the Oregon Trail was in this state, and Magic Valley became irrigated after this state created the Milner Dam on the Snake River. For the point, name this US state, known for its potatoes.

Idaho

II} 28. This state is where miners used over three thousand pounds of dynamite to blow up a mill owned by the Bunker Hill Mining Company. Union Pacific owner W. Averell Harriman founded a resort in this state. "Big Bill" Haywood was implicated in the assassination of a governor of this state, Frank Steunenberg. This state's mining industry is centered on its northern city of Coeur d'Alene (pr. COOR duh LANE). This state, whose capitol building is heated by geothermal water, is home to the Sun Valley ski resort. For the point, what state, nicknamed for its abundance of gems, is governed from Boise?

Idaho <KG>

(28) This crop was the most commonly cultivated by slaves who arrived on the Lindo Packet, a ship owned by an inspector of this crop who regularly imported slaves from Barbados. This crop became more economically important after it was selected from an array of Antiguan seeds by the teenager Eliza Lucas. Prior to the rise of cotton, South Carolina's rice plantation industry was largely displaced in the mid-eighteenth century by this non-food crop. For the point, name this crop used to produce a blue dye.

Indigo (accept Indigofera tinctoria)

(2) This man wrote a letter to New York mayoral candidate Morris Hillquit, which was returned with a job offer. This man claimed, "I come to cleanse the (+) American flag, not burn it" and founded the Keep America Out of War Congress. This author of Socialism Re-examined directed the League (*) for Industrial Democracy. For the points, name this Presbyterian Minister, a prominent American socialist from 1928 to 1968.

Norman Thomas (or Norman Mattoon Thomas)

(24) This actor, the most nominated male actor in Academy Award history, portrayed the title leader of the teamsters (+) union in the film Hoffa. This actor played Frank Costello in The Departed, and he played the (*) Joker in Tim Burton's first Batman film. For the points, identify this actor who starred in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest and The Shining.

Jack Nicholson (or John Joseph Nicholson)

(31) This author satirized the imperialism of the Philippine-American War and the Boer War in his essay "To the Person Sitting in Darkness." This man, who authored the pamphlet "King Leopold's Soliloquy" about the Congo Free State, served as vice-president of the American Anti-Imperialist League. In a novel, this author wrote about a boy who encounters the Duke and the Dauphin [[doh-FAHN]] while traveling down the Mississippi with an enslaved man named Jim. Southern antebellum society inspired, for the point, what author to write The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn?

Mark Twain (accept Samuel Langhorn Clemens)

(14) One holder of this position ordered a mob to destroy Frank Costello's slot machines with a sledgehammer. One holder of this position lost re-election (+) due to the Crown Heights Riot, and one holder of this position received regular advice from (*) Robert Moses. For the points, name this position once held by Fiorello La Guardia and Rudy Giuliani?

Mayor of New York City (accept Mayor of NYC)

II} 16. The founder of this group believed the return of Christ occurred in 70 AD. James William Towner failed to take control of this group after its founder's death. Women in this group were allowed to cut their hair short and wear bloomer outfits, as they were allowed to work in artisanry and business. Male continence was followed within this group. This group practiced communal raising of children, as adults participated in the oft-criticized complex marriages. For the point, what religious offshoot group was founded by John Humphrey Noyes?

Oneida Community <JL>

(8) Ed Daly, the president of World Airlines, is credited with developing this operation. Captain Dennis Traynor crash-landed a C-5A Galaxy plane onto a rice field in the beginning stages of this operation. This operation was announced by Gerald Ford during a news conference in San Diego, and he welcomed those rescued at San Francisco International Airport two days later. A non-profit called Operation Reunite was established 30 years after this operation took place. For the point, what 1975 operation involved the evacuation of over 3,000 children from South Vietnam?

Operation Babylift (accept descriptive answers involving the evacuation of children from Vietnam; prompt on "Fall of Saigon" or "South Vietnam"; prompt on "Evacuation from Saigon" or "South Vietnam")

(25) One of the people who testified at this event compared the movement to "Nazi book burnings." Paula Hawkins was a supporting witness at this event and presented music videos from Twisted Sister and Van Halen as evidence. During this event, John Denver (+) claimed his song "Rocky Mountain High" did not allude to drug use. Future Second Lady Tipper (*) Gore headed the committee that undertook this event. Dee Snider and Frank Zappa testified in, for the points, what 1985 event that aimed to warn consumers on songs containing explicit content?

PMRC Hearing (or Parents Music Resource Center Hearing; accept Parental Advisory Hearing; or Washington Wives Hearing)

(9) Missionaries were expelled from these places after a 1680 revolt that restored the use of traditions, such as katsina dolls. Cliff dwellings (+) often featured at these complexes, which were where the Anasazi people lived. Several Indigenous groups in (*) New Mexico share their name with, for the points, what villages made from adobe?

Pueblos

(3) One politician in this position campaigned as the only presidential candidate of the Constitutional Union party. Another person who served in this position was expelled in the Blount Affair, and another person in this position rejoined a certain body after becoming the first president to be impeached. For the point, identify this representative position held by presidents Andrew Jackson and Andrew Johnson in the United States' Upper Chamber.

Senator from Tennessee (prompt on partial answers; prompt on "Senator" with "from what state?")

(17) What became the key demand of this meeting was originally objected to with the complaint "thee will make us ridiculous." This event began by lifting a child through a window to unlock the Wesleyan Methodist Chapel. Mary Ann M'Clintock's family drafted resolutions in preparation for this event. Amelia Bloomer, who arrived late to this event, supported focusing on anti-alcohol causes and thus did not endorse its Declaration of Sentiments. For ten points, name this 1848 gathering for women's rights in New York.

Seneca Falls Convention (prompt on "Woman's Rights Convention" and similar answers before mentioned)

(13) The first movement of Mozart's clarinet quintet is played several times throughout this episode. Just seven months after this episode aired, five cast members returned in a new Missouri setting. Plotlines in this episode include Igor becoming a pig farmer, SoonLee's marriage to Klinger, and Hawkeye's decision to enter private practice. For the point, identify this 1983 television episode which depicted the end of the Korean War, the mostwatched non-Super Bowl broadcast of all time.

Series finale of M*A*S*H (or "Goodbye, Farewell and Amen"; accept last episode or final episode in place of "series finale"; prompt on " M*A*S*H" alone)

(16) With the NYC, this group led spring break protests in St. Augustine and, with the GCFM, led the Grenada Freedom Movement. Joseph Lowery headed this organization which Hosea Williams served. This organization rescued Septima Clark's Citizenship Schools in order to educate and register voters. The leader of this group opposed Bull Connor and his firemen during the Birmingham Campaign, and this organization joined SNCC [[SNIK]] in heading the March on Washington. For the point, name this civil rights group whose first president was Martin Luther King, Jr.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (or SCLC)

(24) One holder of this position, also a convicted felon, is the namesake of a rule that only allows bills supported by a majority of Republicans to see a full vote. That person who held this position from 1999 to 2007 was Dennis Hastert. After the 1994 midterm elections, Newt Gingrich became the first Republican in forty years to hold this position. A day after Pope Francis addressed Congress, John Boehner [[BAY-ner]] resigned this position and was succeeded by Paul Ryan. For the point, name this position assumed for the second time in 2019 by Nancy Pelosi.

Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (accept House Speaker)

(21) James K. Polk signed one of these acts into law, which was named for treasury secretary Robert J. Walker. John Calhoun's theory of nullification was inspired by one of these acts nicknamed for its distastefulness. For the point, name these imported taxes, which included one "of Abominations."

Tariffs (accept Walker Tariff; accept Tariff of Abominations)

(4) This group is at the center of an Andrew Shapter-directed film about the 1918 killings of unarmed Mexican-Americans. The Canales Investigation studied the role of this group in that incident, the Porvenir Massacre. Leander McNelly led this group whose only major defeat was in the San Elizario Salt War. After a shipment from the San Francisco Mint was stolen in the Union Pacific Big Springs robbery, this group tracked down and killed Sam Bass. Founded by Stephen F. Austin, for the point, name this Texas law enforcement division.

Texas Rangers

(4) This man successfully sued for libel after he was named as the killer in the drowning of a pregnant Black woman. Confederate General Jubal Early raided an iron furnace belonging to this man named Caledonia Forge. This man helped to (+) finance Union efforts during the Civil War as head of the House Ways and Means Committee. For the points, name this Pennsylvania representative known as (*) 'The Great Commoner,' an anti-slavery leader of the Radical Republicans.

Thaddeus Stevens

(6) The second entry in this series asks if "you thought America too was taking a nap" in an open letter to Richard Howe. The Pennsylvania Journal published the first entry in this thirteen-part series, which notes that "Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered." This series denounced "the summer soldier and the sunshine patriot" after stating, "These are the times that try men's souls." For the point, name this pamphlet series written during the American Revolution by Thomas Paine.

The Crisis (accept The American Crisis)

(2) David Petraeus resigned as head of this organization after news of his affair leaked. This organization supported Operation Condor during George H.W. Bush's leadership. This organization installed multiple "Black Sites" in Eastern Europe to combat the USSR. For the point, name this government agency that collects foreign intelligence.

The CIA (or Central Intelligence Agency)

(2) David Petraeus resigned as head of this organization after news of his affair leaked. This organization, which supported Operation Condor during George H.W. Bush's leadership, installed multiple "Black Sites" in Eastern Europe to combat the USSR. For the point, name this government agency that collects foreign intelligence.

The CIA (or Central Intelligence Agency)

(12) The pirate Edward Davis financed the founding of this institution, which was home to the Flat Hat Club, the first fraternity in American history. This college had its own seat at the House of Burgesses, and it earned the nickname "Alma Mater of the Nation" after producing alumni like Thomas Jefferson. For the point, name this second-oldest American college, named for a pair of European monarchs.

The College of William and Mary in Virginia

(2) The protagonist of this book recalls being sexually propositioned by Eppes and taught carpentry by Travis before beginning to have visions of fighting angels. This book's historical detail is sourced from a series of interviews with prosecutor Thomas Ruffin Gray. The title character of this novel is challenged by his disciple, Will, to personally kill the abolitionist Margaret Whitehead. For ten points, name this 1967 William Styron novel that fictionalizes an 1831 slave rebellion in rural Virginia.

The Confessions of Nat Turner

(21) In this play, a character struggles to remember the Ten Commandments when interrogated by Reverend Hale. Prior to the opening scene of this play, Reverend Parris discovers Abigail and Betty dancing in the woods with the Barbadian slave Tituba. Giles Corey is pressed to death for refusing to confess in, for the point, what play by Arthur Miller that focuses on the events of the Salem Witch Trials?

The Crucible

(3) In 1948, Douglas Aircraft Company created one of these institutions under General Henry "Hap" Arnold. Charles Colson proposed firebombing (+) one of these institutions, which was founded in 1916 by a philanthropist involved with Washington University in St. Louis. The Brookings (*) Institution is one example of, for the points, what type of research institution that brainstorms solutions to societal problems?

Think Tanks (or Policy Institutes)

(20) Friedrich Engels called this man's idea "the crudest, most barbarous theory that ever existed" and believed that science would eventually solve his namesake problem. The Census Act of 1800 was passed two years after the publication of this man's most noted book, in which he claimed agricultural production would not keep up with another metric. For the point, what 18th and 19th century economist predicted catastrophic population growth in his book, An Essay on the Principle of Population?

Thomas Malthus (Thomas Robert Malthus; accept Malthusian catastrophe; or Malthusian Trap; or Malthusian Check; or Malthusian Crisis; or Malthusian Spectre; or Malthusian Crunch)

(1) Jacob Allbright testified at this event that its target ordered armed men to stop Edward Tupper from arresting Harman Blennerhasset. John Marshall was hanged in effigy in Baltimore for making invalid the (+) "constructive" definition of the crime prosecuted at this event. This event charged a man with conspiring with James (*) Wilkinson to break off the western U.S. and Spanish lands into a new country. For the point, name this 1807 proceeding that ended with a former vice-president being acquitted of treason.

Trial of Aaron Burr for conspiracy to commit treason (accept any answer mentioning Aaron Burr being put on trial as long as it does not specify some other crime besides "treason" and/or "conspiracy")

(15) A UN commission in 2003, named for these things and led by Anna Lindh, explored their proliferation in the prior half-century. Potential terrorist threats with the chemical variety of these things were highlighted by the media after microbiologist Bruce Edwards Ivins mailed anthrax a week after 9/11. George Bush claimed that the harboring of these armaments justified a U.S.-led coalition invasion of Iraq. For the point, name this generic term for an often nuclear or chemical armament, which can potentially harm a large group of people.

Weapons of Mass Destruction (accept WMD; anti-prompt, ask for something less specific, on specific answers such as "nuclear weapons" or "chemical weapons")

(29) James Ross and Jasper Yeates were dispatched to deal with this event. Participants in this event met at the Jean Bonnet [[JEEN BAH-NET]] Tavern and Fort Gaddis to raise a liberty pole. Daniel Morgan and "Lighthorse Harry" Lee were assigned to stop this event which included a gathering at Braddock's Field to march on Pittsburgh. This rebellion included the Battle of Bower Hill featuring Mingo Creek militiamen and began with subpoenas for distillers who failed to pay the excise tax. George Washington faced, for the point, what 1791-94 rebellion over alcohol taxes?

Whiskey Rebellion (accept synonyms for "Rebellion," such as "Insurrection" and "Revolt")

(13) One of the agents in this event joined with Jules Paul Benjamin Delessert to form France's first savings bank and had a business relationship with the Bishop of Autun. Another agent in this event had been to the US in 1792 where he met Elbridge Gerry. Those agents, Jean-Conrad Hottinguer and Lucien Hauteval, along with Pierre Bellamy, were central to this event which led to the Quasi War. Talleyrand engaged with Gerry, Charles Pinckney, and John Marshall in, for the point, what affair in which France required bribes from the Americans?

XYZ Affair

(14) These people can be divided into two groups: "Leading-Edge" and "Trailing-Edge." Ken Dychtwald [[DAIKT-wahld]] has studied the economic slowdown caused by the retirement of these people called the Age Wave. Psychometric data from this group led to the Lynn-Flynn effect, which suggests that younger cohorts score higher on IQ tests than older ones. This cohort, whose younger members sometimes identify as Generation Jones, followed the Silent Generation. For the point, name this Western generation born after World War Two, preceding Generation X and the Millennials.

Baby Boomers

(1) Concerning the New Deal, name the...President who put forth the program.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (accept FDR)

(24) This man opened a research institute called the Volta Bureau 21 years after Gardiner Greene Hubbard invited him to open a school in Boston for teaching the "Visible Speech System." Willard Bliss ignored this man's instructions to move a patient off a metal bedframe during his use of an induction balance metal detector to try to locate the bullet which killed James A. Garfield. This man's experiments around Brantford, Ontario proved the long-distance reliability of a device that he first used in Boston to announce, "Watson, come here, I need you." For ten points, name this credited inventor of the telephone.

Alexander Graham Bell

(12) A fizzled coup against this man's government was supported by British general Alfred Knox. The Kornilov Affair may have attempted to overthrow this man, who became the head of government following the July Days that forced the resignation of Georgy Lvov. A July 1917 operation named for this man was the last Russian offensive in World War One, commanded by Aleksei Brusilov. The Bolsheviks overthrew, for the point, which head of the Russian Provisional Government?

Alexander Kerensky (or Alexander Fyodorovich Kerensky; accept Kerensky Offensive)

(16) A man with this surname tasked Washington Irving to document an expedition which resulted in the establishment of the first U.S. settlement on the Pacific (+) Coast. That man with this surname used Mackinac [[MAH-kuh-NAW]] Island as a base for his American (*) Fur Company. For the points, give this surname of a wealthy family whose patriarch John Jacob came from Waldorf and was America's first multi-millionaire.

Astor (accept John Jacob Astor; accept Astoria; accept Waldorf-Astoria)

(6) During this battle, John Bell Hood replied that his division was "Dead on the Field" due to suffering 60% casualties after men arrived from the Mumma and Nicodemus Farms. Rohrbach's Bridge was contended for by Ambrose Burnside at this battle, and James Gibson and Alexander Gardner photographed scenes from this battle for Mathew Brady's The Dead of [this battle]. George McClellan repulsed a Confederate attack in Maryland at, for the point, what 1862 battle, fought on the single bloodiest day of the Civil War?

Battle of Antietam (accept Sharpsburg)

(7) During this battle, George Stoneman's cavalry raided the wrong spot. Joseph Hooker was rendered unconscious in this battle, which resulted in his dismissal as leader of the Army of the Potomac. Robert E. Lee's much smaller army defeated the Union in, for the point, what 1863 battle in which Stonewall Jackson was killed by his own men?

Battle of Chancellorsville

(29) One side in this battle set up a barricade at Cliveden, which was stormed by John Laurens's soldiers. Nathanael Greene's troops mistakenly opened fire on Anthony Wayne during a withdrawal from this battle. Heavy fog characterized this battle, which was a victory for William (+) Howe two weeks after the Battle of Paoli Tavern. Roughly a month after Brandywine, and despite a loss at this battle, (*) George Washington's troops were able to set up camp in Valley Forge. For the points, name this 1777 battle fought in a namesake town, which was at the time northwest of Philadelphia.

Battle of Germantown (Editor's Note: Germantown was incorporated into Philadelphia in 1854.)

II} U.S. History Bee 2015, Nationals Set, Round 6, Page 8 of 9 30. This battle was preceded by the blockades of Amherstburg and Presque Isle. The losing commander in this battle was Robert Barclay. One flagship in this battle, the "Lawrence," was captured, but the commanding officer rowed to the "Niagara" to continue the fight. It was fought in Put-in-Bay, and the message "We have met the enemy and they are ours" was sent after this battle. For the point, name this naval battle won by Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry which occurred on the namesake body of water during the War of 1812.

Battle of Lake Erie [accept Battle of Put-in-Bay until Put] <JZ>

(26) This battle occurred simultaneously with an attempt to seize the Aleutian Islands to draw some of the U.S. Pacific Fleet away to the north. The loss of the light carrier Shoho at the Battle of the Coral Sea weakened the capacity of the Combined Fleet to execute Admiral Yamomoto's plan at this battle. Cryptanalysts broke the Japanese code prior to this battle, allowing Chester Nimitz to move all available forces to the mid-Pacific. For the point, name this "Turning Point of the Pacific Theatre," a 1942 naval battle in a namesake atoll.

Battle of Midway (accept Operation MI)

(9) Prior to this battle, Conservative leader Juan Almonte issued a proclamation that the invading side was benevolent. The winning side of this battle was pursued by Charles de Lorencez, who had defeated them in the earlier Battle of Acultzingo. This battle was fought between the hills containing Fort Loreto and Fort Guadalupe. In this battle, Ignacio Zaragoza defeated a better-equipped force that had marched from Veracruz. For the point, name this morale-boosting battle from the French invasion of Mexico, celebrated in the holiday Cinco de Mayo.

Battle of Puebla (or Batalla de Puebla)

II} 17. This woman co-wrote a Statement of Purpose with the first African-American female Episcopal preacher in the United States, Patti Murray. This woman used her psychology degree to criticize Sigmund Freud, in her case lambasting his "Sexual Solipsism." This author wrote The Second Stage decades after interviews with graduates of Smith College helped this "secondwave" activist write about "the problem that has no name" among American housewives. For the point, what co-founder of the National Organization for Women wrote The Feminine Mystique?

Betty Friedan [or Bettye Naomi Goldstein] <MJ>

(6) This man's appointment as a general was George Washington's condition for resuming command of the Army in 1798. Along with John Marshall and Elbridge Gerry, this minister to France was one of three diplomats challenged in the XYZ Affair. This man was on the losing side of the largest-ever popular vote margin in a contested presidential election. For the point, name this South Carolina politician who appeared on three straight Federalist presidential tickets, including as the losing nominee in 1804 and 1808.

Charles Cotesworth Pinckney

(33) This man accompanied Shields Green to a secret meeting in a stone quarry where he declined to join John Brown's plot. This man began to learn to read under Sophia Auld prior to being sent to the "breaker," Edward Covey. This man disguised himself as a sailor to take a train from Baltimore to Wilmington and later delivered a speech at Corinthian Hall asking, "What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?" For ten points, name this author of several autobiographies about his escape from slavery, the editor of The North Star.

Frederick Douglass (or Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey)

(32) This man's widow, who outlived him by 57 years, wrote books including Boots and Saddles and Following the Guidon [["GUY"-don]] glorifying his actions. This man commanded a retinue including engineer William Ludlow and photographer William Ilingworth during a gold prospecting expedition in the Black Hills throughout summer of 1874. Myles Keogh [[KEE-oag]] died fighting under this man in a confrontation with Gall and Crazy Horse in 1876. For the point, name this colonel who led half of the 7th Cavalry to destruction at Little Bighorn.

George Custer (or George Armstrong Custer; accept General Custer)

(1) At one time, travelers could avoid traversing this feature using the upstream Crossing of the Fathers. García López de Cárdenas was the first European explorer to encounter this feature. This geological structure was first scientifically probed by John Strong Newberry, eleven years before an expedition which began at the Green River in Moab and boated through this feature under the leadership of John Wesley Powell. In 2007, the Hualapai people opened a skywalk that juts out over this feature. For ten points, name this 6000-foot deep natural feature in Arizona.

Grand Canyon

(27) This man's murder was solved after investigators found a lighter inscribed with the word "possum" and a wrench with the name "Berry" on it. This man's son, Ross, is an antideath penalty advocate who lobbied for clemency for this man's killers. Lawrence Brewer and John King were executed for killing this man with a pickup truck in the town of Jasper. A 2009 law named for this man and Matthew Shepard provides federal enhancements for bias-motivated crimes. For the point, name this hate crime victim who was killed by white supremacists in Texas in 1998.

James Byrd, Jr.

(28) A diplomatic note signed by the U.S. and this nation agreed to uphold China's Open Door Policy. Theodore Roosevelt agreed to allow limited immigration from this nation in the "Gentlemen's Agreement." The Stimson Doctrine states that the U.S. refused to recognize this nation's conquests of the Chinese seaboard following the Mukden Incident. The U.S. formed the Lansing-Ishii [[EE-she]] Agreement, for the point, with what Asian Empire which fought the U.S. at notable battles like Iwo Jima and Okinawa?

Japanese Empire (accept Empire of Japan; accept Dai Nippon Teikoku)

(8) The "New" version of this figure titles a Michelle Alexander book about a racial caste system in mass incarceration. Statutes named for this figure were the subject of publications such as the Green Book. For the point, identify this figure that named a series of segregation laws in the American south.

Jim Crow (accept The New Jim Crow; accept Jim Crow Laws)

(25) This man volunteered during a meeting at Robinson's Drugstore to be part of a plan created by booster George Rappleyea [[RAP-ul-yay]]. This man later claimed that he skipped a crucial chapter of George William Hunter's textbook Civic Biology. William Jennings Bryan prosecuted this man, who was defended by Clarence Darrow on charges of violating the Butler Act. For ten points, name this substitute teacher who was charged with teaching evolution in Dayton, Tennessee in 1925, leading to a publicized "monkey trial."

John (Thomas) Scopes (accept Scopes Monkey Trial)

(12) This politician organized the Nashville Convention in reaction to the Compromise of 1850, discussing the possibility of Southern secession. This figure and his wife, Floride, orchestrated the Peggy Eaton Affair, ostracizing the title woman for marrying too quickly. A split between Andrew Jackson and this ally of his occurred during the Nullification Crisis after this man's native South Carolina attempted to nullify the Tariff of 1828. For the point, name this member of the "Immortal Trio," with Henry Clay and Daniel Webster.

John C. Calhoun

(10) A company founded by this man employed steamboat captain Joseph LaBarge and used a ship called the Macedonian as part of this man's opium ventures. The Robert Stuart House served as a key location for this organization on Mackinac [[MAK-in-naw]] Island. An estate that constituted nearly one percent of the U.S. GDP was left by this man, who is considered America's earliest multimillionaire. A port city in Oregon is named after this man, who made his fortune trading the product of trappers. For the point, name this German-born founder of the American Fur Company.

John Jacob Astor (or Johann Jakob Astor)

(8) Handwriting analysis determined that the first nine sections of this law were written by William Paterson and the next fourteen by Oliver Ellsworth. James Madison criticized this law for failing to define the right to vicinage [[VISS-ih-nij]] of juries. This law authorized the formation of the U.S. Marshall Service, and this bill's Section 13, authorizing certain writs of mandamus, was declared unconstitutional in Marbury v. Madison. For the point, name this 1789 law that established the federal court system.

Judiciary Act of 1789

(25) A heroine from this country arrived with a basket of apples and manned a cannon to defy the forces of Charles Lefebvre [[luh-FEV-ruh]]. "Bandits led by monks" were blamed for a defeat in this country at Bailén, which Chilean soldiers referenced at Maipú. A Supreme Central and Governing Junta ruled this country during its occupation. This country was briefly ruled by Napoleon's brother, Joseph Bonaparte. A king of this country abdicated at Bayonne after incidents at Aranjuez [[ah-RAHN-hwez]] and El Escorial. For the point, name this country where most of the Peninsular War was fought.

Kingdom of Spain (or Reino de España)

(27) A 2011 economics paper found that this policy almost immediately triggered an expansion in demand for CB radios. This policy ended the original era of "reasonable and prudent" regulation in Montana and Nevada. This provision of the Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act never achieved its goal of cutting gasoline usage by over two percent, and this policy was repealed between 1987 and 1995. For the point, identify this policy enacted in 1974 that mandated a single cap on allowable highway driving velocity.

National speed limit (or 55 mile per hour speed limit; or National Maximum Speed Limit)

(13) This man's younger brother, Thomas, defended his actions to Missouri congressman Spencer Pettis, leading to a duel in which both died, because Thomas's nearsightedness forced the pair to fire at each other from five feet apart. This man offended abolitionists (+) by illicitly buying millions of dollars of cotton with his institution's funds. This man raised interest rates following Roger Taney's [[TAHnees]] withdrawal of federal (*) deposits to enforce a veto of charter renewal. For the points, name this last president of the Second Bank of the United States, who fought the "Bank War" with Andrew Jackson.

Nicholas BiddlE

(11) People of this ethnicity, who produced turpentine and tar for shipbuilding in Jamestown, led the first documented strike in North America. A Revolutionary War hero of this ethnicity, "the father of American cavalry," died at the Battle of Savannah. Another Revolutionary War general of this ethnicity designed fortifications at West Point. For the point, name this ethnicity of Casimir Pulaski, Thaddeus Kościuszko [[KOS-CHOOS-KO]], and other immigrants from Warsaw.

Polish-American(s) (or Poles, or (begrudgingly) Polacks, prompt on "Poland", accept Polish-Lithuanian)

(24) To infiltrate a plot against this country, attorney Robert Hirschfield went undercover as an arms dealer. Idaho senator Paul Laxalt was tasked with telling the president of this country that his regime had lost the support of the Reagan administration, telling this country's longtime dictator to "cut and cut cleanly." Under the terms of the Tydings-McDuffie Act, this former U.S. territory became an independent country in 1946. For ten points, name this country to which Douglas MacArthur pledged to "return," where the World War Two Battles of Corregidor and Leyte Gulf were fought.

Republic of the Philippines (or Republika ng Pilipinas)

II} 29. The term "benevolent assimilation" describes American foreign policy in this country. A rebellion in this country ended at the Battle of Bud Bagsak. Water curing was frequently used against this country's natives, some of whom joined the Macabebe [MAH-kah-bay-bay] scouts. Mark Twain cited the Moro Crater Massacre in this country as the event that changed his views on imperialism. The Katipunan fought for the independence of this country, whose GovernorsGeneral included William Howard Taft. For the point, what Asian island country remained a U.S. commonwealth until 1946?

Republic of the Philippines [or Republika ng Pilipinas] <KG>

(18) This man finished second in his 1829 graduating class from West Point below George Mason, though both achieved the highest graduating scores ever. Narciso López approached this man and Jefferson Davis to help fund his plan to liberate Cuba from Spanish rule. This man served in the officer staff of Winfield Scott during the Mexican-American War, and he captured John Brown during an attempted seizure of a Virginia armory. For the point, name this army officer who put down the Harpers Ferry insurrection, a future major general of the Confederacy.

Robert E. Lee

(35) This city hosted the Red Bull Stratos in which Austrian skydiver Felix Baumgartner flew 24 miles into the stratosphere. Barack Obama jokingly said, "I come in peace" upon arriving in this city. A report by the United States Air Force explained that debris found in this city was a Project Mogul balloon that crashed in the desert. With a little green man and a flying saucer depicted on its seal, for the point, what city in New Mexico supposedly experienced UFO sightings in 1947?

Roswell, New Mexico

(22) This president suppressed a brief uprising involving the Kickapoo and Cherokee chief Bowl known as the Córdova Rebellion. Along with Mitt Romney and William Bibb, this man is one of three people to be elected governor of one state and senator from another. In a different position, this man was both the predecessor and successor of Mirabeau Bonaparte Lamar, as his short-lived country did not allow immediate re-election of presidents. For ten points, name this first president and later governor of Texas.

Sam Houston (or Samuel Houston)

(26) This company was led throughout the mid-20th century by future America First member Robert Wood, who oversaw a huge expansion of its physical footprint. This company pioneered the open-plan, windowless design with its landmark John Rabendesigned store in Los Angeles and produced a special Christmas marketing tool called the Wishbook. This company sold in-house brands such as DieHard, Kenmore, and Craftsman prior to a decline that included its merger with Kmart. For ten points, name this department store chain that dominated mail-order sales with its namesake 20th-century "catalog."

Sears, Roebuck and Co. (accept Sears catalog)

(10) To pay off legal debts, this man wrote about his work in the Soviet underground in his best-selling memoir, Witness. This man penned a critique of the Yalta Conference titled "The Ghosts on the Roof." This author produced the "Pumpkin Papers" in an attempt to prove the guilt of a government official accused of spying for the Soviet Union. A witness before the House Un-American Activities Committee, for the point, what former Communist and writer for Time magazine served as the chief accuser of Alger Hiss?

Whittaker Chambers (accept Jay Vivian Chambers)

(32) The incident that killed this man near Point Barrow also claimed the life of his friend, comedian Will Rogers. Berlin and Novosibirsk were the sites of repairs for this man while he was attempting a notable feat alongside Harold Gatty, a (+) voyage which took eight days. This man later repeated that same feat by himself in seven days by relying on an autopilot and a (*) compass. The pilot of the Winnie Mae was, for the points, which American aviator, the first man to fly solo around the world?

Wiley Post (or Wiley Hardeman Post)

(2) The same bill which originally attracted this amendment was targeted by John Berrien's addition enshrining the aims of "No Territory" Whigs. Backlash to this amendment caused its sponsor to lose renomination for his House seat in favor of Galusha Grow. This law was introduced as an amendment to an emergency two million dollar spending authorization during negotiations with Santa Anna. For the point, name this proposed law which aimed to ban slavery in any territory acquired as a result of the Mexican-American War.

Wilmot Proviso

(18) One senator from this state awarded the "Golden Fleece" to wasteful government programs. That senator from this state ran against a man who campaigned on the slogan "Congress needs a tailgunner" before being censured for his involvement in the Red Scare. For the point, name this Midwestern state represented by senators such as William Proxmire and Joseph McCarthy.

Wisconsin (accept WI)

(4) Thomson's Lamp is a supertask that tests a postulate created by a philosopher with this name, one of whose theories was tested by Archimedes through his "method of exhaustion." Another man with this name from Cyprus taught from the "Painted Porch" on the north side of the Athenian Agora. A follower of the Eleatic School with this name defended his mentor, Parmenides, in a set of namesake paradoxes that claimed that motion is an illusion. For the point, give this name of two Greek philosophers, including one from Citium [[KIT-ee-um]] who founded Stoicism.

Zeno (accept Zeno of Citium; accept Zeno of Elea)

(22) Fear surrounding this issue led a school in Indiana to ban Ryan White from attending. Randy Shilts published an investigation of this issue which analyzes figures like Grethe Rask and Rock Hudson. The book And the Band Played On discusses this issue, which the grassroots organization ACT UP tried to eliminate through demonstrations like "Stop the Church." Basketball player Magic Johnson retired from the sport after receiving a diagnosis during, for the point, what crisis, in which thousands of people died from a sexually-transmitted disease?

AIDS Crisis (or AIDS epidemic; or HIV epidemic (or crisis); accept Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome; accept Human immunodeficiency virus infection)

(19) Members of this organization convinced Judge Lindsay Arthur to divert truant children facing possible removal by the foster system into Ona Kingbird's new Heart of the Earth Survival School. This group staged the Longest Walk to protest the imprisonment of Leonard Peltier [[pel-TEER]]. A militant action by this group was discussed by Sacheen Littlefeather in lieu of Marlon Brando's 1973 Oscar speech. For the point, name this group that advocated for native causes at protests such as the occupation of Wounded Knee.

AIM (or American Indian Movement)

(2) Language family spoken by a few indigenous people on Hokkaido, Honshu, and other Japanese islands.

Ainu language (or Ainuic)

(17) This man's followers used grenades and other weapons to ensure the election of his supporter, William Hale Thompson, in the "pineapple primary." This man, who took over the operations of his former boss, Johnny Torrio, was based in the town of Cicero. Members of Bugs Moran's North Side Gang were targeted by this man's soldiers in the St. Valentine's Day Massacre before this man was imprisoned on convictions for tax evasion. For ten points, name this Chicago-area gangster who was nicknamed "Scarface."

Al Capone (or Alphonse Gabriel Capone; accept Capone Gang; prompt on "Scarface" before mentioned)

(23) Joseph Galloway was inspired by this event to propose a plan which was ignored in the aftermath of the Suffolk Resolves. The leader of this meeting lamented the "mutually jealous" nature of colonial assemblies after they rejected one of its documents. A plan presented during this event called for the appointment of a "President-General" who was to be supported by the British monarchy. The "Join, or Die" cartoon was an illustration of the plan created at, for the point, what 1754 meeting?

Albany Congress (accept Albany Convention of 1754)

(2) This meeting was supported by William Shirley and Robert Dinwiddie in the belief that it would increase defense funding. This meeting was tasked with reaffirming the Covenant (+) Chain agreements and negotiating regulations on liquor sales in order to keep peace with the Mohawks. This meeting was promoted with a (*) cartoon of a snake cut into eight pieces labeled "Join, or Die." For the point, name this 1754 meeting at which seven colonies discussed Benjamin Franklin's plan for a unified legislature.

Albany Congress (or Albany Convention)

(15) This location's Coast Guard quarters were destroyed following a 19-month occupation by the Red Power movement. This place, which housed Whitey Bulger and "Birdman" Robert Stroud, was the site of a 1962 escape involving an unsteady raft. For the point, name this island prison outside of San Francisco.

Alcatraz Island

(33) While president, Theodore Roosevelt wrote a letter to this man which questioned the high opinion the American public had of controversial figures like Admiral Winfield Scott Schley [[SHLAY]]. This strategist, who opposed the annexation of the Philippines, was inspired by the work of Baron Jomini to develop the doctrine of (+) "decisive battle" at sea. Citing this theorist, Alfred von Tirpitz acquired support for the construction of a large surface fleet from Wilhelm II. The acquisition of disparate coaling (*) stations was advocated by, for the points, what American naval theorist who wrote The Influence of Sea Power Upon History?

Alfred Thayer Mahan

(1) ABC received a deluge of complaint calls after featuring this man on a 1962 show analyzing the results of the California gubernatorial election, dubbed The Political Obituary of Richard Nixon. The codename "ALES" in the Venona Documents most likely refers to this man who was accused of photographing classified documents that were found in a pumpkin at Whittaker Chambers's farm. For ten points, name this Soviet spy in the U.S. State Department who was controversially convicted of perjury in 1950.

Alger Hiss

II} 23. The bill that became one of these laws was toned down by Samuel Sitgreaves from Harrison Gray Otis's original version. William Duane and Jacob Schneider were prosecuted under one of these laws. One of these laws authorized the president to deport male non-citizens over 14 in time of war. The first of these four laws to be passed was the Naturalization Act. They were opposed by the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions after John Adams signed them into law. For the point, what 1798 set of acts targeted foreigners and anti-government speech?

Alien and Sedition Acts [accept in either order; prompt on partial answers, such as Alien Act, Alien Enemies Act, and Sedition Act] <SH>

(2) This choreographer created dances such as "Pilgrim of Sorrow" and "Take Me to the Water" in one of his signature pieces. This man worked with the Metropolitan Opera to choreograph Samuel Barber's Antony and Cleopatra and Bizet's Carmen between 1966 and 1972. During a 1962 tour sponsored by the State Department, FBI agents threatened to pull this man's funding over his homosexuality. Revelations is the signature performance of, for ten points, what performer who founded a namesake "American Dance Theater" in 1958 that emphasizes Black dancers?

Alvin Ailey, Jr. (accept Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater)

(5) This man served as a senator from Rhode Island after a military career that included a successful campaign to capture Elizabeth City. During the Civil War, (+) this man commanded the Union's Ninth Corps after earlier commanding the Army of the (*) Potomac. For the points, name this man who suffered losses at the Battle of Fredericksburg and was noted for his distinctive facial hair.

Ambrose Everett Burnside

(2) At Curtiss Field, this person founded and served as president of the NinetyNines. Rumors spread that this person made propaganda (+) broadcasts as "Tokyo Rose," or that they may have spied for the Japanese in the Pacific. With Fred (*) Noonan, this person piloted a Lockheed Model 10-E Electra and disappeared near Howland Island. For the points, name this aviator, the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean.

Amelia Mary Earhart

(7) South Dakota rancher James "Scotty" Philip became famous for rescuing these animals in the 1880s. The town of Ulm in Montana is home to a famous pishkun, or "jump," off of which these animals were forced to run. In 1866 at Fort Leavenworth, the 10th Cavalry Regiment of African-American soldiers was given a nickname based on these animals by Native Americans during the Indian Wars. For the point, name these bovine animals that were hunted almost to extinction in the Great Plains.

American Bison (or American Buffalo; accept Buffalo Bill; accept Buffalo Soldiers)

(15) One of these items concludes that "an Angel of darkness resembles an Angel of light" and uses Montesquieu to warn about limiting the terms of magistrates in republics. Richard Henry Lee or Mercy Otis Warren likely authored some of these works under the pseudonym "Federal Farmer." One of these works called "Cato IV" was written in opposition to a 1788 essay titled "The Executive Department." Robert Yates likely used the pseudonym Brutus to write, for the point, what collection of articles which opposed similar writings by Hamilton, Jay, and Madison?

Anti-Federalist Papers

(8) Two answers required. A planned invasion of one of these countries by the other was known as Operation Sovereignty. The de-escalation of an arms race between these two countries was a goal of the Pacts of May. During the Baltimore Crisis, a minister in one of these countries offered the U.S. access to a base in Salta in order to attack the other. During the Snipe incident, the navy of one of these countries attacked the other's lighthouse in the Beagle Channel. For the point, name these two countries which fought over colonization of Patagonia.

Argentina and Chile (accept Argentine Republic or República Argentina in place of Argentina; accept Republic of Chile or República de Chile in place of Chile)

(8) After reaching and occupying the San Albino mines owned by Charles Butters, this commander proclaimed his intent to use 500 pounds of dynamite to "kill Yankees." This man refused to recognize the U.S.-brokered Espino Negro accord. This man demanded the abrogation of the Bryan-Chamorro Treaty during his campaign against U.S. Marines who supported the government of José María Moncada. A party named after this man was opposed by the U.S.-backed Contras in the 1980s. For the point, name this leader of antiAmerican forces in Nicaragua during a 1927 to 1933 uprising.

Augusto Sandino (or Augusto César Sandino; or Augusto Nicolás Calderón de Sandino y José de María Sandino; do not accept or prompt on "Sandinista(s)")

(6) Members of a union in this industry led the 1936 Sit Down Strike in Flint after they were beaten during the Battle of the Overpass. A pioneer in this industry named Ransom E. Olds created a namesake Curved Dash using interchangeable parts. Walter Reuther led a union in this industry called the UAW. The $5 per hour wage was implemented by a company in this industry that created the Model T. For the point, name this industry once dominated by Chrysler and Ford.

Automobile industry (accept Car industry or similar synonymous answers)

(4) A soldier trying to desert from this battle was beaten by camp follower Sarah Borginnis. John Wool claimed "General, we are whipped" at this battle but was proven wrong after the winning commander sent Jefferson Davis's Mississippi volunteers onto the field. The outnumbered winning commander of this battle steered fighting towards the narrow valley of La Angostura, two weeks before Winfield Scott's landing at Veracruz. For the point, name this February 1847 battle in which Zachary Taylor beat Santa Anna in the largest clash of the Mexican War.

Battle of Buena Vista (accept Battle of La Angostura before mentioned)

(31) Following this battle, Gytha Thorkelsdottir supposedly offered her son's weight in gold in return for his body. Immediately following this battle, Earl Morcar of Northumbria threw his support behind Edgar the Aethling, who was elected king by the Witenagemot. Edgar succeeded one man who was legendarily killed by an arrow to the eye in this battle, which he fought shortly after defeating Harald Hardrada at the Battle of Stamford Bridge. Depicted in the Bayeux Tapestry, for the point, what is this 1066 battle that decided the crown of England for William the Conqueror?

Battle of Hastings

(19) William Garrison wrote a personal apology for the conduct of this battle, during which Malaysian and Pakistani troops supporting American forces suffered casualties along with 19 U.S. deaths in a retreat on foot from Hawlwadig Road. This battle began as an attempt during Operation Gothic Serpent to capture two commanders of Mohamed Farrah Aidid's militia. Intensifying after two Black Hawk helicopters were shot down, for ten points, what was this 1993 battle during which 19 U.S. soldiers died in Somalia?

Battle of Mogadishu (accept Black Hawk Down incident before "Black Hawk" is mentioned)

(22) In the prelude to this battle, Thomas Jones was captured while attempting to defend Lake Borgne [[BORN]]. Forces under Thomas Mullins attempted to cross a canal during this battle but forgot to bring the necessary ladders. In exchange for a pardon, Jean Lafitte [[lahFEET]] rallied his privateers to aid one side in this battle. This battle took place after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent, making it the last major clash of the War of 1812. For the point, name this 1815 battle in which Andrew Jackson defended a Louisiana city.

Battle of New Orleans

(11) This battle names a lost neighborhood of Manhattan which was paved over to build Lincoln Center. This battle took place simultaneously with the assault on nearby El Caney. John Miley ordered "the heights must be taken at all hazards" at this battle, after which the 9th and 10th Cavalry of Buffalo Soldiers and Theodore Roosevelt's force of Rough Riders charged up Kettle Hill. For the point, name this July 1898 battle of the Spanish-American War fought on uneven terrain outside Santiago de Cuba.

Battle of San Juan Hill (or Battle of San Juan Heights; accept Battle of Kettle Hill before mentioned)

(6) Lauzun's Legion unhorsed Banastre Tarleton during this battle. Wilhelm of the Palatinate-Zweibrucken [[ZVY-broo-ken]] captured Redoubt Number 9 during this battle, while Alexander Hamilton captured Redoubt Number 10. French forces under the Comte de Rochambeau supported American troops during this battle, which led Lord North to proclaim, "Oh God, it's all over." For ten points, name this last major battle of the American Revolution, which led to the surrender of Charles Cornwallis.

Battle of Yorktown (accept Siege of Yorktown)

(29) Captain James C. Neill left to recruit reinforcements before this battle, but the mostly volunteer militia rejected his replacement. This battle is said to have caused the "Runaway Scrape," and the forces of James Fannin, who tried to join the losing side of this battle, were later massacred at Goliad. The co-commanders of the defense at this battle were William B. Travis and James Bowie. For the point, name this 1836 battle of the Texas Revolution, which occurred at a namesake fort which was built as a Spanish mission near San Antonio de Béxar [[BEH-har]].

Battle of the Alamo

(32) The victors at this battle advanced on the enemy capital to begin the Runaway Scrape. Robert Potter attempted to intervene in this confrontation by marching delegates to this clash from an independence convention. An enslaved man named Joe was spared after this battle in order to spread the word that its victors supported abolition. James Bowie, William Travis, and Davy Crockett were among the defenders who died at this battle fought in present-day San Antonio. For ten points, name this battle that ended in March 1836 with Santa Anna's massacre of Texas defenders at a mission.

Battle of the Alamo

(24) In this battle, the namesake of an American brand of scotch, Johnnie Walker, earned the first convoy victory while captaining the HMS Audacity. The disorganization of the Allied resistance led to the "Second Happy Time" during this naval battle in which the Regia Marina and the Kriegsmarine operated largely unimpeded. The longest continuous battle of World War Two was, for the point, which naval campaign named for a major ocean?

Battle of the Atlantic

(30) In the mythology of Glooskap, this animal is the most persistent in avoiding attempts at being shrunken. This animal taught people how to cultivate tobacco in Blackfoot myth and stole its tail from the muskrat in Menominee myth. Real animals of this kind were studied by Lewis Henry Morgan, who wrote about this American animal "and his works." The activist Grey Owl attempted to end the killing for fur of these animals. For ten points, name this animal which has a large flat tail and builds dams.

Beaver (accept North American Beaver; accept American Beaver; accept Canadian Beaver; accept The American Beaver and His Works)

(25) This man invented a pair of swim fins that were fitted for the hands. This inventor of a high-voltage machine that generates static electricity also partnered with his cousin Timothy Folger to chart and name the Gulf Stream. The flexible urinary catheter and glass harmonica were invented by this man, who also names a type of stove. For the point, identify this founding father, the inventor of bifocals.

Benjamin Franklin (accept Franklin Stove)

(22) This operation relied on calculations made during an earlier "Little" counterpart by Reginald Waite. Lucius Clay and Curtis Lemay oversaw this operation, during which Gail Halvorsen acquired the nickname "Uncle Wiggly Wings." This operation, which defeated a blockade imposed after the introduction of the Deutschemark [[DOYTCH-mark]], eventually moved over three million tons of coal and food by landing planes every thirty seconds. For ten points, name this operation to supply the isolated western portion of a German city in 1948.

Berlin airlift (or Operation Vittles)

(29) This man's downfall occurred when his dead bookkeeper's financial records were seized by a sheriff and were forwarded to the New York Times. Cronies of this man included Peter B. Sweeny and Richard B. Connolly. The cartoon depictions of this man include pictures of him with a moneybag as a head and another showing him leaning against a ballot box with the caption, "As long as I count the votes, what are you going to do about it?" A frequent subject of Thomas Nast's cartoons, for the point, what New York state senator led the corrupt Tammany Hall political machine?

Boss Tweed (or William Magear Tweed)

(2) This city was founded by a man who gave the "Model of Christian Charity" sermon, John Winthrop. Patrick Carr's dying declaration helped acquit (+) Thomas Preston in a trial in this city, where his counsel included John Adams. After an event at the Old South Meeting House in this city, men dressed as (*) Mohawk natives boarded the Eleanor. For the points, name this site of a 1770 massacre and 1773 Tea Party.

Boston

(14) This action was negotiated with Charles Brown after Computer Inquiry II failed to end a stream of antitrust lawsuits from William McGowan. An investigation into the reinvestment of Western Electric profits and repeated challenges from MCI ultimately led to this action. The seven new "regional operating companies" created during this event included Ameritech and NYNEX [[NY-nex]], as well as the predecessor to Verizon. For the point, name this 1984 event which ended the telephone service monopoly in the United States.

Breakup of AT&T (accept similar words to "breakup" such as "dissolution"; accept Bell System, AT&T Company, American Telephone and Telegraph Company, AT&T Corporation, or American Telephone and Telegraph Corporation in place of "AT&T")

II} U.S. History Bee 2015, Nationals Set, Round 6, Page 2 of 9 5. One member of this group, John Randall, reportedly fought off 70 hostile warriors to protect two civilians he was escorting. One of these people was wrongly accused of shooting a bartender in Texas during the Brownsville Affair. A detachment of these people resolved the Johnson County War, bringing peace to Wyoming. General John Pershing earned his nickname because he commanded and respected these soldiers, who were given their nickname by the Cheyenne for their fierce fighting ability. For the point, what name was used for African-American soldiers who served in the Indian Wars?

Buffalo Soldiers (before mention, accept African-American soldiers or Black soldiers; prompt on Cavalry) <BA>

(10) Upon taking the White House, Joe Biden put a bust of this figure behind the Resolute Desk in the Oval Office. This supporter of the Modesto March used Dolores Huerta's slogan "Sí, se puede," which was borrowed for Obama's slogan "Yes we can." For the point, name this Mexican-American activist who founded the United Farm Workers.

Cesar Chavez (or Cesario Estrada Chavez)

(14) Upon taking the White House, Joe Biden put a bust of this figure behind the Resolute Desk in the Oval Office. This activist supported the Modesto March to get Jerry Brown to pass CALRA, and this activist used Dolores Huerta's slogan "Sí, se puede," which was borrowed for Obama's slogan "Yes we can." For the point, name this Mexican-American activist who founded the United Farm Workers.

Cesar Chavez (or Cesario Estrada Chavez)

(21) Robert Elliott Burns wrote a memoir titled for escaping from one of these groups, which was adapted into a 1932 film starring Paul Muni titled I Am a Fugitive from a [this kind of group]. The decline in "convict leasing" after 1908 led to the rise in the use of these groups. Often housed in temporary boxcar accommodation while moving between construction sites, these groups were frequently used to build roads. For ten points, name these physically-constrained groups of prisoners who were made to labor in Southern U.S. correctional systems.

Chain gangs (or Road gangs)

(15) This structure's owners were required to pay 200 pounds per year to a nearby college for putting a university-run ferry service out of business. The investors in this structure argued that its charter implicitly guaranteed a monopoly and that (+) confiscation of property interests could not be justified by the state power to make internal improvements. (*) For the points, name this structure over a Boston waterway whose namesake company was the subject of an 1837 Supreme Court case over contract rights against the Warren Bridge.

Charles River Bridge (or Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge; or The Proprietors of Charles River Bridge, Plaintiffs in Error v. The Proprietors of Warren Bridge, and others)

(2) The position of James Iredell's dissent in this case, the facts of which took place sixteen years prior during a boat chase, became part of the Constitution the following year with the ratification of the Eleventh Amendment. This case was brought by the executor of the estate of Robert Farquhar, whose army provisions were seized during the Revolutionary War without payment. For the point, name this 1793 case in which the Court held that sovereign immunity did not protect states from lawsuits in federal court.

Chisholm v. Georgia (or Alexander Chisholm, Executors v. Georgia)

(26) During an attempt to do this action, only 15 out of 400 settlers were found alive in Rey do Felipe by Thomas Cavendish. A leader of the Hudson's Bay Company named George Simpson was the first known person to accomplish this task mostly by land. The Pelican was utilized in an English attempt to accomplish this feat authorized by Elizabeth I and overseen by a man who fought the Spanish Armada. Francis Drake accomplished this feat, originally completed by a Portuguese expedition whose leader was killed in the Philippines. For the point, name this travel feat first completed by the fleet of Ferdinand Magellan.

Circumnavigating the Earth (accept answers indicating travelling around the world; accept word forms)

(28) A facility in this jurisdiction collected the data that was distributed in the SETI@Home [[SET-EE-AT-HOME]] project. People who live in this jurisdiction became U.S. citizens under the Jones Act. A series of 1999 protests caused the closure of the naval training base located at (+) Vieques [[VYEH-kehs]] in this jurisdiction. In 2020, the Arecibo telescope located in this jurisdiction collapsed, a month after a referendum (*) won 52 percent support for pursuing this territory's admission as a U.S. state. For the points, name this Spanish-speaking U.S. commonwealth in the Caribbean.

Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (accept PR)

(31) The historian Xenophon [[ZEN-uh-fen]] attributes the birth of this profession to the failed usurper Cyrus the Younger, who instituted it while serving as satrap of the remote region of Ionia. Augustus introduced the anabasii system composed of men in this profession who made use of chariots. Incan men in this profession known as chasquis [[CHAH-skeess]] chewed on coca plants to assist their endurance. Pheidippides [[fy-DIP-ihdees]] served in, for the point, what role while telling Athens the news of the Greek victory at Marathon?

Couriers (accept Runners; or Messengers; accept Mailman; accept obvious equivalents)

(5) An enslaved member of this organization known as Cato helped foil an attempted kidnapping of New Jersey governor William Livingston. Anna Strong is believed by some to have been this organization's "Agent 355." Other members of this organization included Major Benjamin (+) Talmadge and tailor Hercules Mulligan. This organization was named by George Washington after a county in Virginia, and it discovered that (*) Benedict Arnold was plotting with John André to turn over West Point to the British. For the points, name this ring of spies in and around New York City during the American Revolution.

Culper Ring

(7) The Tozama were a subset of this class known as "outsiders" who were given han estates despite their opposition to the ruling dynasty. The rise of military governors known as Shugo eventually evolved into this title during the early Muromachi Period under the Ashikaga. A new aristocratic class known as the kazoku, which worked on a system of hereditary peerage, replaced this noble class following the Meiji Restoration. For the point, name these powerful Japanese lords who served as vassals of the Shogun.

Daimyos (accept Tozama Daimyo, Shugo Daimyo, or Fudai Daimyo; prompt on word descriptions like "Japanese Lords" before "lords")

II} 8. This man profiled people like Louis Agassiz in his essay collection Brave Companions. Jimmy Carter credited this man's book, The Path Between the Seas, as helping to pass the TorrijosCarter Treaties. He mostly recently wrote about Americans who went to Paris in The Greater Journey. This man won his second Pulitzer for a book turned into a HBO miniseries starring Paul Giamatti. The host of PBS' American Experience until 1999, he narrated Ken Burns' Civil War documentary. For the point, what historian wrote biographies of Harry Truman and John Adams?

David McCullough <MC>

(6) Kevin Cunningham noted the use of "cattle trucks and trains" during this campaign, one portion of which was officially referred to as a "liquidation." One justification offered for this event was that, if it did not occur, "the capitalist [would] inevitably return." Banners used during this event referred to the (+) central group as the "wreckers of agriculture." Taking place during the First Five Year Plan, this event resulted in the deportation of nearly two million members of (*) one class. For the points, name this Soviet campaign targeting a namesake group of wealthy peasants.

Dekulakization (or Rozkurkulennia; accept answers indicating repression of the kulaks; prompt on "Collectivization")

(18) Major glaciers on this mountain include the Peters Glacier, previously named for Senator Marcus Alonzo Hanna of Ohio. Early attempts to scale this mountain include those by James Wickersham and Frederick Cook. This mountain was given its former official name by the gold prospector William Dickey who named it for a presidential candidate. In 2015, to reflect the local Koyukon culture, the federal government changed this mountain's name. For the point, name this Alaskan mountain, the tallest in North America.

Denali (accept Mount McKinley)

(22) In 1993, Coleman Young stepped down as this city's mayor, allowing for the rejuvenation of Campus Martius [[MAR-shuss]] and the election of Dennis Archer as mayor. Kwame [[KWAH-may]] Kilpatrick resigned as mayor of this city in 2008 after being found guilty of perjury and obstruction of justice. In 2013, this city declared bankruptcy on 18 billion dollars of debt. For the point, name this city which has entered difficult straits due in part to the financial struggles of companies such as GM and Chrysler.

Detroit

(24) A non-terrorist named Timothy McVeigh launched a case that upheld this policy, as did Margaret Witt. This policy was challenged in Log Cabin Republicans v. United States. Charles Moskos coined this policy's name, which was the subject of an attempted amendment by Martin Meehan. Repealed in 2010, this policy was enacted following the murder of naval officer Allen Schindler, Jr. For the point, name this military policy on LGBTQ individuals, instituted by the Clinton administration.

Don't Ask, Don't Tell (or DADT)

(26) This man wrote the majority opinion for a Supreme Court decision that built on Escobedo v. Illinois and outlined conditions under which "the interrogation must cease." Upon this man's retirement, which was delayed for a year by the scandals surrounding Abe Fortas, Thomas Dewey declined an offer to replace him, and this man's post was ultimately filled by Warren Burger. For the point, name this Chief Justice whose court handed down decisions such as Miranda v. Arizona and Brown v. Board of Education.

Earl Warren

(28) After staying at the Villa San Giovanni in Alassio, this composer wrote an overture for a three-day festival in the presence of Edward VII [[the Seventh]] and Queen Alexandra titled In the South. For a memorial concert following the sinking of the Titanic, this composer conducted one of his own pieces that depicts his wife, Alice. This composer's Cello Concerto in E Minor was revived following a recording by Jacqueline du Pré. Composers still try to find the solution to a mysterious theme in, for the point, what English composer's Enigma Variations?

Edward William Elgar

(7) Congress refused to allow Abraham Lincoln to keep a pair of these animals, which had been gifted to him by the king of Siam. (+) Thomas Edison filmed the killing by electrocution of one of these animals as part of his propaganda effort against Nikola (*) Tesla's alternating current. Thomas Nast notably politicized, for the points, what pachyderm, an enduring symbol of the Republican party?

Elephant

(5) Mary Elizabeth Lease helped spark a revolt of people in this profession against high interest rates in Kansas. Roscoe Filburn, (+) who had this profession, lost a Supreme Court case concerning intrastate production quotas. The Populist Party developed from a lobby of people in this profession called the (*) Grange Movement. For the points, name this profession targeted by the Agricultural Adjustment Act.

Farmers (accept Farming; accept Agriculture)

(8) After his victory at the Battle of Mount Algidus [[al-GEE-dooss]], a semimythological character returned to this occupation after a stint as dictator. The Lex Manciana of North Africa was a 2nd century edict which regulated the maximum number of (+) tenants in this job and how many days people in this occupation, which included Cincinnatus, needed to (*) plow per month. The writer Columella wrote On Rural Affairs concerning, for ten points, which profession responsible for producing crops?

Farmers (accept Farming; prompt on "agriculture")

(13) The first chairman of this federal agency was Walter Cummings, although he remained with this agency for only half of a year. During World War Two, this agency sent half of its staff to Chicago, and this agency's director also oversaw the Office of Economic Warfare. Banks accredited by this agency receive a seal of "full faith." Created in 1933 by FDR, for the point, name this agency that provides protection against the failure of banks.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or FDIC

(21) The first mass movement of these people in the mid-13th century may have been incited by Joachim [[ZHOH-ah-keem]] of Fiore in the city of Perugia. This movement, sometimes known as the laudesi for their constant chanting, was officially condemned in a papal bull by Clement VI. (+) This movement, which lived on in the New World as the "Penitent Brothers," aimed to escape the "Dance of Death" by doing an action (*) for which this group is named. For the points, name this mass movement, popular during the Black Death in Europe, in which adherents whipped themselves and others as an act of repentance.

Flagellants (accept Flagellantism; or Laudesi)

(4) A representative from this state was accused in 2021 of violating the Mann Act by transporting a minor across state lines for "immoral purposes." In 2022, this state's governor was caught on film saying "we gotta stop with this Covid theater" after children wore masks during a press conference. In March 2022, this state passed a law that barred teaching an elementary school "LGBT" curriculum with the "Don't Say Gay" bill. For ten points, Matt Gaetz and Ron DeSantis are politicians from what Southern U.S. state?

Florida

(7) A proposed plan for conducting this procedure offered subjects $1,000 for every IQ point under 100. Buck v. Bell (+) upheld this practice, which was advocated for by eugenics supporters to limit "generations (*) of imbeciles." For the points, name this surgical procedure, historically performed without consent, that prevents people from having children.

Forced Sterilization (accept Compulsory Sterilization; accept word forms; prompt on "Eugenics")

(23) Following a speech by William Z. Foster, employees of this company undertook a 1932 "Hunger March," partially organized by the Communist Party USA. Walter Reuther [[ROO-ther]], head of the UAW, organized a strike against this company, which became violent at the Battle of the Overpass. In Dodge v. [this company], the Michigan Supreme Court forced this company to act in the best interests of its shareholders. For the point, name this motor company, which manufactured the Model T.

Ford Motor Company

(6) This figure joined the National Consumers League and advocated for a 54-hour work week after witnessing the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire. This politician drafted the Social Security Act which was presented to Congress and implemented the first federal minimum wage through the Fair Labor Standards Act. With Eleanor Roosevelt, this person created and oversaw the women-only "She-She-She Camps," which functioned similarly to the CCC. For the point, name this first female Cabinet head, the Secretary of Labor throughout the FDR administration.

Frances Perkins

(15) This woman was working as the director of the Consumers League of New York when she heard a commotion while visiting a friend in Washington Square. This administrator instituted a 48-hour workweek for women as the first industrial commissioner of New York state. This woman, who personally witnessed the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, wrote The Roosevelt I Knew to reflect on her twelve years in the Cabinet. For the point, name this Secretary of Labor in the FDR administration.

Frances Perkins (or Fannie Coralie Perkins)

(27) This author of the memoir New Horizons inspired over 3400 clubs dedicated to enacting his namesake idea. This man's namesake plan was to be funded with a two percent federal sales tax and was to benefit any retiree who was not a "habitual criminal" (+) with special funds that had to be spent within 30 days of receipt. The Social Security Act was passed (*) in part to countermand this man's more radical proposal. For the points, name this California doctor who advocated the "old age revolving pension plan" in the 1930s.

Francis (Everett) Townsend (accept Townsend Plan)

(28) A Clifford Berryman cartoon shows this man fleeing from Uncle Sam, who mutters "I've had about enough of this" while leaping over a barbed wire fence. This man's victory over José Inés Salazar at the Battle of Tierra Blanca was witnessed by Ambrose Bierce, who embedded with this man's forces just before vanishing. After encroaching on Columbus, New Mexico in 1916, this man was pursued in the Punitive Expedition by a force under John Pershing. For the point, name this northern Mexican revolutionary leader.

Francisco "Pancho" Villa (or José Doroteo Arango Arámbula)

(8) An award named for this man is given by the Organization of American Historians to the year's best debut history book. This historian urged looking past the North-South (+) divide into more complicated divisions in his sectionalism hypothesis. Another of this man's ideas drew on data from the 1890 (*) census on a "closing." For the point, name this historian who put forth a namesake thesis on the development of national character entitled "The Significance of the Frontier in American History."

Frederick Jackson Turner

(10) Northern outrage over this regulation is considered the main non-economic reason for the shift to Whig control of both chambers of Congress. The original form of this bylaw was the third Pinckney Resolution. John Quincy Adams devoted much of his postpresidential time in the Congress to repealing this bylaw, which was in place in various forms form 1836 to 1844 and, in its final form, forbade even receiving certain petitions. For ten points, name this House of Representatives rule prohibiting discussion of slavery.

Gag rule (prompt on descriptive answers involving prohibition of slavery discussions)

(27) This composer of the satirical musical Of Thee I Sing partly improvised his piano solo at the 1924 premiere of one work, a fusion of classical music and jazz. In 1935, a groundbreaking work composed by this man which he called a "folk opera" starred Ruby Elzy as Serena and John W. Bubbles as Sportin' Life when it debuted on Broadway featuring the song "Summertime." For the point, who was this composer of such works as An American in Paris, Porgy and Bess, and Rhapsody in Blue?

George Gershwin

(1) This president implemented Carla Hills's recommendation to end reprisal tariffs on Japan. This man joined with Ambassador Michael Armacost to play a tennis match against Emperor Akihito and Crown Prince Naruhito, after which he reportedly acquired an intestinal flu that led him to ask doctor Burton Lee to "roll me under the table until the dinner's over." For the point, name this president who vomited in the lap of Prime Minister Kiichi Myazawa in 1992, leading to false media reports that he had died and was to be succeeded by Dan Quayle.

George H.W. Bush (accept George Herbert Walker Bush, Bush 41, Bush senior, Bush the elder, or answers such as the First President Bush that clearly specify him as being older or serving as president earlier than someone else of his name; prompt on "Bush" or "George Bush" alone; do not accept "George W. Bush," "Bush 43," "Bush Junior," or "Bush the Younger")

(14) This artist's painting Radiator Building-Night, New York is part of a series of skyscrapers painted by this artist in a Precisionist style. This artist's painting Jimson Weed/White Flower No. 1 is the most expensive painting sold by a female artist. Landscapes and cow skulls were among the subjects of, for the point, what American painter who lived at Ghost Ranch in New Mexico?

Georgia O'Keeffe (or Georgia Totto O'Keefe)

(1) As part of his attempted political comeback, this man wrote the autobiography A Time to Heal and criticized the incumbent's SALT TWO negotiations before proposing a "copresidency" with Ronald Reagan. This man, who pledged to "Whip Inflation Now," was targeted by two former Manson Family members in two failed assassination attempts within three weeks after taking office under the terms of the 25th Amendment. For ten points, name this Michigan native who succeeded to the presidency in 1974 on the resignation of Richard Nixon.

Gerald Ford (or Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr.; or Leslie Lynch King, Jr.)

(14) While riding a train to Fort Sill, this man accumulated buttons and hats at normal prices and then sold them as souvenirs of his journey for 25 cents each. Prescott Bush was accused of stealing this man's skull on behalf of a Yale secret society. George Crook sent forces against this man following an outbreak from San Carlos. Charles Gatewood convinced this man to surrender to Nelson Miles at Skeleton Canyon. For ten points, name this Apache guerrilla leader who resisted U.S. and Mexican authorities until 1886.

Geronimo (or Goyathlay)

(27) This man declined to become a dictator after the 1830 July Revolution and presented the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen." This man, who supported Louis-Philippe as king, executed a retreat from Barren Hill and helped surround General Cornwallis, and he earlier suffered an injury at the Battle of Brandywine. For the point, name this French general who served as George Washington's aide-de-camp.

Gilbert du Motier; Marquise de Lafayette (accept either)

(24) The proposed plan to establish this government depended on invasions launched from "castles" of which up to 21 were actually built by supporter Elkanah Greer. Leaders of the effort to create this never-realized regime included Lucius Q.C. Lamar and George (+) Bickley. A group named for this region included both the War and Treasury secretaries of James Buchanan. This (*) Havana-based region would have created 25 new states out of huge annexations from Latin America. For the point, identify this proposed slaveholding country whose namesake "Knights" opposed Union interests during the Civil War.

Golden Circle (accept Knights of the Golden Circle; prompt on "KGC")

(20) In one incident, Lord Dunmore ordered the removal of this substance from Williamsburg against Patrick Henry's militia. George III banned the import of this substance from Europe, which was historically made of saltpeter. For the point, name this substance used as a propellant in firearms.

Gunpowder (accept Gunpowder Incident; prompt on "Powder Alarm")

(10) Sarah Hopkins Bradford wrote two biographies of this woman, including Scenes From the Life of [this person]. This woman led the forces of James Montgomery in the Raid on the Combahee Ferry during the U.S. Civil War. In 2016, in a decision that was later put on hold, Treasury Secretary Jack Lew announced that this woman would replace Andrew Jackson on the front of the twenty-dollar bill. For ten points, name this abolitionist and Underground Railroad conductor who was known as the "Moses of her People."

Harriet Tubman (or Araminta Ross; prompt on "Moses")

(15) The death of this man prompted the "White Night Riots." This opponent of the Briggs Initiative led a boycott against Coors when they wouldn't hire teamster drivers. This politician gathered public support by lobbying to make dog owners clean up poop in his city. Dan White murdered, for the point, what San Francisco politician and first gay elected official in California?

Harvey Milk (or Harvey Bernard Milk)

(15) This activist authored the treatise Why I Became an IWW to explain her turn to socialism and supported the refusal of life-saving care for children with severe impairments. In 1938, this woman wrote an open letter to The New York Times, chastising the paper for underreporting the mistreatment of people with disabilities in Nazi Germany. This woman dedicated her book, The Story of My Life, to inventor Alexander Graham Bell. For the point, name this disability rights advocate who was herself both deaf and blind.

Helen Keller

(30) This author called the State "as timid as a lone woman with her silver spoons" in an essay that inspired a 1969 play by Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee titled for the night [this man] spent in jail. That essay by this author defines a "peaceful revolution" as an event in which "thousands choose not to pay their tax bills." The sections "Economy" and "Where I Lived, and What I Lived For" are included in a book by this author about his separation from society. For the point, name this Transcendentalist author of "Civil Disobedience" and Walden.

Henry David Thoreau (accept The Night Thoreau Spent in Jail)

(31) A controversial book by D. M. Murdock asserts that the origins and story of Jesus Christ are derived from the myths of this deity. Historically, a king or a priest would often play this deity in dramas in which they struck a hippopotamus with a harpoon. Those performances took place during the Hab Nekhtet, or the Festival of Victory, that celebrated this deity. The largest temple dedicated to this deity is the Temple of Edfu, built in the Ptolemaic period. For the point, what falcon-headed deity was the patron of kings in Ancient Egypt?

Horus (or Heru; or Hor; or Har; accept Christ in Egypt: The Horus-Jesus Connection)

(24) During a battle for control of this position, a man joked about intentionally wasting money on stunts such as using a ground sloth to spray caviar on a Picasso painting. After complaints from local news broadcasters, a change in this position was engineered by Jeff Zucker, following the failure of a plan to move a start time to 12:05 in advance of the Vancouver Olympics. For the point, name this entertainment position at NBC that Jay Leno retook from Conan O'Brien in 2010, and is now held by Jimmy Fallon.

Host of the Tonight Show

(9) During hearings with this group, Jerry Rubin wore a Santa Claus suit and a Viet Cong flag. Government official Alger Hiss was convicted of perjury after being investigated by this group for espionage. The "Hollywood Ten" were blacklisted for refusing to testify in front of this group, whose members included Jerry Voorhis and Richard Nixon. Created in 1938, for the point, what committee in the U.S. House of Representatives investigated communist ties among citizens and public employees?

House Un-American Activities Committee (or HUAC; accept House Committee on Un-American Activities; or HCUA; accept House Committee on Internal Security)

(15) This company built the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, which could compute and print mathematical tables. The Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company was a predecessor to this company, which adopted the slogan "THINK." This company's CEO Thomas J. Watson names a supercomputer that has played Jeopardy!. For the point, identify this "Big Blue" technology corporation known by three letters.

IBM (accept International Business Machines; accept IBM Watson)

(28) In this state, the alleged rape of Mabel Hallam and the murder of Clergy Ballard raised tensions during a Fourth of July celebration. In this state, a Black neighborhood known as the Badlands was razed as part of a 1908 race riot. Ragen's Colts, an Irish gang in this state, attempted to incite a riot by wearing blackface and burning down Polish homes in the Back of the Yards. A young Richard J. Daley likely participated in a race riot in this state which swept across the South Side of its largest city. For the point, name this state where race riots rocked cities like Springfield and Chicago.

Illinois

II} 20. The initial plan for this program was laid out in the so-called "Yellow Book." The Clay Committee crafted legislation creating this program. A portion of it ends at Leakin Park on the edge of Baltimore due to a revolt led by future Senator Barbara Mikulski. This system's namesake was against its expansion into central cities. It was proclaimed "complete" in 1992, and an urban legend claims that it was designed with periodic straightaways to be used as emergency airstrips. For the point, what project, inspired by the Autobahns of Germany, created a series of limited-access highways across America?

Interstate Highway System [or Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways; prompt on "freeways"] <CW>

(26) This man wrote a historical fiction novel about a 1903 smallpox epidemic in northern Japan called The Apprentice. In 1992, Paul Wolfowitz tasked this man with writing the (+) "Defense Planning Guidance" document that was widely criticized for advocating unilateral American military supremacy. This man was accused of retaliating against Joseph Wilson's article "What I Didn't Find in Africa" by (*) leaking classified information to reporter Judith Miller. For the point, name this Bush administration official who was convicted of perjury after revealing Valerie Plame's status as a CIA agent.

Irving Lewis "Scooter" Libby

(2)Concerning the life of Malcolm X, name the... Abrahamic faith to which he converted before changing his name to Malik ElShabazz.

Islam (accept Muslim; accept Nation of Islam; prompt on "Nation" Editor's Note: Malcolm left the Nation of Islam in 1964 before changing his name, but we are accepting it here to be generous)

(22) While interned at a prison camp, this scientist conducted experiments using an electroscope made from tin foil and wood. Along with Charles Drummond Ellis and Ernest Rutherford, this scientist co-authored Radiations from Radioactive Substances. This scientist wrote the final draft of the MAUD Report and led the British team on the Manhattan Project. The experiment in which alpha particles produced no charge when passing through beryllium foil and paraffin wax was conducted by, for the point, what physicist who discovered the neutron?

James Chadwick

(4) This man, the first white man in Indiana to adopt a Black child, spent much of the early 1960s in Belo Horizonte studying Brazilian syncretic faiths. One of the few Congressmen to be assassinated in office, Leo Ryan, died while investigating this religious leader's compound, instigated by claims that this man was holding people against their will. Later that same day, this cult leader convinced nearly a thousand of his followers to consume cyanide-laced Flavor Aid. For the point, name this leader of the Peoples Temple, who ran a namesake commune in Guyana.

Jim Jones

(10) This man was the first to be hung for treason in the US and was tried on the orders of Governor Henry Wise at Charles Town under Judge Richard Parker. Lydia Marie Child wrote letters defending this man, against whom prosecutor Andrew Hunter presented Lewis Washington to testify. Using the alias, Isaac Smith, the arrival of J. E. B. [[JEB]] Stuart and Robert E. Lee led to the capture of this man. In his last speech, this man declared he would "forfeit my life...in this slave country." For the point, name this abolitionist who led the Harpers Ferry Raid.

John Brown

(30) Through his father's connection to William Randolph Hearst, this man served as a correspondent during the Potsdam Conference. Ted Sorenson wrote much of a work by this man which chronicles acts such as Sam Houston's denunciation of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. This politician is reported to have given the members of his campaign copies of Barbara Tuchman's Guns of August, which proved pivotal during a 1962 crisis with a Caribbean nation. For the point, name this Roman Catholic president, who was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald.

John F. Kennedy (accept JFK)

(8) Ennio de Giorgi [[ZHOR-zhee]] and this man published independent solutions to Hilbert's 19th Problem. This man proved a result by showing the embedding of manifolds into Euclidean Space. Sylvia Nasar wrote about this man in a book that was adapted into an Academy Award-winning 2001 movie starring Russell Crowe. In the 1980s, this mathematician recovered from paranoid schizophrenia. For the point, name this mathematician who won the 1994 Nobel Prize in Economics, the subject of A Beautiful Mind.

John Forbes Nash, Jr.

(22) This man succeeded George Clinton in a post in which he passed a law for gradual abolition. While in a post later filled by Oliver Ellsworth, this man drafted a document condemned by Jeffersonians. That text, named for this man, made one power vacate forts in the Northwest Territory in return for normalized relations. For the point, identify this first U.S. Chief Justice who names a treaty with the UK.

John Jay (accept Jay's Treaty)

(2) This man escaped from the cockpit of an A-4E Skyhawk whose fuel tank was ignited during the deadly USS Forrestal fire. In 2000, this man co-sponsored a bill aimed at "soft money" that was later partially invalidated by the Citizens United (+) case, along with Wisconsin Democrat Russ Feingold. This candidate announced a brief "campaign suspension" in response to the 2008 financial crisis (*) while running against Barack Obama for president. For the points, name this longtime senator from Arizona who died in 2018.

John McCain (or John Sidney McCain III; accept McCain-Feingold Act)

(2) This person issued an "Appeal to womanhood throughout the world," which is also known as the Mother's Day Proclamation. The title of The Grapes of Wrath (+) quotes a line by this poet, and the words "Man United" appear in a re-appropriation of one song by this poet with lyrics originally written to the tune of (*) "John Brown's Body." For the points, name this poet of "The Battle Hymn of the Republic."

Julia Ward Howe (accept either answer; accept Julia Ward)

(19) During this conflict, a cavalry charge by English colonists led to the death of Quiapen [[KWY-ah-pen]] at the Second Battle of Nipsachuck. Benjamin Church and Josiah Standish hunted down a leader in this conflict who was subsequently killed by John Alderman. Forces under Josiah Winslow killed hundreds of women and children during this conflict as part of the Great Swamp Massacre. The Treaty of Casco Bay ended, for the point, what conflict, started by a namesake Wampanoag [[WAHM-pah-NOH-ag]] chief?

King Philip's War (accept First Indian War; accept Metacom's War; accept Metacomet's War; accept Pometacomet's Rebellion)

(1) During this war, Hobart Gay planned a surprise landing of troops called Operation Chromite. Gay also ordered the destruction of the refugee-packed Waegwan Bridge during a period of skepticism of refugees during this war that also included the No Gun Ri massacre. Task Force Lynch led the advance out of the Pusan Perimeter shortly after the amphibious landing at Incheon during this war. For ten points, name this war which ended with the division of an Asian peninsula into a U.S.-allied South and a Communist North under Kim Il Sung.

Korean War

(16) Recent critics have suggested that many of this author's books were ghostwritten by her daughter, a libertarian political activist named Rose. The first book in this author's main series described hauling home huge buckets from a successful sugaring-off and daily tasks, including looking after cows. This author follows her family's travels from Wisconsin to Kansas and South Dakota in volumes such as By the Shores of Silver Lake, set during her 1860s and 1870s childhood. For ten points, name this author of Little House in the Big Woods and Little House on the Prairie.

Laura (Elizabeth) Ingalls Wilder (accept Laura (Elizabeth) Ingalls)

(33) The construction of this structure was interrupted after its city's defeat in the Battle of Meloria. Despite confirming the presence of German troops at this structure, U.S. Army sergeant Leon Weckstein prevented it from being targeted by an artillery strike after finding it too beautiful to destroy. Galileo Galilei supposedly tested his law of free fall by dropping two cannonballs of different masses from this structure. For the point, what landmark in Pisa, Italy is tilted at nearly four degrees?

Leaning Tower of Pisa (or Torre Pendente di Pisa)

(7) It is believed that Pope Hilarius asked Emperor Anthemius to abolish this event in 467 A.D. One ritual of this event involved two priests smearing scarified animal blood onto their foreheads and then removing it with milk-soaked wool. During this event, Julius Caesar rejected a laurel wreath given to him by Mark Antony. This event originated when King Amulius ordered two men to be thrown into the Tiber River as punishment. For the point, what ancient Roman festival on February 15 derives its name from the she-wolf that rescued Romulus and Remus?

Lupercalia (or Dies Februatus)

(21) Leonidas Dyer introduced a bill opposing this practice following the East St. Louis riots. Ida B. Well's "Red Record" studied this practice, which was the subject of investigations by Medgar Evers. The 14-year-old Emmett Till was a victim of this practice, bills against which were supported by the NAACP. For the point, name this type of extrajudicial killing that targeted Black Americans in the South.

Lynching (prompt on "hanging"; prompt on descriptions of extrajudicial killings of Black people or racially-motivated killing)

(10) This law was passed after the only use of the "discharge petition" procedure in the House of Representatives between 1993 and 2015. Though the immediate challenge to this law in McConnell v. FEC failed, portions of this law which restricted airings of Hillary: The Movie were struck down in the 2010 Citizens United case. Aiming to regulate "soft money," for the point, what is this 2002 bill that imposed restrictions on various forms of political fundraising and advocacy?

McCain-Feingold Act (accept BCRA or Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002)

(21) Businesses in this industry along Gansevoort Street provided the nickname for a district in Manhattan. Nelson Miles found that this industry's firms sold defective products to Russell A. Alger during the Spanish-American War. A work which criticized this industry centered on the experiences of Lithuanian immigrant Jurgus Rudkus in Chicago. For the point, name this industry, targeted by the Pure Food and Drug Act, which was passed after the publication of Upton Sinclair's The Jungle.

Meatpacking industry (accept Beef industry; accept Pork industry)

(6) In this city, French GIGN commandos assisted in the liberation of a mosque in 1979 after a two-week siege. The Italian adventurer Ludovico di Varthema wrote one of the first Western accounts of travel in this city, whose metro system only operates for seven days per year. This city demolished its Ottoman Ajyad Fortress in 2002 to make way for the Towers of the House hotel complex, which has the largest clock face in the world. The Masjid al-Haram and the Kaaba are located in, for ten points, what holiest city of Islam?

Mecca (or Makkah al-Mukarramah)

(17) Julius Chambers published a series of exposés about one of these places, and an author who spent time in one of these places on Blackwell's Island recalled their bathing rituals and (+) abusive practices. The New York World published an undercover investigation of these places by Nellie (*) Bly, and the reform of these places was advocated by Dorothea Dix. For the points, name these places, the subject of the book Ten Days in a Mad-House.

Mental Institutions (accept Mental Hospitals; accept Insane Asylums; accept Lunatic Asylums; prompt on "Hospitals")

(6) This man's time as a barrister included his handling of the "Caucus Case" involving supposedly rigged municipal elections in Bombay. He's not Woodrow Wilson, but this man proposed his Fourteen Points in response to the Simon Commission. Stanley Wolpert's biography (+) on this man became the basis for a 1998 biopic which controversially starred Christopher Lee. In the Lahore Resolution, an organization led by this man called for the creation of a (*) Muslim state separate from India. For ten points, name this leader of the Muslim League and founder of Pakistan.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah (or Mahomedali Jinnahbhai)

(11) This law partially preserved an idea from Thomas Jefferson that required new states to copy the constitution and law code of an existing state. Under this law, a five-man council of large landholders comprised one house of newly established legislatures. The creation of three to five new states, in which slavery was prohibited, was authorized as the ultimate goal of this law. For the point, name this 1787 law of the Confederation Congress that set up the basic structure of lands across the Ohio River.

Northwest Ordinance (or An Ordinance for the Government of the Territory of the United States, North-West of the River Ohio; accept Ordinance of 1787 before "1787" is mentioned)

(29) A longtime faculty member at this school simultaneously preached under a banner reading "Holiness to the Lord" in this school's namesake town and advocated "Christian (+) perfection." This college, which employed Charles Finney, was formed by a group of 75 students who walked out of Lane Seminary to protest segregation. Arthur Tappan and Theodore (*) Weld first led, for the point, what Ohio liberal arts college that was the first continuous mixed-gender institution of higher education in the U.S.?

Oberlin College (accept Oberlin College and Conservatory)

(20) Anthony Bologna's unprovoked use of pepper spray at this event led to seven lawsuits. People at this event used communications lingo such as "twinkling" fingers and repeating words through "the people's microphone." During the promotion of this event by Adbusters, posters bore the slogan "What is our one demand?", though it came to rely more on the slogan "We are the 99%." For the point, name this 2011 movement which demonstrated for economic populism in Zuccotti Park near Manhattan's financial district.

Occupy Wall Street (prompt on "OWS")

(25) This man was court-martialed for running the USS Revenge onto land while patrolling Rhode Island waters during the enforcement of the Embargo Act. This man sent a telegram to William Henry Harrison which read "We have met the enemy and they are ours," in reference to ships which he had captured. In a tribute to his fallen ally, James Lawrence, this naval figure said "Don't Give Up the Ship" while in combat at Put-in-Bay. For the point, name this victor at the Battle of Lake Erie, an early 19th-century American admiral.

Oliver Hazard Perry

(16) The 2018 case Gill v. Whitford involved the constitutionality of a partisan form of this process. United Latin American Citizens v. Perry concerned a section of Texas that was subject to this process in violation of the Voting Rights Act. The REDMAP project enabled, for the point, what process in which electoral districts are redrawn for political benefit?

Partisan Gerrymandering (accept Redistricting before "Districts;" prompt on "REDMAP" before mentioned)

(20) The 2018 case Gill v. Whitford involved the constitutionality of a partisan form of this process, following a 2011 plan in Wisconsin. United Latin American Citizens v. Perry concerned a section of Texas that was subject to this process in violation of the Voting Rights Act. The REDMAP project enabled, for the point, what process in which electoral districts are redrawn for political benefit?

Partisan Gerrymandering (accept Redistricting before "Districts;" prompt on "REDMAP" before mentioned)

(1) A corporation tax introduced by this bill was upheld by the Supreme Court in Flint v. Stone Tracy. Strong popular opposition to this bill, which also established free trade with the Philippines, led to Democrats and progressive Republicans successfully campaigning against William Howard Taft's coalition during the midterm elections, shifting control of the House. This was the next major revision of tariff rates after the record-setting Dingley Tariff and was greatly rolled back four years later by the Underwood-Simmons Tariff. For the point, name this compromise tariff bill of 1909.

Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act

(23) While imprisoned, this man learned of the disappearance of his son, Juan, aboard La Concepción. This man's recommendations to Phillip II ultimately led to the creation of the Spanish Treasure Fleet. Jean Ribault was a rival of this man, who was tasked with eliminating the French presence around (+) Fort Caroline. One settlement led by this man was located along the Matanzas River and was established in 1565, making it the oldest continuously inhabited settlement in the (*) continental U.S. For the points, name this Spanish adventurer who governed St. Augustine.

Pedro Menéndez de Avilés (accept either underlined portion)

(9) This law re-established an oversight commission that included Leroy Thoman and Dorman Eaton. This law incorporated several recommendations produced by the Jay Commission's investigation of the New York Customs House. This law, named for an Ohio Democrat, won the support of Half-Breed Republicans following Charles Guiteau's [[gehTOES]] assassination of James A. Garfield. For the point, name this 1883 law which established a non-political civil service in an attempt to end the spoils system.

Pendleton Act (accept Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act before "civil service" is mentioned)

(26) In this city, Mumia Abu-Jamal was given the death penalty for shooting policeman Daniel Faulkner. Police in this city targeted a house at Osage Avenue after James Ramp was killed. Ramona Africa was the only survivor of a bombing in this city ordered by Gregore J. Sambor. In this city, a mayor was implicated with a lie detector. That mayor of this city, who was profiled in The Cop Who Would Be King, was Frank Rizzo, who targeted MOVE. A bucket brigade was founded by Benjamin Franklin in, for the point, what city?

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

(20) This man attempted to punish an 1866 race riot in New Orleans by removing officeholders, including Louisiana governor James Wells, during his time as the Reconstruction commander of Texas and Louisiana. This man amassed a 50,000-man army to guard against a possible invasion (+) from Maximilian's regime in Mexico. On an earlier mission, this general won at Fisher's Hill and the Third Battle of Winchester during a (*) scorched-earth campaign. For the points, name this Union general who led the burning of the Shenandoah Valley during his 1864 pursuit of Jubal Early.

Philip (Henry) Sheridan

(14) This man founded the Shyness Clinic and testified during a court martial as part of the Abu Ghraib torture case, laying out arguments that later appeared in the book The Lucifer Effect. One experiment by this psychologist featured a subject referring to himself as "John Wayne." That experiment by this psychologist had to be canceled after six days due to poor treatment of its subjects. For the point, name this American psychologist, who conducted the Stanford Prison Experiment.

Philip Zimbardo

(13) One division of this company arrested Big Bill Haywood after the murder of Idaho Governor Frank Steunenberg. This company's first female member, Kate Warne, played a major role in foiling an alleged 1861 plot in Baltimore against Abraham Lincoln. The Homestead Strike was broken up by, for the point, what private detective agency?

Pinkerton National Detective Agency (accept Pinkertons)

(33) The failure of an organization devoted to this activity, the Union Association, cost Henry Lucas his multi-million dollar fortune. Pete Browning and Monte Ward were prominent participants in a short-lived attempt to prioritize labor rights among people working in this activity. The nickname "beer and whiskey league" was applied to the American Association, which competed in this industry with the National League. For the point, name this activity performed by the Detroit Tigers and St. Louis Cardinals.

Playing major league professional baseball (accept Baseball leagues; prompt on "sports")

(11) Mary Dyer, who became part of this group, was one of four people executed as part of the Boston Martyrs. This group, which was founded by George Fox, (+) promoted pacifism and included a man who would later found (*) Pennsylvania. For the points, name this religious group named for their trembling before God.

Quakers (accept Religious Society of Friends)

(28) Duke Jakob [[YAH-kohb]] Kettler began the first of four attempts to colonize what became this nation by the Duchy of Courland. The short-lived West Indies Federation had this city's port of Chaguaramas [[shah-gwah-RAH-mahs]] as its official capital. This majority Indian nation was named after Christopher Columbus spotted three adjacent hills which he called the Spanish word for "Trinity." "Father of the Nation" Eric Williams was the first and longest-serving prime minister of, for the point, what country north of Venezuela, governed from Port of Spain?

Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (prompt on partial answer)

(22) Gideon Gono was the longtime head of one institution in this country that introduced the RTG in 2019. Tracts known as "Communal Areas" were claimed for resettlement purposes as part of a mass land redistribution campaign in this country during the 2000s. An image of a sign reading "Starving Billionaire" was used by media outlets to bring attention to hyperinflation in this country whose longtime ruler was in power from 1987 to 2017. Former vice president Emmerson Mnangagwa [[mm-nahn-GAH-gwah]] has governed this country since 2017. For the point, name this African country once led by Robert Mugabe.

Republic of Zimbabwe (or Nyika yeZimbabwe)

(7) Bill Alenson authorized a 300 thousand dollar per year payment to license this piece for the "Rededicated to Serving You" ad campaign, which lasted for over 30 years. 84 piano players performed this piece during the opening of the 1984 Summer Olympics. Ferde Grofé's first orchestration of this song, including its opening clarinet glissando, was premiered at the Aeolian Hall "Experiment in Modern Music" concert organized by Paul Whiteman. For ten points, name this 1924 jazz-influenced piece by George Gershwin.

Rhapsody in Blue

(9) This man co-discovered a method for using simulated random paths to solve partial differential equations, with Mark Kac. During a brief time working in biology, this man attempted to understand research on animal nerve voltages by asking for a "map of the cat." A 1974 graduation address by this man coined the term "cargo cult science." This man gave a brief demonstration using a cup of ice water and a Morton-Thiokol O-ring. For ten points, name this physicist who investigated the Challenger disaster and invented namesake quantum "diagrams."

Richard (Phillips) Feynman (accept Feynman-Kac Formula; accept Feynman diagram)

(11) The Caltech professor who created this scale used data collected by his colleague, German-American scientist Beno Gutenberg, to resolve certain difficulties. This scale was designed using data from the new network of machines developed by Carnegie Institute colleagues John A. Anderson and Harry O. Wood. Used to measure events including one at 5.8 in 2016 in Pawnee, Oklahoma and one at 8.2 in 2021 in Chignik, Alaska, for ten points, what is this scale for measuring the strength of earthquakes?

Richter scale (or Richter's magnitude scale; accept Local magnitude scale; accept Charles Francis Richter)

(21) In the Supreme Court, the first case concerning this right was 1990's Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health. Terri Schiavo's [[SHAI-vohs]] husband, Michael, argued for this right, and in Oregon, this right was approved in Measure 16, though it was not protected by the Due Process Clause in Washington v. Glucksberg. Often cited by Dr. Jack Kevorkian to defend his actions, for the point, what is this right which can involve assisted suicide?

Right to Die (accept descriptive answers)

(21) This man won his first statewide election after asking voters, "How can you replace one Ryan with another Ryan?" This Gross Receipts Tax advocate was recorded on an FBI wiretap stating, "I've got this thing" which is "golden" and "I'm not giving it up for...nothing," after which a unanimous vote removed him from office. After that, this man's appointee, Roland Burris, finished a legislative term. For the point, name this former Illinois governor who was imprisoned after selling off Barack Obama's vacated Senate seat.

Rod Blagojevich [[bluh-GOY-eh-vitch]]

(12) This man's court ruled interest bearing loan certificates unconstitutional. John M. Berrien resigned, leading to this man's appointment. This man established the political question doctrine under the Constitution's Guarantee Clause in Luther v. Border. This man heard Simon Greenleaf argue against Daniel Webster while heading the court in the Charles River Bridge case. As Attorney General under Andrew Jackson, this man won the Bank War against Nicholas Biddle. For the point, name this Chief Justice whose tenure included Dred Scott.

Roger B Taney [[TAW-nee]]

(35) This show added the morally conflicted character of Captain Davies, who hesitates upon viewing blueprints for the Lord Ligonier [[LIG-uh-NEER]], despite the character not existing in the source material. This show begins with the (*) kintango ordering a teenager to capture a bird alive. ABC was unconfident in this show and burned off its eight episodes in a row on consecutive nights. The resulting momentum made this show the highest-rated (*) miniseries of all time. For the point, Levar Burton starred as Kunta Kinte [[KUHN-tah KEEN-teh]] in what 1977 adaptation of Alex Haley's novel about slavery?

Roots

(8) At age 81, this woman was mugged by Joseph Skipper, and, while working as a secretary, this woman investigated Recy Taylor's rape and helped organize a "Committee for Equal Justice" for her benefit. Following this woman's arrest, Jo Ann Robinson mimeographed 35,000 handbills to start a boycott, and Paul Stephenson was inspired by this woman's actions to do the same in Bristol, England. Having declined to follow James F. Blake's orders, for the point, who was this woman who refused to get out of her seat on a Montgomery bus?

Rosa Parks

(3) A historical fairy-tale opera in this language depicts one sister promising to bear a "bogatyr" knight for a certain monarch. That opera in this language partially takes place in the principality of Tmutarakan [[tuh-MOO-tah-RAH-kahn]]. The monologue "I have attained supreme power" (+) is sung by the title character of an opera in this language who gives the throne to his son. That play in this language takes place during the Time (*) of Troubles. For ten points, give this language of operas such as The Tale of Tsar Saltan and Boris Godunov.

Russian (or Russkiy)

(16) While searching for Paul of Thebes, this man was said to have met and conversed with a centaur and a satyr. This man allegedly helped cure the ergotism of two noblemen, which led to that disease being referred to as this man's "fire." Athanasius of Alexandria wrote a biography of this man, who attempted to hide in a cave to escape a group of demons. This man withdrew to a mountain by the Nile in order to lead an ascetic life. For the point, name this Egyptian "Desert Father" often referred to as the "Father of All Monks."

Saint Anthony the Great (or Anthony of Egypt; or Anthony the Abbot; or Anthony of the Desert; or Anthony the Anchorite; or Anthony the Hermit; or Anthony of Thebes; accept Antonio or Antony in place of "Anthony")

(13) This man collaborated with James Otis on the Circular Letter that caused Francis Bernard to dissolve the Massachusetts House of Representatives in retaliation. This man and John Hancock were specifically exempted from Thomas Gage's promise of amnesty, after which this man nominated George Washington as commander-in-chief during his prominent time in the Continental Congress. For ten points, identify this head of the Massachusetts Committee of Correspondence who was the second cousin of a U.S. president and the namesake of a beer brand.

Samuel Adams (accept Sam Adams; prompt on "Adams")

(1) This man wrote against slavery in one city's Gazette under aliases like "Vindex" and "Candidus." Following the arrival of the Dartmouth this man and James Otis distributed the "circular letter" to organize a meeting at Faneuil [[FAN-yoo-il]] Hall. Many years after his best known action, this man succeeded John Hancock to become the fourth governor of Massachusetts. For ten points, name this Founding Father and leader of the Sons of Liberty who orchestrated the Boston Tea Party.

Samuel Adams (prompt on "Adams")

(7) This man refused instructions to resign from diplomat Albert Willis and continued to work on behalf of what became the Newlands Resolution. This co-author of the Bayonet Constitution appointed James King and William Owen Smith as cabinet members during his five years as president prior to becoming territorial governor. For the point, name this forkbearded politician who, following the overthrow of Liliʻuokalani, negotiated Hawaii's annexation to the U.S., the cousin of a canned fruit magnate.

Sanford Dole (or Sanford Ballard Dole)

(25) Trade along this route tripled in a single year following the installation of Charles Bent's "American party" government. This route was largely overlayed with a railroad named for Atchison, Topeka, and the same terminus that named this route. Prior to an expedition against California, Stephen Kearny's [[KAR-nees]] Army of the West used this route for an invasion that deposed governor Manuel Armijo [[ar-MEE-hoh]]. For the point, name this commercial trail that extended from Franklin, Missouri to a namesake city in New Mexico.

Santa Fe trail

(27) Benjamin Miller's attempt to use the National Guard to protect these people was rebuffed by Judge William Washington Callahan. The second Supreme Court case regarding these people held that systematic exclusion of jurors by (+) race violated the right to a fair trial. The first Supreme Court case arising from the trial of these people established the "special circumstances" doctrine that remained the chief exception to (*) Betts v. Brady prior to the establishment of a general right to counsel. For the point, name this group of nine Black teenagers who were falsely accused of rape in an Alabama town in 1931.

Scottsboro Boys (prompt on "Scottsboro")

(6) A man in this profession, Dua-Kheti, may have written the work The Satires of the Trades which extolled the virtues of this occupation. A female recluse named Diemut who held this occupation is considered a local saint in her home region of Austria for singlehandedly stocking the Wessobrunn [[VEH-soh-broohn]] Monastery library. This type of public servant developed the demotic Egyptian script for everyday use. Papyrus scrolls were used by, for ten points, which type of professional copyist who became obsolete after the invention of the printing press?

Scribes (accept Calligraphers; accept Copyist before mentioned; prompt on "Writer" or equivalents)

(23) Glenn Sheren was given a patent for these items in 1955, but the version Roger Griswold and Hugh DeHaven patented is most-used today. George Cayley first invented these items for gliders. These items were supported by neurologist C. Hunter Shelden and were first offered by Nash. A 1966 Act creating the NHTSA mandated the use of these items. Ralph Nader cited James Ryan's work on these items in Unsafe at Any Speed. Offered in "lap," 2-point, and 3-point configurations, for the point, what are these items which secure people in a vehicle?

Seat belt (or Safety belt)

(21) The first of these wars began in response to the Scott Massacre and was concluded at the Treaty of Moultrie Creek. One leader in the last of these wars is sometimes known by the nickname "Holata Micco." A Black faction led by John Horse participated in the second of these wars, which erupted to oppose the Treaty of Payne's Landing. Billy Bowlegs and Osceola [[AH-see-OH-lah]] were among the Native commanders in these wars. For ten points, identify these three wars, fought in early 19th-century Florida.

Seminole Wars (accept First Seminole War; accept Second Seminole War; accept Third Seminole War)

(19) After three of these events in 1916, John Treadwell Nichols of the American Museum of Natural History issued a public warning. Alexander Ott rescued Charles Vansant in one of these events which was followed by an incident involving Charles Bruder at Spring Lake and another at Matawan. A series of these events terrified New Jersey in 1916, and, in South Africa, Black December was named because of nine of these events. 2001 had a Summer of these events in the Atlantic Ocean. For the point, name these sometimes fatal events involving certain cartilaginous fish.

Shark attacks (accept similar answers involving sharks)

(3) William Bull's government in what is now this state passed a law severely restricting the rights of the enslaved. In this state, John Yeamans replaced Joseph West as one of the Goose Creek Men. Charles Craven fought off an allied confederacy of Waxhaw, Pee Dee, and Yamasee Native Americans in one of America's bloodiest wars, during which 7% of this state's settlers were killed. The home of the Pinckney family, for the point, what is this state, the location of Fort Sumter?

South Carolina

(23) A dispute between this company and Dallas-area politicians led to the passing of the Wright Amendment, which until 2014 restricted this company's entire industry from certain operations at Love Field. This company's CEO, Herbert Kelleher, won trademark rights to this company's motto, "Plane Smart," in an arm-wrestling match. Cost-cutting strategies by this company include training mechanics exclusively on Boeing 737s, the only model it uses. For ten points, name this discount carrier which is the third-largest airline by passenger volume in the U.S.

Southwest Airlines Co.

(1) Politician Vilhelm Knorin wrote a "Short Course" history of this nation that was used in schools until it was repudiated in the speech "On the Cult of Personality and its Consequences." The fall of this nation led Francis Fukuyama to write The End of History and the Last Man, postulating an end to ideological evolution. Historiographical works were published in the Political Journal through the samizdat, a form of underground publishing in this nation. Native historian Roy Medvedev published a critique of, for the point, which nation, once led by Joseph Stalin?

Soviet Union (or USSR; or Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; or CCCP; prompt on "Russia")

(8) This event was partially led by Marsha P. Johnson, and it occurred three years after a similar event in Compton's Cafeteria. The Village Voice criticized this event, which took place at a business owned by the Genovese crime family. Participants in this event fought the NYPD at a neighborhood bar. For the point, name this 1969 event, a riot that sparked the gay liberation movement.

Stonewall Riots

(18) This leader allied with Tōten Miyazaki during his exile in Japan and co-founded the Tongmenghui [[TONG-MENG-WEE]] with his deputy, Song Jiaoren [[JOW-REN]]. This leader, who opened the Whampoa Military Academy, governed under the Three Principles of the People. Following the Xinhai [[SHIN-HYE]] Revolution, this man ceded power to the warlord Yuan Shikai. This leader's death fractured the First United Front and led to the civil war between the Communist Party and the Kuomintang. For the point, name this "Father of the Nation" and first provisional president of the Republic of China.

Sun Yat-Sen (or Sun Deming; accept Sun Wen; or Sun Zhongshan; prompt on "Yat-Sen")

(9) This system, which went into effect in the U.S. in 1997, restricts the use of the term "fantasy violence" to its lowest category. This system was developed in tandem with the requirement for "E/I" programming and the "V-chip" technology which could automatically block higher categories. FCC regulations require these symbols to be displayed for the first fifteen seconds of each program. For ten points, what system includes designations such as "Y7," "14", and "MA" for broadcast and cable content?

TV Parental Guidelines (accept Television in place of TV; prompt on "TV Ratings" or "Content ratings"; accept descriptive answers indicating the system of TV content guidance for Parents)

(7) A 1911 Act named after a leader of this organization known as "Big Tim" was one of the U.S.'s first gun control laws. The Sullivan Act was named for a head of this group, whose head during the 1850s split off to form a group named for Mozart. Richard Croker and Fernando Wood came to power as leaders of this group, whose most notorious "honest graft" proponent was a frequent target of Thomas Nast. For ten points, name this ethnicallytied club whose influence was extended by "Boss" Tweed and which controlled New York City's Democratic Party until the mid-20th century.

Tammany Hall (or Society of St. Tammany; or Sons of St. Tammany; prompt on "Columbian Order")

(7) Concerning the Aztecs, name the...Rival western state which defeated an invasion by their emperor, Axayacatl [[aksah-yah-KAH-til]].

Tarascan Empire (accept Purepecha Empire)

(30) This man clashed with Henry Proctor over the planned execution of American prisoners at Fort Miami [[my-AM-ee]]. After the fall of Detroit, this man attempted to defeat American forces at Moraviantown but was killed during a charge led by Richard Mentor Johnson. This man's brother was killed during the Battle of Tippecanoe, which resulted in the destruction of Prophetstown by William Henry Harrison. For the point, name this Shawnee chief, who formed a confederacy to fight the United States during the War of 1812.

Tecumseh (accept Tecumtha; accept Tekamthi)

(18) Insurrectionists in this war hired the USS Virginius to run troops through a blockade, only to be captured by the corvette Tornado. Teenage poet José Martí was arrested during this conflict and deported to Spain. Negotiated in Camagüey [[kahmah-HWEH]], the Pact of (+) Zanjon [[zahn-HOHN]] ended this conflict and promised the emancipation of slaves in a Caribbean colony by the late 1880s. (*) Cuba failed to achieve independence during, for the points, what lengthy war of the 1860s and 1870s which ended with Spain reasserting control over the island?

Ten Years' War (accept Guerra de los Diez Años; accept War of '68; prompt on "Guerra Grande"; do not accept "Cuban War of Independence")

(29) In this state, an African-American corps of Union soldiers led by Lionel Booth were massacred by Nathan Bedford Forrest's men in the Ft. Pillow Massacre. During a battle in this state, future Kentucky governor Simon Bolivar Buckner was captured by Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grant at Ft. Donelson [[DAH-nel-sun]]. Union officer W. H. L. Wallace held the "Hornet's Nest" during the Battle of Shiloh, fought in this state. For the point, name this home state of Andrew Johnson, whose city of Nashville was captured in 1864.

Tennessee

(18) The artist of this work chose to forgo a list of names the subject had in their possession and replaced it with a letter that said, "Given that I am unhappy, I have a right to your help." The person who committed the act depicted in this work had her own portrait painted by a National Guard officer hours before her execution. Although not specifically shown in this painting, the subject of this work suffered from dermatitis herpetiformis which required medicinal soaks. For the point, what 1793 painting by Jacques-Louis David depicts a French revolutionary leader after his murder by Charlotte Corday?

The Death of Marat (or La Mort de Marat; or Marat Assassiné)

(3) One of the casualties of this expedition was Sergeant Charles Floyd, one of the "Nine Young Men from Kentucky." One of this expedition's leaders died a mysterious death at an inn along Natchez (+) Trace. A person whose name translates from Hidatsa as "Bird Woman" aided this expedition, whose departure point is commemorated by the (*) Gateway Arch. For the points, name this expedition ordered by Thomas Jefferson to explore the American West.

The Lewis and Clark Expedition (accept The Corps of Discovery)

(12) New York Senator Gouverneur Morris refused to allow this man to vote in general elections after invalidating his American citizenship. Apocryphally, George Washington read a pamphlet by this man prior to the Continental Army's "Crossing of the Delaware" and subsequent victory at Trenton. Jailed after representing the Girondists in the French National Convention, this man used that time to write his pro-deist work The Age of Reason. For the point, name this 18th century thinker who wrote "Common Sense."

Thomas Paine

(26) This candidate was persuaded by the Army Chief of Staff not to publicize American knowledge of the Purple code in a campaign accusation. This man claimed that no plan for "speedy discharges" existed and that the incumbent was "indispensable to those infamous machines" in a speech dubbing the administration a "motley crew." For the point, name this running mate of John Bricker as the losing Republican presidential nominee against FDR in 1944, who four years later narrowly failed to "defeat Truman."

Thomas E(dmund) Dewey

(5) This author posited that "Whatever is my right as a man is also the right of another" in a response to Edmund Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France, after which he was put on trial in absentia. This author described "the summer soldier and the sunshine patriot" who shrink from "the times that try men's souls" in The American Crisis. Before penning Rights of Man, this author asserted that the Colonies had plenty of resources to defeat Great Britain. For ten points, name this author who advocated for a "republican government" in Common Sense.

Thomas Paine

(22) In one colony, Anglican clergymen were paid in this crop until the Two-Penny Act was passed in 1758. This was the most common crop cultivated on land acquired through the "headright system." Although he later instituted a monopoly on this crop, King James I wrote a negative "Counterblaste" about it. England had a high demand for this crop after it was first grown commercially by John Rolfe. For the point, name this substance that became a cash crop for Jamestown due to its ability to be smoked.

Tobacco

(7) Longest-serving national leader in the Warsaw Pact, leading Bulgaria for 35 years.

Todor Zhivkov (or Todor Hristov Zhivkov)

(28) Title III of this law modifies the MLCA and BSA laws dealing with money transfer and banks. After Jim McDermott revealed that no one read this law, Michael Moore drove around in an ice cream van reading it with a loudspeaker. This law includes a library records provision and an extension to "lone wolves." Robert Ney, Butch Otter, and Ron Paul voted against this law, while in the Senate only Russ Feingold opposed it. For the point, name this 2001 Act which strengthened national security to fight terrorism after 9/11.

USA PATRIOT[a] Act (or United and Strengthening America by [a]Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism)

(11) The first person to hold this specific position was nicknamed "Cactus Jack" and previously served as speaker of the house. Henry A. (+) Wallace served for four years in this specific position, and the last man to hold this specific position became the 33rd (*) president of the United States. For the points, identify this specific position that was held by Harry Truman and John Nance Garner under the longest-serving U.S. president.

Vice Presidents of Franklin Roosevelt (accept anything that mentions Franklin Roosevelt or FDR and Vice President; prompt on "Vice President")

(2) This person was vilified in a caricature by Thomas Nast showing a depiction of Satan holding a sign that reads, "Be saved by free love." Theodore Tilton sued Henry Ward Beecher after a newspaper, co-published by this person, exposed the latter's affair with Tilton's wife. (+) Although he never acknowledged the decision, Frederick Douglass was selected by this person to be their running (*) mate on the Equal Rights Party ticket during the 1872 election. For the points, who was the first woman to run for the United States presidency?

Victoria Woodhull (or Victoria Claflin Woodhull; or Victoria Woodhull Martin; or Victoria California Claflin)

(10) Albert Wedemeyer oversaw a strategic planning document known as this "Program" which was leaked to newspapers three days before Pearl Harbor. A 1940s hairstyle consisting of curls arranged in two upward slopes was known as this kind of "rolls." Eighteen million areas named for this word, including one that Eleanor Roosevelt set up on the White House lawn, grew about a third of wartime produce. For the point, give this word that names home vegetable "gardens" planted for food during World War Two.

Victory (accept Victory Program; accept Victory Rolls; accept Victory Garden)

(9) An altercation involving the USS Maddox took place during this war, which was the subject of documents released by Daniel Ellsberg. (+) Duplicitous tactics used to generate support for this war were detailed by The New York Times using the Pentagon Papers. Operation (*) Rolling Thunder was a long-term air bombardment during, for the points, what war in Southeast Asia?

Vietnam War (accept Second Indochina War)

(12) One siege during this conflict targeted a location whose citadel was found at the juncture of the Sambre and Meuse Rivers. Tortuga and Saint-Domingue were ceded by Spain in the aftermath of this conflict, which involved the siege of Namur. The Raid on (+) Cartagena [[kar-tah-HEH-nah]] occurred during this war, which was ended by the Treaty of Ryswick. The stadtholder Leopold represented the Archduchy of (*) Austria in one side in this conflict, which was composed of enemies of France. For the points, name this 1688 to 1697 conflict sometimes known as the Nine Years' War.

War of the League of Augsburg (or War of the Grand Alliance; accept War of the Palatine Succession; accept Nine Years' War before mentioned; prompt on "King William's War")

(6) Guillaume [[gee-YOM]] Cornut lost the majority of his fleet at this war's Battle of Malta due, in part, to the accuracy of the almogavar missile soldiers. Yuan diplomat and Nestorian Christian Rabban Bar Sauma witnessed this war at the invitation of his host Charles II, King of (+) Naples. That king attempted to end this conflict by challenging Peter III of Aragon to personal combat with Edward I serving as the judge of the contest. The House of Anjou lost (*) control of the title Mediterranean island in, for the points, what 13th century war which began in Palermo following an incident after evening prayers?

War of the Sicilian Vespers (accept Aragonese Crusade before "Aragon" is mentioned)

(4) This exchange inspired the state motto of North Dakota. Samuel Foot's resolution to suspend land surveying was the nominal cause of this exchange, which involved a disciple of John C. Calhoun and provided the origin of a phrase slightly reworded in the Gettysburg Address. The Massachusetts-based participant in this exchange proclaimed, "Liberty and union, now and forever, one and inseparable." For ten points, identify this four-day Senate debate in 1830 over tariff bills and larger issues of secession.

Webster-Hayne debate (accept in either order; accept answers describing the 1830 debate between Daniel Webster and Robert Y(oung) Hayne)

(22) One side of this event showed support by putting up Liberty Poles in Hagerstown. Light-Horse Harry Lee's (+) Watermelon Army suppressed this event, during which Governor Robert Mifflin refused to bring in state militia. A financial measure implemented by (*) Alexander Hamilton sparked this revolt, which was led by Western Pennsylvania farmers. For the points, name this rebellion over a tax on a type of alcohol.

Whiskey Rebellion (accept synonyms such as "Insurrection" or "Revolt")

(12) Philip Wigle's beating of a tax collector during this unrest led to him being one of only two men, out of thousands of participants, who were federally convicted for participating in this uprising. After a small skirmish at Bower Hill, this uprising's leader, James McFarlane, fell to a stray bullet. That Revolutionary War veteran's death led 7,000 disgruntled farmers to plan a march on Pittsburgh which was stopped by the so-called "Watermelon Army" of President Washington. For the point, name this rebellion of Pennsylvania farmers brought about by an excise tax on the title spirit.

Whiskey Rebellion (accept synonyms for "Rebellion," such as "Insurrection" and "Revolt")

(8) A play by this author opens with a Catholic martyr quelling rioters from Lombardy on Evil May Day. Thomas Nashe may have co-written the Temple Garden scene with this author in a trilogy of plays in which nobles pluck red or white roses to support either the Duke of Somerset or Richard Plantagenet. This author of Sir Thomas More wrote a play whose protagonist describes himself as "determined to prove a villain" in a speech opening "Now is the winter of our discontent." For ten points, name this playwright of histories including Henry VI and Richard III.

William Shakespeare Henry VI, Part One was possibly a collaboration between Shakespeare and this other playwright, whose own history-inspired plays include Edward the Second and Tamburlaine. Christopher Marlowe

(8) Last leader of the Polish People's Republic who implemented martial law in the early 1980s.

Wojciech Jaruzelski (or Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski)

(1) This president initially viewed the "Preparedness Movement" with skepticism and dismissed Cabinet secretary Lindley Garrison for being too supportive. This president authorized the formation of the Committee on Public Information under George Creel. This president accepted the resignation of neutralist Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan before launching a re-election campaign on the slogan "he kept us out of war." For the point, name this president who brought the U.S. into World War One.

Woodrow Wilson (or Thomas Woodrow Wilson)

(15) Initial meetings during this event were hosted by Englishman Nicholas Hubbard, who worked for a Dutch bank. During this event, Pierre Bellamy stated "you must pay a great deal of money" after being introduced to a commission by Jean-Conrad Hottinguer [[hoh-TAHN-geh]]. An American diplomat shouted "No, no, not a sixpence!" during this event. This scandal, orchestrated by Charles Talleyrand, led to the undeclared Quasi-War. For the point, name this event during the John Adams administration in which French envoys requested bribes from American diplomats.

XYZ Affair

(18) John Dessauer helped grow this company, which advertised with the "Brother Dominic" commercial. Physicist Chester Carlson invented a process of using electrically charged metal plates to create this company's central product. This company developed the GUI [[GOO-EE]], text editors, ethernet, and the computer mouse at its Palo Alto site, PARC [[PARK]]. Joseph Wilson led this company, whose name comes from Greek roots meaning "dry writing." For the point, name this company which is known for its photocopy machines.

Xerox Holdings Corporation

(27) On a sortie alongside Jacob Brown out of Sacketts Harbor, this man was killed when British troops blew up ammunition stores during a retreat. During two expeditions ordered by James Wilkinson, this man sought to find the source of the Mississippi River and was captured after wandering into Spanish territory following an unsuccessful attempt to climb a snow-covered mountain. For the point, identify this explorer who became the namesake of the highest mountain in the Front Range of the Rockies.

Zebulon Pike (or Zebulon Montgomery Pike)

II} 19. This movement was exacerbated by a Palm Sunday 1937 massacre authorized by Blanton Winship. A piece of legislation known as "Law 53" made merely possessing this movement's symbols illegal. Leopoldo Figueroa supported this movement, which coordinated simultaneous protests on October 27, 1950, including the Jayuya Uprising. Two activists that supported this movement approached the Blair House in an attempt to assassinate Harry S. Truman. For the point, what is this movement that seeks greater autonomy for a Caribbean U.S. commonwealth?

independence for Puerto Rico [accept nationalism or equivalents in place of "independence"] <KG>

II} 7. One of these groups named for the Levant region employed "Turkey Merchants." An early example of these groups, named after Somers Isles, managed Bermuda. An organization of this type named after the city of London was subdivided into "Virginia" and "Plymouth" components. The first English institutions of this type were created as a result of Sir Walter Raleigh's disastrous "Lost Colony" expedition. For the point, what were these financial institutions created to defray the financial risk of colonizing America by having multiple shareholders?

joint-stock companies [prompt on partial answers] <Ike>

II} 12. Donald Brennan, one of this strategy's main critics, coined its name in a New York Times essay. This strategy was superseded by Presidential Directive 59, in which the "countervailing strategy" was adopted, and this idea superseded that of "controlled response" under Robert McNamara. When withdrawing from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, George W. Bush announced a shift from this strategy to "mutual cooperation." For the point, what Cold War strategy sought to deter nuclear war by stockpiling so many nuclear weapons that neither side could win the war?

mutually assured destruction [or MAD; or AD; or assured capability of destruction; prompt on nuclear deterrence] <DW>

II} 31. This industry featured the boiling of bible leaves in try-pots. America has threatened embargoes related to this activity under the Pelly Amendment. It declined with the discovery of a rival product in Titusville, PA. The chapter "A Squeeze of the Hand" describes the production of one of its products, and its historic center was in New Bedford. This spermaceti-producing industry was described in a book which begins "Call me Ishmael." For the point, what industry was the subject of Herman Melville's Moby-Dick and hunted its namesake marine mammals?

whaling <CW>

(29) Charles Gilbert Gates commissioned the first use of this technology in his private home in Minneapolis. This technology was first practically used to solve problems at a lithography factory in Brooklyn. Stuart Cramer coined the name for this technology while installing it at a textile mill in Charlotte, four years after it was first demonstrated by Willis Carrier. In 1945, Robert Sherman developed the common window unit for this technology. For ten points, identify this technology that transformed the American South by allowing factories and offices to operate normally during summer heat.

Air conditioning (or AC; accept Air conditioners; accept HVAC; prompt on "climate control")

(33) This performer collaborated with Andy Rooney on the 1968 special Black History: Lost, Stolen, or Strayed after winning three consecutive Emmy awards for playing undercover tennis player Alexander Scott on I, Spy. A standup set by Hannibal Buress triggered several disclosures about this man's behavior that echoed earlier accusations from Andrea Constand. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court overturned this man's conviction due to an agreement with prosecutors. For ten points, name this former star of a 1980s NBC sitcom who was imprisoned from 2018 to 2021 for sexual assault convictions.

Bill Cosby (or William Henry Cosby, Jr.; accept The Cosby Show)

(35) Francis Akeley was the only person actually prosecuted for this event. Just prior to this event, a resolution urged the captain of the Dartmouth to depart without paying the Townshend duties. Supposedly, the signal to start this event was the code phrase "this meeting can do nothing further to save the country." At Griffin's Wharf, a group dressed as Mohawks carried out this event. For ten points, name this December 1773 event in which the Sons of Liberty destroyed East India Company shipments in protest of a tax.

Boston Tea Party

(10) Night Comes to [a mountain range of this name] is the title of a Harry Caudill book supporting LBJ's "War on Poverty." The first federally funded road in U.S. history ran to St. Louis from a Maryland town of this name and was also known by this name. A feature with this name was first made known to non-Indians by Thomas Walker in 1750 and was explored by Daniel Boone. For ten points, give this common name of a mountain range, a "Road," and a "Gap" near the Virginia-Tennessee-Kentucky tri-state point.

Cumberland (accept Night Comes to the Cumberlands; accept Cumberland Road; accept Cumberland Mountains; accept Cumberland Gap)

(4) This rival of Elizabeth Blackwell worked beside Joseph Barnes in a position that oversaw training of 3000 people in the 1860s. Franklin Pierce vetoed a bill that this woman advocated, and that Congress passed, establishing the sale of federal land to raise money for places modeled on the Harrisburg State Hospital. Prior to Clara Barton's rise to fame, this woman served as Superintendent of Army Nurses during the Civil War. In the 1840s, this woman travelled state-by-state investigating conditions at asylums. For ten points, name this advocate for mental hospital reform.

Dorothea (Lynde) Dix

(2) As a young House member, this man was the primary author of a 1200-page report on conditions in "Bleeding Kansas." A law named for this man expanded obligations of the Bland-Allison Act, which he had earlier opposed as Treasury Secretary by mandating additional government purchase of silver. Another law named after this man was rendered nearly unenforceable by the ruling in the E.C. Knight case. For ten points, name this Ohio senator who sponsored an 1890 "Antitrust Act."

John Sherman (accept Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890)

(22) The grounds of this university were the location of Robert Smithson's art installation Partially Buried Woodshed. Smithson denied that the piece was a commentary on an event at this university photographed by John Filo, which, along with an incident at Jackson State a week later, prompted the formation of the President's Commission on Campus Unrest. Claims that "the sky was black with stones" were used to exonerate troops who killed Jeffrey Miller and others at this college. For ten points, name this university where four Vietnam War protestors were killed by the National Guard in May 1970.

Kent State University (prompt on "KSU")

(17) The subject of this event concluded it by paying to release William Barton from debtors prison. At the end of this event, the Susquehanna was renamed the Brandywine during a military escort. During this event's stop in Charlottesville, Thomas Jefferson gave his last public speech. The subject of this event became the only private citizen of a foreign country to address a joint session of Congress. For ten points, name this 1824 to 1825 event in which a French hero of the American Revolution revisited all 24 then-existing states.

Marquis de Lafayette's grand tour of America in the 1820s (accept Marie-Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier in place of Lafayette; accept descriptions of the Marquis de Lafayette returning to, touring, or speaking in the United States)

(30) Unpopular limited edition vehicles in this class included a "Warner Brothers edition" produced by Chevrolet and a Ford model co-branded with the Northstar clothing line. This vehicle class was popularized in the 1980s as a result of a long-term investment in the S-platform, which was used in models such as the Plymouth Voyager. After 2000, the use of this vehicle by parents began to decline in popularity in favor of SUVs. For ten points, name this kind of vehicle that includes the Ford Aerostar and Chrysler Pacifica.

Minivans

(23) In 1886, this region was opened to "squatters' rights" by the Department of the Interior following a Supreme Court ruling that it was not part of the Cherokee Outlet. Owen Chase briefly served as the little-recognized "president" of this region during an attempt to organize it as a separate territory to the west of the Unassigned Lands. The agricultural trading center of Guymon [[GYE-mun]] is the largest city in this region. Cimarron, Texas, and Beaver counties comprise, for ten points, what northwestern extension of Oklahoma?

Oklahoma panhandle (or Public Land Strip; or Neutral Strip; accept Cimarron Territory before mentioned; prompt on "No Man's Land"; prompt on "Oklahoma")

(8) The archaeologist who located the remains of this vessel interviewed Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana, who originally determined its wreckage site. Dale Ridder confirmed the identity of this vessel after a torpedo tube was located near the Solomon Islands. This vehicle's wreckage was found on a National Geographic expedition in 2002, 59 years after it was sunk by the Japanese destroyer Amagin. For ten points, name this boat commanded during the Pacific Theater of World War Two by John F. Kennedy.

PT-109 (or Patrol torpedo boat 109; prompt on partial answers; prompt on descriptions such as "the boat commanded by John F. Kennedy in World War Two" before mentioned)

(27) In 1970, Frank Ford introduced the first organic version of this product, using the Valencia variety of its main ingredient. Joseph Lambert and Ambrose Straub patented machines for making this product, two of whose major brands were founded to use Joseph Rosefield's anti-separation technology. The Grey advertising firm coined a long-lasting slogan for a brand of this product, which originally referred to "choosy mothers." For ten points, name this product sold under brand names such as Skippy and Jif.

Peanut butter (accept Skippy peanut butter; accept Jif peanut butter; accept Organic peanut butter)

(3) A book explaining this philosophical school suggested that, to be true, an idea must agree with principles including "relations of ideas." The most prominent exponent of this philosophical school used an example of men chasing a squirrel around a tree to explain this school and advocated the "cash value" of ideas. The author of "How to Make Our Ideas Clear," Charles Sanders Pierce, was an early member of this school. A namesake book by William James advocated, for ten points, what philosophy of practical usefulness?

Pragmatism (accept Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking)

(25) This company's name reflects its corporate history as a division of the Southern Pacific Railroad. In the 1990s, this company was the third nationwide long-distance landline provider after AT&T and MCI. This company was sued after an acrimonious exit from its longtime alliance with RadioShack, and this company operated the prepay-focused subsidiaries Virgin and Boost. This company absorbed Nextel in 2004, beginning a twelveyear period of title sponsorship of NASCAR's top division. For ten points, name this former fourth-largest mobile phone service provider, which in 2020 merged into T-Mobile.

Sprint Corporation

(26) A member of this family was sentenced to make a series of public service videos after using a bottle of vodka to set a large fire at the Seelbach Hotel in Louisville. Another member of this family was arrested for three separate hate crime assaults in the 1980s, including the wounding of Johnny Trinh. Paul, a chef from this family, heads operations at their Boston-based hamburger chain. For ten points, name this celebrity family, which includes former pop star Donnie and Transformers actor Mark.

Wahlberg (accept Paul Wahlberg; accept Donald Edmond "Donnie" Wahlberg, Jr.; accept Mark Robert Michael "Marky Mark" Wahlberg)

(18) At these proceedings, a man asserted, "I have been a Dallas Cowboys fan for 25 years" shortly before a long exchange about the applicability of "natural law." One man later dubbed these proceedings, which were conducted by Orrin Hatch and Joe Biden, a "hightech lynching" and denied Anita Hill's allegations of harassment. For ten points, identify these Fall 1991 proceedings, in which the Senate considered George H.W. Bush's nominee to replace Thurgood Marshall on the Supreme Court.

Clarence Thomas Supreme Court confirmation hearings (accept clear knowledge equivalents)

(18) A politician with this surname, nicknamed the "Lion of White Hall," served as U.S. minister to Russia during the Civil War. Another politician with this surname formed a "triumvirate" with John C. Calhoun and Daniel Webster and promoted the "American System." For the point, give this surname of the "Great Compromiser," Henry.

Clay (accept Henry Clay Sr.; accept Cassius Marcellus Clay)

(4) One act committed by this group is widely credited for the discontinuation and high resale value of Nike Decade sneakers. This group purchased a home in Rancho Santa Fe, California that they renamed "The Mission." In their most famous act, members of this group washed (+) phenobarbital mixed with apple sauce down with vodka and secured (*) plastic bags around their heads. For the points, name this UFO cult founded by Bonnie Nettles and Marshal Appelwhite which had 37 members commit suicide in 1997 with the approach of the Hale-Bopp comet.

Heaven's Gate (accept Human Individual Metamorphosis; accept Total Overcomers Anonymous)

(23) An electronic musical instrument that was once installed within this structure was used to perform John Kelin's album Bells on Hi-Fi. This building, which was opened with an electric carillon audible from ten miles away, had its roof painted in Galaxy Gold. Local legend states that a creature called the "Wheedle" lives in this structure, which was designed by John Graham for the 1962 World's Fair. For ten points, identify this astronomically-named tower that overlooks downtown Seattle.

Space Needle

(15) The Rogers Commission investigated an event that occurred during this program. This program ended in 2011 after 135 successful missions, and orbiters built as part of this program included Atlantis and Discovery. For the point, name this NASA program that built vessels such as the Columbia and Challenger.

Space Shuttle (accept Space Transportation System; accept STS; prompt on specific vessels)

(25) A week after the incident known by this structure's name, the similar "Battle of the Junkyard" took place, and Kenneth Jarecke took a widely disseminated photo of a man who was burned during that incident. The incident known by the name of this structure mostly targeted the (+) Hammurabi division and was performed by Apache helicopters under orders from Barry McCaffrey in February (*) 1991. For the points, give this name for the road from Kuwait City to the Iraqi border on which retreating Iraqi troops were killed at the end of the First Gulf War.

"Highway of death" (accept Highway 80)

(1) A partly improvised section of this speech was prompted by a cry from singer Mahalia Jackson. This speech, which was given at the March (+) on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, repeats the line "Now is the time" and cries out (*) "Let freedom ring." For the points, name this speech by Martin Luther King, Jr. that called for an end to racism in the United States.

"I Have a Dream"

(32) The most recent book published by historian Rick Atkinson is titled with this quote. The discreteness with which one event was undertaken has cast doubt on the claim that this quote was actually said, though its speaker otherwise notified groups about the presence of "Regulars." This quote is notably omitted from a poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow set during the event in which it was allegedly repeated. Attributed to a silversmith, for the point, what was this phrase warning of Redcoat movement, legendarily yelled out during the midnight ride of Paul Revere?

"The British are Coming!"

(25) The institution which hosted this speech was two weeks away from a vote on repurposing the Humble Oil Company's land gift and ending segregation, both prerequisites for hosting the program advocated in this speech. This speech pledged not to (+) "go unprotected against" "hostile misuse" and alluded to Edmund Hillary and Charles Lindbergh. This speech, delivered in a (*) Houston football stadium, compared its namesake goal to the question "Why does Rice play Texas?" For the point, identify this 1962 address in which John F. Kennedy defended the Apollo program.

"We Choose to go to the Moon" (accept Address at Rice University on the Nation's Space Effort before "Rice" is mentioned; accept answers describing John F. Kennedy's or JFK's speech at Rice University on the US's effort to go to the moon before "Kennedy" is mentioned)

(5) This speech accuses opponents of being worse for religion than "the infidel writings of Thomas Paine." This speech contrasts "the sunlight that brought light and healing to you" with (+) "stripes and death to me" and concludes "You may rejoice, I must mourn." This speech, given at the Corinthian Hall in Rochester in 1852, proclaims "I am (*) not included within the pale of glorious anniversary!" For the point, name this speech by Frederick Douglass that questions the meaning of Independence Day for unfree people.

"What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?" (accept " What, to the American slave, is your 4th of July?; accept answers mentioning an address, speech, or oration given by Frederick Douglass at the Corinthian Hall before "Corinthian Hall" is mentioned)

(21) This amendment was ratified in response to the 1796 election, which resulted in Thomas Jefferson taking a position in service to (+) his rival, John Adams. John Drayton notably opposed this amendment, instead advocating for the complete elimination of one (*) position. For the points, identify this constitutional amendment that was ratified in 1804 as a call for separate votes for the president and vice-president.

12th Amendment

(16) A period of economic hardship in this year was named after the copper Hard Times tokens which were used in place of the penny. The anti-Tammany faction known as the Locofocos instigated the New York City Flour Riots during this year. Andrew Jackson's veto of the renewal of the Second Bank of the United States and the passing of the Specie Circular caused inflation in this year which led to a recession. For the point, name this 19th-century year in which a "panic" occurred in the first year of the Martin Van Buren administration.

1837

(7) A rally poster for this election year describes its candidate as "the farmer of north bend." A third-party candidate, James Gillespie Birney, received only 7,453 of the popular votes during this election year. A campaign song for another candidate in this election year says, (+) "Rockabye, baby, when you awake, you will discover Tip is a fake." (*) "Tippecanoe and Tyler too" was the winning slogan in, for the points, what election year during which William Henry Harrison defeated Martin van Buren to become the ninth president of the United States?

1840 United States Presidential Election

(14) Turnout for a presidential election in this year was reduced after many horses died from a "Great Epizootic." During this election year, the Equal Rights Party nominated Victoria Woodhull, the first woman to run for president. Henry Wilson became the winning vice presidential nominee in this year after Schuyler Colfax dropped out due to the Credit Mobilier scandal. The incumbent won in this year over Liberal Republican Horace Greeley. For the point, name this year during Reconstruction in which Ulysses S. Grant won reelection.

1872

(20) During this presidential election year, Conservative Democrats used the Mississippi Plan orchestrated by the paramilitary Red Shirts to suppress the Black vote. One candidate in this election year, a former governor of New York, ran on an anti-corruption platform after the indiscretions of the Grant administration. A "corrupt bargain" supposedly occurred during this election year which pulled Union soldiers from the South, effectively ending Reconstruction. For the point, name this year of an electoral victory for Rutherford B. Hayes over Samuel Tilden.

1876

(20) During this event, Alice Eastwood saved the 1500 rarest items from a botanical collection. This event immediately killed Dennis Sullivan, crippling emergency response. The Lawson Report found that the underlying rupture that caused this event extended from San Juan Bautista to the Cape Mendocino triple junction along the San Andreas fault, with a Mercalli intensity as high as nine. For the point, identify this natural disaster that, along with a related fire, nearly leveled a northern California city in 1906.

1906 San Francisco earthquake (accept Great San Francisco Earthquake; prompt on answers relating to the "fire" caused by the earthquake)

(27) A poster made in this decade depicted a gorilla holding a club and a swooning woman with the caption "Destroy This Mad Brute." In this decade, "Four Minute Men" gave speeches authorized by the Committee of Public Information, which was led by George Creel. The Preparedness Movement advocated for militarization in this decade after the sinking of a British ocean liner brought on by unrestricted submarine warfare. For the point, name this decade, during which the sinking of the Lusitania partly led to the U.S. entering World War One.

1910s

(17) Louis Ludlow names an amendment proposed in this decade that called for a referendum on declarations of war. The Norris-LaGuardia Act guaranteed the right to unionize and strike in this decade, during which the Smoot-Hawley Tariff was passed to improve the economy following a stock market crash the decade prior. For the point, name this decade in which measures were taken to counteract the Great Depression.

1930s (prompt on "30s")

(19) This real-world event was where Ray Middleton became the first actor to portray Superman and was the setting of the first comic book featuring both Superman and Batman. A full-size replica of a (+) Moscow Metro station won the Grand Prize at this event. Norman Bel Geddes's General Motors-sponsored exhibit at this event predicted twenty years into the (*) "world of tomorrow" and was dubbed "Futurama." For the point, name this international exhibition held in Queens just prior to American entry into World War Two.

1939 World's Fair (accept 1939-1940 World's Fair or 1939-1940 New York World's Fair; accept 1939 New York World's Fair; prompt on "World's Fair" or "New York World's Fair")

(10) This affair escalated after Eddie Hilgesheimer leaked information about Dotto to the New York Post, and it was pursued by Frank Hogan despite over a hundred witnesses committing perjury. The sudden demand for public affairs (+) programming sparked by this scandal led to the creation of the televised NixonKennedy debates. Columbia literature instructor Charles van Doren was elevated over (*) Herb Stempel during one of the events at the center of this scandal. For the point, identify this scandal in which television programs such as The $64,000 Question and TwentyOne were found to be rigged.

1950s quiz show scandal(s) (or 1950s game show scandal(s))

(24) 1700 Boy Scouts and the Army Corps of Engineers had to clear the snowy streets before this event, using dump trucks and flamethrowers. Richard Cushing gave an invocation at this event which featured a recitation of the poem "The Gift Outright" by Robert Frost. At this event, the primary speaker urged, "Let us never negotiate out of fear" and noted that the "torch has been passed to a new generation." For the point, name this 1961 event at which a new president noted, "Ask not what your country can do for you - ask what you can do for your country".

1961 Inauguration of John F(itzgerald) Kennedy

(21) Prior to the second of these events, Walter Shorenstein removed four artistic nudes from a house. An audio error at the first of these events resulted in the participants standing in silence for 27 minutes. Max Frankel asked for clarification at the second of these events when the incumbent stated, "There is no Soviet domination of Eastern Europe." For the point, name this series of policy exchanges between a Republican and the former governor of Georgia who went on to win the presidential election.

1976 presidential election debates (accept Carter-Ford debates or Ford-Carter debates; accept answers referring to debates between Jimmy Carter or James Earl Carter, Jr. and Gerald Ford or Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr.; prompt on answers mentioning "debates" or "presidential debates" that do not specify either the year or the candidates)

(17) The first hit song from this musical trend warned of being "fitted for a suit of flame," and another song from this trend discussed rioting after the Sleepy Lagoon murder. This musical trend accelerated with the inclusion of Louis Jordan and Big Bad Voodoo Daddy on the soundtrack to a 1996 Jon Favreau film. Squirrel Nut Zippers and Brian Setzer were part of, for the point, what late 1990s musical trend, in which a form of big band jazz originally popular in the 1930s briefly became fashionable again?

1990s swing music revival

(34) Following this event, FBI agents confiscated collections of Tupperware and Disney VHS tapes in a wide-ranging search. Agents Don Johnson and David Johnson were censured for overreaching during an investigation of this event. Kathy Scruggs accused a security guard who escorted 100 people to safety of perpetrating this event. Richard Jewell sued the Atlanta Journal-Constitution for being falsely accused of, for the point, what terrorist incident perpetrated by Eric Rudolph during a sports festival?

1996 Atlanta Summer Olympics bombing (or Centennial Olympic Park bombing)

(15) A week before these demonstrations began, a fake story attributed to "Joe Hill" which claimed that Boeing planned to move to Indonesia was wrapped around thousands of newspapers. A committee led by Jim (+) Compton investigated the police response to this demonstration, which led to the resignation of chief Norm Stamper. The organizers of this demonstration formed the short-lived (*) "Direct Action Network." For the point, identify these demonstrations against a meeting of an international body in Seattle in 1999.

1999 Seattle WTO protests (accept World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference protests; accept N30; accept Battle of Seattle before "Seattle" is mentioned)

(23) This amendment was supported by a group of picketers known as the Silent Sentinels. Alice Paul led a parade advocating for the passage of this amendment a day before Woodrow Wilson's first inauguration in 1913, and this amendment was ratified over four decades after Susan B. Anthony's activism. For the point, name this amendment, supported by suffragettes, which guaranteed women the right to vote.

19th Amendment (accept the Anthony Amendment before Susan B. Anthony is mentioned)

(12) This amendment provides for the new Congress, rather than the outgoing Congress, to hold contingent elections. Provisions of this amendment, which was partly superseded by the 25th Amendment, clarify the Congressional power to rule on questions of presidential succession and outline a procedure for responding to the death of the president-elect before Inauguration Day. The main effect of this amendment, which altered several portions of the Twelfth Amendment, was to shorten "lame duck" periods. For ten points, what Constitutional amendment moved the date of presidential inaugurations to January 20?

20th Amendment (or Amendment 20)

(2) In 2002 a lawsuit concerning plagiarism of this piece was settled by composer Mike Batt. This piece was inspired by its composer's visit to Harvard's anechoic [[aneh-KOH-ik]] chamber, where the composer of this piece realized, "Until I die there will be (+) sounds." David Tudor premiered this piece in 1952 at a performance in which the piano lid (*) was opened and closed three times. For the points, name this piece by John Cage which consists of a pianist not playing while the audience hears ambient noises in the performance venue for the title length of time.

4'33" [[four minutes, thirty-three seconds]] (or Four-Thirty-Three)

(11) This person denounced slavery by questioning the "passion for liberty" allegedly held by Virginians as they continued to "deprive their fellow Creatures" of freedom. In a letter to the Continental Congress, this woman urged her husband to "remember the ladies." In sharp contrast to her predecessor, this woman was so involved in politics that she was labeled "Mrs. President." For the point, name this first Second Lady and second First Lady of the United States.

Abigail Adams

(34) This person once asked, "When will mankind be convinced that true religion is from the heart?" This person called Alexander Hamilton a "man ambitious as Julius Caesar" before writing, "I have ever kept my eye upon him." This person wrote another letter asking to "remember the ladies and be more generous and favorable to them than your ancestors." A prolific writer, for the point, what First Lady was the wife and mother to the second and sixth presidents of the United States, respectively?

Abigail Adams (prompt on "Adams")

(13) This figure quipped that Alexander Hamilton was "a man as ambitious as Julius Caesar." This figure, who wrote "all Men would be tyrants if they could" in a letter to her husband, departed Quincy for Philadelphia to become the second person to take on a certain position. A letter telling her husband to "remember the ladies" was written by, for the point, what second first lady of the United States?

Abigail Adams (prompt on "Mrs. Adams" or "Madame Adams" or any answers of that sort)

(10) Under the terms of this treaty, Tobias Watkins led a commission that heard private compensation claims, for which the U.S. assumed financial responsibility. The "step boundary" was established by this treaty, which cleared the way for Stephen Long's scientific expedition (+) the following year. One party to this treaty renounced all land claims above the 42nd parallel in exchange for recognition of its thenownership of Texas to the Sabine (*) River. John Quincy Adams negotiated this treaty as Secretary of State. For the points, name this 1819 treaty by which Spain sold Florida to the U.S.

Adams-Onís Treaty (accept Transcontinental Treaty; accept Florida Purchase Treaty before "Florida" is mentioned)

(1) James Lucas stabbed this man with barber scissors when he refused to join a prisoners' strike. This man employed grenade specialist James Belcastro to kill Octavius Granady and other opponents of William Thompson during the "Pineapple Primary." Gunmen working for this man dressed as police to target Bugs Moran's North Side Gang in the St. Valentine's Massacre. For the point, name this gangster who was brought down by tax evasion charges after controlling organized crime in Chicago in the late 1920s.

Al Capone (or Alphonse Gabriel Capone; prompt on "Scarface")

(17) In a speech given at Carnegie Hall, this man labeled William Randolph Hearst "a man as low and mean as I can picture." This man withdrew from an election against William Gibbs McAdoo after neither could secure a two-thirds majority after over 100 ballots. Frederick William Wile stated that this man lost an election to Herbert Hoover due to "Prohibition, Prejudice, and Prosperity." A political cartoon depicted Pius XI blowing up a balloon supporting this man in the Election of 1928. For the point, name this governor of New York, the first Catholic to be nominated for president by a major party.

Al Smith

(7) A chief of the Tsimshian [[SIM-shee-ann]] led a migration to this state's coast, where he founded Kitkatla Village. Indigenous residents of this state, such as the Attu, were treated harshly after Japanese occupation of Kiska, and the predecessors of this state's Yupik people likely crossed the Bering land bridge. For the point, name this state where Indigenous residents live in the Aleutian Islands and Anchorage.

Alaska

(5) A history of this city, which largely focuses on political corruption, calls it the "improbable city of political wizards" and discusses the long mayoral tenure of Erastus Corning. A man who became a hobo after accidentally killing his son in this city, Francis Phelan, is the (*) protagonist of the third volume of a trilogy set here. Novels such as Roscoe and Ironweed by William (*) Kennedy are set in this city. For the points, name this city where a namesake "Regency," including Martin van Buren, ran the state government of New York.

Albany (accept Albany Regency; accept O Albany!: Improbable City of Political Wizards, Fearless Ethnics, Spectacular, Aristocrats, Splendid Nobodies, and Underrated Scoundrels)

(25) Francis Temple sold this island to John C. Frémont, who expected a huge payout when it was appropriated for military use by the Fillmore administration and engaged in a long lawsuit when that did not happen. Zealous Tower directed the building of a fort on this island, which was later used to house Creepy Karpis, Machine Gun Kelly, and Robert F. Stroud, who became known as the "Birdman of [this place]." For ten points, name this island off the coast of San Francisco that hosts a now-closed federal prison.

Alcatraz Island (accept Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary)

(11) At the behest of Thomas Jefferson, this man came to Washington and relayed in-depth information about the state of New Spain, even delineating the borders of the newly acquired Louisiana Purchase. With assistance from this man, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac discovered that the (+) water molecule is one part oxygen and two parts hydrogen. The Peru Current was originally named for this European polymath, who recorded its cool temperatures in his work Kosmos. (*) For the points, name this Prussian explorer and naturalist who was an early proponent of human-caused climate change.

Alexander von Humboldt (or Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt; accept Humboldt Current)

(21) Albert Bickmore lobbied many wealthy men to fund a new home for this institution, which began in the Arsenal Building. In 2019, construction began at this institution to add an annex named for a man who set up a PhD program there, Richard Gilder. The part of this museum now known as the Spitzer Hall of Human Origins opened in 1921 as the U.S.'s first full-scale exhibit on evolution. In 2019, this museum began relabeling many exhibits involving indigenous peoples. The "squid and the whale" diorama is found at, for ten points, what Manhattan museum with many exhibits on both zoology and anthropology?

American Museum of Natural History (do not accept or prompt on "National Museum of Natural History" or "Smithsonian Museum of Natural History")

(20) This group was given the right to stop their children's education at elementary schools in Wisconsin v. Yoder. Members of this group engage in a period known as Rumspringa that allows for association with outsiders, referred to as "English." Holmes County, Ohio, and Lancaster County, Pennsylvania were founded by, for the point, what Mennonite offshoot whose members drive horses and buggies?

Amish (accept Old Order Amish; prompt on "Pennsylvania Dutch"; prompt on "Mennonites" before mentioned)

(24) This artist offered a drawing of a high heel shoe to the Museum of Modern Art, but it was rejected. This man created the film Chelsea Girls, which starred the singer Nico. Other films created by this man include the six-hour Sleep, though this artist is best known for silkscreen works, including the Marilyn Diptych. For the point, identify this artist who painted Campbell's soup cans.

Andy Warhol (or Andrew Warhola Jr).

(6) This woman's daughter, Susanna Cole, may have survived an attack on her family due to the rarity of her red hair. Wampage [[WAHM-pah-gee]], a chieftain of the Siwanoy [[SEE-wah-noy]] people, adopted a variant of this woman's name after attacking her settlement at Pelham Bay. With her brother-in-law, John Wheelwright, this woman supported the controversial teachings of John Cotton. For the point, name this woman who was exiled from the Massachusetts Bay Colony as a result of the Antinomian Controversy.

Anne Hutchinson

(6) Under the banner of this party, Pennsylvania's Joseph Ritner and Vermont's William Palmer both served gubernatorial terms. This party initiated the tradition of nominating conventions, and Thurlow Weed organized this party following public outcry over the presumed abduction and murder of William Morgan in Upstate New York. William Wirt ran in the 1832 presidential election for, for ten points, what short-lived political party that originally opposed a fraternal society?

Anti-Masonic Party (or Anti-Masons)

(5) This man obtained a reputation for taking bribes and trafficking in brandy during his years in command of Fort de Buade, from which he supervised the fur trade in the west of New (+) France. This man's New World career ended after he fell out with his patron, Antoine Crozat [[kro-ZAH]], over the defense of Louisiana. In 1701, this man founded a fort originally named after Louis XIV's [[FOURTEENTHS]] (*) naval minister, the Comte de Pontchartrain [[pahn-shar-TREHN]]. For the point, name this founder of Detroit.

Antoine de Cadillac (or Antoine de la Mothe, sieur de Cadillac; or Antoine Laumet)

(15) In this state, "Children at Play" signs with racist stereotypes were placed at a church, after which Sherman McCane attacked deputies, leading to the Miracle Valley shootout. A large manhunt occurred after six people were killed in this state's Ruby Murders by bandits. In this state, Ike Clanton fought with Wyatt Earp and Doc Holliday at the O.K Corral in Tombstone. In 2011, Jared Lee Loughner shot Representative Gabby Giffords in this state. The Waddell Buddhist temple shooting led to, for the point, what state's capture of the Tucson Four?

Arizona

(33) The "Tucker telephone" was used as a torture device at one of this state's institutions at which the reformist Tom Murton was appointed as warden. 200 bodies were found buried on the grounds of this state's (+) Cummins Prison Farm. Abuses in this state's prison system were exposed after Winthrop Rockefeller replaced a longtime governor who had created a "lost year" of (*) schooling in response to the deployment of the 101st Airborne Division by Dwight Eisenhower. For the point, name this state in which Orval Faubus opposed the integration of Central High School in Little Rock.

Arkansas

(15) William Bradford served in this position under George Washington after succeeding the first holder of this position, Edmund Randolph. From 1831 to 1833, this position was held by future chief justice of the Supreme Court Roger Taney. For the point, identify this the litigative position currently held by Merrick Garland.

Attorney General of the United States

(19) This position was held on non-consecutive occasions by John J. Crittenden. William Bradford served in this position under George Washington after succeeding the first holder of this position, Edmund Randolph. From 1831 to 1833, this position was held by future chief justice of the Supreme Court Roger Taney. For the point, identify this the litigative position currently held by Merrick Garland.

Attorney General of the United States

(4) A state ruled from this city was overthrown by the warrior queen Gudit according to legend. A ruler of this city named Kaleb invaded the Kingdom of Himyar on the request of Byzantine Emperor Justin. It's not Medina, but early Muslims sheltered in this city during the First Hijra. The Zagwe dynasty replaced a family that ruled from this Tigrayan city, whose rulers spoke the Ge'ez [[GEZ]] language. The bishop Frumentius converted a ruler of this city, Ezena, to Christanity. For the point, name this city in northern Ethiopia that was the capital of a namesake empire.

Axum (accept Axumite Empire or Kingdom; accept Kingdom or Empire of Axum)

(8) Thomas Larimore was sent to end this rebellion at which Thomas Grantham turned the rebels' guns on themselves. "Allen's Brick House" was occupied by rebels during this event, during which the Occaneechi were killed after being told to attack the Susquehannock. This rebellion included a "Declaration of the People" opposing Governor Berkeley's pro-Native American stance. To avoid any follow-ups to this event, Virginia passed the 1705 Slave Codes. For the point, name this 1675-76 rebellion in Virginia.

Bacon's Rebellion

(18) This uprising opposed a Franchise Act passed six years earlier, which restricted voting to landowners to benefit the Green Spring faction. The main target of this uprising was accused of trying to protect the fur trade by failing to respond to Susquehannock [[SUSS-kwuh-HAH-nuk]] raids. A "Declaration of the People" denouncing Governor William Berkeley was read from the steps of the General Assembly during this event after the occupation of Jamestown. For the point, name this 1676 rebellion in Virginia.

Bacon's Rebellion (accept Nathaniel Bacon's Rebellion)

(9) Buddhism spread in this kingdom in the Sabi Period, during which the capital was moved from an isolated mountainous region. Malgal were said to have fought with a ruler of this kingdom named Daru, whose generosity is detailed in the Samguk Sagi. (+) Onjo founded this kingdom, which bordered Gaya to its east. This kingdom was closely allied with Kofun-era Japan, leading to the introduction of the Chinese writing system. The Tang (*) Dynasty's defeat of this dynasty led to its subjugation by Silla. For the points, the Three Kingdoms of Korea included Silla, Goguryeo, and what other kingdom?

Baekje (or Paekche; accept Nambuyeo)

(17) Description acceptable. During this specific historical period, the Ee-ja-nai-ka festivities, which resembled the European dancing plague, reached its greatest popularity. During this period, the killing of the namesake English merchant in the Richardson Affair led to the UK's bombing of (+) Kagushima in the Satsuma region. The ending of the isolationist policy of sakoku by Shogun Iesada occurred at the beginning of this historical period. Commodore (*) Matthew Perry's opening of Japanese ports began, for the points, what historical period of Japanese history, the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate prior to the rise of Emperor Meiji?

Bakumatsu (accept more specific answers like the Boshin War; accept descriptions like the End of the Edo Period or End of the Tokugawa Shogunate before mentioned; prompt on "Edo Period" or "Tokugawa Shogunate" alone; do not accept "Meiji Restoration")

(28) Men in this city asserted "the laws of the land must sleep" regarding a "Temple of Infamy...supported with English gold." In this city, the butcher John Mumma led a crowd that stormed a prison and murdered Revolutionary War hero James Lingan. Mayor Edward (+) Johnson dissuaded a group in this city from destroying a house with a cannon. Light-Horse Harry Lee died as a result of injuries sustained in this city during a mob's destruction of Alexander Hanson's (*) Federal Republican newspaper. For the point, name this city in which summer riots in favor of the War of 1812 targeted Federalist Party supporters.

Baltimore

(13) To avoid this event, Hugh Carey authorized the formation of the first Municipal Assistance Corporation. This event came within hours of happening on October 17, 1975 but was averted when Albert Shanker made a $150 million bond purchase on behalf of the American Federation of Teachers. Prior to signing the Seasonal Financing Act, the president's initial refusal to help avoid this event led to the headline "Ford to City: Drop Dead". For the point, identify this barely-averted default of a major city's debt.

Bankruptcy of New York City (accept descriptive answers involving New York being bankrupt; accept New York City defaulting on debt before "default" is mentioned)

(23) William Eaton was outraged during the first of these conflicts at the $60,000 spent to free American POWs. The second of these conflicts only lasted (+) three days and ensured that western powers could trade freely around the (*) Mediterranean. For the points, name these conflicts that pitted the United States and Sweden against pirates off the coast of modern Libya.

Barbary Wars

(1) In Curee, Emile Zola argues this man nourished "one hundred thousand earth movers and stone masons" with one of his projects. Through Credit Focier [[kreh-DEE fohSYEH]], this designer funded the demolition of older neighborhoods in the Île de la Cité [[eel-duh-lah-see-TEH]] in favor of buildings like the Tribunal of Commerce. As Prefect of the Seine [[SEHN]], this man introduced advertising columns known as Colonne Morris, and he created the Place de l'Étoile [[leh-TWAHL]], a road junction around the Arc d' Triomphe. For the point, name this Frenchman of German descent who undertook the urban renewal of Paris during the the reign of Napoleon III.

Baron Haussmann (or Georges-Eugène Haussmann)

(3) A composer from this musical era, Heinrich Biber [[BEE-buh]], called for strings to play col legno to evoke the sounds of battle in the opening of Battalia. Another composer from this era, who wrote the music for The Bourgeois Gentleman, died by stabbing himself with a conducting staff. The all-female ensemble of the Ospedale Della Pieta orphanage often sang music by a composer from this era who wrote four concerti grossi depicting changing weather throughout the year. For ten points, name this classical music era of JeanBaptiste Lully, Antonio Vivaldi, and Johann Sebastian Bach.

Baroque era

(3) During one of these events, a man gave a speech stating, "I may have had a tough break, but I have an awful lot to (+) live for." Arnold Rothstein bribed people like "Shoeless" Joe Jackson before one of these events, which were rigged in the (*) Black Sox Scandal. Lou Gehrig gave his retirement speech at, for the points, what type of event played at Yankee Stadium?

Baseball Games (accept synonyms for Baseball Games, such as Baseball Matches or Baseball Contests; accept World Series after "Arnold Rothstein")

(14) At this battle, a flanking attack forced one side to retreat to Bisan. Just prior to this battle, the death of one commander's grandson prompted an attack on Sidon [[SYEdun]]. 43 years after this battle, a similar result occurred at Marj al-Saffar in Syria. The forces of Qutuz [[KUH-tooz]] were inspired by the (+) rallying cry "Oh, my Islam" at this battle, during which a sultan of the Bahri dynasty led a feigned retreat. Baibars became sultan after this 1260 battle, which stopped Hulagu (*) Khan's attempt to expand into the Levant. For the points, name this battle at which the Mamluks defeated the Mongols.

Battle of Ain Jalut (or Ma'rakat 'Ayn Jālūt; accept Battle of Goliath's Spring; accept Battle of the Spring of Goliath)

(29) During this battle, soldiers under Samuel Smith retreated from a defensive line centered on Hampstead Hill. Arthur Brooke delayed his advance during this battle due to the death of Robert Ross in the Battle of North Point. Dozens of merchant ships were sunk on the orders of George Armistead during this battle to prevent British ships from entering the harbor. As part of this larger battle, Francis Scott Key formed the basis of the "StarSpangled Banner" after witnessing the defense of Fort McHenry. For the point, name this 1814 battle for control of the largest city in Maryland.

Battle of Baltimore (anti-prompt on "Defense of Fort McHenry" and similar answers before "Fort McHenry")

(20) At this battle, a man serving under the alias Charles Hoffman earned a Medal of Honor after defeating an advance of twelve Germans with only his bayonet. Frederick Wise claimed that he shouted, "Retreat? Hell, we just got here!" at this battle after French soldiers requested his forces leave. (+) Hill 142 was attacked during this battle, in which one side was led by Omar Bundy under the command of John Pershing. Fought during the Spring (*) Offensive, for the points, what was this 1918 World War One battle in which U.S. Marines achieved victory in a forest near the Marne River?

Battle of Belleau [[beh-LOH]] Wood

(4) During this battle, William E. Barber's Fox Company was isolated from Allied forces due to a roadblock between Yudam-ni [[YOO-DOM NEE]] and Hagaru-ri [[hah-GAH-roo REE]]. During this battle, Oliver Smith slowed the advance of the 1st Marine Division due to a personal dispute with Edward Almond. Chinese forces in this battle were ill-equipped for winter as they were unable to resupply in Manchuria. For the point, name this 1950 battle in which Chinese and North Korean forces clashed with UN forces.

Battle of Chosin Reservoir (accept Battle of Lake Jangjin; accept Jangjinho jeontu; accept Changjinho chont'u)

(10) The victor of this battle was paid tribute by Handel's opera Judas Maccabeus. The losing commander of this battle was forced to land on the island of Benbecula after facing a storm during an escape. An attack at Nairn that preceded this battle was planned by George Murray, who attempted to recreate a similar success as at Prestonpans. The nickname "Butcher" was given to Prince William, Duke of Cumberland after this battle, which was a defeat for the Stuart royal Bonnie Prince Charlie. For the point, name this decisive battle of the 1745 Jacobite Uprising.

Battle of Culloden (accept Battle of Culloden Moor; accept Blàr Chùil Lodair)

(8) At this engagement, Lieutenant William Henry Harrison's request for orders led to the response, "Charge the damned rascals with the bayonet." Recruited by leaders like Little Turtle and Blue Jacket, a Canadian militia company led by William Caldwell fought the Americans at this battle. This battle, which resulted in the Treaty of Greenville, takes its name from the trees which had been recently toppled by a tornado. For the point, name this 1794 victory for "Mad" Anthony Wayne over the Miami Confederacy.

Battle of Fallen Timbers

(4) This battle is the namesake of a sloop that William Lynch captained to intervene in Uruguay in 1855. This battle took place at a location whose namesake stockings were a highly valued colonial American product. The tide of this battle was turned by Thomas Musgrave's successful defense of Benjamin Chew's stone house. By the end of this clash, Francis Nash was dead and Adam Stephan's forces, confused by fog, fired on other Patriot troops. For the point, name this October 1777 loss for George Washington's army, which engaged the British outside of Philadelphia.

Battle of Germantown (accept USS Germantown; accept Germantown stockings or hosiery)

II} 27. A lack of mines in Flying Fish Channel was critical to the success of this operation. This battle occurred after one side was exhausted by the Great Naktong Offensive. Before this battle, Kunsan was bombed to deceive the defenders. One of the main targets of this operation was the Kimpo airfield, and it was codenamed Operation Chromite. Troops landed on Red and Blue beaches around the island of Wolmido in this battle. For the point, name this decisive amphibious battle in the Korean War which allowed for a breakout from the Pusan perimeter and led to the capture of Seoul.

Battle of Inchon; or Operation Chromite before mentioned <JZ>

(13) Harry Schmidt's request for a ten-day shelling at this battle was downgraded to three days by Admiral William Blandy, which Holland Smith claimed led to more deaths. Kamikaze attacks against the USS Bismarck Sea during this battle caused that ship to sink, killing 318 men. Michael Strank, Harlon Block, and Ira Hayes participated in one of this battle's best-known events. For the point, name this battle, the subject of a national memorial statue depicting U.S. Marines raising a flag atop Mount Suribachi.

Battle of Iwo Jima

(18) A speech by a military figure promised his slaves freedom by saying the words "If the day is yours [at this battle], then God has given it to you." Aboard his ship La Loba, Marquess Álvaro de Bazán [[AHL-vah-roh deh bah-ZAHN]] commanded the reserve fleet in this battle, saving the right wing under Andrea Doria from breaking. During this battle, Ali Pasha was killed and had his head presented to Don John, the illegitimate son of Charles V. The use of the heavier galleasses by the Venetian-led Holy League led to, for the point, what 1571 naval victory by allied Christian forces over the Ottoman Empire?

Battle of Lepanto

(29) During this battle, Jesse Oldendorf destroyed a larger opposing force at Surigao Strait. Immediately after this battle, errors in coverage at San Bernardino Strait caused the hasty "Bull's Run." At this battle, the Kitkun Bay and St. Lo were targeted by the first use of kamikaze attacks. From the flagship New Jersey, William Halsey commanded Allied forces to victory at this battle. For the point, name this October 1944 engagement off the Philippines, the largest naval battle of World War Two.

Battle of Leyte Gulf

(12) Wheelman John McFarland won a Medal of Honor after this battle for maintaining control during a collision with the Lackawanna. The winning commander of this battle was lashed to the mast of the Hartford. The losing side at this battle, which was led by the Tennessee, mined the harbor in which it was fought, which led to the command "Damn the torpedoes! Full speed ahead." For the point, name this August 1864 battle in which David Farragut led a Union fleet into a body of water off the Gulf coast of Alabama.

Battle of Mobile Bay

(7) One commander at this battle, Ariabignes [[ah-ree-ah-BIG-nees]], was allegedly speared to death by Socles and Ameinias [[ah-MEY-nee-ahss]]. A deceptive message lured one side to the site of this battle, in which the playwright of Prometheus Bound, Aeschylus [[EH-skih-luss]], participated. Prior to this battle, one side lost over one-third of its ships in a storm near Magnesia. Eurybiades [[yoo-rih-BYE-ah-dees]] assisted the winning commander at this 480 BCE battle fought in a set of namesake straits. For ten points, name this victory for Themistocles over the navy of Xerxes.

Battle of Salamis (accept Naumachía tês Salamînos) Salamis can be found in this modern-day Greek administrative region, a peninsula which contains Athens and was divided into demoi during the reforms of Cleisthenes [[KLYstheh-nees]]. Attica (accept Periféria Attikis; accept Attic Peninsula)

(21) Several participants in this operation were executed at Pinaro del Rio before Brazilian president João Goulart negotiated an end to the killings of prisoners. Just prior to this operation, several incidents, such as the destruction of a department store in the El Encanto arson, occurred which may have been orchestrated to support this operation's goals. Brigade 2506, led by Pepe San Román, was at the forefront of this attempt to use mostly exiles recruited in Miami as CIA-trained operatives. For ten points, name this failed 1961 operation against the Cuban government.

Bay of Pigs Invasion (or Invasión de bahía de Cochinos; accept Playa Girón Invasion; accept Batalla de Girón)

(23) A B-26 bomber faked an emergency landing in Miami during this event in order to fool the media. Che Guevara sent a "Thank You" note to the U.S. government after this event, which forced the resignation of Allen Dulles and embarrassed the administration of John F. Kennedy. For the point, name this failed 1961 invasion of Cuba.

Bay of Pigs Invasion (or Invasión de bahía de Cochinos; or invasión de playa Girón; or batalla de Girón)

(6) A call to resist this uprising urged to "imitate that noble example" of dying at Thermopylae and was issued by Pío Pico. This event began in low-key fashion when Mariano Vallejo [[vah-YEH-ho]] shared drinks with Ezekiel Merritt prior to being put under arrest by William Ide [["EYED"]]. Kit Carson claimed to have a "shoot to kill" order while leading a group of osos in this event. For the point, identify this 1846 uprising against the Mexican government in California that was named for a banner with an animal on it.

Bear Flag Revolt (accept "Rebellion" or "Uprising" in place of "Revolt"; prompt on answers indicating a war for Californian independence)

(31) Much of the modern equipment used for working with these animals was invented by Pennsylvania minister L.L. Langstroth. Nephi Miller pioneered the practice of renting out these animals from a mobile platform in a rotation of different agricultural (+) regions. Mormons believe that the word "Deseret" in Jaredite translates to the English name of this animal, which has thus become a symbol of the majority religion as well as the (*) state of Utah. For the points, name these insects which, in the 2000s, began undergoing a colony collapse disaster.

Bees (accept Honeybees; or Apis)

(5) An experiment in this psychological tradition was co-run by Harvey Carr and was named for the sound made by a rat that continued to navigate a learned maze after a new barrier was placed. This school's idea of "chain of responses" was advanced following the Kerplunk experiment. Another experiment performed by a psychologist in this school used a loud noise and a Santa beard to teach Little Albert to fear white rats before seeing them. For ten points, John Watson and B.F. Skinner advocated what school of psychology in which all actions can be reduced to conditioning?

Behaviorism (or Behaviorist school)

(23) After speaking in Latin at a 1985 synod in favor of a new general statement of faith, this man oversaw the first English translation of the 1992 Catechism of the Catholic Church. The Capuchin [[kah-POO-chin]] (+) Sean O'Malley succeeded this man in his highest U.S. post after he resigned in December 2002. This man oversaw the repeated transfer of Joseph Birmingham and John Geoghan [[GAY-gun]], who accumulated 130 (*) victims in six parishes. For the point, name this archbishop of Boston who fled to Rome to avoid being prosecuted for covering up sex abuse cases.

Bernard Law (or Cardinal Bernard Francis Law)

(10) This president used the slogan "It's the economy, stupid" to win an election. This president instituted "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" and the (+) "Defense of Marriage Act," and his administration included the first female attorney general, Janet Reno, and the first female secretary (*) of state, Madeleine Albright. For the points, name this Democrat and U.S. president from 1993 to 2001.

Bill Clinton (or William Jefferson Clinton; accept William Jefferson Blythe III)

(26) Illinois congressman Frank Reid acted as this man's defense counsel and advanced a free speech argument against overbroad use of Article 96 charges. This man was court-martialed after alleging "almost treasonable administration of the national defense" (*) following the deadly crash of the airship Shenandoah in 1925. The namesake of Milwaukee's (*) airport, For the points, who was this Army general who advocated for increased American air power capacity between the World Wars?

Billy Mitchell (or William Lendrum Mitchell)

(12) This man is memorialized in a sculpture in Oregon called The Eternal Indian. This warrior published what is considered the first Native American autobiography in the U.S., a book titled (+) Embracing the Traditions of His Nation. This man fought with the British in the War of 1812, in part to protect Sauk (*) territory. For the points, identify this chief who led the "British Band" in a namesake war, and today names a Chicago hockey team.

Black Hawk (accept Black Hawk's War; or Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiak)

(15) In this conflict, a contingent of wives led by Elizabeth Armstrong joined a militia company in their defense of the Apple River Fort. Six pound cannons from the USS Warrior shelled the Sauk and Fox during this conflict's Battle of Bad Axe. After their capture by Zachary Taylor at the end of this war, leaders like White Cloud and the title chief were paraded around Washington during the Jackson administration. For the point, name this 1832 conflict named for a chief who sought to end US colonization of the Midwest.

Black Hawk War (accept Battle of Apple River Fort before mentioned)

(1) During this war, a detachment that had just fought at the Second Battle of Kellogg's Grove arrived to help bury the dead from Stillman's Run. A story from this war recalls the ingenuity of a captain who was given no protocol for marching a column through a small gate (+) and improvised by ordering the column to break ranks and reassemble on the other side of the fence. This war began as a dispute over the Treaty of St. Louis, when this war's namesake led the British (*) Band out of the Iowa territory and into Illinois. For the points, Abraham Lincoln fought in what 1832 Indian war named for the leader of the Sauk?

Black Hawk War [Editor's note: Lincoln was part of the burial corps and was the captain in the fence anecdote.]

(11) Two members of this organization, including Fred Hampton, were killed in a midnight raid by Chicago police. This group's founder launched the Free Breakfast for Children program and was accused of murdering John Frey. Huey Newton and Bobby Seale led, for the point, what Black nationalist organization?

Black Panther Party (accept Black Panthers; accept BPP)

(22) A member of this group named Bobby Hutton was eulogized by Marlon Brando after being shot by police twelve times despite demonstrating that he was unarmed. Writer Christopher Hitchens claimed this organization's co-founder orchestrated the killing of bookkeeper Betty Van Patter. This party was founded in Oakland and included Fred Hampton, who died in an operation led by COINTELPRO and J. Edgar Hoover. For the point, name this militant Black Power organization of the late 1960s, founded by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton.

Black Panther Party for Self-Defense (accept the BPP)

(4) A memo from J. Edgar Hoover labeled this program "potentially the greatest threat to efforts by authorities to neutralize" its organizers. Ruth Beckford-Smith first oversaw this program in Oakland in 1969. This program was the largest component of the "Survival Programs" agenda, and at its peak involved 20,000 participants in 19 cities. In Chicago, helping with this program was Fred Hampton's first involvement in its sponsoring organization. For the point, identify this social program which fed children in the morning on behalf of a militant African-American organization

Black Panthers's free breakfast program (accept Free Breakfast for School Children Program; accept answers referring to a Free Breakfast for (School) Children Program and the Black Panthers; prompt on "(free) breakfast")

(7) In response to this event, Police Commissioner Arthur Woods said that it taught America that it "must not again be caught napping." Frank Hague claimed that one vehicle involved in this event was "tied up... to avoid a twenty-five dollar charge." A clock tower owned by the Jersey Journal (+) was affected by this event, in which the Johnson Barge No. 17's 100,000-pound store of TNT was set off. Four people died in this event during which the (*) Statue of Liberty was damaged. For the points, name this 1916 event in which German agents sabotaged an American munitions shipment intended for World War One troops.

Black Tom Explosion (accept Black Tom incident or clear-knowledge equivalents)

(8) This figure beat Donald Byrne in the "Game of the Century" and refused to defend his title in 1975. Following that event, this person didn't play another public game for nearly 20 years until a match in Yugoslavia that made him an American fugitive. For the point, name this American who, in 1972, broke up Soviet chess dominance by winning the world chess championship against Boris Spassky.

Bobby Fischer

(7) This figure beat Donald Byrne in the "Game of the Century." Following that event, this person didn't play another public game for nearly 20 years until a match in Yugoslavia that made him an American fugitive. For the point, name this American who, in 1972, broke up Soviet chess dominance by winning the world chess championship against Boris Spassky.

Bobby Fischer (or Robert James Fischer)

(34) An attempt to organize a second incarnation of this group was mostly ended by hiring members to work at Fort Hunt as part of the Civilian Conservation Corps. Eric Carlson and William Hushka died when police fired on this group, whose leader later attempted to organize a fascist organization called the Khaki Shirts. Walter Waters led this group, which was violently dispersed in the Battle of Anacostia Flats by Douglas MacArthur. For ten points, name this group that demonstrated for early payment of World War One certificates in 1932.

Bonus Army

II} 10. This man gave a speech in which he describes "sixteen millions of hands" that would either pull a load upward or downward. This man attended Hampton Institute, where he was influenced by the education philosophy of Samuel C. Armstrong. At the 1895 Cotton State and International Exposition, this man gave a speech where he asked his people to "cast down your bucket where you are." That speech, later called the Atlanta Compromise, explained his vision for expanding educational and vocational opportunities for African Americans. For the point, name this man, who founded the Tuskegee Institute.

Booker Taliaferro Washington <JL>

(18) During this movement, American missionary Frank Gamewell led the "Fighting Parsons." U.S. Ambassador Edwin Conger attempted to negotiate an end to this movement but ultimately had to be rescued by a "relief expedition." U.S. Marines defended the Methodist Mission during the early outbreak of violence from this movement at the Legation Quarter. Adna Chaffee commanded U.S. troops within the Eight-Nation Alliance that put down, for ten points, what anti-foreign uprising in the late Qing [[CHING]] Dynasty of China?

Boxer Rebellion (or Boxer Uprising)

(18) Theodore Schulz rejected a call to resume this meeting's principles by stating "Santa Claus is dead." Harry Dexter White countered a plan at this meeting to found a global Clearing Union that traded in "bancors." The "gold window" part of this meeting's namesake "system" was abandoned in 1971. This meeting agreed to an initial 7.6 billion dollar round of funding for the World Bank. For the point, identify this 1944 meeting at a New Hampshire resort that pegged international currencies to the U.S. dollar.

Bretton Woods conference (accept United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference)

(1) This kingdom's independence was secured when 2,000 volunteers supported by Fyodor Radetsky's soldiers turned back 40,000 Ottoman soldiers at the Battle of Shipka Pass. The oppressive taxes of a tsar named Peter from this kingdom prompted Bogomil to found a namesake heretical sect of Orthodox Christianity. This empire's tsar Kaloyan defeated the Latin Empire at the Battle of Adrianople. Basil II of the Byzantine Empire earned a nickname for "slaying" this empire's subjects. For the point, name this Balkan empire which had capitals at Tarnovo and Sofia.

Bulgarian Empire (or Balgarsko tsarstvo; accept Bulgars; accept Basil the Bulgar Slayer)

(33) During this action, a man entered the offices of the National Intelligencer and destroyed all type of the letter "C." This action was implemented under Robert Ross, who likely intended to mitigate Alexander Cochrane's orders to "destroy and lay waste" but was forced to end this action early due to the arrival of a hurricane-force storm. The British victory at the "Bladensburg races" opened the door for this action. For ten points, name this event during the War of 1812, during which Dolly Madison orchestrated the rescue of paintings from the White House.

Burning of Washington, D.C. (accept Burningof D.C or District of Columbia; accept burning of the White House before "White House" is mentioned)

(18) This event led to a day-long occupation, ended by a sudden hurricane, forcing Alexander Cochrane and George Cockburn to withdraw their forces. The strategic victory of the Robert Ross-led British regulars at Bladensburg resulted in this violent event. After the Cabinet fled to Brookeville, Maryland during this event, Brookeville became known as the "U.S. capital for the day." A portrait of President Washington was saved during, for the point, what event which devastated the U.S. capital?

Burning of Washington, D.C. (accept the Capture of Washington, D.C.; accept descriptive answers indicating the destruction/damage of Washington)

(6) Concerning the life of Malcolm X, name the...Covert FBI initiative which widened the rift between him and Elijah Muhammad.

COINTELPRO (or Counter Intelligence Program)

(27) An artifact found in this state contains a hole the size of a sixpence coin and an inscription beginning, "Be it known unto all men." That artifact is a hoax brass plate that Herbert Bolton planted in this state. Ivan Kuskov established Fort Ross in what is now this state, and part of this modern-day state was dubbed "New Albion" when Francis Drake landed here in 1579. For ten points, name this state whose early Russian and British claims gave way to ownership by Mexico until the Bear Flag Revolt.

California

(3) A war that took place in this state and a northern neighbor featured a man named Captain Jack who fled to nearby lava beds. Theodora Kroeber documented Ishi, who was the last member of this state's Yahi tribe. The Modoc War started in the northeast of this state, which was home to the Chumash people. Gavin Newsom apologized for "a genocide" against natives in, for the point, what West Coast state?

California

(13) A program to aid this species resulted in the total extinction of a species of Colpocephalum [[kohl-poh-SEE-fuh-lum]] louse, which only existed as a parasite to this species and did not survive the cleaning of this species in captivity. A project regarding this species completed its first phase on Easter Sunday of 1987 with the capture of individual AC-9 and began releasing them back into the wild in 1991 at Big Sur. For ten points, name these enormous birds whose population slowly rebounded after dwindling to as few as 22 in the late 1980s, known to science as Gymnogyps californianus.

California condors

(34) This character's appearance as an anti-communist fighter in the 1950s series Young Men was later explained as being an impersonator named William Burnside who forgot to use the Vita-Ray. Following the torrent of death threats in response to this character's debut, Fiorello La Guardia called Joe Simon and pledged police protection for the Timely Comics offices, where Jack Kirby drew this man punching Hitler. For the point, name this character created when Steve Rogers was given a super-soldier serum.

Captain America

(11) Citing the Twelve Tables, this thinker openly criticized the use of usury in commerce in his only surviving treatise, De Agri Cultura. With Manius Acilius [[ah-KIL-ee-us]] Glabrio, this man defeated a combined Aetolian League and Seleucid army under Antiochus the Great at the 191 BC Battle of Thermopylae. This writer of the Italian historiography Origins had a "Younger" relative of the same name who opposed the rise of Caesar. The phrase "Carthago delenda est" ended all the speeches of, for the point, what Roman orator who encouraged the Third Punic War?

Cato (accept Cato the Elder; or Cato the Censor; do not accept "Cato the Younger")

(18) This Connecticut-born composer attended Yale where he wrote songs such as "YalePrinceton Football Game" and "Calcium Light Night." This musical radical named the four movements in a piano sonata after Emerson, Hawthorne, Alcott and Thoreau, and inserted snatches of famous American tunes, like "Columbia, Gem of the Ocean," into many of his own pieces. For the point, name this idiosyncratic composer of the Concord Sonata and Three Places in New England.

Charles Ives

(34) Jesse Williams industrialized the process for making this good in America in 1851 in Rome, New York. Thomas Meacham gave a 1400-pound quantity of this good to Andrew Jackson, who invited the public to consume it from the entrance room of the White House. Edwin Traisman invented an extremely processed form of this food which was brought to market in 1952 and is now used by Pat's, Geno's, and other Philadelphia landmarks that serve it as a topping to steak sandwiches. For ten points, name this product which is heavily marketed by its top producer in the U.S., Wisconsin.

Cheese (accept American cheese; accept Cheez Whiz)

(22) A desk built for the owners of this company was used by George H.W. Bush in the Oval Office. One mascot for this company had a husband named "Peake'' and appeared in advertisements with the slogan "Sleep Like a Kitten and Arrive as Fresh as a Daisy." (+) One train this company ran to The Greenbrier was named the Resort Special. This company shares its name with a 19th century (*) canal that ended in Cumberland, Maryland. For the points, name this railroad that merged with the Baltimore & Ohio and the Western Maryland Railroad to form the Chessie System in 1973.

Chesapeake & Ohio Railway (or C&O Railway)

(20) Thirteen years after this incident, a dispute over a commander's conduct during this event led to the duel that killed Stephen Decatur. This incident began as an attempt to execute a (+) warrant presented by John Meade for the surrender of Jenkin Ratford. Unpreparedness for this engagement led to the court-martial of James Barron. A major cause of the (*) Embargo Act, for the point, what is this June 1807 encounter in which a British ship seeking the recapture of deserters killed three American sailors?

Chesapeake-Leopard affair (accept any answer mentioning the notion of an engagement between or incident, affair, or scandal surrounding the USS Chesapeake and HMS Leopard; answers may be given in either order; prompt if only the Leopard is mentioned; do not accept or prompt on Chesapeake alone]

(31) Supreme Court opposition to laws regulating this practice was ended in 1941's Darby Lumber case. Alexander McKelway lobbied for a bill against this practice that became the Keating-Owen Act, which was struck down in 1916's Hammer v. Dagenhart case. Most forms of agriculture are notably exempt from laws against this practice. For ten points, name this practice that was severely curtailed in the U.S. when the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 restricted most forms of employment for people under age 16.

Child labor (accept clear knowledge equivalents)

(2) After marrying Cornelia Clinton, this man promoted his father-in-law George Clinton's 1808 presidential candidacy in editorials suggesting that James Madison was antimerchant. From his original American base in Charleston, this man worked with Michel Mangourit [[me-SHEL mahn-goh-REE]] to commission ships including the Anti-George and Sans-Culotte as privateers. For the point, name this agent of the Girondist government whose 1793 tour of the United States caused an uproar among advocates of neutrality towards France.

Citizen Genêt (or Edmond-Charles Genêt)

(28) One opponent of this act, Richard Russell, vowed his caucus would "fight to the bitter end." Ralph Yarborough was the only southern senator to vote in favor of this act, a debate over which marked the only meeting between Malcolm X and Martin Luther King. For the point, name this 1960s piece of legislation that was signed by Lyndon Johnson and made racial discrimination illegal.

Civil Rights Act of 1964 (prompt on partial answer)

(23) One opponent of this act, Richard Russell, vowed his caucus would "fight to the bitter end." A debate on this act marked the only meeting between Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. in 1964. For the point, name this piece of legislation that was signed by Lyndon Johnson and made racial discrimination illegal.

Civil Rights Act of 1964 (prompt on partial answers)

(10) In 1962, a player of this instrument and his orchestra toured the Soviet Union as part of a cultural exchange program after the Cuban Missile Crisis. A player of this instrument, who led concerts at Guadalcanal while in the Navy, popularized Cole Porter's "Begin the Beguine" [[beh-GEEN]] and added Billie Holiday to his band in 1938. Another player of this instrument led his band in a rendition of Louis Prima's "Sing Sing Sing" at a monumental 1938 concert at Carnegie Hall. For ten points, name this woodwind instrument played by Artie Shaw and Benny Goodman.

Clarinet

(11) This person was represented by Fred Gray in one case, alongside fellow plaintiffs Marie Louise Smith and Susie McDonald. That case sued W. A. Gayle, mayor of a city where this woman performed a notable action nine months before a similar incident. This plaintiff in Browder v. Gayle was likely unsupported by the wider Civil Rights movement due to being unmarried and pregnant. For the point, name this woman who refused to give up her seat on a Montgomery, Alabama bus before Rosa Parks.

Claudette Colvin (or Claudette Austin)

(10) People in this profession were targeted in the Matewan Massacre, which led to the Battle of Blair Mountain. Theodore Roosevelt helped end a strike of people in this profession, young members of whom were called "Breaker Boys." Often striking in West Virginia, this is, for the point, what profession involved in the 1902 anthracite strike?

Coal Miners (accept Anthracite Miners; prompt on "Miners")

(12) People in this profession were targeted in the Matewan Massacre, which led to the Battle of Blair Mountain, and members of this profession were killed in the Ludlow Massacre. Theodore Roosevelt helped end a strike of people in this profession, young members of whom were called "Breaker Boys." Often striking in West Virginia, this is, for the point, what profession involved in the 1902 anthracite strike?

Coal Miners (accept Anthracite Miners; prompt on "Miners")

(17) A professor at this university outlined Lincoln's stance on slavery in his book The Fiery Trial. That historian at this university challenged the racism of the Dunning School in his book Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution. A Life magazine photograph depicts a student at this university smoking one of President Grayson L. Kirk's cigars during Vietnam War-related protests in which students occupied Hamilton Hall and Low Library. For the point, name this Ivy League university which administers the Pulitzer Prize from Manhattan.

Columbia University in the City of New York

(33) This company's founder promulgated slogans such as "we must become the Japanese" and "for the masses, not the classes." One of this company's products was used to create Andy Warhol's video project You Are the One. This company hired William Shatner for commercials asking "why just buy a video game?" This company's 1982 and 1987 product launches were the two best-selling home computer models of all time. For the point, name this manufacturer that dominated the pre-Windows consumer desktop market with the Amiga 500 and a namesake "64" model.

Commodore (or Commodore International Limited; or Commodore Business Machines; accept Commodore 64; prompt on "CBM")

(32) Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper ran an 1858 exposé on this good showing how the use of swill left over from distilleries in its production led to the deaths of over 8,000 children per year. Nancy Lincoln, the mother of Abraham Lincoln, died after consuming this product from an animal that had eaten a white snakeroot plant. For the point, name this nutrient-rich liquid product whose condensed form was developed in the U.S. by Gail Borden.

Cow's Milk (accept Condensed Milk; accept Borden's Milk)

(35) During this proceeding, a man was accused of lying about speaking "Marine to Marine" with Max Cordoba. During this event, Jeanette Harris accused several deputies of racism and was then dismissed from service. During this proceeding, F. Lee Bailey used the "n-word" seven times while questioning Mark Fuhrman, and a man was unable to fit a leather glove on his hand. For the point, name this proceeding that ended in 1995 with a man being acquitted of killing Ron Goldman and his ex-wife, Nicole.

Criminal trial of O.J. Simpson (or The People of the State of California v. Orenthal James Simpson; accept answers referring to a murder or homicide trial of Orenthal James Simpson)

(30) A propaganda tale during the First World War claimed Sergeant Harry Band suffered this form of punishment at the hands of German soldiers during the Battle of Ypres [[ee-PRAH]]. In Tokugawa Japan, Haritsuke was the practice of thrusting spears into criminals during this form of punishment. Six thousand participants of the Third Servile War were punished in this manner along the Appian Way. The most famous symbol of Christianity was used for, for the point, which form of capital punishment traditionally suffered by Jesus?

Crucifixion (or Crucifying; accept word forms; accept any mention of Cross)

(3) During this event, a politician remarked that he was "prepared to wait for my answer until Hell freezes over" and demanded "don't wait for the translation!" to Valerian Zorin. A "hotline" was created between two world capitals during this event, which was resolved when Americans secretly withdrew certain ballistic weapons from Turkey. UN Secretary General U Thant [[OO TONT]] served as a mediator during, for the point, what October 1962 crisis in which Soviet nuclear weapons were delivered to a Caribbean nation?

Cuban Missile Crisis (accept October Crisis of 1962 before mentioned; accept Caribbean Crisis before mentioned; prompt on "Missile Scare")

(31) The perpetrators of these crimes were caught on the same day that police under Charles Moose followed instructions to broadcast the phrase "duck in a noose." This group of crimes may have originated as a plot to kill a woman named Mildred. A blue 1990 Chevrolet Caprice and a Bushmaster XM-15 were used to commit these crimes. For the point, identify this series of October 2002 crimes in which people in Washington, D.C. and bordering states were shot by John Allen Muhammad and Lee Boyd Malvo.

D.C. sniper attacks (or Beltway sniper attacks; accept answers referring to sniper or rifle attacks committed in the greater Washington or Washington, D.C. area; prompt on "shootings" or "murders" if "sniper" or "rifle" is not specified)

(34) After breaking the rules of an auction, this man was the first journalist to publicly describe the contents of the Zapruder film. In 1986, this man was assaulted by William Tager who yelled, "Kenneth, what is the frequency?" Typeface analysis discredited memos from the Texas Air National Guard that this man discussed on 60 Minutes II in 2004. For the point, name this 24-year host of the CBS Evening News who was ousted after presenting forged documents regarding George W. Bush's military service.

Dan Rather (or Daniel Irvin Rather, Jr.)

(23) In one speech, this man identified himself as an American, not a "Northern man" or a "Massachusetts man." While serving as secretary of state, (+) this man signed a treaty with Baron Ashburton that put an end to the Aroostook War. The (*) "Seventh of March Speech" was given by, for the points, what senator who argued against the devil in an American short story?

Daniel Webster

(17) Herodotus claimed that, despite its name, this ruler opened the Canal of the Pharaohs connecting the Great Bitter Lake to the Nile River. Bactrian governor Bardiya ruled for a brief interim before this ruler took the throne after claiming he was a son of Cyrus the Great. The Ionian Revolt prompted this man to plan an invasion of the Greek mainland which ended with a loss at Marathon. For the point, name this Achaemenid [[ahKIM-uh-nid]] king who created the "satrapy" [[SAT-rah-pee]] system and brought Persia to its largest territorial extent.

Darius I (accept Darius the Great; prompt on "Darius")

(2) This school was named after Lord William Legge, who declined to donate to its founding. Daniel Webster successfully argued that this school's state couldn't dissolve its charter and that the governor couldn't appoint trustees to its board in a Supreme Court case whose named defendant was William H. Woodward. For the point, name this Ivy League school located in New Hampshire.

Dartmouth College (accept Dartmouth v. Woodward)

(17) This law was amended to institute a competence test for bestowing certain trust patents by the Burke Act of 1906. Alice Fletcher, who provided a 700-page dossier in support of this bill, promised that it would create people "free to enter the body of our citizens." Twenty years after the passage of this bill, two-thirds of the 150 million acres it affected were transferred to white ownership. For the point, name this 1887 bill that confiscated tribally owned land and apportioned some as plots to individual American Indian landowners.

Dawes Act of 1887 (accept Dawes Severalty Act of 1887; accept General Allotment Act; do not accept or prompt on "Dawes Plan"

(27) One of the leaders of this group was a woman who filed her teeth into fangs and wore brass claws over her fingernails named Hell-Cat Maggie. The state militia put down an enormous riot named for this group which began when they allied with the Plug Uglies to attack the (+) Bowery Boys on July 4 of 1857, departing from their normal rivalry with the Roach Guards. Earlier, this group was paid by John Morrissey to protect (*) Tammany voters from Bill "the Butcher" Poole. For the point, identify this violent Irish-American gang active in the Five Points area of Manhattan and named for an animal corpse.

Dead Rabbits (accept Mulberry Boys or Mulberry Street Boys before "animal corpse")

(28) Operation Paget [[PAD-jet]] was an inquiry established in 2004 to investigate conspiracy theories about this event. Elton John revised the lyrics of "Candle in the Wind" for a funeral concert following this event. Trevor Rees-Jones survived while both Henri Paul and Dodi Fayed [[DOH-dee fye-ED]] died in this event, which was originally blamed on aggressive paparazzi. For the point, what tragic 1997 event involved a royal in a car accident in the Pont de l'Alma tunnel in Paris, France?

Death of Diana, Princess of Wales (accept equivalents for "death"; accept car accident before "car accident" is mentioned; accept death of Henri Paul before "Henri Paul" is mentioned; accept death of Dodi Fayed before "Dodi Fayed" is mentioned)

(33) This event took place as a man was leaving a vote on stripping power from Judge Henry Pavy and led to an immediate response from Joe Messina and Murphy Roden. Following this event, the Christian nationalist leader Gerald Smith folded the Share Our Wealth movement into the Union Party. Carl Weiss [["VICE"]] was shot sixty times by bodyguards after perpetrating this event. For the point, identify this September 1935 event that violently ended the term of the populist "Kingfish" governor of Louisiana.

Death of Huey Long (or Huey Pierce Long, Jr.; accept words such as murder, shooting, or assassination in place of "death"; prompt on "Kingfish" in place of "Huey Long")

(10) News producer Alan Weiss learned of this event when he saw its victim in the hospital, leading to Howard Cosell breaking national news of this event during Monday Night Football. The person responsible for this event was arrested (*) at the scene reading The Catcher in the Rye and claimed to be upset about (*) anti-religious statements such as being "bigger than Jesus." For the point, name this 1980 event perpetrated by Mark David Chapman in New York against a former member of the Beatles.

Death of John Lennon (accept Murder or Shooting or Assassination in place of "death"; accept John Winston Ono Lennon in place of "John Lennon")

(1) This event took place about nine months after Abu Ahmed al-Kuwaiti was located and followed on a courier mission. This event was announced to a WWE audience in Tampa using the phrase "compromised to a permanent end" by John Cena. This event popularized awareness of the group now called DEVGRU and then known as Seal Team Six. A photo of officials monitoring this event from the White House Situation Room includes Hillary Clinton holding her hand over her mouth. For ten points, name this May 2011 operation in Abbotabad, Pakistan which targeted the founder of Al-Qaeda.

Death of Osama bin Laden (or Operation Neptune Spear; accept synonyms for Death such as Killing; accept "Usama" in place of "Osama"; accept Death of Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden)

(2) This archaeological site is the location of what is believed to be the oldest synagogue in the world, discovered by a team led by André Plassart. In order to properly worship the gods at this place, the graves in view from the temple were excavated and transported under the orders of (+) Pisistratus [[pye-SIS-trah-tus]]. Thucydides [[thoo-SID-id-ees]] documented that dying was illegal on this island after the Delphic Oracle ordered the removal of all of its corpses. The Terrace of the Lions and the Stoibadeion [[stoy-BAD-ee-on]] are on, (*) for the points, what Greek island that served as the treasury and namesake of a "League" led by Athens?

Delos (accept Delian League)

(7)Concerning agriculture and feudalism in Medieval Europe, name the... Term of French origin which denotes the land held by a lord of the manor.

Demense [[duh-MAHNS]] (or Domain)

(14) This man's lieutenants included a man who instructed "Die silent, as you see me do" named Peter Poyas and the magician Gullah Jack. This man cited the destruction of Jericho as the justification for a plan organized at a church in the Hampstead neighborhood. In response to this man's actions, a law was passed mandating the imprisonment of certain visiting sailors and the institution which became the college of The Citadel was founded. For the point, name this leader of a Charleston-area slave uprising in 1822.

Denmark Vesey (or Telemaque)

(1) Despite 21,000 soldiers being found guilty of this crime during World War Two, Eddie Slovik was the only one executed. Bowe Bergdahl was quickly captured by the Taliban after potentially committing this crime in (+) Iraq. Soldiers during the War of 1812 committed this crime in an attempt to gain additional (*) enlistment bonuses. For the points, identify this crime in which a soldier abandons the military while under contract.

Desertion (accept descriptive answers like abandoning the military before "for the points")

(1) Despite 21,000 soldiers being found guilty of this crime during World War Two, Eddie Slovik was the only one executed. Bowe Bergdahl was quickly captured by the Taliban (+) after potentially committing this crime in Iraq. Soldiers during the War of 1812 attempted to gain (*) enlistment bonuses by committing, for the points, what crime in which a soldier abandons the military while under contract?

Desertion (accept descriptive answers like abandoning the military before "for the points")

(23) This man once told Alexander the Great, "I am looking for the bones of your father but cannot distinguish them from those of a slave." This thinker disproved Plato's claim that man is a "featherless biped" when he presented him with a plucked chicken and said, "Behold! I've brought you a man!" This thinker was an alleged pupil of Antisthenes and believed his teacher was the "true heir" of Socrates. Using an old tub as his home, for the point, what philosopher from Sinope [[sin-OH-pee]] was a founder of Cynicism?

Diogenes [[dye-AH-jen-eez]] of Sinope (or Diogenes the Cynic)

(25) A man who held this position once demanded that all arcade games display the message "Winners Don't Use Drugs." The COINTELPRO program was created by a man with this title who encouraged (+) surveillance of Martin Luther King Jr. and others suspected of communist ties. This position was held under George W. Bush by (*) Robert Mueller. For the points, name this position held by people such as Christopher Wray and J. Edgar Hoover.

Director of the FBI (accept Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation)

(7) This composer's son, Maxim, supported the controversial book Testimony, which Solomon Volkov claimed were this composer's memoirs. A theme from a symphony by this composer, which inspired a song from Franz Lehar's operetta The Merry Widow, is repeated twelve times to depict a Nazi invasion of his country. An article in Pravda accused this composer of Formalism, after which he wrote his D minor Fifth Symphony. For ten points, name this Soviet composer of the Leningrad Symphony.

Dmitri Shostakovich (or Dmitri Dmitriyevich Shostakovich)

(8) Under this doctrine, the U.S. obligated a European consortium to include J.P. Morgan in a plan to build a railroad from Huguang to Canton. Under this policy, aid was funneled to opponents of José Zelaya in Nicaragua. The president's formulation of this policy, which was heavily pushed by Secretary of State Philander Knox, was that it "substituted" a more peaceful medium for bullets. For the point, name this foreign policy program of the Taft administration that attempted to use loans and other economic power as a substitute for military force.

Dollar diplomacy

(3) This woman's husband had a minister who wrote the mock heroic The Hasty Pudding and wrote the satirical anthem "God Save the Guillotine"; that was Joel Barlow, one of the Hartford Wits. This woman accidentally caused the Merry Affair, and her best known action might have actually been done by Jean-Pierre Sioussat [[syoo-SOT]]. This woman moved to Montpelier after saving the Lansdowne Portrait when the White House was burned. For the point, name this wife of the fourth US president.

Dolley Todd Madison

(27) This singer recorded the album Trio with Emmylou Harris and Linda Ronstadt. This singer wrote one of their best known songs to explain why she was leaving The Porter Wagoner Show, and this artist recorded the album Jolene. This singer is the namesake of a Tennessee amusement park. For the point, identify this country superstar behind "9 to 5" and "I Will Always Love You."

Dolly Parton

(26) By the twilight of this term's use in the 1940s, it was often paired with the name "Johnny." This term may have originated with a general term for naval apprentices that appears in Moby-Dick. E. M. Viquesney's [[vai-KWEZ-nees]] sculpture named for the "spirit" of these people was often copied in memorials built during the 1920s. A pun about people known by this term says they were "kneaded in 1914 but did not rise until 1917." For ten points, give this food-based term for American soldiers in World War One.

Doughboys (accept Johnny Doughboy; accept Spirit of the American Doughboy)

(23) An assistant coach on this team alleged that its head coach intentionally threw an exhibition game that it lost 62-54 in Southern California to college players. A foul called on a member of this team against Herlander Coimbra was the only point scored against them during a 46-point run in this team's game with Angola. Magic Johnson, Charles Barkley, and Michael Jordan were part of, for ten points, what team that easily won the gold medal in Barcelona as the first national team to include NBA players?

Dream Team (or 1992 United States men's Olympic basketball team; prompt on partial answers)

(16) In October 2021, a museum dedicated to this event was dedicated by President Emmanuel Macron. This event was sparked after a housekeeper named "Madame Bastian" discovered a torn-up note in the trash addressed to Max von Schwartzkoppen. The central figure of this event was pardoned by President Émile Loubet [[loo-BEH]] after spending over four years imprisoned on Devil's Island. Condemned by Émile Zola in the article J'accuse...!, for the point, what polarizing affair involved a French artillery officer of Jewish descent who was convicted of treason?

Dreyfus Affair (or L'affaire Dreyfus; accept descriptive answers involving the affair surrounding Alfred Dreyfus)

(7) This case's subject based his legal argument on precedents such as Winny v. Whitesides and Rachel v. Walker. The grocer Samuel Russell falsely testified that he hired the central person in this case. In this case, Chief Justice Taney [[TAW-nee]] stripped Congress of its power to ban slavery in the territories, nullifying the principle of "once free, always free." For ten points, name this 1857 Supreme Court case which ruled that Black people in the United States lacked citizenship rights. Dred Scott v. John F.A. Sandford (accept the Dred Scott case; accept Dred Scott v. John F.A. Sandford) The Supreme Court ruled that the federal government was prohibited from freeing slaves brought into federal territories due to this clause, found in the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments, which prohibits arbitrary deprivation of "life, liberty, or property" by the government.

Due Process Clause

(30) A controversy over a once-court martialed officer's inability to leave Denmark led to this kind of event in 1820 in Bladensburg involving James Barron. Charles Dickinson was involved in this kind of event in 1806 along with Andrew Jackson. After being called a "Puritan with the blackleg," Henry Clay instigated one of these events in which he precisely put a hole in a Virginia senator's coat. For ten points, name this kind of event which killed Stephen Decatur [[dee-KAY-tur]] and Alexander Hamilton.

Duels with pistols (or Dueling; accept "guns" in place of "pistols"; prompt on answers involving murder, killing, or similar words)

(16) This leader defeated Anthony Pohlmann, a German who defected to the side of Daulat Rao Sindhia, at the Battle of Assaye. This British prime minister inspired the nickname for the "Who? Who? Ministry," because he didn't recognize any of the names on the list of cabinet members. This general had the Lines of Torres Vedras built to protect Lisbon during the Peninsular War and led the Seventh Coalition in a victory which ended the "Hundred Days." For the point, name this British general who defeated Napoleon at Waterloo.

Duke of Wellington (accept Arthur Wellesley)

(9) This man, who was posthumously given the title "King of Exemplary Culture," inspired Wu Zetian [[ZET-YAHN]] to name her own dynasty after this figure. Under the patronage of his sibling, the Emperor Wu, this figure created the classic music and dance style yayue [[YAH-YOO-EH]]. (+) This man wrote a treatise explaining how the previous ruling dynasty, the Shang [[SHAHNG]], lost the Mandate of Heaven due to decadence. The I Ching (*) and The Book of Poetry were legendarily written by, for the points, what cultural hero who shares his name with an early Chinese feudal dynasty?

Duke of Zhou (or Dan, Duke Wen of Zhou; or Wen of Zhou; accept Zhōu Wén Gōng Dan; prompt on "Zhou" or "Zhou Dynasty")

(2) A 1998 book by this man posits uniting scientific and humanistic knowledge under the label "consilience." This man claimed to be "the only scientist in modern times to be physically attacked for an idea" after he was assaulted with a pitcher of water by (+) Marxists at a 1978 conference. A 1975 book by this scientist generalized his research on ants with Bert Hölldobler to suggest that much human behavior is genetically determined. (*) For the points, name this popularizer of the concept of sociobiology.

E.O. Wilson (or Edward Osborne Wilson)

(20) Mayor Eugene Schmitz gave "shoot to kill" orders during one of these events, which was partly handled by the Committee of Fifty. The Shawnee flocked to a leader known as "the Prophet" after a series of these events named for New Madrid [[MAD-RID]]. The oldest Chinatown in the U.S. was destroyed during one of these events near the San Andreas Fault. For the point, name these seismic disasters.

Earthquakes (accept tremor; accept New Madrid Earthquake; prompt on "seismic activity")

(15) RYDE [[RIDE]] and this company canceled plans to create a Coin-like blockchain cryptocurrency in 2018. Multi-layer OLEDs were invented at this company of which Henry A. Strong was the first president. In 1984, this company turned down the opportunity to be an official sponsor of the Los Angeles Olympics, thus losing ground to Fujifilm. In 1889, this company began using the slogan "You Press the Button, We Do the Rest." George Eastman founded, for the point, what photography company from Rochester, New York?

Eastman Kodak Company

(1) A man of this last name claimed "Washington would have done the same" in his defense of the 1815 suspension of habeas corpus in Louisiana found in the Wyoming Letters. As Secretary of War, that man of this last name negotiated the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek with the Choctaw. That man of this last name married the widow of John Timberlake, who found only Catherine Barry willing to speak to her after a social freeze-out led by Floride [["FLORIDA"]] Calhoun. For the point, give this name of the couple at the center of the Petticoat Affair, named John and Peggy.

Eaton (accept John Henry Eaton or Peggy Eaton)

(18) This Democratic senator co-sponsored the No Child Left Behind bill with Judd Gregg. This politician, who warned of "Back alley abortions" in Robert Bork's America, was never asked if he was drinking after the car crash that killed Mary Jo Kopechne [[kuh-"PECK"- nee]] at Chappaquiddick. For the point, name this "Lion of the Senate" whose brothers Robert and John were attorney general and president, respectively, in the early 1960s.

Edward "Ted" Kennedy (accept either Edward or Ted; prompt on "Kennedy")

(1) This politician claimed that a man should have the right to defend his marriage in the closing arguments of Daniel Sickles's murder trial. This man was appointed an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court by Ulysses S. Grant but died four days after being confirmed by the Senate. The Tenure of Office Act was primarily created to protect this man, whose influence over the military prevented the president from ending Congressional Reconstruction. For the point, name this Secretary of War, whose 1867 removal led to the impeachment of Andrew Johnson.

Edwin Stanton

(4) This politician represented Daniel Sickles in the murder trial of Philip Barton Key II. This man's death in 1869 occurred four days after the Senate confirmed him as a Justice on the Supreme Court. This man said, "Now he belongs to the ages" after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Lorenzo Thomas was selected to replace this man in one post during an ordeal that violated the Tenure of Office Act. For the point, name this Civil War-era Secretary of War whose dismissal led to the impeachment of Andrew Johnson.

Edwin Stanton (or Edwin McMasters Stanton)

(26) One candidate in this election year avoided controversial issues through vague slogans such as "You know that your future is still ahead of you." In this election year, Fielding Wright split the southern vote with Dixiecrats who supported Strom Thurmond. The Chicago Tribune falsely claimed that this election year was won by Thomas Dewey. For the point, name this election year won by incumbent president Harry S. Truman.

Election of 1948

(17) The winner of this election muttered "There you go again" during a debate. The winning candidate in this election asked listeners "Are you better off (+) than you were four years ago?" The Iran Hostage Crisis was a major topic during this election, whose incumbent was criticized for the (*) "Malaise" speech. For the points, name this election in which Ronald Reagan defeated Jimmy Carter.

Election of 1980

(16) This woman gave the lecture "Our Girls" on the Lyceum circuit. This co-editor with Parker Pillsbury of The Revolution was chastised by Frederick Douglass for using derogatory language in her increasingly strident opposition to extending the vote to Black men before women. This activist broke with Lucy Stone over that issue and became the first president of the National Woman Suffrage Association. For the point, name this longtime collaborator with Susan B. Anthony, who organized the Seneca Falls Convention.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(3) This man took an oath of allegiance to the United States, officially recognizing U.S. sovereignty over his country after he was captured by Frederick Funston. This man had earlier gone into exile in Hong Kong but returned to his country and helped the U.S. to control his nation's capital. This man's government created the Malolos Constitution a month after the U.S. paid $20 million to transfer control of his country from Spain. For the point, name this revolutionary, the first president of the Philippines.

Emilio Aguinaldo

(13) This person adopted the pseudonym "E.G. Smith" after refusing to condemn the assassination of William McKinley by Leon Czolgosz [[CHOH-gohsh]]. The instigator of the Johnstown Flood, financier Henry Clay Frick, was the target of an assassination attempt by this anarchist's lover, Alexander Berkman. This activist faced deportation to her homeland of Russia after she worked to undermine the World War One draft. For the point, name this Jewish activist, known as "Red Emma."

Emma Goldman

(1) The Peace Tower was built to commemorate the birth of this figure, but the U.S. forced its partial removal due to the presence of the Imperial slogan "Eight World Regions Under One Roof." One theory claims this figure was actually an alchemist named Xu Fu [[SHOO FOO]], who served (+) Qin Shi Huang Di and travelled eastward during one region's Yayoi period. The three-legged crow Yata-Garasu led this mythical figure to the land of Yamato, where his forces defeated the Emishi people to dominate the island of (*) Honshu. The first mythical emperor of Japan was, for the points, which direct descendant of Amaterasu?

Emperor Jimmu (or Jimmu-tenno)

(15) Due to an oath this man swore to his wife, Dugu, this emperor purportedly refused to keep concubines throughout his reign. This ruler ordered the construction of the Renshou Palace away from his capital at Chang'an. The Northern and Southern Dynasties Period was brought to an (+) end by this emperor, who reunified China in 589 AD. A series of locks were built on a project begun under this emperor that ultimately connected the Yellow and (*) Yangtze Rivers. For the points, name this founder of the Sui dynasty who began construction of the Grand Canal.

Emperor Wen of Sui (accept Yang Jian; accept Puliuru Jian; accept Narayana)

(14) A 1.5 billion dollar judgment was entered against this company for its role in artificially creating a supply shortage that partly led to the California recall election of Grey Davis. The practices of this company and its accountancy firm were the main impetus for passing the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. This company's failure led to the closure of the Arthur Andersen accounting firm, the criminal trial of Kenneth Lay and Jeffrey Skilling, and the renaming of a baseball field to Minute Maid Park. For ten points, name this Texas-based energy company that collapsed in an accounting scandal in 2002.

Enron Corporation

(9) This organization was the subject of the book The Smartest Guys in the Room. The chief financial officer of this organization pressured Arthur Andersen to ease its audit standards. Scandals at WorldCom and this organization led to the passage of the SarbanesOxley Act. Kenneth Lay led, for the point, what Houston energy company that declared bankruptcy in 2001 after committing accounting fraud?

Enron Corporation

(8) One writer of this legislation co-founded a socialist magazine called The Liberator with her brother, Max. Phyllis Schlafly (+) was a major opponent of this legislation, which was only ratified by only 35 states. Crystal Eastman (*) and Alice Paul wrote, for the points, what unratified constitutional amendment that would have banned discrimination based on gender?

Equal Rights Amendment (accept ERA)

(13) Sonia Johnson was excommunicated for speaking in favor of this legislation, which was likened to using an atomic bomb to kill a few mice. Alice Paul (+) wrote this legislation, which was opposed by Phyllis Schlafly, and failed when it was ratified by only (*) 35 states. For the points, name this unratified constitutional amendment that would have banned discrimination based on gender.

Equal Rights Amendment (or ERA)

(20) "Cat in the Rain" was written by this author, who described the title character dying on safari in "The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber." In another of this man's stories, the main character hears hyenas as he dies on the title African peak. For the point, name this adventurer and author of "The Snows of Kilimanjaro."

Ernest Hemingway

(24) At the end of one of this author's stories, an Italian maid gives a woman a tortoise shell cat. "Cat in the Rain" was written by this author, who described the title character dying on safari in "The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber." In another of this man's stories, the main character hears hyenas as he dies on the title African peak. For the point, name this adventurer and author of "The Snows of Kilimanjaro."

Ernest Hemingway

(20) A ship of this name which was seized after leaving the French West Indies became the namesake of an 1805 British Admiralty ruling, putting forth the "continuous voyage" doctrine justifying British capture of certain American merchant ships. Another ship of this name, whose fate was chronicled by Owen Chase, was commanded by George Pollard during its final voyage in 1820. For the point, name this ship which was destroyed by a south Pacific sperm whale, inspiring the writing of Moby-Dick.

Essex

(27) A 1964 article by David Fischer labels the entire existence of this group a "myth." John Hancock accused men such as Fisher Ames and Timothy Pickering of belonging to a group of this name during a debate over a proposed Massachusetts state constitution in 1778. In (+) 1800, this group may have asked Aaron Burr to aid a plot to have New England secede from the Union. Members of this group were accused of operating "Blue Lights" during the War of 1812 (*) and contributed many attendees to the Hartford Convention. For the points, what group of hardline Federalists was named for a county in Massachusetts?

Essex Junto

(2) These people were the subject of Nell Turner's first book-length historiography. Charleton Tandy organized relief efforts for this group and defended them against criticism from Frederick Douglass, whom Tandy denounced as a "fawning sycophant." (+) Pap Singleton advocated that people become members of this group instead of joining a new Liberian movement led by Henry Turner. These people were denied funds for any purpose besides (*) returning to the South by Michael Case, the mayor of Topeka. For the point, identify this group of Black migrants to Kansas during Reconstruction, which took its name from an Old Testament book.

Exodusters (accept Exoduster Movement; accept Exodus of 1879)

(12) Orson Welles scripted a popular ethnic joke about this White House occupant that was delivered at a radio broadcast from a Teamsters dinner. A speech about this companion claimed that "his (+) Scotch soul was furious" over certain "libelous statements" saying that he had been retrieved from the Aleutian Islands by an expensive diversion of a Navy destroyer. This gift from Daisy Suckley was seen acting unusually at (*) Warm Springs on April 12, 1945 following a sudden death. For the point, name this Scottish terrier adopted by Franklin Roosevelt in 1940.

Fala (or Big Boy; or Murray the Outlaw of Falahill)

(1) The first settlement on this archipelago was Port Louis, founded by French explorer Louis-Antoine de Bougainville [[boo-gahn-VEEL]]. The USS Lexington raided this archipelago after three American ships were captured in a seal hunting dispute. An undeclared war over this archipelago and the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands was fought when Leopoldo Galtieri claimed sovereignty over Las Islas Malvinas. For the point, name this island chain fought over in a 1982 war between Argentina and the United Kingdom.

Falkland Islands (accept Falklands; accept Falklands War; accept Islas Malvinas before mentioned)

(18) An opulent example of this kind of facility, built for Las Vegas millionaire Girard Henderson, eventually became a full-time residence. Two different devices intended to be used in this kind of facility were invented by (+) Cresson Kearny, including a door system for ventilation and cooling and a home-made gamma ray (*) meter. The construction of these places declined after 1963. For the point, name these facilities designed to protect people from harmful radiation in the event of a nuclear strike.

Fallout shelters (accept Nuclear shelters, Nuclear bunkers, or Fallout bunkers; prompt on "shelters" or "bomb shelters")

(1) A manifesto created as part of this movement was published by Valerie Solanas and named for the abbreviation SCUM. This movement has been divided into four periods, the second of which led to the creation of NOW. The ideas of this movement were advanced by Gloria Steinem's Ms. magazine. For the point, name this general movement for greater political and social equality for women.

Feminism (accept Second-Wave Feminism)

(22) An investigation in this city uncovered the case of a woman who paid $1000 in fines and served six days in jail for illegally parking a car. Jason Pollock's documentary, Stranger Fruit, includes footage of an altercation at Andy Patel's convenience store in this city which Darren Wilson was dispatched to investigate. Protestors of an event in this city used the slogan "hands up, don't shoot." For the point, name this St. Louis suburb in which Michael Brown was killed in a confrontation with police in August 2014.

Ferguson, Missouri (prompt on "St. Louis" before mentioned)

(32) A 1948 antitrust consent decree named for one of these businesses ended their practices of circuit dealing, overbroad clearances, and block booking. These businesses were once grouped into the "Big Five" and "Little Three," the former of which included the Howard Hughes-owned RKO. These businesses are often sued by creators for practicing a characteristic form of accounting in which no product ever makes a profit. A 2020 repeal of the 1948 ruling will allow these businesses to directly operate exhibition facilities. For ten points, name these businesses including Universal, MGM, and Paramount.

Film studios (accept clear knowledge equivalents; prompt on "studios"; prompt on "Hollywood")

(16) Stephen Simpson, a former clerk at this institution, wrote a series of articles criticizing this institution in the newspaper Aurora, which Thomas Jefferson credited for his electoral victory in 1800. The Second Report on Public Credit by Alexander Hamilton outlined a plan for the creation of this institution. McCulloch v. Maryland concerned the title state's failed attempt to tax this specific institution. For the point, name this financial institution opposed by the Democratic-Republicans and created by Congress in 1791.

First Bank of the United States

(11) A fanatical exponent of this movement staged the burning of Increase Mather's books and a "bonfire of the vanities" in New London, Connecticut. Timothy Cutler denounced extremists, such as James Davenport, in this movement's "New Lights." Major leaders of this movement included George Whitefield [[WIT-"field"]] and a man who used the analogy of a "loathsome insect over the fire" in the popular sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God." For ten points, name this period, extending from the 1730s to 1770s, in which preachers such as Jonathan Edwards led an American religious revival.

First Great Awakening (prompt on "Great Awakening"; accept Evangelical Revival)

(17) This period was partially fueled by students of the Log College, an institution founded by William Tennet, Sr. Richard Bushman claimed that the divide between the "Old Lights" and "New Lights" during this period led to political factionalism in Connecticut. In an oration from this period, the speaker compared the salvation of man to a spider being held over a fire. Jonathan Edwards gave his "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" sermon during, for the point, what period of religious revival in the 1730s and 40s?

First Great Awakening (prompt on "Great Awakening"; accept Evangelical Revival)

(15) One leader of this event built the Bethesda Orphanage. A Faithful Narrative is an account of this event's (+) "surprising work," which was written by a man who elsewhere wrote "their foot shall slide in due time" in a fiery sermon titled "Sinners in the (*) Hands of an Angry God." Jonathan Edwards partly led, for the points, what 18thcentury religious revival movement?

First Great Awakening (prompt on "Great Awakening;" prompt on "Northampton Revival" or "Revival" before mentioned; do not accept or prompt on "Second Great Awakening")

(5) These people may have been influenced by the Garçonne [[gar-SOHN]] style of Coco Chanel. This term and "Philosophers" names a short story collection in which one character performs a title action to gain a look typical of this subculture. F. Scott Fitzgerald's "Bernice Bobs Her Hair" is a representative short story of, for the point, what Western subculture in which women wore short skirts and danced to Jazz?

Flappers (accept Flappers and Philosophers)

(29) This model of aircraft was repurposed with lifeboats to serve as "Dumbo" rescue vehicles, and 107 of these vehicles were reconfigured as drones to monitor atomic testing during Operation Crossroads. The last remaining instance of the "shark fin" model of this craft is the Swoose, and another of these planes went on 25 missions under Robert K. Morgan who named that craft the Memphis Belle. For the point, name this Boeing-produced heavy aircraft that dropped more World War Two bombs than any other model of airplane.

Flying Fortress (or Boeing B-17)

(10) Madrigal v. Quilligan concerned this procedure on Latina women, and a proposed plan for conducting this procedure offered subjects $1,000 for every IQ (+) point under 100. Buck v. Bell upheld this practice, which was advocated for by eugenics supporters to limit "generations (*) of imbeciles." For the points, name this surgical procedure, historically performed without consent, that prevents people from having children.

Forced Sterilization (accept Compulsory Sterilization; accept word forms; prompt on "Eugenics")

(7) An 1871 fire that began at one of these places led to the loss of over 2,000 lives around Peshtigo. Secretary of the Interior (+) Richard Ballinger clashed with the head of an agency that oversees these places, (*) Gifford Pinchot. For the points, name these natural features overseen by the USFS, whose fire dangers were taught to children by Smokey the Bear?

Forests (accept Tongass National Forest; accept Pisgah National Forest; accept United States Forestry Service; accept Forest Fires)

(17) This character claims that success in the Army means you "make your bed real neat; remember to stand up straight." A woman walks through the reflecting pool in front of the Washington Monument when she sees this character giving a speech against the Vietnam War. While operating a shrimping boat, Lieutenant Dan partners with, for the point, what character, who was played by Tom Hanks in a 1994 film?

Forrest Gump (accept either answer)

(14) Louis Kahn's public park design named for this set of principles was finally built in 2012. Scenes of these principles include a man holding a newspaper reading "Bombing...horror" while putting children to bed and a family about to eat an enormous turkey. This group of principles were given as the reason for continued aid to Britain in the 1941 State of the Union address. For the point, name this set of ideals outlined by Franklin Roosevelt made up of speech, worship, and the lack of want and fear.

Four Freedoms (accept Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park)

(23) This company's first studio was in Fort Lee, New Jersey, but Sol Wurtzel set up this company's California operation in 1917. The namesake of this company bought the US rights to the Tri-Ergon system, and Spyros Skouras later headed this company and created CinemaScope. After a hostile takeover in 1930 ousted its Hungarian founder, this company merged with Twentieth Century Pictures. This company's successor today includes a Family Films division and a largely conservative news channel. For the point, name this company owned by Rupert Murdoch.

Fox Film Corporation (accept Fox Corporation; accept 20th Century Fox; accept 21st Century Fox; accept William Fox; prompt on "Wilhelm Fuchs", accept Western Fox Theaters)

(12) This figure was motivated to become the executive secretary of the Committee of Safety in New York after personally witnessing the death and destruction of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory (+) fire. This person, who drafted the Social Security Act, is the namesake of the headquarters for the Department of (*) Labor. For the points, identify this woman who served as FDR's secretary of labor, the first female cabinet member in American history.

Frances Perkins (or Fannie Coralie Perkins)

2020-21 A-Set US History Bee - 2021-03-03 A Set US History Bee Round 2 (5) This man was defeated at the Battle of Agua Prieta due to logistical assistance provided to his enemy by the United States. Under the command of George Dodd, the 7th Cavalry marched 55 miles in one night to pursue this man, a move that culminated in the Battle of Guerrero. Woodrow Wilson tasked John Pershing with hunting down this leader following a 1916 incursion into New Mexico. The Division of the North was led by, for the point, what Mexican revolutionary who led a raid on Columbus?

Francisco "Pancho" Villa (accept José Doroteo Arango Arámbula)

(25) It has been theorized that this man's delusions may have been caused by consumption of the plant iboga, causing his banning of the word "intellectual" as well as all literary output. This man's soldiers, allegedly dressed as Santa Claus, executed prisoners in a football stadium while (+) "Those Were the Days" played over loud speakers. The year before his execution, this dictator changed his country's motto to "There is no other God than [this man]" while he changed the name of the island of Fernando Po to (*) his own name. For the points, name this 20th century dictator of Equatorial Guinea.

Francisco Macías Nguema [[nah-GWEH-mah]] (accept Macías; accept either underlined portion of Masie Nguema Biyogo Ñegue Ndong)

(20) Guy S. Hopkins wrote a hoax letter suggesting this person was a part of a plan to overthrow the government. Opponents of this person ridiculed his alcoholism and referred to him as the "hero of many a well-fought bottle." Under the guidance of State Secretary William Marcy, this politician's administration published a document pushing for the U.S. annexation of Cuba, the Ostend Manifesto. This politician failed to become a second term president when he was defeated by his Minister to the United Kingdom, James Buchanan. For the point, what fourteenth president of the United States signed the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

Franklin Pierce

(20) This man's vice president was forced to take the oath of office in Havana due to illness and died only a month later. Jefferson Davis served as this president's secretary of war, and this man's secretary of state (+) advised ministers to draft the Ostend Manifesto. The Kansas-Nebraska Act and (*) Gadsden Purchase treaty were signed by, for the points, what 14th president of the United States, the only one from New Hampshire?

Franklin Pierce

(16) The formation of this political party was largely the result of a merger between factions such as the Barnburner Democrats and Conscience Whigs. This political party nominated John (+) Hale and Martin van Buren for president, and this party strongly opposed the (*) Compromise of 1850. For the points, name this party named for its opposition to slavery in new lands.

Free Soil Party

(22) All six signers of the Appeal of the Independent Democrats left to join this party. Salmon P. Chase served a full term in the Senate as a member of this party, which arose out of the (+) "anti-Nebraska movement." This party's first convention, in Buffalo, brought together former Barnburner Democrats and Conscience Whigs to nominate an elderly (*) Martin van Buren for president, eclipsing the similar Liberty Party. For the point, name this third party that opposed the expansion of slavery and was folded into the new Republicans in 1854.

Free Soil Party

(2) During these conflicts, Louis, Prince of Condé [[kaw-DAY]], launched a failed coup during the Surprise of Meaux [[MOH]]. The controversial Edict of January motivated a force led by the Duke of Guise [[GEES]] to perpetrate the Vassy Massacre, beginning these wars. The patron of the failed Fort Caroline mission in Floride [[floh-REED]], Gaspard de Coligny [[koh-lihn-YEE]], was assassinated during these wars in the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. The persecuted Huguenot minority fought the crown forces during, for ten points, what general period of sixteenth-century wars ended by the Edict of Nantes?

French Wars of Religion (accept descriptive answers like Wars between the Protestants and Catholics in France before mentioned; accept Huguenots in place of Protestants in descriptive answers; prompt on "War of the Three Henrys")

(1) Alexander Hamilton responded to this event by advising that "the government...in arms...ought to appear like a Hercules." Eighteen prisoners were freed from federal custody in Bethlehem in the central act of this event. The Federalist concept of constructive treason was used to convict the namesake of this event, who was pardoned from a death sentence when John Adams dismissed this event as the work of "obscure, miserable Germans" who could not read laws in English. For the point, name this 1799 uprising that began against a levy on windows in Pennsylvania.

Fries Rebellion (or Fries's Rebellion; or the Hot Water Rebellion; or the House Tax Rebellion)

(23) This man's brother Mikal is a music journalist who wrote about their family in Shot in the Heart. This man exchanged phrases from the Latin mass with priest Thomas Meersman, meaning his remark "Let's do it," which inspired Dan Wieden [["WHY"-den]] to coin Nike's slogan, were not his true last words. This man was convicted of murdering motel manager Bennie Bushnell in Provo in 1976. For the point, name this first person executed in the United States after a ten-year period of Supreme Court blocks on the death penalty.

Gary Gilmore (or Gary Mark Gilmore or Faye Robert Coffman)

(3) This man tasked Major Benjamin Tallmadge with forming an espionage network called the Culper Ring. Officer Louis Coulon (+) de Villiers [[veel-YAY]] forced the surrender of this officer at the Battle of Fort Necessity. With support from Henry (*) Knox's artillery, this man successfully defeated British forces during the Siege of Boston. For the points, name this American commander-in-chief of the Continental Army.

George Washington

(21) A senator from this state who wrote the National School Lunch Act also names the oldest Senate office (+) building. This state was the home of the only man to serve as vice president of the Confederacy. Richard Russell and (*) Alexander Stephens hailed from, for the points, what state where Jimmy Carter once governed from Atlanta?

Georgia (accept GA)

(12) This artist's painting Radiator Building-Night, New York is part of a series of skyscrapers painted by this artist. This artist's painting Jimson Weed/White Flower No. 1 is the most expensive painting sold by a female artist. Landscapes and cow skulls were among the subjects of, for the point, what American painter who lived at Ghost Ranch in New Mexico?

Georgia O'Keeffe (or Georgia Totto O'Keefe)

(14) This politician scolded her daughter for voting for Barack Obama in 2008 by saying, "You know Hillary" during the Massachusetts Democratic primary. This politician's campaign slogan during their first run for congress was "Finally, A Tough Democrat." This person's second bid for the Senate resulted in a loss against Chuck Schumer in the 1998 New York Senate election. For the point, what politician was Walter Mondale's running mate during the 1984 presidential election, the first female vice presidential candidate of a major party?

Geraldine Ferraro (or Geraldine Anne Ferraro)

(2) This politician's work on the Hunt Commission is credited with inspiring the formation of superdelegates. This politician decided not to run for Senate in 1986 after revelations that her husband wasn't filing tax returns. For the point, name this New York congresswoman who became Walter Mondale's running mate in 1984.

Geraldine Ferraro (or Geraldine Anne Ferraro)

(21) While in prison for embezzlement, the leader of this organization concocted a scheme to mail blackmail letters to business owners threatening to have their relatives killed, for which he was denaturalized and deported. This group, which operated Camp (+) Nordland in New Jersey, denounced "Frank D. Rosenfeld" and displayed an enormous image of George Washington as the (*) "First Fascist" at a Madison Square Garden rally. For the point, name this ethnically-organized group that advocated anti-Jewish and pro-Nazi views in the 1930s.

German American Bund (or German American Federation; accept Amerikadeutscher Volksbund or Amerikadeutscher Bund)

(22) This practice can be averted via the shortest splitline algorithm, and it is studied via the Polsby-Popper test. This practice violates the Equal Protection Clause in Davis v. Bandermer. Anthony Kennedy was a holdout in a case deciding this political practice in 2004's Veith v. Jubelirer [[VEETH v. joo-beh-LEER-er]]. This practice can be done with "cracking" and "packing" and was visualized in a political cartoon of a dragon on a Massachusetts map. For the point, name this electoral technique involving moving electoral boundaries.

Gerrymandering

(22) This movement advocated four evenings of ritual followed by an all-night session that concludes with bathing in a river, in a cycle repeated every six weeks. The founder of this movement had a vision during a solar eclipse of white people being swallowed into the Earth. Wodziwob began this movement, which claimed to create namesake bulletproof shirts and was popularized by Wovoka prior to the Wounded Knee massacre. For the point, name this 1890 movement among American Indians based on a musical ritual.

Ghost Dance of 1890 (or Natdia or Nanissáanah)

(3) In Essex County, this person was brought to trial after he beat indentured servant Jacob Goodale to death for stealing an apple. Teenager Ann Putnam claimed this man's wife, Martha, made a yellow bird sick with help from Satan. In an effort to save his (+) property from seizure, this man refused to plead either guilty or not guilty after facing accusations of wizardry by Abigail Hobbs. A cry for (*) "more weight" was supposedly said by, for the points, what 81-year old victim of the Salem Witch Trials who was crushed to death by stones?

Giles Corey

(23) The protagonist of this novel marries a blockade runner and gives birth to the child Bonnie Blue. In the tumultuous last section of this novel, the protagonist's third husband walks out, leaving her to utter the line "After all, tomorrow is another day" and return to her family plantation, Tara. For the point, identify this Margaret Mitchell novel about Scarlett O'Hara.

Gone With the Wind

(7) At this film's premiere, a 10-year-old Martin Luther King, Jr. sang in a church choir. Although she could not attend this film's premiere since it was in a segregated theater, Hattie McDaniel won Best Supporting Actress for her role as Mammy. At the end of this film, the line "Frankly, my dear, I don't give a damn" is uttered by Clark Gable, playing Rhett Butler. For the point, name this controversial 1939 film based on a Margaret Mitchell book whose character, Scarlett O'Hara, lives on a Georgia plantation.

Gone With the Wind

(19) The protagonist of this novel marries a blockade runner and gives birth to the child Bonnie Blue. In the last section of this novel, the protagonist's third husband walks out, leaving her to utter the line "After all, tomorrow is another day" and return to her family plantation, Tara. For the point, identify this Margaret Mitchell novel about Scarlett O'Hara.

Gone with the Wind

II} U.S. History Bee 2015, Nationals Set, Round 6, Page 5 of 9 18. In 2006, this company introduced the position of "Chief Culture Officer." In 2012, this company began the pro-LGBT "Legalize Love" campaign in Singapore. Epidemiologist Larry Brilliant headed this company's nonprofit ".org" [dot-org] branch. Sebastian Thrun leads this company's project that aims to create a self-driving car. This company, which began as a project named BackRub, follows the unofficial motto "Don't be evil." For the point, what technology company, founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin, operates the Internet's most widely used search engine?

Google Inc. <KG>

(1) The "Minstrels" and "Brindletails" were factions that supported two candidates for this position in the Brooks-Baxter War. While holding this position, Orval (+) Faubus tried to stop nine Black children from enrolling in Central High, an action countered by Dwight Eisenhower and the 101st (*) Airborne Division. For the points, name this position once held by Bill Clinton, who led a state governed from Little Rock.

Governor of Arkansas

(25) The holder of this office declared martial law over a 1934 Teamsters strike and proposed seizing utilities under "cooperativism." Another holder of this office sought the Republican presidential nomination nine times between 1944 and 1992. Floyd Olsen and Harold Stassen held this post prior to Skip Humphrey's third-place finish in the 1998 election as the DFL nominee for this office. For the point, name this office once held by Jesse Ventura, who chose not to use its official residence in St. Paul.

Governor of Minnesota (prompt on "governor")

(30) In 1997, the holder of this office was awarded a belt by Gorilla Monsoon after repealing a tax on professional wrestling. Poorly written succession rules for this office led to six different people holding it during the one-year period sparked by its holder resigning to become EPA administrator. In 2004, the holder of this office announced that he was gay and resigned. A later holder of this office was implicated in the Fort Lee "Bridgegate" scandal. For the point, name this position, the highest office held by Chris Christie.

Governor of New Jersey (prompt on "governor")

(34) A man who held this office for 15 years in the 21st century was indicted as a result of attempts to remove Rosemary Lehmberg as a district attorney. This office was held by the populist embezzlers Ma and Pa Ferguson and by a man who named his daughter Ima Hogg. A future holder of this office gave a keynote speech at the 1988 Democratic National Convention which used the phrase "that dog won't hunt" to describe "billions for tanks that won't fire." The winner of the 2000 presidential election resigned from, for ten points, what state executive office held in the 1990s by Ann Richards and George W. Bush.

Governor of Texas (prompt on "governor")

(2) In 1540, Captain García López de Cárdenas visited this place, which was the home of the Havasupai people. John Wesley (+) Powell led the first expedition through this place, but lost three men along its dangerous (*) rapids. President Theodore Roosevelt advocated for preservation of, for the points, name this landmark in Arizona through which the Colorado River flows.

Grand Canyon

(4) In 1540, Captain García López de Cárdenas visited this place, which was the home of the Havasupai people. After setting out from the Green River, John Wesley Powell led the first expedition through this place, but lost three men along its dangerous (+) rapids. President Theodore Roosevelt advocated for preserving this natural formation in the American Southwest. For the points, name this landmark in (*) Arizona through which the Colorado River flows.

Grand Canyon

(2) In 1791, the HMS Pandora broke on this geographical feature, killing 35 sailors. Discovered in 1768 by French explorer Louis de Bougainville, this geographic feature was the site of a major shipwreck for the HMS Endeavour, captained by James Cook, which was only able to break away due to a high tide. In 2018, the National Geographic said half of this place was dead, "Akin to a forest after a devastating fire." For thousands of years, Torres Islanders and Aboriginal peoples have been using, for ten points, what coral system off the coast of Queensland, Australia?

Great Barrier Reef

(23) Richard Bales claimed this event's scapegoat was called out due to anti-Irish sentiment. Mayor Roswell Mason had to free prisoners during this event in which General Philip Sheridan was put in charge under martial law. Daniel "Pegleg" Sullivan was the first to raise an alarm in this event, and after this event, the Potter Hotel was declared fireproof. This event legendarily began at DeKoven Street when Mrs. O'Leary's cow kicked a lantern. For the point, name this 1871 fire that burned down a Midwestern city.

Great Chicago Fire

(14) Local peasants defeated a wing of this force on Wind Hill, killing the Frisian Duke Ubba. This force, which used the Isle of Thanet as a staging ground for an invasion, captured the East Anglian king, Saint Edmund, and beheaded him for refusing to renounce (+) Christianity. The successor to this army, led by the noble Guthrum, lost at Edington to Alfred the Great, leading to the containment of the Norse and establishment of the Danelaw. (*) Halfdan Ragnarsson, Ivar the Boneless, and Björn Ironside were leaders of, for the points, what coalition force of Vikings who invaded England in the 9th century?

Great Heathen Army (accept Viking Great Army before mentioned)

(16) The start of this uprising was synchronized by untying one knot per day from a series of cords delivered by runners at the direction of the head of the Ohkay Owingeh settlement. This uprising may have been a response to the outlining of (*) kachina ceremonies or the use of corporal punishment on prominent men such as this movement's leader, Popé [[poh-PEH]]. This uprising expelled the colonial government for twelve years, becoming the only sustained movement to re-establish (*) Indian independence in colonial America. For the point, name this 1680 indigenous uprising against Spanish rule in New Mexico.

Great Pueblo Revolt of 1680 (accept Popé's Rebellion or Popé's Revolt before "Popé" is mentioned)

(9) Henry Beecher was derided for responding to this event by positing "the man who cannot live on bread and water is not fit to live." The first violence during this event occurred after Governor Henry Matthews ordered militia to intervene at Martinsburg. This event began at Camden, Maryland in response to John Garret's announcement of wage cuts. The Workingmen's Party attempted to gain support during this event, which was ended by federal troops sent by President Hayes. For the point, name this summer 1877 labor action which chiefly targeted Tom Scott and Jay Cooke's rolling stock and locomotives.

Great Railroad Strike of 1877 (accept Great Upheaval)

(20) At a 1781 battle with this adjective in its name, Mad Anthony Wayne's forces escaped with a bayonet charge after being trapped in James City County by Lord Cornwallis, nine weeks before the Battle of Yorktown. This adjective, which names that battle along with the word "Spring," also refers to a farmer's anti-draft rebellion in 1917 Oklahoma known as this kind of "corn." The Legal Tender Cases affirmed the constitutionality of demand notes known by this adjective. For ten points, name this color of certain "backs" which pioneered non-gold-based money in the U.S.

Green (accept Battle of Green Spring; accept Green Corn Rebellion; accept Greenbacks; accept Greenback Party)

(10) This system was implemented with the help of Communist politician D.N. Aidit [["EYE"-deet]]. A "unilateral action" effort to enforce land reform was implemented under this policy, which sought to combine nationalism, religion, and communism together to form "Nasakom." (+) The implementer of this policy opposed the establishment of the Federation of Malaysia during the Konfrontasi. This system, lasting from 1957 to 1966, was replaced by the reactionary New Order (*) of Suharto. For the points, name this political system implemented by Sukarno in Indonesia.

Guided Democracy (accept Demokrasi Terpimpin)

(34) Antiochus [[ahn-TYE-oh-kus]] IV Epiphanes's puppet leader, the High Priest Jason, constructed one of these facilities in the Temple of Jerusalem, partially motivating the Maccabean Revolt. Plato claims the only two subjects an Athenian boy needed in his curricula were "Music and" access to this facility. In Delphi, wrestling schools known as the Palaestra were often constructed to adjoin these facilities. Training for Public Games occurred at, for the point, which Ancient Greek facility where men exercised in the nude?

Gymnasium (accept Gymnasia; prompt on "Palaestra" before mentioned)

(1) Hurricane Edna caused extensive damage to a lighthouse in this municipality's Peggy's Cove. The settlement of over 3,200 Europeans in what became this municipality was a catalyst for Father Le Loutre's War. Lawrencetown is within this municipality, whose Richmond District was heavily damaged in a 1917 event that killed over 1,600 people. That event involved a Belgian Relief steamship known as the SS Imo and the French cargo ship Mont Blanc. For the point, a major maritime explosion affected what Canadian municipality that is the capital of Nova Scotia?

Halifax (accept Kjipuktuk; accept Halifax Regional Municipality; accept HRM; accept Halifax Explosion or Disaster)

(26) In 1974, Ronald Clark O'Bryan used poison in substances distributed for this purpose to kill his son, Timothy, for life insurance money. Delaware sociologist Joel Best specializes in debunking the notion that this kind of good is adulterated (+) on any random basis, despite baseless warnings from advice columnists in the 1980s. Products released for this seasonal purpose include Mystery Oreos, (*) Zombie Skittles, and Hershey's Monster Kisses. For the points, name this kind of sweet often distributed to costumed door-knockers at the end of October.

Halloween candy (accept Trick-or-treating candy and similar answers; prompt on "candy," "sweets," etc.)

(25) This movement lost crucial support just before an election when its leaders were revealed to be financed by Earl Kynette, a corrupt policeman imprisoned for a car bombing. This movement's chief advocates included former EPIC campaigner Will Kindig and the future (+) Nazi sympathizer Robert Noble. This movement supported the failed Proposition 25, which sought to enact Irving Fisher's concept of thirtydollar weekly (*) "warrants" that depreciated in value until spent. For the point, name this 1930s movement for old-age pensions in California that embraced the image of seniors eating a high-protein breakfast.

Ham and Eggs Movement (accept Thirty Dollars Every Thursday before "thirty-dollar" is mentioned)

(1) This was the surname of a governor of colonial New Jersey who instituted the first postal service in British North America in the 1690s. Another man with this surname argued that a charge laid in James De Lancey's court was reminiscent of the Star Chamber and established that the truth could not be libelous while defending John Zenger. For the point, give this common last name of two men named Andrew as well as the future Report on Manufactures author and Aaron Burr-duel victim Alexander.

Hamilton (Accept Andrew Hamilton or Alexander Hamilton

(21) One man with this surname defended John Peter Zenger in a libel trial. Another man with this surname was blackmailed after a scandalous affair with Maria Reynolds, and that man drafted a Report on the Public Credit and one promoting a National Bank. For the point, give this shared surname of Andrew and first secretary of the treasury, Alexander.

Hamilton (accept Alexander or Andrew Hamilton)

(25) The term "Philadelphia Lawyer" originally applied to a man with this surname who defended John Peter Zenger in a libel trial. Another man with this surname was blackmailed after a scandalous affair with Maria Reynolds, and that man drafted a Report on the Public Credit and one promoting a National Bank. For the point, give this shared surname of Andrew and first secretary of the treasury, Alexander.

Hamilton (accept Alexander or Andrew Hamilton)

(4) This man's curtailment of the power of the "Hundred and Four" who controlled the Miat council led to his exile. After a task force led by Titus Quinctius [[KWIN-tee-ooss]] Flamininus [[flah-MEE-nee-ooss]] discovered his location in Bithynia [[bih-THIH-nee-ah]], this general (+) ingested poison according to Livy. Earlier, this brother of Mago won several devastating victories at Lake Trasimene [[trah-see-MEH-neh]] and Cannae [[KAH-nay]] before being defeated during a counter-invasion of (*) North Africa. Scipio's victory at Zama led to, for ten points, which general's defeat in the Second Punic War?

Hannibal Barca

(20) Izola Curry perpetrated a stabbing in this neighborhood in 1958. Kenneth Clark and Cyril deGrasse Tyson led HARYOU in this neighborhood, where 1965's Project Uplift responded to riots. The Apollo Theatre is located in this neighborhood, which was long represented in Congress by Adam Clayton Powell. Alain Locke was a leader of a movement named for this neighborhood that also included Countee Cullen and Langston Hughes. For ten points, name this Manhattan neighborhood that experienced a 1920s "Renaissance" in Black culture.

Harlem (accept Harlem Renaissance; accept Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited)

(27) This author spent several months in Kansas assisting her childhood friend, Truman Capote, with research for his book In Cold Blood. This woman set her best-known novel in an Alabama town, and she used her father's experiences as a lawyer to create the character Atticus Finch. Go Set a Watchman was written by, for the point, what author of To Kill a Mockingbird?

Harper Lee (or Nell Harper Lee)

(33) This man's flight to Diggers Rest was falsely reported as the first aerial flight in Australia. As a member of the Scientific American committee, this man spent time debunking spiritualists and often attended séances in disguise, which led to a rift with firm believer Arthur Conan Doyle. A challenge by the Daily Mirror resulted in this man weeping after taking a full hour to escape from specially made handcuffs. For the point, what HungarianAmerican illusionist was famous for his ability to escape from chains, milk cans, and straight jackets?

Harry Houdini (or Erik Weisz)

(11) This politician's protégé, Cleve Jones, started the AIDS Memorial Quilt movement in the 1980s. In 1978, this politician gave an impassioned speech asking Californians to turn down Proposition 6, which would have allowed the state to fire homosexual teachers on the spot. "The Twinkie Defense'' was used by Dan White's lawyers in their justification for his assassination of this man and Mayor George Moscone. For the point, name this city supervisor from San Francisco, the first openly gay public official in the US.

Harvey Milk

(1) Ratification of this treaty was blocked by Jose Marroquin [[mah-roh-KEEN]], who was depicted as a bandit in the cartoon Held Up the Wrong Man. The six-mile wide area of (+) extraterritoriality specified in this treaty turned into a ten-mile-wide area in a later document. The failure of one party of this treaty to ratify it led to the U.S. backing a secessionist movement and a later agreement with (*) Philippe BunauVarilla [[boo-NOW vah-REE-yah]]. For the point, name this attempt at negotiating the construction of a canal with the government of Colombia, before the U.S. backed the independence of Panama.

Hay-Herrán Treaty

(16) Albert Weinert sculpted a monument dedicated to this event which includes a plaque with words from John Peter Altgeld. The editor of the Arbeiter-Zeitung [[AHR-bye-ter ZAI-tung]] was arrested in connection with this event. In the aftermath of this event, Louis Lingg committed suicide before he could be executed. This event was sparked after a bomb killed Mathias Degan and seven other police officers. The Knights of Labor lost popularity due to, for the point, what event in which a bomb exploded in a Chicago square?

Haymarket massacre (accept Haymarket affair; accept Haymarket riot[/a]; accept ; accept Haymarket Square riot)

(31) This person became a government emissary to the Mission people under Hiram Price after earlier being moved to activism upon hearing a speech by Standing Bear. A novel advancing this person's views discusses the birth of Eyes of the Sky to the noble Alessandro and the title (*) half-Scottish orphan. This author of Ramona divided her major history text into treatments of seven groups including the Cheyenne (*) and Cherokee. For the points, name this activist who wrote about treatment of American Indians in her 1881 book A Century of Dishonor.

Helen Hunt Jackson (or H.H.; or Helen Maria Fiske)

(32) This person wrote an open letter to the Student Body of Germany after the book How I Became a Socialist was burned by Nazi youth. This figure wrote about the impact of the 1912 Lawrence Textile Workers Strike in her essay "Why I Became an IWW." This woman, who benefited from the Tadoma method, worked with the AFB after attending the Perkins Institute. After suffering from scarlet fever, this woman was taught to read and write by Anne Sullivan. For the point, name this Alabama-born activist who was both deaf and blind.

Helen Keller (or Helen Adams Keller)

(29) According to Martin P. Nilsson, this woman was worshipped as a vegetation goddess on the island of Rhodes. A song created by Theocritus [[thee-AH-krih-tuss]] as a wedding commemoration includes the line, "Reverence me. I am [this woman's] tree." This woman was believed to have been buried in the town of Therapne, in which she shares a shrine with Menelaus. For the point, what woman in Greek mythology was known as "the face that launched a thousand ships," whose elopement with Paris caused the Trojan War?

Helen of Troy

(25) This American published the Protocols of the Elders of Zion and other anti-Semitic texts in The Dearborn Independent. This man stated that his product was available in any color "as long as it's black," and he was one of the first to use a modern assembly line. For the point, name this industrialist whose namesake car company once produced the Model T.

Henry Ford

(30) This American published the Protocols of the Elders of Zion and other anti-Semitic texts in The Dearborn Independent. This man stated that his product was available in any color "as long as it's black," and he was one of the first to use a modern assembly line. For the point, name this industrialist whose namesake car company once produced the Model T.

Henry Ford

(33) During this royal's reign, the Awbridge silver penny was introduced to combat inflation after a series of civil wars. This man rebuffed an attempt for the French King Philip II Augustus to to be both the guardian of his deceased son's family and the territory of Brittany. With support from his father-in-law Louis VII [[the seventh]], Henry the Young King attempted to seize the English throne from this man during the Great Revolt. The husband of Eleanor of Aquitaine and father of Richard the Lionhearted was, for the point, which Plantagenet who brought the Angevin Empire to the height of its territorial extent?

Henry II (accept Henry Curtmantle)

(14) The Jersey Girls had this diplomat removed from the 9/11 Commission after claiming he had Saudi clients in the bin Laden family. This diplomat was made one of five of the Olympic Committee's "Honor Members" after the 2002 bidding scandal. This diplomat studied Chinese foreign policy before negotiating with Zhou Enlai [[JOE EN-LYE]] during a 1972 state visit. For the point, name this diplomat, Nixon's secretary of state.

Henry Kissinger (or Henry Alfred Kissinger)

(13) A letter from George Washington prevented Philippe du Coudray from receiving an appointment superior to this man in 1777. This man founded the Society of the Cincinnati and advocated Indian assimilation as a security policy. This man arranged the use of fifty oxdrawn sleds to drag captured cannons from Fort Ticonderoga to Boston after commanding the heavy guns in Artemas Ward's militia at Bunker Hill. For the point, name this first U.S. Secretary of War, who supervised artillery deployment during the Revolution.

Henry Knox

(1) With his assistant, William Alexander, this man took on a 1964 case which ended with a verdict of "guilty of murder with malice." This man prosecuted Jack Ruby, the assassin of Lee Harvey Oswald. In another case, this district attorney for Dallas County was opposed by the representatives of Linda Coffee. This man was a defendant in that case which found the central choice to be "fundamental" and included the establishment of a "right to privacy" standard. For the point, name this anti-abortion activist who was the named defendant in a case brought by Norma McCorvey, also known as "Jane Roe."

Henry Wade (or Henry Menasco Wade; accept Roe v. Wade)

(3) According to Pliny the Elder, a red stone named after this deity was able to reflect images. According to Homer in the Odyssey, this deity was "loved more than any place on earth" on the island of Lemnos, which was traditionally the cult center of this god. An altar dedicated to this deity is sometimes referred to by the people of Elis as the altar of "warlike Zeus." The Chalceia [[chahl-KAY-ah]] festival, in which "peplos" garments were woven from a loom, was dedicated to Athena and this deity. For ten points, what deity was the primary target of worship for Greek blacksmiths and craftsmen?

Hephaestus (or Hephaistos; do not accept or prompt on "Vulcan")

(19) This man thanked Nathaniel Hawthorne for "dropping germinous seeds into my soul" in his review of Mosses from an Old Manse. This author first gained renown for works such as Omoo and another, subtitled A Peep At Polynesian Life. Scientific classifications comprise this author's lengthy chapter "Cetology," which appears in a novel that also features Queequeg and Starbuck as crew on the Pequod. For the point, name this author of Typee and another novel about Captain Ahab's search for the white whale, Moby-Dick.

Herman Melville

(3) This performer crossed over to popular audiences by working as the soloist on the score for the M. Night Shyamalan [[SHAH-mah-lahn]] film The Village and recording a Samuel Barber piece for The Deep Blue Sea. This woman collaborated with Hauschka [[HOW-shkah]] on the Silfra improvisational album and plays two Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume [[vwee-YOHM]] instruments that are designed to emulate a Paganini and Stradivarius, respectively. At 41-years old, this woman was named the Chicago Symphony Orchestra's first artist-in-residence in 2021. For ten points, name this American violinist.

Hilary Hahn

(9) Senator Thomas Hart Benton authored early iterations of these acts, sending his son-in-law, John C. Frémont, to find new western routes. The Kinkaid Amendment, an expansion of these acts, increased the number of hectares one could claim in Nebraska's Sandhills. One of these acts, based on the "Yeoman Farmer" ideal of Jeffersonian Democracy, led George Henry Evans to lobby Congress with the motto "Vote Yourself a Farm.'' For the point, name these acts which often gave public land to settlers for free if they were willing to live there for a certain amount of time.

Homestead Acts (accept Donation Land Claim Act before "Kinkaid")

(11) In 1943, students from this university staged early sit-ins at United Cigar and the Little Palace Cafeteria. This university hosts the Moorland-Spingarn Research Center documents archive, and its students publish The Hilltop, a newspaper founded by Zora Neale Hurston. This university was named after the head of the Freedmen's Bureau who became its president in 1869. For ten points, name this historically Black college in Washington, D.C.

Howard University (accept Oliver Otis Howard; prompt on "HU")

(21) A brawl known as "Bloody Monday" took place after this figure was given 19 impeachment charges, including blasphemy. This senator promoted the (+) "Share Our Wealth" program with the slogan "Every Man a King." This politician was the first sitting U.S. senator to be (*) assassinated after being shot by Carl Weiss in 1935. For the points, name this "Kingfisher" politician from Louisiana.

Huey Long (or Huey Pierce Long Jr.; prompt on "Kingfish" before "Kingfisher" is mentioned)

(14) The first commercial application of this industrial technique was carried out in March 1949 by the Halliburton Company in Oklahoma and Texas. Ten people were arrested in New Matamoras, Ohio in 2013 for protesting against the use of this industrial technique. In 1976, the US government started the Eastern Gas Shales Program in an attempt to demonstrate the viability of this industrial technique to the energy industry. For the point, name this industrial technique used to gain access to deep-rock fossil fuel formations.

Hydrofracking (or Hydraulic fracturing; or Hydrofracturing)

(2) Josephus theorized that this people, known to their subjects as the "Shepherd Kings," went on to found Jerusalem while led by Osarseph. The last king of this people, Khamudi, was forced to flee to the Negev Desert and died after his fortress in Sharuhen fell to the royal Apepi. These foreigners, who moved their capital to Avaris from Thebes, likely popularized the use of the horse and chariot as recorded by the scribes of Ahmose I. For the point, name these Semitic people who ruled as the Egyptian Fifteenth Dynasty for a century.

Hyksos (or Hekau Khasut; do not accept or prompt on "Sea Peoples" or varations)

(19) A 1992 memo by John Major revealed his belief that this group could not be militarily defeated. This group was led by Brendan Burns during an ambush that killed 50 soldiers at Narrow Water Castle. Anthony Berry was among the victims of the Brighton hotel bombing that was executed by this group during a failed attempt to assassinate Margaret Thatcher. Responsible for the assassination of Lord Mountbatten in 1979, for the point, what organization's goal was to drive out the British presence from Northern Ireland?

IRA (or Irish Republican Army; or Provisional Irish Republican Army; accept Provos)

(4) Benjamin Butler was one of the seven managers of this event. Edmund Ross was highlighted in Profiles in Courage for refusing (+) to be involved in this event, which was presaged by dismissing Edwin Stanton in violation of the (*) Tenure of Office Act. For the points, name this event in which an unpopular president was found by the House to have committed a high crime or misdemeanor.

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (accept equivalents)

(7) Benjamin Butler was one of the seven managers of this event, for which the Senate issued tickets. Edmund Ross was highlighted in Profiles in Courage for refusing to be involved in this event, which was presaged by dismissing (+) Edwin Stanton in violation of the Tenure of Office Act. For the points, name this event in which an unpopular (*) president was found by the House to have committed a high crime or misdemeanor.

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (accept equivalents)

(25) A court case about this idea took note of a textbook in which a find-and-replace error produced the nonsense word "proponentsists." The book Of Pandas and People advanced this concept, which William Dembski argued is the only explanation for "specified complexity." The 2004 Kitzmiller v. Dover decision found that teaching this doctrine in public schools violated the Establishment Clause. For the point, name this movement which purported to offer a non-denominational alternative to the theory of evolution.

Intelligent design (prompt on "creationism" or "anti-evolutionism")

(2) This state's National Czech & Slovak Museum & Library commemorates the large migration of Czechs to a major city. One city in this state was named after a man stationed at Fort Armstrong, George Davenport. Presidential candidates have often stopped at butter cow statues in this state, which hosts the first caucus. For the point, name this state governed from Des Moines.

Iowa

(17) During this event, former medic Donald Hohman went on a month-long hunger strike. Prime Minister of Canada Joe Clark allowed an Order of Council letting Canadian passports be issued to some American citizens during this event. Operation Eagle Claw was a failed attempt to end this event, which was perpetrated by a Muslim student organization under the influence of Ayatollah Khomeini. The Election of Ronald Reagan influenced the end of, for the point, which "Crisis" caused by a takeover of the U.S. embassy in Tehran?

Iran Hostage Crisis

(18) Journalist Gary Webb connected this event to the introduction of crack-cocaine into inner city neighborhoods in his "Dark Alliance" papers. During this event, one nation attempted to coerce Israel into withdrawing from the Golan Heights while negotiating with an envoy led by Robert McFarlane. John Poindexter and Oliver North's involvement in this affair led to their arrest by the Tower Commission. For the point, name this Reagan-era scandal, which concerned arms deals with a Muslim-majority nation to fund right-wing opponents of the Sandinistas.

Iran-Contra affair (accept McFarlane Affair before mentioned; accept synonyms for "Affair" such as "Scandal")

(26) John Bartle's experiences in this war are the subject of a novel by Kevin Powers. Granta magazine published the title story in a set of twelve placed during this war that includes "After Action Report" and "Ten Kliks South." Stephen King's 2021 novel Billy Summers focuses on a veteran of this war who becomes a hitman. Phil Klay's collection Redeployment is set during this war and was partly inspired by the author's experiences in Anbar Province. For the point, name this war often featured in American literature that began with a 2003 invasion.

Iraq War (accept Operation Iraqi Freedom; accept Operation New Dawn; prompt on "War or Terror")

(31) The Desert Badger plan was developed to respond to the possible capture of servicemembers enforcing these areas. One of these areas grew out of tactics used to protect ethnic refugees during Operation Provide Comfort. Following the withdrawal of France from supporting these areas, the U.S. initiated a cruise missile campaign called Operation Desert Fox against the target of these areas. Attempts to attack Kurdish minorities or mass troops against Kuwait were stymied by the creation of these areas. For ten points, name these two areas in which a U.S.-led coalition prevented Iraqi aircraft from operating after 1991.

Iraqi no-fly zones

(14) Many immigrants of this ethnicity deserted the U.S. Army to fight for Mexico as part of the Fenian Brotherhood. A secret society run by people of this ethnicity was called the Molly Maguires. For the point, name this ethnicity of immigrants, many of whom came to the U.S. after a major potato famine.

Irish-Americans

(16) This group agreed to a series of alliances called the Covenant Chain to protect territory they gained in the Beaver Wars. George Washington ordered the destruction of this group in the Sullivan Campaign. The Great Peacemaker convinced this group's fifty sachems to sign the Great Law of Peace, a constitution written using wampum. Members of this group like Hiawatha lived in longhouses. This group became known as the Six Nations after the addition of the Tuscarora. For the point, name this Native American confederacy.

Iroquois Confederacy (or Haudenosaunee; accept Iroquois League; accept Five Nations; accept Six Nations before mentioned)

(22) This man founded the Metropolitan Club after John King was prevented from joining the Union Club. Charles Tyson Yerkes [[YUR-kees]] prevented this man from gaining parliamentary approval to build the Piccadilly, City, and North East London Railways. The Pujo [[POO-joh]] Report claimed that men like Paul Warburg and Jacob Schiff were part of a massive financial empire this man controlled. This man countered the Panic of 1907 by lending the federal government large sums of money. For the point, name this Gilded Age financier whose namesake bank merged with Chase Manhattan.

J(ohn) P(ierpont) Morgan

(34) At a hearing, this man admitted to obscuring the identity of Haakon Chevalier [[hawKOHN shuh-vahl-YEH]] after an espionage attempt. William Borden's letter labeled this man "more probable than not...an agent of the Soviet Union." A faction led by Lewis Strauss succeeded in revoking this man's security clearance in 1954, nine years after he possibly quoted Hindu scripture while observing the Trinity test. For the point, name this director of the Los Alamos Laboratory who oversaw development of the first atomic bomb.

J(ulius) Robert Oppenheimer

(17) Some works by this artist, including The She-Wolf. bely a technique used by this artist for works such as Lavender Mist (+) and Number 17A, the latter of which was auctioned for $200 Million in 2016. This abstract expressionist employed a technique sometimes known as (*) "all-over," or "action" painting. For the points, identify this Wyoming-born artist sometimes known as Jack the Dripper.

Jackson Pollock (or Paul Jackson Pollock)

(1) This president attended the trial and shook the hand of congressman Daniel Sickles, who was tried with killing Francis Scott Key's great-nephew for having an affair with his wife. Contemporaries like Postmaster General Aaron V. Brown implied that this man and William R. King were in a same-sex relationship, as they spent a decade as roommates. The first Republican presidential candidate, John C. Fremont, lost to, for the point, which Pennsylvania Democrat whose last year in office included the secession of South Carolina?

James Buchanan

(29) One of these goals, which was rooted in opposition to re-establishing the national bank, was accomplished with the creation of the Independent Treasury system. Another of these pledges was fulfilled when Richard Pakenham [[PACK-en-am]] agreed to a treaty making the 49th parallel the new border within the Oregon Territory. The Walker Tariff and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo secured all four of, for the point, what pledges made in 1844, as a result of which the Democratic president saw no need to run for re-election?

James K(nox) Polk's campaign promises (accept answers referring to the four promises or platform planks made during James K(nox) Polk's 1844 presidential campaign)

(23) Edmond-Charles Genêt [[zhuh-NAY]] publicly compared this man to a French aristocrat in an attempt to bolster the electoral prospects of George Clinton. Under the name "Publius," this man published "The Utility of the Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection," also known as Federalist No. 10. As president, this man repealed the Embargo Act he once promoted and later led the U.S. in a war ended by the Treaty of Ghent. For the point, name this Virginia politician and fourth president of the United States.

James Madison

(1) In 1779, this man was made aide to the commander-in-chief, George Washington, and later recommended the creation of the Department of the Navy. This man succeeded Timothy Pickering and was followed by Samuel Dexter as Secretary of War. A fort named for this man was bombarded by Alexander Cochrane and was the location of the death of Black soldier William Williams. Francis Scott Key composed a song about the "Star Spangled Banner" after seeing, for the point, the bombardment of a fort named for what man?

James McHenry (accept Fort McHenry)

(8) This man led a defense against Manuel de Montiano's seizure of St. Simons Island, which included victories at Gully Hole Creek and Bloody Marsh in the War of Jenkins' Ear. This man invited John Wesley and George Whitefield [[WIT-"field"]] to head missionary activities in a colony he founded after the death of his friend, Robert Castell. Prior to banning the rum trade and slavery, this man negotiated with the Yamacraw for land on which he founded Savannah. For the point, name this founder of a debtors' colony in Georgia.

James Oglethorpe

(19) Prior to this event, the founders of De Beers Mining Corporation attempted a similar event in Rhodesia but failed. Following this event, the Kruger telegram was sent from Germany to congratulate Paul Kruger for defeating the (+) perpetrators of this event. Although this event was ultimately a failure, as it intended to trigger an uprising among the Uitlanders [["outlanders"]] in Transvaal, it was a major cause of the Second (*) Boer War. For the points, name this attempted raid against the Transvaal Republic carried out by a namesake British colonial administrator.

Jameson Raid (accept Leander Starr Jameson)

(18) On her deathbed, this woman claimed that her renouncing of longtime romantic companion Connie Gonzalez and her televised 1995 baptism by Flip Benham of Operation Rescue were done in exchange for cash payments. This woman was referred to attorneys Sarah Weddington and Linda Coffee as a test case after failing to claim a rape exception. For the point, name this plaintiff in a 1973 Supreme Court case against Dallas County district attorney Henry Wade that established a constitutional right to abortion.

Jane Roe (or Norma Leah Nelson McCorvey)

(18) This treaty's Article III outlined legal protections for the emigration of Canadianborn Native Americans into the United States. The First Party system was partially ushered in by this treaty, which was heavily opposed by Democratic-Republicans. This treaty was meant to be supplanted by the Monroe-Pinkney Treaty, which was swiftly vetoed by Thomas Jefferson. British soldiers were forced to vacate forts in the Northwest Territory as part of, for the point, what treaty, negotiated by the first Chief Justice of the United States?

Jay's Treaty (accept The Treaty of Amity, Commerce, and Navigation, Between His Britannic Majesty and the United States of America)

(32) A 2014 deposition of "John Doe 150" revealed that this man's behavior was reported to administrators Gary Schultz and Timothy Curley in 1998. This man received a "thousand points of light" recognition from George H.W. Bush for operating The Second Mile. In 2002, Mike McQueary reported walking in on this man committing rape, but Joe Paterno took no action. Convicted of 45 charges related to sexual abuse of children, for the point, who was this football coach at Penn State?

Jerry Sandusky (or Gerald Arthur Sandusky)

(8) This individual claimed the United States was facing a "crisis of confidence" in his "Malaise Speech." A meeting organized by this individual led to the signing of the Camp David (+) Accords. This president signed the Salt Two treaty with Leonid Brezhnev and was criticized for his handling of the Iran (*) Hostage Crisis. Succeeded by Ronald Reagan, this is, for the points, what Georgia-born 39th president of the United States?

Jimmy Carter (or James Earl Carter, Jr.)

(30) During his 2016 independent presidential campaign, this man released a commercial stating, "I have tried drugs" and "I am not cutting my hair." In 2006, this man founded a complex named in memoriam to Steve Irwin in which he stocked with alligators borrowed from Michael Jackson as part of his G.W. Zoo in Oklahoma. This man was imprisoned for hiring a contract killer as part of his rivalry with Carole Baskin. For the point, name this former proprietor of a poorly managed big cat exhibit documented in the miniseries Tiger King.

Joe Exotic (or Joseph Allen Maldonado-Passage; or Joseph Allen Schreibvogel; accept the Tiger King before "Tiger King" is mentioned)

(15) During his time in Russia in the 1800s, this man advised Alexander I against starting a cotton industry and observed a pool of petroleum in Baku which he speculated might be a fuel source. This man, who was Martin van Buren's Secretary of War, was dispatched in 1828 to affirm borders negotiated with Spain in the Treaty of Limits and served as the first ambassador to newly-independent Mexico, from which he brought back a flower previously unknown in the U.S. For ten points, what diplomat now names that flower commonly displayed around Christmas?

Joel (Roberts) Poinsett (anti-prompt on "Poinsettia")

(15) This man's letter to British ambassador Richard Pakenham [[PAK-en-am]] outlined Southern plans for the expansion of slavery during his time as Secretary of State under John Tyler. This man used the phrase "positive good" to argue in favor of slavery and wrote the South Carolina Exposition and Protest justifying nullification and secession. This man's wife, Floride, orchestrated the social shunning of Peggy Eaton in the Petticoat Affair. For ten points, name this pro-slavery South Carolinian who was both John Quincy Adams's and Andrew Jackson's vice-president.

John C(aldwell) Calhoun

(22) While commanding the Department of the West, this man attempted to declare martial law in Missouri, instituting field executions for Confederate irregulars and freeing all slaves. This man was earlier court-martialed after seizing California during the Mexican War. This man adopted a campaign slogan beginning "Free soil, free speech, free men." For the point, name this abolitionist "Pathfinder of the West" who ran with William L. Dayton in 1856 as the first presidential candidate of the Republican Party.

John C(harles) Frémont

(30) This man ordered the Sixth Fleet to tour Europe giving gifts to children during his time as Navy Secretary before he resigned to run against Jack Cox. A committee led by this man included Teamsters president Frank Fitzsimmons and focused on (+) George McGovern's proposal to cut defense spending. This head of Democrats for Nixon suffered a broken wrist and rib and a (*) punctured lung during an earlier incident, about which he said he did not "for one second believe the conclusions of the Warren Commission." For the point, name this governor of Texas who was wounded during the assassination of John F. Kennedy.

John Connally (or John Bowden Connally Jr.)

(5) This composer used the story of a hijacking on the Achille Lauro [[uh-"KILL"-ee "LORE"-oh]] as the inspiration for his opera The Death of Klinghoffer. This composer, who based Dr. Atomic (+) on J. Robert Oppenheimer, also created an opera about a president's diplomatic visit to an (*) Asian country. For the points, identify this minimalist composer of Nixon in China.

John Coolidge Adams

(1) This Know Nothing politician left his position as Attorney General in the John Tyler cabinet in 1841 after Tyler refused to follow a Whig agenda. This senator authored a series of bills in 1860 which aimed to solve the impending (+) secession crisis by reviving the Missouri Compromise and fully compensating planters who lost their (*) "fugitive slaves." For the points, name this Kentucky statesman and namesake of a "Compromise" that failed to prevent the U.S. Civil War.

John Crittenden (or John Jordan Crittenden; accept Crittenden Compromise)

(11) This man was targeted by one of his former students, Randolph Bourne, in the critical essay "The Twilight of the Idols." This thinker complained that (+) technology distracted people from more important problems in a text written to refute Walter Lippman, titled (*) The Public and Its Problems. For the points, name this 20th century psychologist and reformer who authored Democracy and Education.

John Dewey

(5) This author wrote about George Norris's tour of Nebraska in an analysis of his filibuster of the Armed Ships Bill. Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Arthur Krock helped redraft this man's thesis, "Appeasement At Munich," into a book examining the failures of the (+) British government to take steps to prevent World War Two called Why England Slept. In that book by this author, he analyzed figures including Lucius Lamar, Thomas Hart (*) Benton, and Sam Houston. For ten points, name this author who included eight biographies of U.S. senators in his book Profiles in Courage.

John F. Kennedy (or John Fitzgerald Kennedy; or Jack Kennedy; accept JFK)

(24) This politician wrote letters to Caribbean governors securing the return of six free Black men who were kidnapped to Martinique. This man's Madeira wine smuggling business was complicated by the British seizure of a ship he owned, the Liberty. This man pardoned the instigators of Shays's Rebellion during his second stint as governor of Massachusetts. For the point, name this president of the Second Continental Congress who put his distinctive large signature on the Declaration of Independence.

John Hancock

(7) This man undertook a solo trek from Kentucky to Cedar Keys in Florida, recorded in his travelogue A Thousand-Mile Walk to the Gulf. This naturalist found himself at odds with conservationist and U.S. Chief Forester Gifford Pinchot over the damming of the Hetch Hetchy Valley. This preservationist's advocacy for a central California reserve led to the creation of Yosemite National Park. For the point, name this "Father of the National Parks" who founded the Sierra Club.

John Muir [[MEWR]]

(7) Cyrus Thomas contradicted this man's prediction of "a heritage of conflict and litigation" by positing that "rain follows the plow." This man sided with the anti-"booster" faction and advised against expanding farming into the West without building irrigation systems in his Report on the Lands of the Arid Region. With the assistance of Jack Sumner, this founder of the Cosmos Club set out with a ten-month supply of provisions from Green River, Wyoming. For the point, name this future director of the U.S. Geological Survey who in 1869 boated down the Colorado River through the Grand Canyon.

John Wesley Powell

(3) This man used an ENIAC program he wrote to support his position on bombing the USSR, which he summarized as "Why not today?" This man immediately found crucial mathematical errors in general equilibrium theory after being introduced to (+) economics by his countryman, Nicholas Kaldor. This scientist designed the explosive lenses that made the "Fat Man" design (*) workable while participating in the Manhattan Project. For the points, name this Hungarian-born polymath who created the field of game theory and designed the architectural paradigm of practical computers.

John von Neumann (or Neumann János Lajos; or Jancsi von Neumannn)

(13) This man began his most notable work near Brokenstraw Creek at Warren, Pennsylvania. This man once showed up a missionary in Mansfield by announcing, "Here is your primitive Christian!" This man, who was supposedly followed everywhere by a loyal wolf, spread the gospel of the New Church while expanding the range of dogfennel and other plants from the 1810s to the 1830s, largely in new settlements of rural Ohio. For ten points, name this Swedenborgian evangelist who travelled the American frontier planting fruit trees.

Johnny Appleseed (or John Chapman)

(29) Legal difficulties encountered by this event's victims led to the incorporation of the British case of Rylands v. Fletcher into U.S. liability law. This event's middle stages destroyed the Cambria Iron Works and Gautier Wire Works, leading to (+) barbed wire being dragged through subsequently affected areas. Henry Clay Frick and Andrew Carnegie were among the members of the (*) fishing and hunting club that failed to control Lake Conemaugh [[KAW-neh-mah]], causing this event. For the point, name this 1889 disaster in which the South Fork Dam's failure killed 2000 people around a Pennsylvania town.

Johnstown Flood of 1889 (prompt on "Great Flood")

(34) Through The Immune Response Corporation, this man and Kevin Kimberlin made an early attempt to to develop a vaccine for AIDS. An anthropological work known as Laboratory Life records the daily activity at (+) an institute influenced by the work of and name for this virologist. When asked if he would patent a certain vaccine he developed, this virologist said "There is no patent. Could you patent the (*) sun?" The polio vaccine of 1950s was developed by, for the points, which Jewish-American virologist?

Jonas Salk (accept Salk Institute)

(10) In the lead-up to this event, simulations known as "White Nights" took place. Three men escaped this event by carrying money to the Soviet embassy in Georgetown. Shootings at the Port Kaituma airstrip prior to this event killed Congressman Leo Ryan. Syringes administered the Flavor Aid by which this event was carried out. For the point, name this mass suicide of members of the People's Temple in Guyana.

Jonestown Massacre (accept other descriptions involving a Mass Suicide at Jonestown; prompt on partial answers)

(1) A newspaper error led to this man receiving a nickname that he criticized as affiliating him with a "highwayman or bandit." This man's troops were able to reinforce at Missionary Ridge following a victory at Lookout Mountain. Following Antietam, Ambrose Burnside reluctantly agreed to take over George McClellan's post after hearing that this man was the alternative. Defeated at the 1863 Battle of Chancellorsville, for the point, who was this Union general nicknamed "Fighting Joe"?

Joseph Hooker

(11) When this man was a Democratic Congressman, he campaigned for the placement of the recently-gifted Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor. This man's employee, Nellie Bly, traveled around the world in 72 days. This man competed in the Circulation Wars with William Randolph Hearst, and his company published The Yellow Kid, a comic which names a type of sensational journalism. For the point, name this Hungarian-American publisher of the New York World whose will established a namesake group of prizes.

Joseph Pulitzer

(13) This man received a Golden Globe nomination for his role as Judge Weaver in 1959's Anatomy of a Murder. After demanding that a list of 130 suspect defense plant employees be provided (+) "before sundown," this man became incensed at the repeated mention of Fred Fisher's past membership in the National Lawyers Guild during a televised June 1954 (*) Senate hearing. For the point, name this attorney for the U.S. Army who asked Joseph McCarthy, "Have you left no sense of decency?"

Joseph Welch (or Joseph Nye Welch)

(4) This woman was offered a villa and a stipend by Princess Grace of Monaco when she neared bankruptcy in 1968. Charles de Gaulle presented this figure the Croix de Guerre [[KWAH-du-GAIR]] for spying on German and Italian high society as a member of La Resistance. This American entertainer, who spent most of her life in France, starred in 1927's Siren of the Tropics, becoming the first Black actress to star in a major motion picture. For the point, name this entertainer who took Paris by storm in the Roaring Twenties.

Josephine Baker

(11) This man denounced Cayetana [[kah-yeh-TAH-nah]] and Melchora [[mel-KOHrah]] de los Reyes as witches during his time at Sierra Gorda. This man advised Gaspar de Portolà to look for an (+) oak tree in order to navigate to the future site of Monterey. Following the expulsion of the Jesuits, this man led a group of (*) Franciscans who walked north from Loreto along the future Camino Real [[kah-MEE-no rehAHL]], forcibly converting native populations to Christianity. For the point, name this Spanish-born friar who founded 21 missions as the "Apostle of California."

Junípero Serra (or St. or Fray Junipero Serra y Ferrer; or Saint Miquel Josep Serra i Ferrer)

(6) In a 2017 song, this artist sampled Fox News anchors Eric Bolling, Kimberly Guilfoyle and Geraldo Rivera claiming his music does more damage to black youths than the institution of racism. In reference to General Sherman's Special Field Orders, this rapper says he needs "forty acres and mule" not a "forty ounce and a pit bull" on the song "For Sale (Interlude)." During the procession on the 20th anniversary of the Million Man March for racial equality, this artist's song "Alright" was used as an anthem. A Pulitzer Prize for Music was awarded to, for ten points, what Compton-born rapper of To Pimp a Butterfly?

Kendrick Lamar (accept either underlined portion; or Kendrick Lamar Duckworth; accept K.Dot; accept Kung Fu Kenny) Which U.S. president met with Kendrick Lamar at the oval office after citing "How Much a Dollar Cost" as his favorite song of the year? Barack Obama (or Barack "Barry" Hussein Obama II)

(11) In 1654, forces from this country seized control of Fort Casimir and renamed it Fort Trinity. Willem Kieft [[KEEFT]] objected to an expedition from this country organized by Clas Fleming. This country created a "South Company" to administer its New World colonies after stealing Willem Usselincx [[OO-seh-link]] from the Dutch. This country's New World territories were seized by Peter Stuyvesant [[STY-vuh-sunt]] during the Second Northern War. Fort Christina was settled by, for the point, what European country which settled the Delaware Valley under Gustavus Adolphus?

Kingdom of Sweden (accept Sverige)

(5) A colony named for this non-Polish country built Fort Casimir, or Fort Trinity, and was led by men like Johan Printz and Johan Risingh. After leading New Netherland, Peter Minuit established a colony named for this country in northern Delaware that was centered around Fort Christina. For the point, name this country whose early settlers in the U.S. came from Gothenburg and Stockholm.

Kingdom of Sweden (or Konungariket Sverige; accept New Sweden; accept Nya Sverige)

(16) A member of this informal group advanced its opinions in the Globe in opposition to the United States Telegraph of one of this group's rivals, Duff Green. Tennessee judge John Overton was part of this group, (+) which came to prominence following the purge of its formal counterpart in the Petticoat Affair. Francis Blair, Amos Kendall, and (*) Martin van Buren were major members of this group. For the points, name this group of informal advisors to Andrew Jackson.

Kitchen Cabinet

(2) During this event, Belinda Mulrooney became successful as a supplier and the owner of the Grand Forks Hotel. During this event, Frederick Trump sold the Dairy Restaurant in Pioneer Square to open a brothel and a restaurant which sold horse meat. Sam Steele policed Dawson City during this event, the site of which could be reached by the Chilkoot Trail. Conman Jefferson "Soapy" Smith controlled Skagway during this event, and Robert Service's Songs of a Sourdough was created as a result of this event. For the point, name this Alaskan gold rush.

Klondike Gold Rush

(26) A 2011 release from Haemimont [[HAY-mih-mont]] Games is about the "Last" of this group. In Aion: The Tower of Eternity, members of the Warrior class can choose between being Gladiators or members of this group. In one franchise, this group dates back to ancient Egypt and was reorganized under leaders like (+) Hugues de Payen [["hugh" duh pay-AHN]]. The Pieces of Eden are among the relics sought out by this group in the (*) Assassins Creed franchise. For the points, the game Lionheart: Legacy of the Crusader allows players to become members of what Christian military order that were banished by Pope Clement V?

Knights Templar (accept Templars; or Templar Order; accept Order of Solomon's Temple; accept Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon)

(10) A group of Black sugar harvesters who joined this organization was targeted in the Thibodaux [[TEE-bo-doh]] massacre. This group's leader in the western U.S., Joseph (+) Buchanan, proclaimed belief in "The Brotherhood of Man, Limited" during this group's participation in anti-Chinese campaigns. Up to twenty percent of all wage-earners were affiliated with this organization at the peak of (*) Terence Powderly's outreach campaign. For the point, name this multi-industrial association that advocated for labor interests in the 1880s.

Knights of Labor (or Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor; prompt on "KoL")

(10) John Edward Bouligny, a Creole member of this party, was the only Louisiana representative to refuse to sign the secession from the Union. During the 1854 electoral season, this party won the second-most popular votes ahead of the Whigs but behind the dominant Democratic Party. This party's candidate won a single state, Maryland, in the 1856 US presidential election. For the point, name this US nativist party which nominated Millard Fillmore in 1856 and held to anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant platforms.

Know Nothing Party (accept Native American Party)

(26) During the Cristero War, this group offered ten million dollars to the Mexican government under President Plutarco Calles [[CAH-yehs]] to aid in his fight against the Catholic Church. Franklin D. Roosevelt claimed he had no knowledge of Hugo Black's lifetime membership in this group. William Joseph Simmons founded the second iteration of this group atop Stone Mountain, where he declared himself Imperial Wizard. For the point, name this white supremacist group which originated in the American South during Reconstruction.

Ku Klux Klan (or KKK; prompt on "the Klan")

(21) The head of one organization wrote a letter to Franz-Josef Rudigier formally condemning this program as a "leges abominabiles [[LEZH ah-bohm-ee-nah-BEEL]]." A provision which laid the groundwork for the Austrittgesetz [[ow-SHTRIT-geh-sets]], or "The Law of Separation," was a part of Minister of Education (+) Adalbart Falk's early implementation of this program. This social conflict came to an end with the passage of the First Mitigation Law negotiated following the death of Pius IX [[the Ninth]], allowing (*) clerics to be exempt from some Prussian laws. For the points, name this "War" undertaken by Otto Von Bismarck to lessen the influence of the Catholic Church in his state.

Kulturkampf (prompt on "Culture War" or "Culture Struggle")

(8) This design's ultimately unrealized proposal to build a system of canals in tandem with roads was kept in Andrew Ellicott's revisions. The unplanned development of an area left out of this design created the so-called "Dave Thomas Circle," a triangular block containing only a lone Wendy's outlet. This design became the basis for the 1901 McMillan Commission's establishment of new parks and memorials. Diagonal state-named avenues and alphabetical streets are a legacy of, for the point, what 1791 design for the national capital by a French-born architect?

L'Enfant Plan (prompt on answers describing the layout, urban plan, or city plan of Washington or Washington, D.C.)

(22) This vehicle was scheduled to make a return trip carrying a contingent of spectators for the coronation of George VI. This vehicle attempted to perform a flying moor under the direction of captain Max Pruss at Lakehurst Naval Air Station. An acetate disk was cut onsite to record Herbert Morrison's eyewitness account of this vehicle's fate, which lamented, "Oh, the humanity!" For the point, name this German rigid airship that exploded from a hydrogen fire and crashed in New Jersey in 1937.

LZ 129 Hindenburg

(19) People aboard this ship became agitated after being jokingly told they'd be salted and cooked. After its most famous event, this ship was renamed the Ion and sold to the French. Joseph Story authored the opinion determining the fate of men on this ship after a seven-hour defense by John Quincy Adams. For the point, name this Spanish slave ship whose captives were declared free men after a mutiny.

La Amistad (accept United States v. The Amistad)

(10) At a battle on this body of water, George Downie was crushed by a cannon while commanding the HMS Confiance. After retreating to Fort Crown Point, the Continental Army under Benedict Arnold was defeated at the Battle of Valcour Island on this body of water. Alexander Macomb and Thomas Macdonough were victorious at the Battle of Plattsburgh on this lake, named for a French explorer. For the point, name this lake between Vermont and New York.

Lake Champlain

(24) In 1895, strong winds dropped the water level in this body of water by two feet. During a battle that took place at this location, the Lawrence and Niagara engaged the (+) Queen Anne. American naval commander Oliver Hazard Perry declared "We have (*) met the enemy and they are ours" during a battle in the War of 1812 on, for the points, which of the Great Lakes?

Lake Erie (accept Battle of Lake Erie)

(28) In 1895, strong winds dropped the water level in this body of water by two feet, preventing coal ships from leaving port. During a battle that took place at this location, the Lawrence and Niagara engaged the (+) Queen Anne. American naval commander Oliver Hazard Perry declared "We have (*) met the enemy and they are ours" during a battle in the War of 1812 on, for the points, which of the Great Lakes?

Lake Erie (accept Battle of Lake Erie)

(4) Frank Jurko posits that the Hekla 3 eruption in Iceland may have contributed to this event after an eighteen year dip in world temperatures caused widespread famine. A book comparing this event to a "large-scale wildfire" was titled for the year 1177 BCE, and it included the migration of the Dorians. Invasions by the (+) Sea Peoples and widespread famine possibly caused this event, which led to the palace economy's decline. Ushering in the (*) Greek Dark Ages, for the points, what was this relatively rapid event during which the Mycenaeans and Hittites fell and the Assyrian and Egyptian empires shrank?

Late Bronze Age Collapse (accept descriptive answers involving the end of the Bronze Age)

(13) Sections of this work include "Calamus" and "Sea-Drift," the latter of which contains "Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking." This work was revised and expanded in a "Death Bed (+) Edition" that the author intended to be definitive. This work contains poems such as "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd," an elegy for (*) Abraham Lincoln. "I Sing the Body Electric" and "Song of Myself" are included in, for the points, what collection of poetry by Walt Whitman?

Leaves of Grass

(20) This man was part of a group with Collis Huntington, Mark Hopkins, and Charles Crocker that called itself "The Associates." As a hobbyist horse breeder, this man's interest in whether horses entirely left the ground while running led him to commission Eadweard Muybridge's [[MY-"bridges"]] photographs. This president of the Central Pacific drove the Golden Spike that completed the transcontinental railroad. For the point, name this magnate and California governor who chartered a Northern California university in 1885.

Leland Stanford (or Amasa Leland Stanford)

(23) The Canadian version of this act, known as "The Billion Dollar Gift," allowed the U.K. to lease CFB Gander for 99 years. Using the Arctic convoys, this program successfully moved 11,000 tanks to the USSR through the port of Murmansk throughout one war. This act was preceded by the more informal "Cash and Carry" program, and it invalidated the earlier U.S. Neutrality Acts signed in the 1930s. For the point, name this act, passed prior to the U.S.'s entrance into World War Two, which provided supplies to nations fighting the Axis.

Lend-Lease Act

(3) Many of this artist's surviving illustrations are collected in the Codex Arundel and the Codex Atlanticus. Giorgio Vasari may have painted over a lost painting by this artist of four men riding raging war horses during the Battle of Anghiari. Christ (+) holds an orb in his left hand in a painting by this artist that sold at auction for $450 million in 2017. This artist likely chose a noblewoman from the Gherardini family as (*) the subject of his one of his best known paintings. For ten points, name this painter of Salvator Mundi and the Mona Lisa.

Leonardo da Vinci (accept either underlined portion)

(7) One of these people claimed to be bird-watching to explain the discovery of a uniquely-hinged pair of glasses. To disguise the origin of a ransom note, these people dumped a typewriter in the Jackson Park Lagoon. These people selected a culvert along the Pennsylvania Railroad tracks at Wolf Lake in Hammond, Indiana to dispose of the acidmarred body of Bobby Franks. For ten points, name this pair of Chicago students who attempted the "perfect murder" in 1924.

Leopold and Loeb (or Nathan Freudenthal Leopold, Jr. and Richard Albert Loeb)

(22) The U.S. government created special coins which could not transmit this disease for the Palo Seco region of the Panama Canal Zone. The term "Lazaretto," a medieval location used to isolate potential plague victims, derives its name from the biblical Lazarus the Beggar, who was affected by this disease. King Kamehameha V created a "colony" for people effected by this disease on the island of Kalaupapa, which is where Saint Damien of Molokai served afflicted people. Wild armadillos can spread, for the point, what historically persecuted disease which causes skin lesions?

Leprosy (accept Lepers; accept Leper colony)

(2) Trying to enter one of these specific types of locations gave Daisy Myers the nickname "Rosa Parks of the North." Thurgood Marshall opposed the racially restrictive covenants of these locations, which could be created (+) in mere days. The first of these locations was built in Nassau County, Long Island by a Jewish real estate developer for returning World War Two (*) veterans. For the points, name these communities often considered the first mass-produced suburbs.

Levittowns (prompt on "Suburbs")

(11) With Duncan McArthur, this politician helped negotiate the Treaty of Fort Meigs [[MEGS]] with the Wyandots [[WAI-an-dots]]. John C. Calhoun authorized an expedition led by this man which aimed to find possible fort locations near Sault Ste. Marie [[SOO-SAINTmuh-REE]]. That expedition departed from Detroit and aimed to explore parts of this man's native state, Michigan. This Democrat was defeated in 1848 by Zachary Taylor, partially due to a party split that caused Martin Van Buren to run as a Free Soiler. For the point, name this noted proponent of popular sovereignty.

Lewis Cass

(8) Andre Marrou and Howard Stern both ran in elections with this party. Ed Clark and David Koch [[KOHK]] ran together in 1980 on a presidential ticket for this party. John Hospers and Tonie Nathan ran in an election for this party in which Nathan won the first electoral vote ever for a woman due to a Republican faithless elector. This party received more than three percent of the national vote in the 2016 presidential election with a ticket of William Weld and Gary Johnson. For the point, what is this third party which put Jo Jorgensen on the 2020 ballot?

Libertarian Party (prompt on "LP")

(9) The population of this neighborhood, which is the base of the Yahweh ben Yahweh cult, exploded in the 1930s as a response to crowding in nearby Overtown. Riots in response to the police killing of Arthur McDuffie in 1980 are often named for this neighborhood. (+) This neighborhood was the origin of a "bass" sound named for the city in which this neighborhood is located and popularized by (*) 2 Live Crew. For the points, name this heavily Black area of Northwest Miami.

Liberty City (accept Model City)

(4) H.R. Haldeman described Richard Nixon's May 9, 1970 trip to this location as the "weirdest day so far." After the Daughters of the Revolution blocked Marian Anderson from performing at Constitution Hall, Eleanor Roosevelt arranged for her to perform at this location. One speaker envisioned that "every valley shall be exalted" in a speech given at this location that repeats the line "Let freedom ring." For the point, name this monument at which Martin Luther King, Jr. gave his "I Have a Dream" speech.

Lincoln Memorial

(31) One caricature about these events depicts a footrace, with one man saying, "How can I get over the rail fence?" while his opponent remarks, "It can't stop me for I built it." One participant of these events suggested the Freeport Doctrine in place of the Lecompton Constitution. The incumbent participant in this event won an election after receiving the public support of John J. Crittenden. For the point, what series of highly-publicized debates were conducted between two candidates for a United States Senate seat in Illinois?

Lincoln-Douglas Debates (accept the Great Debates of 1858; accept descriptive answers involving debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas)

(8) Harry Jaffa's 1959 book is a conservative defense of the "Aristotelian" approach by one participant in these events. A participant in these events denounced a "monstrous heresy" of denying the "inferior position" of Black people, whom the other participant claimed he did not want as "voters or jurors." At the second of these events, the Freeport Doctrine on popular sovereignty was elucidated. For the point, name these exchanges between two candidates in the 1858 Illinois Senate election.

Lincoln-Douglas debates (accept answers describing a series of debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Arnold Douglas; accept 1858 Illinois Senatorial debates or Great Debates of 1858 before "1858" is mentioned)

(30) In this city, a plan created by Virgil Blossom was replaced in favor of one outlined by Richard McCulloch. Daisy Bates was arrested in this city for failing to provide information about members of the NAACP. Woodrow Wilson Mann was forced to request the intervention of the 101st Airborne during an event in this city. Elizabeth Eckford was threatened by a white mob in this city while attempting to meet with eight of her fellow students. Dwight Eisenhower sent federal troops to, for the point, what city in which nine black students were prevented from attending Central High School?

Little Rock, Arkansas

(32) Sophus Bugge [[boo-GEH]] proposed that this figure was an alternative to Lucifer. A stone placed in front of the Kirkby Stephen Parish Church is believed to be an early depiction of this figure while he were bound. A description of this deity's lips, as told in the second part of the (+) Prose Edda, proved that he was the figure on the Snaptun Stone found in Denmark. Depicted on the (*) Gosforth Cross being saved by his wife, Sigyn, for the points, what "trickster" is the Norse god of mischief?

Loki

(31) Lincoln Steffens unexpectedly persuaded the perpetrator of an attack on this institution to confess. The home of this publication's owner, Harrison Gray Otis, and this organization's headquarters were both (*) targeted in October 1910 by bombs planted by militant ironworker union member J.J. McNamara. This former rival of the afternoon Herald-Examiner was the only organization not headquartered on the (*) East Coast that was profiled in David Halberstam's 1979 media study, The Powers That Be. For the point, name this most-circulated newspaper in California.

Los Angeles Times (accept L.A. Times; prompt on "(the) Times")

(4) This musician became the official spokesman for Ansatz-Creme Lip Salve after he suffered lip ulcerations from playing his instrument during a European tour. This musician called President Eisenhower "gutless" for his inaction over Little Rock's segregated schools. This musician's song "Heebie Jeebies" was an early example of his signature scat singing. This leader of the "Hot Five" and "Hot Seven" won a Grammy for his vocals on "Hello, Dolly!" Nicknamed "Satchmo," for the point, who was this jazz trumpeter, who sang "What a Wonderful World"?

Louis Armstrong (accept Satchmo before mentioned)

(17) In Muller v. Oregon, this figure argued as a lawyer to maintain a cap on the total amount of hours women could work. This figure co-wrote the article "The Right to Privacy," (+) which was the first article to claim that right existed in the U.S. This man, who names a university in Waltham, Massachusetts, was given the nickname the (*) "people's lawyer." For the points, name this first Jewish justice of the Supreme Court.

Louis Brandeis

(29) This king ordered "the Second Benedict" to found the Monastery of the Redeemer on the Inde [[AAHND]]. After facing a rebellion, this man blinded his nephew, Bernard of Italy, who died two days later. A son whom this man had with his second wife, Judith of Bavaria, was initially excluded from the Ordinatio Imperii, (+) which outlined his succession. One son of this man, who shared his first name, was given the epithet "the German" and fought with this man's other sons, Lothair and Charles the Bald. The Treaty of (*) Verdun divided the territory of, for the points, what son and successor of Charlemagne?

Louis the Pious (or Louis le Pieux; or Louis I of France; or Louis the Fair; or Louis the Debonaire)

(26) In response to this agreement, Timothy Pickering wrote a letter to Rufus King denouncing slave states and threatening the creation of a Northern confederacy. Treasury Minister François Barbé-Marbois [[bar-BEH-mar-BWAH]] negotiated this agreement with James Monroe and Robert R. Livingston. One side in this agreement signed it in part due to a looming war with the United Kingdom and a slave rebellion in Haiti. For the point, name this 1804 agreement between the United States and France which secured a massive North American tract of land.

Louisiana Purchase (accept Vente de la Louisiane; prompt on "Louisiana")

(1) This case overturned Pace v. Alabama, and the concurring opinion was written by Potter Stewart. This Supreme Court case found the Racial Integrity Act to be a violation of the Due Process clause. For the point, name this 1967 Supreme Court case in which Earl Warren ruled that states cannot prevent interracial marriage.

Loving v. Virginia (or Richard Perry Loving, Mildred Jeter Loving v. Virginia)

(5) This case undid a precedent established in 1883's Pace v. Alabama. Justice Potter Stewart wrote a two-sentence concurrence for this case, stating that no criminal law can stand "which makes the criminality of an act depend upon the race of the actor." One of the plaintiffs in this case personally wrote to Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, who suggested that they challenge Virginia's Racial Integrity Act with the ACLU. For the point, name this 1967 case which struck down state laws that banned interracial marriage.

Loving v. Virginia (or Richard Perry Loving, Mildred Jeter Loving v. Virginia)

(33) Bob Dylan supposedly drafted a song opposing this project that states, "For twenty long years there's been a shadow hanging round / that any day the bulldozers will throw our houses down." Opponents of this transportation project sought the support of the leader of the "Save the (+) Village" campaign, Jane Jacobs, after John Lindsay and Robert Moses threatened the neighborhoods of SoHo (*) and Little Italy. For the points, name this cancelled portion of Interstate 78 between the Holland Tunnel and the Williamsburg Bridge in New York City.

Lower Manhattan Expressway (or LOMEX; prompt on partial answer; prompt on Interstate 78)

(10) At the onset of this event, Louis Tikas was lured away to a meeting with Major Patrick Hamrock. In the prelude to this event, an armored car with a machine gun called the "Death Special" was utilized by detectives of the Baldwin-Felts Detective Agency. Woodrow Wilson was forced to send in federal troops in the aftermath of this event which is sometimes called the Ten-Day War. For the point, name this 1914 event, in which the National Guard joined the private security of the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company in the killing of striking coal miners.

Ludlow Massacre (accept synonyms for "Massacre"; prompt on the "Colorado Coal(field) War" or "Colorado Civil War")

(19) After a number of these events occurred in Waco and Memphis, protestors participated in the Silent Parade along New York's Fifth Avenue. Years after one of these events, the shopkeeper Carolyn Bryant admitted to fabricating the victim's actions. The Red Record by Ida B. Wells described these events. The victim of one of these events in 1955 was dragged out of the Tallahatchie River three days after his death in Mississippi. Emmett Till was a victim of, for the point, what form of mob violence often targeted against AfricanAmericans?

Lynchings

(29) A ban on killing "downer" individuals was intended to control this disease. Charlene Singh died of this condition at the end of its major American outbreak, which caused a three-quarters drop in exports of the affected product to Japan from 2003 to 2004. In 2014, the 15-year American ban on European Union imports of a product affected by this condition was lifted. For the point, identify this central nervous system disorder in livestock that leads to affected specimens' beef being unsafe for consumption.

Mad cow disease (or Bovine spongiform encephalopathy or BSE; accept Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease or vCJD; do not accept or prompt on "Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease" or "CJD" alone)

(27) In May 2021, this politician accused the Interior Ministry of harassing her relatives and political allies ahead of parliamentary elections. In November of that same year, it was revealed that this politician was followed and wiretapped over suspicions of her involvement in overthrowing (+) Prime Minister Pavel Filip. This politician posted a video on YouTube concerning her plan to establish a new political party, the Party of Action and (*) Solidarity. For the points, name this pro-European politician, the first and only female president of Moldova.

Maia Sandu

(19) This essay denounces "idle French talk of balances of power" and predicts that future periodicals such as the Nootka Morning News will report in real time on presidential speeches. This essay, which describes the year 1945 as "fast hastening," begins by stating "Texas is now ours" and then notes that "California will, probably, next fall away." For the point, identify this 1845 editorial in the United States Magazine and Democratic Review in which John O'Sullivan proposed American expansion to the Pacific.

Manifest Destiny editorial (accept "Annexation"; accept answers mentioning manifest destiny; accept answers mentioning an editorial, article, essay, or column by John O'Sullivan discussing the expansion of the United States before "John O'Sullivan" is mentioned)

(21) Along with a West Virginia senator, a congressman of this surname sponsored the Railway Rate Act of 1910, which put telecommunications under the jurisdiction of the Interstate Commerce Commission. Charlie Chaplin and Jack Johnson were prosecuted under another law known by this surname, which prohibited interstate transportation of women for an "immoral purpose." Illinois Congressman James shared, for the point, what last name with 19th-century public school advocate Horace?

Mann (accept James Robert Mann or Horace Mann)

(9) Polynesian chicken bones at the El Aranal site have been used as evidence that these people were visited by Trans-Pacific travelers from Tonga. These people, who built the wooden funerary statues known as Chemamull [[che-mah-MUHL]], were led by Chief Lautaro [[low-TAH-roh]] in their victory against the Spanish at Tucapel. Conquistador Pedro de Valdivia's prolonged 16th century campaign to conquer these people during the Arauco [[ah-RAO-koh]] War ended in his death. For the point, name this indigenous people group of Chile and Argentina who remained nominally independent until the 19th century.

Mapuche [[mah-POO-cheh]] (accept Araucanians before "Arauco" is mentioned)

(7) Along with John Sullivan Dwight, this woman wrote the earliest popular praise of Beethoven in America. Future activists such as Maria White Lowell attended the "conversations" that this woman spent five years organizing in the Boston area. This woman pioneered the American journalistic roles of book reviewer and foreign correspondent during her time working for Horace Greeley's New York Tribune. For the point, name this transcendentalist who wrote Woman in the Nineteenth Century and edited The Dial.

Margaret Fuller (or Sarah Margaret Fuller Ossoli)

(27) This woman won funding from Theodore Schroeder and Edward Foote's Free Speech League after an introduction by Emma Goldman. In her late 70s, this woman brought together philanthropist Katharine McCormick and medical researcher Gregory Pincus for a project that extended her lifelong work. This woman was arrested under the Comstock Law for distributing her magazine The Woman Rebel. For the point, name this family planning advocate who founded the predecessor to Planned Parenthood.

Margaret Sanger (or Margaret Higgins Sanger; or Margaret Louise Higgins or Margaret Sanger Slee)

(8) This man's poor investments in ventures such as the Paige Compositor led to his bankruptcy, which he overcame with the help of Henry Huttleston Rogers. This man's publishing company, Charles L. Webster & Company, produced many of this man's works such as Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc. This man accurately predicted he would "go out with it" when referring to Halley's Comet as he died the day after its 1910 appearance. For the point, name this author who chronicled his travels in memoirs such as The Innocents Abroad and Roughing It.

Mark Twain (or Samuel Langhorne Clemens)

(24) The KfW bank was formed to administer this program's "internal counterpart payments." Henry Wallace creatively misspelled the name of this program in order to allege that it was a pretext for military conflict. This program was described as "two halves of the same walnut" with a pledge to contain communism in Greece and Turkey and was introduced in a June 1947 speech at Harvard by the Secretary of State. For the point, name this thirteen billion dollar commitment to the economy of Western Europe.

Marshall Plan (or European Recovery Program; prompt on "ERP")

(2) This initiative, which included stripping power from Elizabeth Campbell, was supported by James Kilpatrick's editorials in the News Leader. Lenoir Chambers opposed the Stanley Plan implementing this program. This policy, whose failure ended the Byrd Machine, was administered through a "Pupil Placement Board" and resorted to closing the Prince Edward County system for five years. For the point, name this 1956 to 1972 program under which Virginia opposed federal court orders to integrate schools.

Massive Resistance (prompt on answers involving Robert "Byrd"'s attempts to unite "white" politicians in "Virginia" against school "desegregation")

(2) A Puerto Rican street gang in the 1950s adopted this movement's name after viewing the Sidney Poitier [[pwah-TYEH]] movie Something of Value, which is set during this colonial struggle. The protagonist Mugo becomes a hero of this movement after undertaking a hunger strike in a detention center in the novel A Grain of Wheat by native son Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o [[neh-GOO-gee wah-tee-AHN-goh]]. Members of this Kikuyudominated political movement were targeted in the Hola massacre after being clubbed to death by British guards. Operation Anvil depopulated Nairobi of, for the point, what political faction which vied for Kenyan independence?

Mau Mau movement (or Mau Mau Rebellion; accept KLFA; or KANU)

(34) In the 1985 election for this office, Louie Welch led a coalition dubbed the "Straight Slate" which opposed the gay rights initiatives launched by the holder of this office for most of the 1980s, (+) Kathy Whitmire. Oscar Holcombe was elected to this office five non-consecutive times. In 2015, the holder of this office attempted to subpoena local sermons after religious opposition to the HERO ordinance. (*) Annise Parker was succeeded in this office by Sylvester Turner. For the point, name this office which leads the seat of Harris County and most populous city in Texas.

Mayor of Houston (prompt on "mayor")

(21) National organizations which oppose this law include WAR and NARSOL. The 2003 Smith v. Doe Supreme Court case ruled that implementations of this law do not violate the ex post facto clause. The incident which led to the naming of this law took place in Hamilton, New Jersey in 1994 and was perpetrated by Jesse Timmendequas [[tee-mahn-DEH-kahs]]. This law expanded on the federal Jacob Wetterling Act to amend the omnibus 1990s crime bill. For the point, identify this model law on neighborhood notification of sex offenders, which is named for a girl killed by a released prisoner.

Megan's Law

(1) One subset of this political faction who had abandoned the "Vanguard Party" were labeled Liquidationists. The Constitutional Democrats and this political faction were both made illegal in 1921 following the Kronstadt Rebellion. Jewish-Russian economists associated with the Bund, including (+) Boris Berlatsky, were targeted in one of Stalin's first "Show Trials" named for this political faction. Led by Julius Martov, (*) a friend-turned-rival of Vladimir Lenin, for the points, what was this faction of moderate Communists whose name derived from the Russian for "Minority," opposed to the Bolsheviks?

Mensheviks (prompt on "Minority" before mentioned)

(25) Leaders in this denomination included the first Black preacher to address a white congregation, Harry Hosier, and a man whose horseback circuit-riding was a key part of the Second Great Awakening, Francis Asbury. Richard Allen founded an "African Episcopal" offshoot of this denomination. The largest Protestant branch in the United States for the first half of the nineteenth century was, for the point, what group founded by the Wesley brothers and named for its systematic approach to Bible study?

Methodism (accept Methodist Episcopal church; accept Methodist movement; accept African Methodist Episcopal church)

(24) This conflict began after the Thornton Affair, and the validity of that event was questioned by a politician who asked where blood had been spilled. The U.S. army fought an indecisive battle at Monterey during this conflict, which was challenged by Abraham Lincoln in the Spot Resolutions. Winfield Scott directed amphibious landings at Veracruz during, for the point, what conflict in which the U.S. fought its southern neighbor?

Mexican-American WAR

(19) This conflict began after the Thornton Affair. The U.S. army fought an indecisive battle at Monterey during this conflict, which was challenged by Abraham Lincoln in the Spot Resolutions. Winfield Scott directed amphibious landings at Veracruz during, for the point, what conflict in which the U.S. fought its southern neighbor?

Mexican-American War

(11) Punch did a caricature of this man giving "Father Thames" [[TEMZ]] his card after he wrote to The Times complaining about the river's stench. This man became the assistant to the discoverer of potassium and sodium after the latter nearly blinded himself with nitrogen trichloride. One of this scientist's experiments involved compressing coal gas while another of this man's experiments utilizes a paper cylinder wrapped in wire that was connected to a galvanometer. For the point, what chemist and physicist discovered benzene and electromagnetic induction?

Michael Faraday

(20) This person once confronted the local managers of Johnson Controls with the "Downsizer of the Year Award" and an 80 cent check for "the first hour's wage for a Mexican worker." This person enraged Ray Bradbury after he parodied a Bradbury novel's title in one of his films. This person said, "Shame on you, Mr. Bush!" after winning an Oscar for Bowling for Columbine. For the point, what controversial American filmmaker created documentaries such as The Big One and Fahrenheit 9/11?

Michael Moore (or Michael Francis Moore)

(1) Prosecutor Duncan McRae worked to apprehend a group in this state after they killed French Catholic WPA organizer Charles Poole. A baseball manager in this state, Mickey Cochrane, was given a nervous breakdown by a terrorist group in 1936, as revealed by Dayton Dean. That group, led by Bert Effinger, began in Ohio and spread to this state, taking root in Wayne County as the Black Legion, an offshoot of the KKK. The state in which Henry Ford founded his first factories, for the point, is what state whose governor lives in Lansing?

Michigan

(28) It's not Louisiana, but Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded Fort Pontchartrain in this state, whose largest city was besieged by Isaac Brock during the War of 1812. Jacques Marquette founded the first permanent settlement in this state where Pontiac tried to besiege a city that would later become the center of the automobile industry. For the point, name this state where the Siege of Detroit took place.

Michigan

(23) The largest city in this state was besieged by Isaac Brock during the War of 1812. Jacques Marquette founded the first permanent settlement in this state where Pontiac tried to besiege a city that would later become the center of the automobile industry. For the point, name this state where the Siege of Detroit took place.

Michigan (accept MI)

(12) The keynote speech at this event claimed that Jamestown was founded in 1555. The official program for this event divided it into four sections including "Sankofa." At the same time as this event, a women-focused National Day of Absence was organized. Spike Lee's film Get on the Bus follows people travelling to this event, whose speakers included Cornel West, Rosa Parks, and Louis Farrakhan. For the point, name this 1995 event at which Black advocates spoke to a large gathering on the National Mall.

Million Man March

(32) John Young supported a campaign to expand this title's domain that culminated at the Battle of Leaping Mullet. A holder of this office decreed that any person should be able to sleep on the roadside without coming to harm in the Law of the Splintered Paddle. The last (+) holder of this office was forced to give up most of their power in the Bayonet Constitution (*) and resided in Iolani Palace. For the points, name this monarchy, created by Kamehameha I [[kah-MEH-hah-MEH-hah the FIRST]], that came to an end with the 1893 overthrow of Liliʻuokalani [[LIL-ee-oh-kah-LAH-nee]].

Monarchy of Hawaii (accept King, Queen or Ruler of Hawaii or other equivalents; prompt on "leader")

(26) The central instigator of this event took one action in defiance of James F. Blake. The instigator of this event was bailed out by E. D. Nixon and gained the support of the Zion AME Church. A City Lines company was damaged during this campaign, which began with the arrest of a seamstress. Carpools were arranged during, for the point, what campaign sparked by Rosa Parks's refusal to give up her seat?

Montgomery Bus Boycott (accept descriptive answers involving Rosa Parks Refusing to Give Up Her Seat before "Carpools"; prompt on partial answer)

(21) The central instigator of this event was bailed out by E. D. Nixon after taking one action in defiance of James F. Blake. A City Lines company was damaged during this campaign, which began with the arrest of a seamstress. Carpools were arranged during, for the point, what campaign, which was sparked by Rosa Parks's refusal to give up her seat?

Montgomery Bus Boycott (accept descriptive answers involving Rosa Parks Refusing to Give Up Her Seat before "Carpools"; prompt on partial answers)

(30) This conflict was a response to the establishment of Fort Limhi [[LIM-hai]] and reports of alliances with the Bannock and Shoshone [[shuh-SHOH-nee]]. Thomas Kane's mediation settled this conflict. During this larger conflict, Fort Bridger was burned, and the Baker-Fancher [[FAN-cher]] wagon party was killed in the Mountain Meadows Massacre after James Buchanan dispatched federal troops. For the point, name this 1857 expedition in which Albert Sidney Johnston installed Alfred Cumming as a new territorial governor of Utah, deposing Brigham Young.

Mormon War (accept Mormon Rebellion; accept Utah War or Utah Expedition before "Utah" is mentioned; do not accept answers mentioning Missouri or Illinois)

(29) This religion's founder may have created several names based off of an expedition to the Comoros. Solomon Spalding's historical fiction, "The Oberlin Manuscript," may have been plagiarized by this religion. This religion's important sites include Cumorah, a hill in Manchester on which Oliver Cowdery supposedly witnessed a discovery as one of the "Three Witnesses." Followers of this religion believe in the ancient Lamanites and Nephites. Golden plates from Moroni are central to, for the point, what religion founded by Joseph Smith?

Mormonism (accept The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints; accept LDS Church; accept Mormon Church)

(15) With assistance from the BfV, this agency killed liaison officer Atef Bseiso [[behSEH-soh]] while in Paris despite the recent Oslo Accord negotiations. This organization successfully orchestrated the death of Ali Hassan Salameh, the Red Prince, during the larger "Operation Wrath of God." This agency undertook an extrajudicial operation which captured and led to the execution of Adolf Eichmann after he was discovered hiding in Argentina. For the point, name this intelligence agency of the State of Israel.

Mossad

(30) Deaths caused by this thing included the proprietor of a camp at Spirit Lake named Harry R. Truman. Robert Landsburg protected his still photography film from pyroclastic flow and David Johnston transmitted the final message "Vancouver, Vancouver, (+) this is it" during an incident involving this site. 57 people were killed in an immense (*) radius of damage around Skamania County, Washington by the March 1980 eruption of, For the points, what deadliest volcano in American history?

Mount St. Helens

(13) Estajoca, a loyalist member of this tribe, created his own state as "Director General," raiding Panton, Leslie and Company. A duplicitous head of this tribe, Alexander McGillibray, signed the 1790 Treaty of New York. Emperor Brim's half-sister, Mary Musgrove, helped negotiate between this tribe and the Europeans in Savannah. Lawmenders of this tribe who were led by Menawa executed William McIntosh, and this tribe included the Red Sticks, who fought Andrew Jackson at Horseshoe Bend. For the point, name this member of the "Five Civilized Tribes."

Muskogee Creek (accept either)

(14) Programs originally broadcast on this network included a pioneering Black music program starring the Mills Brothers called Campus Revue and an early Disney collaboration, The Mickey Mouse Theater of the Air. This network divided its stations into more popular entertainment programming on "Red" stations and educational or experimental programming on "Blue" stations, the latter of which was eventually divested and became ABC. For ten points, name this major radio network that evolved into a television broadcaster with a peacock logo.

NBC Radio (or National Broadcasting Company)

(8) A people by this name fought a namesake war with French governor Étienne de Perier [[pehr-YEH]] in the 1730s. The Buzzard Roost and Pigeon Roost "stands" were inns along a (+) route named for these people, which Meriwether Lewis was travelling when he was killed in 1809. In 1822, a city of this name was (*) replaced as state capital by Jackson. For the point, give this name of a Native American group and a city in Mississippi, as well as an ancient, 440-mile road link to Nashville known as the city's "trace."

Natchez (accept Natchez Trace; accept Natchez revolt or Natchez massacre)

(19) Black Rock Fort in New Haven is named for this man whose homestead, which was repaired by George Dudley Seymour, is across from the Strong-Porter House. This man might have repeated a line from Joseph Addison's play Cato according to an account given by John Montresor. Consider Tiffany wrote of this man's capture by Robert Rogers at Flushing Bay in Queens. This school teacher supposedly said, "I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country." For the point, name this American Revolutionary War spy.

Nathan Hale

(22) This group was kept all-white for many years by people including George Preston Marshall. This group was originally conceived in 1920 as the APFA, with representatives in Rock Island and Decatur. The Washington member of this group was forced to integrate on the orders of Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall in 1962. This organization's color barrier was broken in 1946 when former UCLA All-American Kenny Washington joined the Los Angeles franchise. For the point, name this American sports league.

National Football League (accept NFL; accept APFC or American Professional Football Conference before "APFA"; accept APFA or American Professional Football Association before mentioned)

(5) Members of this group at Crownpoint suffered increased levels of lung disease after a spill from a uranium mine. This group was forced to undergo the Long Walk to Bosque Redondo to move from Arizona to New Mexico. For the point, what second-largest native tribe in America, whose code-talkers served in the Pacific Theater of World War Two?

Navajo (accept Navaho; or Diné bizaad; or Naabeehó bizaad)

(6) Members of this group at Crownpoint suffered increased levels of lung disease after a spill from a uranium mine. This group was forced to undergo the Long Walk to Bosque Redondo to move from Arizona to New Mexico. The Four Corners Monument is administered by, for the point, what second-largest native tribe in America, whose codetalkers served in the Pacific Theater of World War Two?

Navajo (accept Navaho; or Diné bizaad; or Naabeehó bizaad)

(21) The last two non-U.S. citizens authorized to work on this military base were Luis Delarosa and Harry Henry. This military base's host country has protested its continued occupation since a revolution in 1959. After U.S. Supreme Court cases like Hamdan v. Rumsfeld and Boumediene v. Bush, Barack Obama promised to close a detention center on this military base. For the point, name this U.S. Navy base in Cuba known for its involvement in extrajudicial punishment of terrorist suspects.

Naval Station Guantanamo Bay (accept Gitmo)

(16) A woman from this state named Susan LaFlesche was the first Native American to earn a medical degree. Many of the Ocala Demands were incorporated into a document named for this state's capital. A politician from this state was nicknamed the "Boy Orator of the Platte." That politician from this state advocated for free silver when he stated, "You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold." William Jennings Bryan was from, for the point, what state, where the Omaha Platform was signed?

Nebraska

(20) During the Peachtree War, over 100 citizens from this city were captured and taken to Paulus Hook. Jacques Cortelyou created a late map of this city called the Castello [[kahSTEH-loh]] Plan. Despite the majority of it being owned by the Weckquaesgeeks [[weckKEES-geeks]], the land for this city was sold by Canarsee chief Seyseys [[SAY-sase]] to Peter Minuit. This city was renamed for James II after being ceded to English forces by the Dutch. For the point, name this capital of New Netherland.

New Amsterdam (prompt on "New York" or "New York City")

(1) In this state, German immigrant Bruno Hauptmann was convicted of breaking into the home of Charles Lindbergh and kidnapping their twenty month-old child. The War of the Worlds broadcast caused a minor public crisis after it claimed UFOs were landing in this state's municipality of Grover's Mill. The south side of Ellis Island was awarded to this state following a 1998 court case with neighboring New York. The first state to ratify the Bill of Rights was, for the point, what Mid-Atlantic state governed from Trenton?

New Jersey

(28) In this state, Colonel Tye led the Black Brigade before Colonel Blucke took over. Joshua Huddy's execution in this state forced the Continental Army to consider killing Charles Asgill. One general from this state was Frederick Frelinghuysen, and the last colonial governor of this state was William Franklin, a disinherited, Loyalist son of Benjamin Franklin. This state, the site of the Battle of Connecticut Farms, was where George Washington camped at Morristown. Patriots fought at Monmouth and Trenton in, for the point, what state?

New Jersey

(14) This proposal's nine sections included an early form of the "three-fifths compromise" relating to apportionment of taxes by state population. Under this proposal, an (+) "executive" elected by Congress was subject to removal by a majority vote of state governors. This proposal, put forth by William Paterson, was (*) blended with James Madison's idea by Roger Sherman in the Connecticut Compromise. For the point, name this Constitutional Convention plan for a unicameral legislature with equal state representation.

New Jersey Plan (accept Small State Plan; accept Paterson Plan before mentioned)

(3) This plan proposed simply amending the Articles of Confederation, which would represent the supreme law of the land. This plan, proposed by William Paterson, was opposed by Edmund Randolph and James Madison, whose Virginia Plan was worked, with elements of this plan, into the Connecticut Compromise. Calling for a unicameral legislature, for ten points, what was this plan proposing equal representation among all states?

New Jersey Plan (or Small State Plan; accept Paterson Plan before "Paterson" is mentioned) The Connecticut Compromise is also named for this Founding Father. This man is the only one to sign all four "great state papers" of the United States and was the second oldest member, behind Benjamin Franklin, at the Constitutional Convention? Roger Sherman (accept Sherman Compromise)

(15) In this modern state, the Acoma Massacre was carried out after Zutacapan [[zooTAH-cah-pahn]] attacked soldiers who were raiding his people's homes. The name of this state was coined by Francisco de Ibarra who was searching for the Seven Golden Cities of Cibola [[SEE-bowl-ah]]. Antonio de Otermin was forced to barricade himself in this state's Palace of the Governors during a rebellion led by Popé [[poh-PAY]]. Spanish colonizers were forced out of what is now this state for over twelve years as a result of the Pueblo Revolt. For the point, name this U.S. state.

New Mexico (accept Nuevo México; accept Yootó Hahoodzo)

(29) During this campaign, Fort Craig was defended with fake wooden "Quaker guns." Edward Canby took a close loss to Henry Sibley's forces at the Battle of Valverde during this campaign. Repeated raids on Confederate supply trains by Miguel Pino undermined seeming victories in this campaign, which included Charles Pyron's defeat of John Slough [[SLAO]] at the "Gettysburg of the West," the Battle of Glorieta Pass. For ten points, name this campaign of the Civil War during which Confederates failed in an attempted advance on Santa Fe.

New Mexico campaign (accept Battle of Valverde before mentioned)

(17) During this city's Great Fire, priests refused to allow church bells to be rung as an alarm due to the fire having broken out on Good Friday of 1788. The "right to deposit" opened trading access to Americans in this city under Pinckney's Treaty. Just outside of this city, Thomas Mullins's failure to bring ladders led to Edward Pakenham's death during a loss to a Choctaw and American force. For the point, name this city in which Andrew Jackson won a battle fought after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent.

New Orleans (accept Battle of New Orleans; accept Great New Orleans Fire)

(22) In this state, a type of eugenics experiment known as "stirpiculture" involved the conception of 58 children. A community in this state spawned versions in Wallinford and Putney and was the site of the Tryphena Hubbard affair. The "Community Plate" mark was made from a company in this state which Harriet Joselyn led and which was founded by Christian Perfectionists. The creator of "complex marriage," John Humphrey Noyes, started the Oneida community in, for the point, what US state?

New York

(23) In this state, utopian socialist John Humphrey Noyes led a "free-love" community in the town of Oneida [[oh-NAI-dah]]. The western counties of this state, including Seneca and Chautauqua [[chah-TAH-kwah]], were collectively known as the "Burned-over district" during the Second Great Awakening. This state's governor, Dewitt Clinton, sponsored the building of a canal from the Hudson River to Lake Erie. For the point, name this Mid-Atlantic state whose early settlers established New Amsterdam.

New York

(7) A mass meeting of tenant farmers in this state at the Helderberg Mountains resulted in the Anti-Rent War, whose leaders were charged with rioting by Amasa J. Parker. A governor of this state became a leader of the Hunker faction against the Barnburners and (+) later negotiated the Gadsden Purchase as Secretary of State. A president from this state established a "Regency" named for its capital whose members included William Marcy. (*) For ten points, name this state, the birthplace of Martin Van Buren.

New York

(6) The Gopher Gang ran a neighborhood in this city, which was the site of the "Capeman" murders. The Dead Rabbits (+) Riot began after the destruction of the Bowery Boys' headquarters in this city's Five Points neighborhood. Tong gangs often clashed in the Chinatown (*) of, for the points, what East Coast city, where gang violence often struck in areas such as lower Manhattan?

New York City (accept NYC)

(19) In 1966, military researchers spread a Bacillus subtilis variant in this system by dropping contaminated lightbulbs. Bernie Goetz shot (+) four young men on this system in 1984, and multiple bomb threats have targeted stops along this system, such as the (*) Times Square-42nd Street station. For the points, name this underground transit system that serves America's largest city.

New York City Subway (accept NYC Subway; prompt on "MTA;" prompt on "Subway" alone)

(5) In the prelude to this event, a delegation led by Alexander McDougall rejected a compromise offered by Robert Morris. This event may have been orchestrated by John Armstrong, Jr., who likely fueled tensions with his "Address to the Officers." George Washington claimed that he had "not only grown gray but almost blind in the service of my country" while defusing this event. Discontent over a promised lifetime pension led to, for the point, what alleged conspiracy planned by soldiers in the Continental Army?

Newburgh Conspiracy

(4) A Christian section of this group whose emissary was Halalhot'suut [[hah-lah-hohtSOOT]], or Lawyer, negotiated a reservation treaty with Isaac Stevens. Members of this tribe eluded "General Day-after-Tomorrow" under the guidance of Poker Joe, before a stop at Bear Paw at which they were surrounded by troops under Nelson Miles. This group's Chief Joseph then proclaimed "I will fight no more." For the point, identify this Pacific Northwest tribe named, somewhat incorrectly, from a French phrase meaning "pierced nose."

Nez Perce (or Nimíipuu)

BONUS: What Tsar of Russia sent a series of telegrams to his cousin, Kaiser Wilhelm II, affectionately dubbed "Nicky," in a half-hearted attempt to avert World War One?

Nicholas II (or Nicholai II Alexandrovich Romanov; or Saint Nicholas the Passion-Bearer; prompt on "Nicholas Romanov", "Willy-Nicky Letters/Telegrams", or "Nicky")

(11) In a case concerning these people, Samuel Stratton and Robert Grant served on a committee that agreed with Alvan Fuller. Felix Frankfurter defended these men, whose case was overseen by Webster Thayer. These men were accused of murdering Alessandro Berardelli and Frederick Parmenter at a shoe factory in Braintree, Massachusetts. For the point, name these two Italian anarchists who were executed in 1927.

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti (accept in either order)

(9) In a case concerning these people, Samuel Stratton and Robert Grant served on a committee that agreed with Alvan Fuller. Felix Frankfurter defended these men, who were accused of murdering Alessandro Berardelli and Frederick Parmenter at a shoe factory in Braintree, Massachusetts. For the point, name these two Italian anarchists who were executed in 1927.

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti (accept in either order)

(1) This man is often credited with saving one country's Jewish population by convincing Gustaf V of Sweden to open his borders to refugees. This man went by the pseudonym "Nicholas Baker" while working as a consultant on the Manhattan Project. This scientist, with Ernest (+) Rutherford, gives his name to an atomic model that exhibits electrons of a hydrogen atom moving in a (*) "planetary" motion. For ten points, what Danish scientist won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922 for proposing that electrons orbit the nucleus in energy levels?

Niels Bohr (or Niels Henrik David Bohr; accept Bohr-Rutherford Model)

(14) Diplomat David Erskine proclaimed British intention to comply with the aims of this bill but was rebuffed by the British Cabinet's refusal to repeal the Orders in Council. This bill was part of a series of "peaceable coercion" efforts and was passed in the final week before James (+) Madison took office. A three-month probationary suspension of this law's provisions was the main feature of its successor, Macon's (*) Bill Number Two. For the points, name this 1809 law that removed some restrictions of the Embargo Act in an attempt to target only Britain and France.

Non-Intercourse Act (or Indian Intercourse Act; or Indian Non-intercourse Act)

(19) This artist's wife, Irene O'Connor, modeled for the "Literary Digest" cover Mother Tucking Children into Bed. African-American slurs in graffiti are present behind Ruby Bridges in this man's work, The Problem We All Live With. This painter, whose propaganda poster popularized the look of "Rosie the Riveter," was inspired by an FDR State of the Union speech to paint a family waiting to eat a Thanksgiving turkey in Freedom from Want. For the point, name this American illustrator known for his covers of the Saturday Evening Post.

Norman Rockwell

(16) This artist painted Tough Call, a work depicting three umpires noticing falling rain. A young girl walks to school surrounded by U.S. marshals in another of this artist's paintings titled The Problem We All Live With. The Saturday Evening Post published many of the works by, for the point, what artist synonymous with 20th-century Americana?

Norman Rockwell (or Norman Perceval Rockwell)

(26) This man collaborated with psychiatrist Smiley Blanton to write the book Faith is the Answer. This man put forth a set of rules such as "do not attempt to copy others" and "affirm that you are in (+) God's hands." This man chaired a conference which unsuccessfully tried to organize Protestant opposition to the election of John F. Kennedy, in a culmination of his pro-Republican activism. That led Adlai Stevenson to quip that St. Paul was (*) "appealing" but this man was "appalling." For the point, name this popular theologian whose book The Power of Positive Thinking made him a celebrity in the 1950s.

Norman Vincent Peale

(5) This state's Pupil Assignment Act attempted to circumvent desegregation before the Pearsall Plan to Save Our Schools was created. This state was home to the Christmas Sacrifice Boycott, and its literacy test was allowed in the Lassiter case. In this state, the Wolfe and Simkins cases originated, and a Woolworth store in this state desegregated after Ezell Blair protested at a lunch counter. For the point, name this state, the site of the Greensboro sit-ins.

North Carolina

(4) Along this river, the ghost town of Montell may be the site of an abandoned Spanish mine rumored to contain treasure. A massacre named for this river took place in 1862 when Confederates killed a party of German immigrants with Union sympathies. (+) Santa Anna claimed that this river's historical status overrode the wording of the Treaty of Velasco. Nearby pecan trees caused the Spanish word for "nuts" (*) to be used as the name of, For the points, what river, which is north of the Rio Grande, that the Republic of Texas claimed as its boundary with Mexico?

Nueces [[NWEH-sehss]] River (accept Nueces Massacre; accept Massacre on the Nueces)

(1) On this island in February 1779, the first European to set foot there took shore, the new captain of the HMS Resolution, Charles Clerke. This island's Diamond Head Mountain received its name from the English sailors who mistook calcite for jewels there. Major settlements on this island include the last stop on Benjamin Dillingham's railway, Pearl City. The location of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, for the point, what is this most populous Hawaiian island, home to Honolulu?

Oahu

(2) During this protest, police raided and destroyed over five thousand books found in a tent dubbed "The People's Library." Mitt Romney declared protestors during this movement "bad actors" who were inciting "class warfare" while on the 2012 presidential campaign trail. This movement's protestors declared themselves the "99 percent," highlighting the income disparity in post-recession America. For the point, name this 2011 protest in the title New York financial district in southern Manhattan.

Occupy Wall Street (prompt on "OWS")

(18) This wartime agency was led by Byron Price and thanked the play-by-play announcer for the Chicago football team for not mentioning fog due to the sensitivity of weather news. Man-on-the-street radio interviews were ended by this agency. Andrew Jackson May's release of naval testing failures and the Chicago Tribune's announcement of the breaking of the Purple Code violated this agency's code. For the point, name this World War Two federal agency that struggled to balance freedom of the press with protection of sensitive national secrets.

Office of Censorship

(9) An amendment proposed by a senator from this state led Walter George to complain that it would block him from killing cats in his back alley. One of this state's senators tried to pass a law which led Owen Lovejoy to ask if it allowed polygamy. That law was meant to shield "Domestic Institutions" according to its writer from this state, the "Wagon Boy," Tom Corwin. Besides John Bricker, another senator from this state lost to Eisenhower in the 1952 RNC and passed the Taft-Hartley Act. For the point, name this home state of Robert Taft.

Ohio

(13) The first statement of this policy was formulated at the urging of Alfred E. Hippisley and William W. Rockhill. The failed Lansing-Ishii [[ee-SHE-ee]] Agreement attempted to reassert this policy as binding on Japan. The second of this policy's namesake "notes" urged respect for "territorial and administrative integrity" in the wake of an uprising endorsed by Cixi [[SEE-SHEE]]. For the point, identify this policy advocated by John Hay in which all countries were to have free trade with the entirety of China.

Open Door policy

(6) During this event, eleven rangers from the U.S. Marines were accidentally left behind at the Grand Anse campus and were rescued by the USS Caron. That, among other incidents in this conflict, led to the passage of the Goldwater-Nichols Act. Responding to the rise and subsequent military repression of the New Jewel Movement, this attack seized Pearls Airport and managed to rescue Governor General Paul Scoon. For the point, name this Reagan-era U.S. military operation on a Caribbean island following the deposition of Maurice Bishop.

Operation Urgent Fury (accept answers involving the United States invasion or attack on Grenada)

(34) In this territory, a series of disasters, including a confrontation between Jonathan Thorn and the Tlaoquiaht [[TLAH-oh-KWEE-aht]], led to the destruction of the Tonquin shortly after the founding of Fort Astoria. The Continental Divide line separated the northern portion of this territory from Rupert's Land. A route named for this territory could be accessed starting at Independence or St. Joseph in Missouri, and was known as this territory's namesake "trail." For ten points, name this territory whose American portion was acquired after James Polk pledged "54 40 or fight."

Oregon territory (accept Oregon trail)

(6) This man starred in a series of commercials for Paul Masson [[mah-SOHN]] with the slogan "We will sell no wine before its time." This man was infamously angered while recording a commercial for Findus frozen peas. In one film, a character played by this man erroneously states at the Vienna Riesenrad [[REE-zen-rahd]] that the Swiss had "five hundred years of democracy and peace" and produced only the cuckoo clock. For ten points, name this actor who portrayed Harry Lime in The Third Man and wrote and starred in Citizen Kane.

Orson Welles (or George Orson Welles) Orson Welles founded this repertory company in New York that produced multiple stage and radio theatre productions including the "War of the Worlds" broadcast. This company notably staged a fascist-themed production of Julius Caesar in 1937. Mercury Theatre

(30) Various fireworks displays and celebrations during this empire are chronicled in a set of Imperial Festival Works. That work appears in a novel set in this empire in which different perspectives are provided on the morality of coffee. That work features characters like Stork and Butterfly and features the murder of a miniaturist named (+) Elegant Effendi. Satan and the title color are among the narrators of a work set during this empire, My Name is Red, partly occurring during the reign of (*) Murat III. For the points, name this empire that is often the subject of Orhan Pamuk, the only Nobel Prize winner in Literature from Turkey.

Ottoman Empire (accept Devlet-i Aliye-i Osmaniye; accept The Sublime Ottoman State; accept Osmanli İmparatorluğu; accept Osmanli Devleti; accept Empire Ottoman)

(15) This exchange continued a debate from the scathing Veritas letters published a few months earlier. One side of this exchange said that "royal prerogatives in the British government" were the only possible basis for the other's conception of (+) executive power. The other side of this debate asserted that, absent war declarations and treaties, the president was able to (*) act without consulting the Senate. For the point, identify this series of open letters written by pseudonyms of Alexander Hamilton and James Madison that debated the constitutionality of George Washington's 1793 Neutrality Proclamation.

Pacificus/Helvidius correspondence (or Pacificus/Helvidius debate; accept names in either order; prompt on answers describing Alexander Hamilton and James Madison's exchange of open letters about the Neutrality Proclamation)

(29) Americans working in this field, such as Walter W. Grander and Roy Chapman Andrews, made a landmark 1920s expedition to China. While working in this field, Jack Horner advanced theories about nest-building and family structure based on finding eggs of Maiasaura in Montana. Michael Crichton [[CRY-ton]] and Steven Spielberg consulted with several members of this profession to create Jurassic Park. For ten points, name this profession which studies fossil remains such as those of dinosaurs.

Paleontology (accept Paleontologist; prompt on descriptive answers)

(22) In a work about this event, Olga Palagia [[pah-LAH-gyah]] noted how the "throw of dice" could sometimes determine outcomes. According to myth, a son of Minos named Androgeus [[an-DROH-gee-us]] was killed by jealous rivals after his success at one of these events. Amphorae (+) were given as prizes at these nonOlympic events. Like similar events it featured the diaulos sprint, and its revival was credited to (*) Peisistratos. This non-Panhellenic event began with offerings to Poseidon as well as to its city's namesake goddess of wisdom. For the points, name this sporting event in a major Greek-city state.

Panathenaic Games (or Panathenaia; prompt on "Athenian Games" or "Athenian sporting event" or similar answers)

(3) These events, one of which prompted the signing of the Aldrich-Vreeland Act, was triggered by Levi Woodbury's Specie Circular in 1837 (+) due to government refusal to accept non-gold or silver payment for public land. The first of these occurred in 1819, while one in 1907 led to the creation of the (*) Federal Reserve. For the points, name these acute economic crises.

Panics (accept Panic of 1837; accept Panic of 1819; prompt on any type of "Economic Crisis" or "Financial Crisis" before mentioned)

(6) The Aldrich-Vreeland Act was signed after one of these events, which was caused by the collapse of the Knickerbocker Trust Company. Levi Woodbury's (+) Specie Circular triggered one of these events in 1837 due to government refusal to accept non-gold or silver payment for public land. The first of these occurred in (*) 1819, while one in 1907 led to the creation of the Federal Reserve. For the points, name these acute economic crises.

Panics (accept Panic of 1837; accept Panic of 1819; prompt on any type of "Economic Crisis" or "Financial Crisis" before mentioned)

(12) These decisions, named from the Latin for "to give wholeheartedly," cannot be recognized by a judge unless brought by a plea or motion according to United States v. Wilson. Burdick v. United States, which ruled that people must introduce these decisions into court proceedings, was cited by Gerald Ford following the Watergate Scandal. Accepting one of these decisions does not necessarily imply guilt. For the point, name these governmental decisions granting relief from being convicted of a crime.

Pardon (accept descriptive answers regarding individuals being relieved of criminal accusations or convictions)

(25) This man was vindicated by a court-martial brought by Peleg Wadsworth over his conduct during the disastrous Penobscot Expedition. A still-extant sheet metal company named for this man operated the first copper rolling mill in America. This man coordinated the work of about thirty amateur spies from the Green Dragon tavern, in which role he collaborated with Robert Newman to use the lanterns of the Old North Church for messaging. For ten points, name this silversmith whose "midnight ride" warned Patriots of the coming British troops at Lexington and Concord.

Paul Revere (accept Paul Revere's Midnight Ride)

(6) Lewis Fielding, the psychoanalyst of the man who assembled these documents, had his office burglarized. John Mitchell (+) attempted to document the man who assembled these documents, which were leaked to the New York Times (*) in 1971. Robert McNamara commissioned, for the points, what documents that detailed U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War?

Pentagon Papers

(9) During this conflict, two girls who were allegedly asked for instructions on making gunpowder were captured at Wethersfield. During a pursuit of the Manisses in this conflict, several villages were burned by forces under Colonel John Endicott. Disputes over the fur trade were a cause of this conflict instigated by the murder of John Stone. Lasting from 1636 to 1638, this conflict took place in territory adjacent to the Connecticut River. For ten points, name this war between New Englanders and a namesake tribe ended by the Treaty of Hartford.

Pequot War

(5) This veteran secured $180,000 for police reform in his city after the fatal police shooting of Eric Logan. This politician's husband released the memoir I Have Something to Tell You, a work which recounts part of this person's presidential campaign. This winner of the 2020 Iowa caucuses had previously served as the mayor of South Bend, Indiana. For the point, name this first person to both win a presidential primary and be named to a Cabinet position while being openly LGBT.

Pete Buttigieg [[BOO-tih-zhezh]]

(21) At one of this man's iron mills, he created the process for puddling iron using anthracite coal. A speech given at an institution named for this man contains historical analysis of which Founding Fathers voted to restrain slavery in the territories. In 1825, this inventor built the (*) Tom Thumb, the first steam locomotive in America. In 1876, this opponent of the gold standard became the first presidential nominee of the (*) Greenback Party. For the point, identify this founder of a long tuitionfree arts and engineering school in Manhattan known as his "union."

Peter Cooper

(14) This man threatened that anyone appealing his decisions to the central government would be "made a foot shorter" and could appeal in "pieces." Edward Hart drafted a document opposing this man's enforcement of religious meeting restrictions, after which he agreed to tolerate Quakers. This addressee of the Flushing Remonstrance often banged his wooden leg on tables for emphasis. For the point, name this final Dutch colonial governor of New Netherland prior to the British creation of New York.

Peter Stuyvesant [[STOY-veh-sant]] (or Petrus Stuyvesant)

(24) This ruler established a museum with a name meaning "art chamber" to maintain the memory of "natural and human curiosities." The kunstkamera was built by this man along a river that also features a statue of this ruler that was built on top of the Thunder Stone. (+) That work depicting this man by Etienne Maurice Falconet was the subject of a poem by Pushkin titled "The Bronze Horseman." Paintings set during the Great (*) Northern War often depict this exceptionally tall tsar. For the points, name this emperor who ruled Russia during the early 1700s.

Peter the Great (or Peter I of Russia; or Pyotr Alekseyevich; prompt on partial answers; accept Pyotr in place of Peter)

(13) This scandal saw General William T. Barry as the only remaining cabinet member. Martin van (+) Buren attempted to end this scandal by turning in his resignation and allowing for a (*) cabinet shuffle. For the points, identify this scandal of the Andrew Jackson administration in which a collection of cabinet wives conspired to socially ostracize the wife of Secretary of War John Eaton.

Petticoat Affair (accept the Peggy Eaton Affair or Eaton Affair before "Eaton"; accept "Scandal" for "Affair")

(15) General William T. Barry was the only remaining cabinet member in the aftermath of this scandal, which was largely instigated by Floride (+) Calhoun. Martin van Buren attempted to end this scandal by turning in his resignation and allowing for a (*) cabinet shuffle. For the points, identify this scandal of the Andrew Jackson administration in which a collection of cabinet wives conspired to socially ostracize the wife of Secretary of War John Eaton.

Petticoat Affair (accept the Peggy Eaton Affair or Eaton Affair before "Eaton"; accept "Scandal" for "Affair")

(14) Oney Jones fled this city after learning she was going to be given to Elizabeth Parke Curtis Law as a gift. Absalom Jones and Richard Allen founded the Free African Society in this city. In 1793, Black citizens of this city were forced to work as gravediggers and nurses due to a mistaken belief that they were immune to yellow fever. While living in this city's President's House, George Washington rotated his slaves every six months to prevent them from being freed. For the point, name this largest city in Pennsylvania known as the "City of Brotherly Love."

Philadelphia

(2) This man hired architect Leopold Eidlitz to build his mansion "Iranistan." This man formulated a fake language to enhance the mystery around William Henry Johnson, billed as "the (+) man-monkey." This man also employed individuals including Commodore Nutt, Lavinia Warren, and Charles Sherwood Stratton. In 1851 this man paid 26 journalists to hype the (*) nationwide tour of the "Swedish Nightingale," Jenny Lind. For the point, name this novelty show exhibitor, who in 1871 cofounded a travelling circus with James Bailey.

Phineas Taylor "P.T." Barnum

(35) Marjorie van Vliet joined this profession at age 55 to promote world peace causes. A prominent member of this profession, who sometimes worked alongside Herbert Julian, died while using a "Jenny" in 1926 and was known as "Queen Bess." Another member of this profession may have been eaten by coconut crabs on Nikumaroro Island. Bessie Coleman performed stunts as a member of this profession, which also included Wiley Post who disappeared in 1937. For ten points, identify this profession of Amelia Earhart.

Pilots (accept Stunt pilot; accept clear knowledge equivalents)

(21) A member of this family warned of an "indiscreet zeal in favor of universal liberty" in a pamphlet written after the Denmark Vesey conspiracy. In 1804, a member of this family became the first major presidential candidate to lose their home state after being defeated by Thomas Jefferson. The Wappoo Plantation was owned by a member of this family, who proved that indigo could be grown in the New World. A 1795 treaty named for a member of this family defined the border between the U.S. and Spanish Florida. For the point, name this South Carolina family which included Eliza, Thomas, and Charles.

Pinckney (accept Thomas Pinckney, Charles Pinckney, or Eliza Pinckney)

(7) Thrasybulus [[thrass-ih-BYOO-luss]] and his pro-democracy exiles occupied this city in an attempted last stand against the troops of Pausanias, who fought in support of the puppet government known as "The Thirty Tyrants." Cleisthenes [[KLY-stheh-neez]] established this city as a deme [[DEH-meh]] in the 5th century BCE, and this port in Attica is where Plato's Republic begins. The modern iteration of this city is the largest passenger port in Europe, while its ancient counterpart served as the primary port of the Delian League. The Long Walls ran from Athens to, for the point, what nearby port city on the Aegean Sea?

Piraeus (or Peiraiás)

(10) In the 2010s, this event was linked to Hunnic peoples migrating from East Asia after similar samples were found in the Tian Shan Mountains. The Imperial response to this event was weakened due to the cost of recent annexations of the Vandalic and Gothic kingdoms. Court historian Procopius claimed that this pandemic killed over 10,000 people daily in Constantinople. For the point, name this "Plague" caused by yersinia pestis, often named for an ambitious 6th century Byzantine Emperor.

Plague of Justinian (or Justinianic Plague; accept Plague of the 6th Century before mentioned; prompt on "Plague" before mentioned)

(13) Dinosaur bones were fashioned into chandeliers for this state's Zolochiv Castle, built by John III as a gift for his French wife, Marie of Arquen [[are-KEN]]. It's not Russia, but Jewish people in fixed income occupations known as Arendator were attacked in this state during the Khmelnytsky Uprising. This state lost one-third of its population during the Swedish Deluge, and this union formed after Duke Jogaila [[yah-GEH-wah]] married Queen Jadwiga [[yahd-WEE-gah]]. The cities of Krakow and Warsaw served as the capital of, for the point, what early modern state which experienced three partitions?

Poland-Lithuania (prompt on partial answers; accept Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; accept the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania; accept Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów; accept Abiejų Tautų Respublika; prompt on "Commonwealth")

(1) During the wrapup of this war, the winning side lost 80 men at the Devil's Hole Massacre. A group of vigilantes, who believed that this war was not prosecuted aggressively enough, began killing Susquehannocks in the Conestoga Massacre and was known as the Paxton Boys. At the Siege of Fort Pitt during this war, Jeffrey Amherst ordered the distribution of smallpox-infected blankets. This war was largely brought to a close with the British victory at Bushy Run over the namesake Odawa chieftain. For ten points, name this 1760s Indian uprising in the Great Lakes area.

Pontiac's Rebellion (or Pontiac's War)

(13) An editorial cartoon series, whose name is a play on words of this publication's title, originated the popular anti-George W. Bush poem "Make the Pie Higher." This publication falsely reported the death and replacement by an imposter of Titan Leeds. Over time, "Father Abraham" took over as the narrating persona of this publication, displacing a fictitious man surnamed "Saunders." For ten points, name this book containing a variety of weather forecasts and entertaining reading material that was published annually from 1732 to 1758 by Benjamin Franklin.

Poor Richard's Almanack

(24) This production was repopularized after Jack O'Brien's 1976 revival at the Houston Grand Opera. Harry Belafonte refused to appear in the 1959 film adaptation of this show, leading to Sidney Poitier [[PWAH-tyeh]] taking the lead role. A song from this show, which is the most-recorded song of all time according to Guinness, discusses a season when "the livin' is easy." For the point, name this "folk opera" set among the Black population of South Carolina's Catfish Row which was composed by George Gershwin.

Porgy and Bess

(30) In a text called On the Sacred Disease, Hippocrates attributes this figure with causing a form of epilepsy that mimics the state of a horse. Alexander the Great prayed for this deity to cast a four-horse chariot before heading to the Battle of Issus. This god's temple in the city of Mantinea was restored by Hadrian while another temple on Cape Sounion was strategically placed in view of all incoming and exiting ships. For the point, who is the Greek god of horses, storms, and the sea?

Poseidon (do not accept or prompt on "Neptune")

(10) Resolutions of this conference included setting a border at the Oder-Neisse [[NYEsuh]] line. The "Big Three" at this conference joined with Chiang Kai-Shek to issue a "Declaration" of the same name calling for the surrender of Japan. Midway through this conference, the results of the Trinity test were communicated, and Clement Attlee displaced Winston Churchill as the British representative at this conference. For ten points, name this conference at which Harry Truman consulted with British and Soviet leadership on the occupation of the recently surrendered Germany, where this event was held.

Potsdam Conference (accept Potsdam Declaration)

(15) Following the death of this organization's leader, Sextus Afranius Burris, it split into two factions which supported or opposed Piso's conspiracy, with the latter under Tigellinus [[tih-GEH-lih-nus]] winning out. Previous leaders of this organization included Cassius Chaerea [[kay-REE-ah]] and Sejanus, who respectively led the assassination of Caligula and rivaled Tiberius for power. This organization originally protected important judges and generals who ranked just below consuls. For the point, name this group that evolved into bodyguards and kingmakers for the Roman emperor.

Praetorian Guard (or Cohortes Praetoriae)

(3) Czechoslovak city whose liberalizing "Spring" was crushed by the Warsaw Pact.

Prague (or Praha; accept Prague Spring; or Pražské jaro)

(27) Edits from William Seward led to one of these speeches omitting oblique references to the seizure of Fort Sumter by the Confederacy. One of these speeches ends with the line, "With malice toward none, with charity for all," in reference to the Union's outlook in the final days of the Civil War. William Henry Harrison's rejection of a coat during one of these speeches led to his death from pneumonia a month later. For the point, name these speeches given during the commencement ceremony for a presidential four-year term.

Presidential Inaugural Addresses (accept Inauguration; accept inaugural address(es) of Abraham Lincoln; prompt on answers like "speeches by Abraham Lincoln")

(8) The committee that investigated this event referenced an earlier incident involving Russell Jarvis and John Adams II. One of the central figures in this event accused Andrew Butler (+) of taking slavery as "a harlot," and this event began when one of its figures had their back turned while addressing copies of their speech, (*) "The Crime Against Kansas." For the points, identify this 1856 event in which a representative savagely assaulted a U.S. senator.

Preston Brooks Beating Charles Sumner (accept Preston Brooks Caning Charles Sumner; accept any word forms that mention an assault by Preston Brooks Against Charles Sumner; accept the Brooks-Sumner Affair in either order)

(7) An investigation into this event referenced an earlier incident involving Russell Jarvis and John Adams II. One of the central figures in this event accused Andrew Butler (+) of taking slavery as "a harlot," and this event began when one of its figures had their back turned while addressing copies of their speech, (*) "The Crime Against Kansas." For the points, identify this 1856 event in which a representative savagely assaulted a U.S. senator.

Preston Brooks Beating Charles Sumner (accept Preston Brooks Caning Charles Sumner; accept any word forms that mention an assault by Preston Brooks against Charles Sumner; accept the Brooks-Sumner Affair in either order)

(7) In his later years, this general mentored a young Frederick the Great while conducting a cautious campaign during the War of the Polish Succession. This man, who once governed the Austrian Netherlands, was wounded in the neck during the bloody Battle of Malplaquet [[mahl-plah-KEH]]. After this man's primary ally was sacked by Queen Anne, this general was outmaneuvered by Marshal Villars [[vee-YAHR]] in the Low Countries during ongoing negotiations at Utrecht. For the point, name this French-born Austrian general, the primary lieutenant of the Duke of Marlborough throughout the War of the Spanish Succession.

Prince Eugene [[yoo-ZHEN]] of Savoy (or Prince Eugene Francis of Savoy- Carignano; accept phonetic pronunciation)

(4) This man was the third-born child of a group of nobles called the "Illustrious Generation." Cartographers including Jehuda Cresques [[yeh-OO-dah KRES-kess]] and Pedro Nunes [[NOO-ness]] were hired by this man to convene at his alleged School of Sagres [[SAH-gresh]]. This man's personal shield bearer, Gil Eanes [[AINES]], made numerous failed attempted to pass Cape Bojador [[boh-HAH-dor]]. Supposedly sponsoring several expeditions to Madeira and the Azores, for ten points, who was this Portuguese prince known for his attempts to map the west coast of Africa?

Prince Henry the Navigator (or Infante Dom Henrique, o Navegador; accept Infante Dom Henrique)

(20) One of these locations was the birthplace of a character who steals a necklace from a child and reconnects with her "Lancashire husband." Most of Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur [[dahr-TUHR]] was likely written at one of these locations. The protagonist's mother "pleads the belly" while at one of these places in Moll Flanders. A resident of one of these places wrote a letter to the son of the Marquess of Queensbury and a poem that notes, "Each man kills the thing he loves." For the point, name these locations about which Oscar Wilde wrote while facing punishment for homosexuality.

Prisons (accept Jails or Gaols; accept specific prisons like Newgate Prison or Reading Gaol)

(24) Etta Mae Miller was sentenced to life in prison for her fourth violation of this policy. This policy, championed by Frances Willard, was also supported by the hatchet-wielding Carrie Nation and enacted nationwide by the Volstead Act. For the point, name this policy that was repealed by the Twenty-first Amendment and banned the sale of most alcohol.

Prohibition (accept the Eighteenth Amendment; or Amendment Eighteen)

(35) Timothy Shay Arthur supported this movement in a novel about "ten nights in" one of the places this movement targeted. Early laws aimed at promoting this movement included a bill signed by Edward Everett dubbed the "15 gallon law," in the same state in which an 1855 riot opposed Neal Dow's enforcement of laws supported by this movement in Maine. Carrie Nation used hatchets to enforce this movement, which achieved a nationwide victory when the Volstead Act enforced the 18th Amendment. For ten points, identify this movement to restrict the consumption of alcohol.

Prohibition (or Temperance movement; prompt on descriptions of restricting alcohol)

(6) A Supreme Court case found that relying on property taxes to fund these locations does not violate the Equal Protection Clause. One of these locations in Island Trees, New York, was the subject of a case concerning books such as Soul on Ice and The Fixer. Engel v. Vitale found it unconstitutional to hold morning prayer at, for the point, what educational institutions?

Public Schools (accept High Schools; or Elementary Schools; or Middle Schools)

(6) A Supreme Court case found that relying on property taxes to fund these locations does not violate the Equal Protection Clause. One of these locations in Island Trees, New York was the subject of a case concerning books such as Soul on Ice and The Fixer. Engel v. Vitale found it unconstitutional to hold morning prayer at, for the point, what educational institutions?

Public Schools (accept High Schools; or Elementary Schools; or Middle Schools)

(18) While serving as aedile [[AY-dile]], this man charged Titus Annius Milo with public violence after Milo resisted an attempt to burglarize his home by this man's hired thugs. In an effort to get revenge against Cicero, this patrician from the gens Claudia, had himself adopted by an obscure (+) plebeian to be elected "Tribune of the Plebs." The wife of Julius Caesar Pompeia was supposed to be seduced by, (*) for the points, what scandalous Roman populist who perpetrated the Bona Dea scandal by dressing as a woman to the title sacred rite?

Publius Clodius Pulcher (accept Publius Claudius Pulcher before "Claudia" is mentioned)

(6) People of this ethnicity carried out the Blair House plot in an attempt to assassinate Harry Truman. Pedro Albizu Campos led the independence movement of this ethnicity, many of whom support the addition of a 51st state. New York is home to a large diaspora of, for the point, what ethnicity of people from a U.S. territory?

Puerto Ricans (accept Nuyoricans; accept Puertorriqueños; accept Boricuas)

(7) The Marxist-Leninist Young Lords fought for the rights of people of this ethnicity. People of this ethnicity carried out the Blair House plot in an attempt to assassinate Harry Truman. Pedro Albizu Campos led the independence movement of this ethnicity, many of whom support the addition of a 51st state. New York is home to a large diaspora of, for the point, what ethnicity of people from a U.S. territory?

Puerto Ricans (accept Nuyoricans; accept Puertorriqueños; accept Boricuas)

(15) Henry Ford commissioned an 88-foot-long product from this company known as the Fair Lane. Employees who worked on this company's flagship products were the subject of a 1920s meme about not being called "George" and were unionized by A. Philip Randolph. In support of a strike against this company, members of the ARU boycotted its products, leading to an injunction that was upheld in 1895's In re Debs case. For the point, name this company which chiefly manufactured railroad sleeping cars.

Pullman Company (or Pullman Palace Car Company; accept Pullman strike)

(34) During this operation, Charles Young led the U.S. Army's first cavalry charge in 18 years. George Patton used three Dodge vehicles to lead the first motor vehicle assault in U.S. military history during this operation, during which Patton was nicknamed "The Bandito." (+) This operation was conducted after the 13th Cavalry and several civilian targets were assaulted during a (*) raid on Columbus, New Mexico. For the points, identify this operation just prior to U.S. entry into World War One in which John Pershing pursued Pancho Villa into Mexico.

Punitive Expedition (accept Mexican Expedition before "Mexico" is mentioned; accept descriptive answers such as the U.S. Army's pursuit of Pancho Villa before "Pancho Villa" is mentioned; do not accept or prompt on "Mexican War" or "Mexican-American War")

II} 4. The first of these laws expanded one provision of the Mutiny Acts to include livery stables and ale houses. The French analog of these laws was the dragonnade policy. A provision of the Coercive Acts expanded the scope of these laws, so that they applied to all Colonies. The 1765 act of this name was passed after complaints from General Thomas Gage. The 1774 act of this name was part of the Intolerable Acts and inspired the third amendment. For the point, what was this name of two laws passed by the British Parliament which ordered that colonists house British troops in their homes?

Quartering Act(s) [Prompt on Mutiny Acts or Intolerable Acts] <Ike>

(16) Thomas Truxton won a hollow victory in this conflict after the Constellation's main mast fell over, preventing the capture of the defeated Vengeance. A major role in this conflict was played by the new "subscription ships" which were named for and financed by city governments, such as the USS Boston. A treaty signed at Mortefontaine [[mohr-teh-fohnTEHN]] ended this conflict, which broke out following the XYZ Affair. For the point, name this 1798 to 1800 series of naval confrontations between the U.S. and France.

Quasi-War (or Quasi-guerre; prompt on answers such as "undeclared naval war with France" before "France" is mentioned)

(31) A 2003 article entitled "Where Have All the Children Gone?" examined the relationship between this movement and the sudden drop in birth rates to among the lowest in the industrial world. A leader of this movement wrote The Impertinences of Brother Anonymous. (+) The beginning of this movement was signaled by the Union Nationale's loss in 1960 elections to the Liberal Party led by Jean Lesage. Secularization of education, strengthening of unions, and (*) Francophone nationalism were some of the results of, for the points, what 1960s movement to reform Catholic influence and pre-modern institutions in Quebec?

Quiet Revolution (or Révolution tranquille)

(1) This man set off an immense controversy within Unitarianism by completely rejecting the divine or miraculous character of Jesus in his Harvard Divinity School address. A year earlier, this man suggested removing the "iron lids" of European thought in his speech to Harvard's Phi Beta Kappa Society entitled "The American Scholar." This man commented that "a foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds" in another of his treatises. For ten points, name this transcendentalist philosopher who wrote essays such as "Self-Reliance."

Ralph Waldo Emerson

(16) An early event during this period was known as the New Orleans massacre. Historians at Columbia created the Dunning School to study this period, which was called "America's Unfinished Revolution" by Eric Foner. The Ten Percent Plan was favored over the Wade-Davis Bill by a president during this period, which concluded with the Compromise of 1877. For the point, name this era of rebuilding that followed the Civil War.

Reconstruction

(25) Joel Chandler Harris chronicled this period in short stories like "Free Joe and the Rest of the World." Beardian School historians claimed that this era was a failure due to massive corruption, which came to a head during the concurrent Gilded Age. The Dunning School of the early 20th century blamed the failure of this period on Northern Scalawags duping undereducated Black people. For the point, name this period of Black enfranchisement after the conclusion of the U.S. Civil War.

Reconstruction era (prompt on answers indicating the "1860s," "1870s," "Post Civil War," or "19th century")

(21) Much of this nation's territory was gained from the Tati Concessions by Matabele king Lobengula [[loh-BEN-goo-lah]] for arms and gold bullion. Stellaland was a failed Boer state established in this modern-day nation, which was supported by the Transvaal Republic until the Warren Expedition captured Mafeking [[mah-feh-KING]]. Most of Namibia's Herero people fled to this modern nation after facing systemic genocide by German occupiers. Known as Bechuanaland under British colonial rule, for the point, what is this African nation governed from Gabarone?

Republic of Botswana (or Lefatshe la Botswana; accept Bechuanaland before mentioned)

(4) Followers of a religious leader from this country poisoned salad bars in Oregon with Salmonella. A 1923 Supreme Court case decided that an immigrant from this country who self-identified as an Aryan was ineligible for naturalized US citizenship. The religious organization ISKCON was founded in New York City by a Vaishnavite [[vah-EESH-nuh-vite]] leader from this country. For the point, name this country, whose immigrants have opened many gurdwaras and Hindu temples in the United States.

Republic of India

(15) A leader in this country appointed a poet from a neighboring country named Froylán Turcios [[froy-LAHN toor-SEE-ohss]] to serve as his secretary. An attack on the Bonanza mine in this country was overseen by a man who, while visiting Mexico, established close ties with the Salvadoran revolutionary Farabundo Marti. Jose Maria Moncada and Adolfo Diaz served as leaders of this country, the latter of whom granted the U.S. rights to build a canal through its namesake lake. For the point, guerillas loyal to Augusto Sandinho, the Sandinistas, operated in what Central American country southeast of Honduras?

Republic of Nicaragua (accept Republica de Nicaragua)

(15) Covert deals with Manucher Ghorbanifar [[muh-NOO-ker goor-BAN-uh-far]] supported one faction in this country under a program called "The Enterprise." Support of this country defied the Boland Amendment, leading to an investigation by the Tower Commission. Arms sales to Iran sparked that crisis involving this country and a faction called the Contras. For the point, name this South American country once led by the Sandinistas.

Republic of Nicaragua (accept República de Nicaragua)

(5) A novel from this country and set between the 17th and 21st centuries details historical events such as the discovery of the Achilles tendon and is titled Flights. In another novel from this country, theorists speculate that the Soviet Union is represented by a vast ocean of gel that covers the planet of Solaris. Olga Tokarczuk [[toh-KAHR-chuk]] is from this country, as is the author of a novel about Lygia and Marcus Vinicius subtitled "A Narrative of the Time of Nero." For the point, name this home country of Stanisław Lem and Quo Vadis author Henryk Sienkiewicz [[SYEN-keyh-vits]].

Republic of Poland (or Rzeczpospolita Polska)

(23) At the age of 60, this nation's vice president, Ronnie Brunswijk [[BROONS-wike]], put himself in during a CONCACAF [[KON-kah-kaff]] soccer match against the club C.D. Olimpia. That politician serves under a president of Indian descent, Chan Santokhi, who heads the Progressive Reform Party. The Treaty of Breda between the British and United Provinces traded sovereignty over New York for this modern South American nation. Brutal dictator Dési Bouterse [[BAO-ter-suh]] ruled, for the point, what former colony of the Netherlands in South America?

Republic of Suriname (or Republiek Suriname)

(12) In this nation, Radio Free Europe journalist Ogulsapar Muradova died in prison awaiting trial shortly after its president declared this nation is "a peaceful country where justice is ruling and where nobody is disgraced." Soviet engineers accidentally caused the Darvaza gas crater in this nation, a continuous burning methane site in the Karakorum Desert. The Rukhnama, or "Book of Soul," was a propaganda work written by a former head of this state, Saparmurat Niyazov. A personality cult was built by Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow [[gur-bahn-GOO-lee behr-"muhamed"-ohv]], the former president of, for the point, which Central Asian nation?

Republic of Turkmenistan

(24) During this event, Rufus Spalding had the name of John McLean withdrawn, and this event was preceded by a similar event focusing on a "North American" body. Cassius Clay received three informal votes during this event, which involved a selection of New Jersey senator William L. Dayton. (+) This was the first event of its kind and selected a California senator nicknamed the "Pathfinder." John C. Frémont was nominated during this convention before losing the (*) general election to the only bachelor president. For the points, name this convention held four years prior to one that nominated Abraham Lincoln.

Republican Nominating Convention of 1856 (or 1856 RNC; or Republican National Convention of 1856; accept First Republican Nominating Convention, First RNC; or First Republican National Convention before "first" is mentioned; prompt on partial answers; prompt on Presidential "Election of 1856")

(10) Music composed by Homer Rodeheaver was often featured at these events, which comprised the "kerosene circuit" travelled in the Midwest by former athlete Billy Sunday. A particular form of this event was popularized by Alexander Campbell and Barton Stone and originated with the "communion season" practice of Presbyterians. The "camp" form of these gatherings spread during the Second Great Awakening. For the point, name these boisterous gatherings of evangelical Protestant preaching.

Revival meetings (accept Revivals; accept Camp meetings before "camp" is mentioned; prompt on descriptive answers involving gatherings to hear Christian preaching)

(7) Sailors from this city established the port of Parthenope [[par-THEH-noh-peh]] in Magna Graecia, eventually becoming modern Naples. Ancient theories on why eclipses occur are outlined in The History of Astronomy by Eudemus [[YOO-deh-muss]], a philosopher from this city. Ptolemy III offered to rebuild a bronze statue which collapsed into this city-state's harbor due to a 226 BCE earthquake. For ten points, name this ancient Greek city-state off the coast of Anatolia that possessed a wonder of the ancient world, the bronze Colossus.

Rhodes (or Rhodos; accept Eudemus of Rhodes; accept Colossus of Rhodes)

(32) This man was said to have been "embalmed before he even died" by Richard Daley. This man injured his knee in North Carolina, causing a staph infection which, coupled with his refusal to cover facial hair with makeup, caused a widespread perception of looking ill. This man addressed issues such as the U.S. military presence in the Taiwan Straits and Dwight Eisenhower's dismissal of his policy contributions in four fall 1960 broadcasts. For ten points, name this losing Republican nominee who was perceived to have underperformed in televised debates with John F. Kennedy.

Richard M(ilhous) Nixon (accept Nixon-Kennedy debates)

(30) This man co-sponsored a bill with Karl Mundt to force members of the Communist Party to enter a government registry. Alongside a Massachusetts Democrat, this man participated in the first presidential debates to be broadcast on television in the U.S. This man took part in the "Kitchen Debate'' with Nikita Khrushchev while serving as Dwight D. Eisenhower's vice president. For the point, name this California Republican, the only U.S. president to resign from office.

Richard M. Nixon

(25) A theory surrounding this man's death include a heart attack caused by an argument with his wife over his affair with the singer Carrie Pringle. This composer was exiled prior to the premier of one of his operas after he took part in the May Uprising. It is believed that Felix Mendelssohn and Giacomo Meyerbeer were targets of this composer's ant-semitic essay Jewishness in Music. Claimed to have been Adolf Hitler's favorite, for the point, what German composer's works include Tannhäuser [[TON-hoy-zer]], Lohengrin, and The Ring of the Nibelung?

Richard Wagner [[VAHG-nuh]] (or Wilhelm Richard Wagner; accept phonetic pronunciations)

(24) The Cache swamp was home to a group of these people led by Colonel Plug near Stack Island. Civic leader James Ford secretly led one group of these people from Cave-InRock on the Ohio. America's first serial killers joined Peter Alston as part of these people, who preyed on the innocent from Diamond Island under Samuel Mason. The US Army had to fight these people from Fort Massac. Keelboats on the Mississippi and other frontier waterways were often plagued by, for the point, what water-based criminals?

River Gangs (accept River Bandits; accept River Pirates;

(13) Ralph Lane led a group at this place, where they clashed with the Secotan led by Wingina. A two-year delay in returning to this place meant John White found this birthplace of Virginia Dare deserted, with only the word CROATOAN [[CRO-uh-TOH-un]] carved in a palisade. For the point, name this "Lost Colony" planned by Walter Raleigh off the North Carolina coast.

Roanoke Island (or Roanoke Colony)

(17) Thomas Harriot wrote a "Brief and True Report" of this place, where a group led by Ralph Lane clashed with the Secotan led by Wingina. A two-year delay in returning to this place meant John White found this birthplace of Virginia Dare deserted, with only the word CROATOAN [[CRO-uh-TOH-un]] carved in a palisade. For the point, name this "Lost Colony" planned by Walter Raleigh off the North Carolina coast.

Roanoke Island (or Roanoke Colony)

2020-21 A-Set US History Bee - 2021-03-03 A Set US History Bee Round 1 (10) This man preceded George H.W. Bush as the chair of the RNC and lived in the Watergate complex during the famous break-in, whose perpetrators he defended. This man debated Walter Mondale in a 1976 vice presidential debate, in which he claimed Democrats were responsible for 1.6 million American war casualties in the 20th Century. As a Republican presidential nominee, this man selected Jack Kemp as his running mate. For the point, name this Kansas senator who ran against Bill Clinton in the 1996 presidential election.

Robert "Bob" Dole

(12) Two days before the end of World War One, this man demonstrated to the navy a prototype bazooka built out of a music rack. This Clark University professor demonstrated the viability of another invention in 1926 at Auburn, Massachusetts after writing papers collected in 1920 as "A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes." This man was the addressee of a 1969 "correction" which revoked a 1920 New York Times editorial denouncing his work. For the point, name this inventor who built the first liquid-fueled rocket.

Robert Goddard (or Robert Hutchings Goddard)

(11) Before writing The Years of Lyndon Johnson, Robert Caro wrote a biography of this man, who was able to gain power thanks to the efforts of William O'Dwyer. The book The Death and Life of Great American Cities heavily criticized (+) this man for contributing to the destruction of mixed-use urban neighborhoods. The subject of the book (*) The Power Broker was, for the points, what controversial urban planner of New York City?

Robert Moses

(1) This man wrote the majority opinion in the case which established that Congress, not the Supreme Court, decides the meaning of the "republican form of government" clause, in Luther v. Borden. This Justice attempted to hold General George Cadwalader in contempt after writing that habeas corpus could not be suspended by the president in the Ex Parte Merryman decision. An earlier decision delivered by this man pronounced that even free Blacks had "no rights which the white man was bound to respect." For ten points, name this Chief Justice who wrote the Dred Scott decision.

Roger (Brooke) Taney

(12) This person spent a brief term as Secretary of the Treasury after William Duane was dismissed from the role. Charles Sumner was believed to have written a pamphlet that criticized this person's career, referring to him as the "unjust judge." This person was a part of the minority who held that the president did not have authority to blockade ships in the Prize Cases. In a majority opinion, this person ruled that those enslaved were not "citizens" under the U.S. Constitution. Succeeding John Marshall, for the point, what Chief Justice presided over the Dred Scott case?

Roger Brooke Taney [[TAW-nee]] (be lenient on pronunciation)

(13) This man wrote the first full English study of native North American speech in 1643's A Key into the Language of America and the following year completed The Bloody Tenet of Persecution. This preacher lived with Massasoit [[MASS-uh-SOIT]] after fleeing from arrest in Salem, which he condemned for insufficient separation from the Church of England. For the point, name this religious freedom advocate whose 1636 establishment of Providence Plantations marked the founding of Rhode Island.

Roger Williams

(2) A conjecture named for this man posits the difficulties in sustaining a monopoly on non-resalable durable goods due to firms competing with themselves at different time periods. This longtime editor of a law and economics journal proposed that low-cost organizing and a "nexus of contracts" were reasons for the existence of the title entities in "The Nature of the Firm." When transaction costs are low, this man predicted that phenomena such as pollution can be negotiated away. For ten points, identify this Chicagobased 1991 Nobel laureate in Economics whose namesake theorem addresses negative externalities.

Ronald (Harry) Coase (accept Coase theorem; accept Coase conjecture)

(1) This man's autobiography Where's the Rest of Me? took its title from a line this man uttered while playing a double amputee in the movie King's Row. This man yelled, "I'm paying for this microphone" when a debate moderator tried to mute him. A hot mic caught this man joking that he had signed legislation outlawing Russia, stating, "We begin bombing in five minutes." That occurred three months before this man won a record 525 electoral votes in a landslide presidential victory. For the point, what Republican won the presidential elections of 1980 and 1984?

Ronald Reagan

(1) This scientist worked under John Randall's biophysics unit while on a threeyear Turner & Newall Fellowship at King's College London. An article titled "The Structure of Viruses as (+) Determined by X-Ray Diffraction," was the last publication of this scientist. Raymond Gosling, a student working under this scientist and Maurice Wilkins, captured Photo 51, an image (*) critical in understanding molecular structure. For ten points, name this woman who was influential in discovering the double-helix structure of DNA.

Rosalind Franklin (or Rosalind Elsie Franklin)

(10) The name of this figure came from a 1942 song by Redd Evans and John Jacob Loeb. A 1943 poster of a woman flexing her arm is often mistakenly associated with this figure, who is often depicted in a red bandana. For the point, identify this figure who represented female factory workers in World War Two.

Rosie the Riveter

(2) An Estonian tale fictionalizes this man's brother, Sineus, as a blue snake. According to Nestor's account in The Primary Chronicle, this man was the leader of the Varangians before being succeeded by Oleg. The Ladoga region was taken over by this man in the ninth century, after which he established Novgorod. The Principality of Tver and Ruthenia were ruled by houses named for this man, as was one led by Vladimir the Great. For the point, name this legendary prince whose namesake dynasty ruled Kievan Rus and various Grand Duchies.

Rurik (or Rorik; accept Rjurikŭ; or Riurik; accept Rurikids; accept Rurikid Dynasty)

(28) In this territory, up to 500 civilians were slaughtered at Refuge Rock in the Awa'uq Massacre, and Saint Michael's Redoubt was destroyed in a Tlingit uprising. The St. Simon and Three Saints landed at this territory, which was the location of the first Orthodox church in the Americas. This territory was settled by promyshlenniki [[PRAH-mish-LEH-nih-kee]] fur traders before an 1867 ceremony at its capital of Sitka transferred it to U.S. control. For the point, name this former colony of Russia which became "Seward's Folly."

Russian Alaska (accept Russian America or Russkaya Amerika before "Russia" is mentioned)

(11) In a letter to the Spanish Inquisition, this man wrote that he had found evidence of witchcraft in the Sierra Gorda. This man sparred with Governors Pedro Fages [[FAH-hess]] and Felipe de Neve [[NEH-veh]] over soldiers' behavior. After the Jesuits were expelled from Mexico, this man founded an institution named for Didacus of Alcalá [[ahl-cah-LAH]] in 1769, and he founded another institution named for St. Francis of Assisi in 1776. For the point, name this Franciscan priest who forcibly converted indigenous peoples and founded a string of missions from San Diego to San Francisco, becoming known as the "Apostle of California."

Saint Junípero Serra y Ferrer (accept Father Junípero Serra)

(16) This man was said to have saved three innocent men from execution by pushing the executioner's sword to the ground. The medieval tradition in which a boy parodies a bishop, takes control of the cathedral, and performs clerical duties was in celebration of this man. One tradition observed in the Netherlands during this man's "Feast" involves children putting carrots and hay in their shoes as gifts for his horse. For the point, what Bishop of Myra is the patron saint of children and the inspiration for Santa Claus?

Saint Nicholas of Myra (or Nicholas of Bari; or Sint-Nicolaas; or Sankt Nikolaus; accept Saint Nick; accept "Bishop of Myra" before mentioned)

(7) During this event, Thomas Maule published the critical pamphlet Truth Held Forth and Maintained. During this event, William Griggs urged his servant to make false accusations against Roger Toothaker, his main competitor. Sarah Cloyce was imprisoned during this event for defending her sister from slander. Mary Silby advised John Indian to create a rye cake mixed with the urine of Abigail Williams and Elizabeth Parris during this event. Ann Putnam, Jr. accused Tituba [[TITCH-yoo-bah]] of practicing magic in, for the point, what 1692 mass hysteria in Massachusetts?

Salem Witch Trials

(23) One theory claims this event was caused by consuming rye bread infected with the hallucinogenic Claviceps purpurea fungi. William Stoughton allowed the use of (+) "Spectral Evidence" in this event that led to the death of figures like Giles Corey and (*) Rebecca Nurse. For the points, name this series of Massachusetts trials in 1692 that targeted citizens accused of using demonic magic.

Salem Witch Trials (accept anything that mentions Salem and Witchcraft; prompt on partial answers)

(30) In 2016, a group of scholars discovered that these events occurred at what is now a Walgreens parking lot. A person was charged in these events after a woman named Mercy Lewis claimed she couldn't unclasp her hands. These events were recorded in a book titled Wonders of the Invisible World by Cotton Mather, who influenced the execution of Ann Glover. Mary Eastey, Rebecca Nurse, and John Proctor were some of the victims of, for the point, what 1692 "trials" that caused a mass hysteria in Massachusetts over the presence of supernatural beings?

Salem witch trials (prompt on "witch trials")

(12) This scientist publicly embraced Roger Boisjoly [[boh-zhuh-LAY]] while serving alongside Richard Feynman on the Rogers Commission. This astrophysicist, who attended college on a tennis scholarship, was the only person to serve on the investigative committees for both the Columbia and Challenger disasters. This astronaut researched the use of spacecraft to monitor nuclear weapons after retiring from NASA in 1987. For ten points, name this astronaut who became the first American woman in space in 1983.

Sally (Kristen) Ride

(7) This politician was the first person to appear on an American $1 bill. This serial party-hopper created the Free Soil slogan, "Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men." This man, who ruled that Southern states didn't have the right to secede in Texas v. White, replaced (+) Roger Taney [[TAH-nee]] in one position. For the points, name this Ohio governor who worked in (*) Abraham Lincoln's cabinet before being appointed Chief Justice.

Salmon P(ortland) Chase

(4) Following the Bolshevik Revolution, an alternative version of this character was banned for being too "bourgeois," with Joseph Stalin instead uplifting the Slavic "Ded Moroz." Jerry Rubin mocked the House Un-American Activities Committee by holding a toy rifle while dressed as this character. Thomas Nast depicted this character draped with the American flag and holding a puppet that resembled Jefferson Davis. For ten points, what character, based on a historical saint, is known for giving presents to children during Christmas?

Santa Claus (or Kris Kringle; accept Saint Nicholas; accept Father Christmas before "Christmas" is mentioned; accept Ded Moroz before mentioned; accept regional equivalents for "Santa Claus")

(35) This politician sued the New York Times for claiming that an ad by her PAC [["PACK"]] that used symbolic crosshairs led to the shooting of Gabrielle Giffords. This politician was accused of lying about the firing of Walt Monegan during the "Troopergate" scandal in her memoir Going Rogue. This former Wasilla mayor's response that "you can actually see Russia...from an island" was exaggerated in her portrayal by Tina Fey. For the point, name this former governor of Alaska who ran for vice-president in 2008.

Sarah Palin (or Sarah Louise Palin; or Sarah Louise Heath)

(7) NASA's future missions include launching the Dragonfly spacecraft to a feature of this celestial body to investigate its possible habitability. One of this planet's moons was determined to be habitable after the Cassini space probe found evidence of geysers. An anagram that describes a feature of this planet as a "thin, flat ring" was published by Christian Huygens [[HOY-gehns]] in 1655. In 1610, Galileo Galilei observed the extensive ring system of, for ten points, what gas giant, the second largest planet in the solar system?

Saturn

(35) To cover this proceeding, WGN Radio spent over a thousand dollars a day on telephone lines in the first-ever live court broadcast. Judge John Raulston denied a motion to prevent Lemuel Cartwright from opening this case with a prayer. A man agreed to be indicted for violating the Butler Act in order to trigger this proceeding, which was planned as a lucrative tourist attraction for Dayton, Tennessee. For the point, name this 1925 event in which Clarence Darrow defended a man who taught human evolution.

Scopes trial (or Scopes monkey trial; or The State of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes)

(20) This composer, who created an operatic telling of Booker T. Washington's White House, wrote an opera about a Texarkana (+) slave woman named Treemonisha. This composer did his best-known work in a genre that includes compositions partially titled "Searchlight" and (*) "Maple Leaf." "The Entertainer" was composed by, for the points, what ragtime composer?

Scott Joplin

(16) A series of protests in this city were led in part by a coalition heralded as "teamsters and turtles." In this city, police chief Norm Stamper resigned after using pepper spray on a group of "black bloc" anarchists in response to the Millennium Round negotiations. More recently, this city's mayor, Jenny Durkan, banned the use of tear gas just three days before protestors established an autonomous zone in its Capitol Hill neighborhood. For the point, name this Northwestern city where the 1999 WTO protests and 2020 CHAZ protests took place.

Seattle, Washington

(3) Basil Rauch was the major formulator of this concept, whose validity was questioned by William H. Wilson. The American Liberty League was formed five months before the announcement of what is now called this program in an address to Congress. This program included (+) slum clearance, Social Security, and the expansion of government employment efforts such as the (*) Works Progress Administration as a substitute for outright dole payments. For the point, give this term for programs passed from 1935 to 1938 which shifted the focus of the FDR administration to poor family relief and business regulation.

Second New Deal (accept Two New Deals before "this program" is mentioned; do not accept or prompt on "New Deal" alone]

(7) One co-founder of this religion was a Millerite who wrote "Appeal to Mothers" to claim she didn't plagiarize Horace Mann. That co-founder of this religion wrote Steps to Christ (+) and The Great Controversy and received the "Bridegroom Vision." Ellen White, who claimed to have more than 2,000 revelations (*) from God, was a co-founder of, for the points, what religion that worships on Saturday?

Seventh-day Adventist Church

(19) A founder of this group explained a non-Trinitarian theology, in which the elevation of Jesus to co-equal with God at a point in historical time triggered Satan's rebellion, in the book Spirit of Prophecy. The Loma Linda "Blue Zone" of heightened life expectancy is due to (+) dietary practices of this group. Two of this group's members, during its time based in Battle Creek, Michigan, ran a sanitarium and founded the (*) Kellogg's cereal company. For the points, name this Christian denomination that emphasizes healthy eating and observes a Saturday Sabbath.

Seventh-day Adventists (or Seventh-Day Adventist Church; prompt on "Adventists")

(2) Gruesomely, this non-Chinese organization nailed street dogs to lampposts with signs declaiming that Deng Xiaoping [[SHAO-PENG]] was a traitor to the Communist Party for his capitalistic economic reforms. This organization worked in tandem with the Tupac Amaru movement to control countryside communities known as Rondas. Abimael Guzman called for this organization to undertake the "People's War," which included a campaign of terrorism in Lima. For the point, name this guerrilla movement of Peru, a Maoist insurgency eradicated by Alberto Fujimori.

Shining Path (or Sendero Luminoso; accept Communist Party of Peru before "Peru")

(9) This figure used the slogan "unbought and unbossed" to title her autobiography. This woman expanded the school lunch program and founded the (+) Congressional Black Caucus. This lawmaker visited segregationist George Wallace in the hospital in 1972 when they were both running for (*) president. For the points, name this politician who served as a representative from New York from 1969 to 1983, the first Black woman elected to Congress.

Shirley Chisholm (or Shirley Anita Chisholm)

(19) Myer Myers operated a business for working with this material and used it to make several distinctive bulging-bottom drinking mugs known as "canns." This substance comprised the "Flowing Hair" and "Draped Bust" items issued in the 1790s. A man in a black vest sits behind tools for working with this material and holds a teapot made out of it in a 1770 portrait by John Singleton Copley. Paul Revere became a wealthy engraver and "smith" of, for the point, what precious metal often used to make dollar coins?

Silver (accept Ag; accept Silversmith)

(13) After this event occurred, it was satirically depicted with the words "Business Above All" on a medal created by Karl Goetz. One person involved in this event described it as "a million-ton hammer hitting a steam boiler a hundred feet high." This event was preceded by a similar event involving the Earl of Lathom, both of which occurred off the Old Head of Kinsale in Ireland. For the point, in which disaster did SM U-20 torpedo a British ocean liner, sparking the entry of the United States into World War One?

Sinking of the RMS Lusitania (accept descriptive answers of the attack on the Lusitania)

(14) The Khartoum Resolution was passed following this conflict, with one league putting forth the "Three No's" which refused to trade, recognize, or declare peace with an adversarial neighbor. The three-year long War of Attrition followed this war's swift conclusion, with Gamal Abdel Nasser supporting low-intensity warfare in the occupied Sinai Peninsula. The long-lasting occupation of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip occurred after, for the point, what short-lived war between Israel and its Arab neighbors in the 1960s?

Six-Day War (accept Milhemet Sheshet Ha Yamim; or an-Naksah; accept June War before mentioned; accept Third Arab-Israeli War before "For the point")

(31) Innovations pioneered at this facility included the hollow Sea Shadow ship, joggled aluminum skins, and the "high beta" compact fusion reactor. This facility, which took just 143 days to deliver the Shooting Star, was first directed by (*) Kelly Johnson and named after a moonshine operation in the comic strip Li'l Abner, because it was briefly housed in a bourbon distillery. Prior to moving from Burbank to Palmdale, this institution designed models such as the (*) U-2 and SR-71. For the point, name this Lockheed research center that quickly developed new military aircraft during and after World War Two.

Skunk Works (or Lockheed Martin's Advanced Development Projects or Advanced Development Programs; prompt on "ADP")

(14) A 1940 act named for a man with this surname required Americans who were not citizens to be fingerprinted. A man with this surname was known by the nickname "Happy Warrior" (+) and defeated William McAdoo to become the first Catholic presidential candidate. Another man with this surname helped alleviate the (*) Starving Time and led the Jamestown Colony. For the points, give this surname of John, a confidant of Pocahontas.

Smith (accept Alfred Emmanuel "Al" Smith; accept John Smith; accept Smith Act)

(1) A brand of this product marketed with the catchphrase "get on the bandwagon" and was known as Babbit's Best. A type of shell game involving "prize" versions of this product provided the nickname of frontier conman Jefferson Smith. In 1895, to compete with the (+) "castile" variety of this product, James Gamble introduced a brand marketed as "99 and 44 (*) hundredths pure." For the points, name this good marketed by the Ivory and Dove companies.

Soap (accept Soapy Smith; accept Castile soap; accept Ivory soap; accept Dove soap)

(2) Concerning the New Deal, name the...System of universal retirement pensions established during it.

Social Security (accept Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance; accept OASDI; accept Social Security Act)

(3) Louis Brandeis originated a theory on the constitutionality of this program which drew on Florida v. Mellon and was communicated to the White House through Brandeis's daughter-in-law Elizabeth (+) Raushenbush. This program intended to coopt support for the "revolving" scheme of Francis Townsend and gradually grew to use a 12.4 percent base (*) tax rate. Agricultural and domestic workers were excluded from this program until revisions in the 1950s. For the point, name this program which pays monthly stipends to retirees.

Social Security (or OASDI; or Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance; do not accept "SSI")

(15) The prophet Tenskwatawa [["TIN"-skwah-TAW-wuh]] took responsibility for creating one of these events when asked to prove his abilities by William Henry Harrison. To justify a revolt, Nat (+) Turner interpreted one of these natural events as a sign from god. Benjamin Banneker's (*) calculations predicted, for the points, name these events in which the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun.

Solar Eclipse (prompt on "Eclipse")

(18) The prophet Tenskwatawa [["TIN"-skwah-TAW-wuh]] took responsibility for creating one of these events when asked to prove his abilities by William Henry Harrison. To justify a revolt, Nat Turner (+) interpreted one of these natural events as a sign from god, and another one of these events was correctly predicted by the (*) calculations of Benjamin Banneker. For the points, name these events in which the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun.

Solar Eclipse (prompt on "Eclipse")

(2) This country's first free elections were held in 1960, but the Coup of May 16th deposed its Second Republic and reversed the reforms of the April Revolution. This country's Yushin Constitution was signed shortly before an Olympic ceremony in which a number of doves were burnt alive. That tragedy in this country occurred in 1988, nine years after Nobel Prize laureate Kim Dae-Jung was elected its president. A northern neighbor invaded, for ten points, what Asian nation, leading to a 1950s war?

South Korea (or Republic Of Korea; or Daehan Minguk; or Namhanguk; do not accept or prompt on "Democratic People's Republic of Korea" or "North Korea") BONUS: A South Korean dictator who promulgated the Yushin Constitution had this family name, shared by his daughter, another president who was impeached in 2017. Park (accept Park Chung-hee; accept Park Geun-hye; accept Bak in place of Park)

(14) This company tried to stop flooding on the Alamo Canal by building a dam, thereby creating the Salton Sea. This company caused an incident providing the backdrop for The Octopus by Frank Norris, involving land speculators in the Mussel Slough Tragedy. Sprint telephone corporation was originally created by this company with Brown Telephone. An 1886 case Santa Clara County v. [this company] defined corporate rights. For the point, what company was started in San Francisco by Timothy Phelps, changing in 1969 from "Railroad" to "Transportation"?

Southern Pacific Railroad (accept Southern Pacific Transportation Company)

(18) The Rogers Commission investigated an event that occurred during this program, whose victims were said to have "touched the face of God." This program ended in 2011 after 135 successful missions, and orbiters built as part of this program included Atlantis and Discovery. For the point, name this NASA program that built vessels such as the Columbia and Challenger.

Space Shuttle (accept Space Transportation System; accept STS; prompt on specific vessels)

(23) Scientists aboard this vessel, such as Rick Husband, studied Ceratodon moss and several BRIC cannisters of C. elegans, one of which was found intact near this vessel's OEX recorder. This vessel was subject to foam shedding, which damaged the thermal protection tiles on its left wing. The destruction of this vessel left the ISS supplied only by Russian vehicles until the July 2005 return to service of Discovery. For ten points, name this vessel which disintegrated on re-entry during a 2003 mission.

Space Shuttle Columbia (prompt on "Space Shuttle")

(10) During this war, future Stasi head Erich Mielke [[MEEL-kuh]] was a major participant in the killing of about 7000 priests during a "red terror." During this war, Emilio Mola Vidal may have coined the term "fifth column" to refer to hidden supporters within a target territory. The Abraham Lincoln Brigades were composed of American volunteers who fought for the Republican side in this war, during which the Falangists allowed the Nazi Condor Legion to bomb Guernica. For ten points, name this 1930s war which ended with Francisco Franco establishing a fascist regime.

Spanish Civil War (or Guerra Civil Española)

(35) This order created an exception extending to December 15th which allowed for certain actions to be carried out with Virginia scrip. In a cartoon created in response to this order, a man despondently says, "I have no money, and cannot get any work." Levi Woodbury (+) oversaw the enactment of this order that was partly issued in response to the Indian Removal Act. Cries to "rescind" this order were common during the (*) Panic of 1837. Aiming to curb speculation, for the points, what was this executive order issued by Andrew Jackson requiring silver or gold for land purchases?

Specie Circular (accept Specie Clause; prompt on "Specie")

(1) This text included queries about whether "inhabitants fled before the approach of the United States army," "whether that settlement is or is not isolated," and a history of a local population's (+) voting, taxpaying, and jury services. This set of requests asked for clarification of the (*) Thornton Affair and was addressed to James K. Polk. For the point, name this set of proposals to the House issued in December 1847 by Abraham Lincoln which sought to determine exactly where a clash with Mexican troops occurred.

Spot Resolutions

(25) The Venona Papers supported claims of involvement in this activity. The "Pumpkin Papers" were used by Whittaker Chambers to accuse another person of this action, for which Nathan Hale was executed by the British. For the point, identify this activity of which Alger Hiss and the Rosenbergs were accused.

Spying (or Espionage; accept synonymous answers)

(28) This activity, based on its version taught at the Wayside Inn by Benjamin Lovett, was promoted and explained by the hugely popular pamphlet Good Morning. Traditional performance styles of this activity were compiled by "Pappy" Shaw. This activity was heavily financed as a component of secondary education by Henry Ford, who saw it as a counterweight to "Jewish" jazz. A component of more than half of U.S. high school gym classes by 1928, for ten points, what is this social activity often done to the accompaniment of a fiddler and a "caller."

Square dance (accept Barn dance; generously prompt on "Line dance")

(9) In 2010, this politician succeeded DuBose Porter as minority leader of her state's House of Representatives. This politician is the only African-American woman to deliver the official response to the president's State of the Union address. After losing a gubernatorial race to Brian Kemp in 2018, this politician founded Fair Fight Action to combat voter suppression. For the point, who is this lawyer and politician who is widely credited with helping Democrats claim both senate seats in Georgia's 2020 special election?

Stacey Abrams

(5) Members of this faction were behind the huge assessment of a shipment to Phelps, Dodge, and Company that produced a $135,000 benefit in the "moiety [[MOY-eh-tee]] system." The leader of this faction died while on a hopeless foot trek through Manhattan during the blizzard of 1888. Vice-President Levi Morton strongly supported this group led by Roscoe Conkling. For the point, name this faction of Gilded Age Republicans who strongly valued partisan identification and the spoils system, unlike the Half-Breeds and Mugwumps.

Stalwarts (prompt on "Republicans" before mentioned)

(19) In opposition to this legislation, Daniel Dulany the Younger wrote a pamphlet describing a lack of "intimate and inseparable relation." This legislation was repealed and then almost immediately reinstated after the Declaratory Act. "Taxation without representation" was a slogan in response to, for the point, what colonial tax on printed materials?

Stamp Act of 1765

(23) In opposition to this legislation, Daniel Dulany the Younger wrote a pamphlet describing a lack of "intimate and inseparable relation." This legislation was repealed and then almost immediately reinstated after the Declaratory Act. An effigy of Andrew Oliver was hanged to protest this act, which maintained "taxation without representation." For the point, name this colonial tax on printed materials.

Stamp Act of 1765

(24) This company used the "torch and oval" logo, and, in 1923, Cornell announced that its highest-salaried graduate was this company's president, Walter Teagle. Stephen Harkness and Oliver Burr Jennings were some of the original owners of this company. New York Central gave discounts to this company, which carried out the Cleveland Massacre with the help of Henry Flagler via the South Improvement Company. Some of the successors of this company include Amoco and ExxonMobil. For the point, name this oil monopoly founded by John D. Rockefeller.

Standard Oil Company of New Jersey (accept Jersey Standard; accept Esso)

(14) This thinker found that people were less likely to send mail to hate groups in his "Lost Letter" experiment. This thinker wrote "The Perils of Obedience" (+) after conducting his most famous experiment, which found that subjects would administer lethal amounts of (*) electricity if told to do so by an authority figure. For the points, name this psychologist who performed a "Shock" experiment.

Stanley Milgram

(16) This thinker found that people were less likely to send mail to hate groups and groups with offensive names in his "Lost Letter" experiment. This thinker wrote "The Perils of Obedience" (+) after conducting his most famous experiment, which found that subjects would administer lethal amounts of (*) electricity if told to do so by an authority figure. For the points, name this psychologist who performed a "Shock" experiment.

Stanley Milgram

(31) Lines found while studying one of these objects became known as the "Pickering series" after Edward Charles Pickering, who classified many of these objects with the assistance of women known as the "Harvard Computers." Annie Jump Cannon proposed sorting these objects based on the strength of Balmer lines. Henrietta Leavitt discovered a variable type of these objects used as a "standard candle." For ten points, name these objects which are organized into spectral classes such as K and M, or "red giants," by astronomers.

Stars (accept Variable star; accept Binary star before "sorting" is mentioned)

(8) In the wake of this period, 61 survivors attempted to abandon their colony but were intercepted and turned back at Mulberry Island by Francis West. This period occurred largely due to the failure of the "Third Supply" led by Christopher Newport's Sea Venture to reach beyond Bermuda following a storm. This period, which included incidents of cannibalism, was ended by the arrival of the new governor Baron De La Warr with provisions. For ten points, give this name for the winter beginning in late 1609 during which the Jamestown colony verged on failure due to a food shortage.

Starving Time (prompt on "Winter of 1609" and similar answers)

(5) The most recent of these objects features a magnolia flower and was unveiled in 2021. Edward H. Center may have designed the first of these objects, which represented (+) Minnesota. Several southern states updated these items to remove a controversial symbol, and Hawaii's (*) iteration of this object is the only one to honor a foreign country. For the points, identify these objects flown from state capitols.

State Flags (accept Mississippi Flag before "Edward"; prompt on "Flag")

(5) The most recent of these objects features a magnolia flower and was unveiled in 2021. Several southern states (+) updated these items to remove a controversial symbol, and Hawaii's iteration of this object is the only one to (*) honor a foreign country. For the points, identify these objects flown from state capitols.

State Flags (accept Mississippi Flag before "Hawaii" is mentioned; prompt on FLAG

(12) Laws regulating competition between Virginia's program of this kind with a "national" version came before the Supreme Court in the Cohens case. Underground versions of these contests that thrived in the mid-20th century were sometimes known as "bolita" or "policy (+) rackets." In 1980, Nick Perry rigged one of these contests in Pennsylvania by using over-weighted plastic objects. Starting in the 1980s, these contests began consolidating into multi-state (*) enterprises such as Mega Millions and Powerball. For the points, name these state-sponsored gambling contests involving the drawing of random numbers.

State Lotteries (or Lottery)

(17) After receiving over $200,000 from this country, Jimmy Carter's brother, Billy, registered as a foreign agent. Aircraft from this country were shot down after firing on American jets in the Gulf of Sidra Incident. This country was targeted in Operation El Dorado Canyon following its bombing of the La Belle nightclub, which killed U.S. soldiers in West Berlin. A dictator of this country was revealed to travel with an album full of photos of Condoleezza Rice. For ten points, name this country whose longtime dictator Muammar Gaddafi visited the U.S. in 2009.

State of Libya (or Dawiat Libiya)

(11) This film was played ahead of the now forgotten Gang War. At the first screening of this film, Wilfred Jackson played a mouth organ, and Ub Iwerks banged pots and pans. This film features a cow being used as a xylophone while a goat acts as a phonograph playing "Turkey in the Straw." Plane Crazy had previously featured the characters in this work, the first cartoon with synchronized sound and a post-produced soundtrack created by Disney. For the point, name this 1928 film, the debut of Mickey Mouse.

Steamboat Willie

(31) These vehicles became much safer after the Babcock & Wilcox model of a crucial component was introduced to replace the "firetube." State-granted monopolies on operating these vehicles were the subject of the Gibbons v. Ogden case. A call used aboard these vessels to communicate depth is the origin of the name "Mark Twain," who wrote about piloting these vessels in Life on the Mississippi. For ten points, name these vessels whose practical American version was invented by Robert Fulton.

Steamboats (accept Steamships; prompt on "boats" or "ships")

(26) This industry had major centers in Gary, Indiana, and Allentown, Pennsylvania. A man who made his fortune in this industry wrote that "the man who dies rich dies disgraced" in his "Gospel of Wealth." The Bessemer Process led to major developments in this industry, whose executives included Henry Clay Frick. For the point, name this manufacturing industry that was dominated by Andrew Carnegie.

Steel Industry (accept Carnegie Steel)

(33) A court case arising from a dispute over these places posited a "zone of twilight" in which executive power is undefined. Workers at these places agreed to a 26.4 cents per hour raise, which owners believed outpaced price ceilings. Executive Order 10340 regarding these facilities led to a Supreme Court ruling against Commerce Secretary Charles Sawyer. For the point, name these industrial facilities whose federalization by the Truman administration was ruled illegal in the Youngstown Sheet and Tube case.

Steel mills (accept Steel factory(s) or Steel plants)

(9) After clerking for Arthur Goldberg, this justice served as a fact-checker for the Warren Commission. In a 2005 book, this justice reinterpreted two central concepts of an Isaiah Berlin essay. This author of Active Liberty authored a 2021 opinion in which he found that Google's copying of 0.4% of the Java code constituted "fair use." This man rose to the Supreme Court as Harry Blackmun's successor in 1994. For the point, name this Supreme Court Justice who in January 2022 announced his plan to retire.

Stephen Breyer (or Stephen Gerald Breyer)

(3) This person's last command was over the USS Guerriere, which was named for a British frigate destroyed by the USS Constitution. This man took control of one vessel after it received heavy damage from the HMS Leopard, and he was killed in a duel with James Barron. For the point, identify this post-Revolutionary War naval hero who famously toasted, "Our country...right or wrong."

Stephen Decatur

(29) The fall of Emperor Agustín de Iturbide [[ee-toor-BEE-deh]] facilitated this man in leading the Old Three Hundred to a settlement in modern Travis County. This man suppressed the attempt of his fellow settler, Haden Edward, to secede from Mexico during the Fredonia Rebellion. This figure, who established a settlement on the Brazos [[BRAHzohs]] River, finished third in the first presidential election of Texas behind Henry Smith and Sam Houston. For the point, name this man who is called the "Father of Texas."

Stephen F(uller) Austin

(13) The Interstate Commerce Act was passed under this president, as was an act dividing native landholdings named for Henry Dawes. This man's affair with Maria Halpin led his opponents to use the slogan "Ma, Ma, Where's My Pa." This president, who defeated James Blaine to win his first term, was defeated four years later by Benjamin Harrison. For the point, name this only president to serve two non-consecutive terms.

Stephen Grover Cleveland

(4) This man's family petitioned the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to not investigate his death to avoid granting clemency to the police. This person, the inspiration for the film Cry Freedom, founded the SASO organization following a conference at the University of Limpopo. In 1977, this Xhosa [[KOH-sah]] man was detained by Cape Town authorities following his violation of an order that prevented him from travelling to the province. The leader of the Black Consciousness movement was, for the point, which antiApartheid activist who was beaten to death by South African police?

Steve Biko [[BEE-koh]] (or Bantu Stephen Biko; accept Frank Talk)

(5) Rage Against the Machine protested this man by positioning two upside-down American flags during their performance on Saturday Night Live, the same night this man hosted the show. Presidents Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush both appointed this man as head of the Board of International Broadcasting. This man was dubbed a "single issue" candidate for his advocacy of income tax reform, which he outlined in the book Flat Tax Revolution. For the point, name this candidate for the 1996 and 2000 Republican presidential primaries who is the Editor-in-Chief of a namesake business magazine.

Steve Forbes (or Malcom Stevenson Forbes Jr.; accept Forbes magazine)

(7) This uprising began on the Nativity of Mary, because many of its leaders were Catholics. An act passed the year after this uprising banned self-cultivation of food crops and the teaching of literacy. Twenty white people were killed in this event whose response included the introduction of the pass system for movement in the Negro Act. This uprising was led by a circle of Angolan captives under the direction of Jemmy, also known as Cato. The largest pre-independence slave rebellion in the South was, for the point, what 1739 uprising that began fifteen miles outside of Charleston in South Carolina?

Stono Rebellion (accept Cato's Conspiracy or Cato's Rebellion before "Cato" is mentioned)

(9) Mark Smith claimed that because this event occurred the day after the Feast of the Nativity of Mary, perpetrators could show their Catholic faith. This event opened with an attack on Hutchenson's store, which allowed one side to secure ammunition. William Bull signed a law in the aftermath of this event that forbade enslaved Africans from learning how to read. During this event, Jemmy attempted to lead a group of enslaved persons from the Charleston area to Spanish-controlled Florida. For the point, name this 1739 slave rebellion named for a South Carolina river.

Stono Rebellion (accept Cato's Conspiracy; or Cato's Rebellion; accept words such as "Uprising" in place of "Rebellion")

(8) While governor, this man pursued the conviction of 31 white men involved in the lynching of Willie Earle, a Black man who worked as a Greenville cab driver. This man gave the longest filibuster in Congressional history to delay the vote of the Civil Rights Act of 1957. The integration of the military by Harry Truman prompted the creation of the Dixiecrat party, which ran this politician as its only presidential candidate in 1948. For the point, name this senator from South Carolina who served from 1956 to 2003.

Strom Thurmond

(13) This politician was elected as governor of his state after promising to crush the Barnwell Ring. This politician spoke for more than (+) 24 hours in the longest filibuster in Senate history to oppose the (*) Civil Rights Act of 1964. For the points, name this longtime senator from South Carolina who served from 1954 to 2003.

Strom Thurmond (or James Strom Thurmond Sr.)

(3) Abraham Lincoln symbolically contracted with J. Summerfield Staples to engage in a form of this practice designed to encourage other "ineligibles." People who repeatedly deserted after collecting money (+) as part of this practice were known as "jumpers." This practice was specifically authorized by the 1863 Enrollment Act, (*) and its cost was standardized at 300 dollars. For the points, name this practice of wealthy draftees paying others to serve in their place during the Civil War.

Substitution (prompt on descriptive answers)

(8) The historical "Sultanate of Women" period began due to the influence of this man's wife, Roxelana. Despite an overwhelming troop disparity, this man's forces failed to capture the island of Malta in 1565. This man succeeded Selim the Grim and warred with the Safavids under Tahmasp I. This victor at the Battle of Mohacs [[MOH-hahtch]] was later repelled at the 1529 Siege of Vienna. For ten points, identify this sultan of the Ottoman Empire known as "The Magnificent"

Suleiman the Magnificent (or Suleiman I; or Süleyman-ı Evvel; or Suleiman the Lawgiver; or Ḳānūnī Sulṭān Süleymān)

(14) Two "Committees of Seventy" were convened to investigate this group's actions under leaders like Richard Croker. This group tried to stop a rival's meeting by turning off the gaslights, giving that rival the name "Locofocos." In Harper's Weekly, Thomas Nast depicted this group, known for its "honest graft," as a tiger. For the point, name this New York Democratic political machine led by Boss Tweed.

Tammany Hall (accept Society of St. Tammany; or the Sons of St. Tammany; or the Columbian Order)

(30) Court cases discussing this practice often cited the Edgerton precedent and were extended to a related reading practice in Abingdon v. Schempp. 1985's Wallace v. Jaffree case struck down an Alabama law authorizing this practice but approved of another law instituting a "moment of silence." A text authorized by the New York Regents was at issue in the first case to strike down this practice under the Establishment Clause. For ten points, name this practice first regulated in Engel v. Vitale which involved teachers leading classes in reciting a text beginning with "Almighty God."

Teacher-led Public School prayer (accept answers involving prayer in public schools; prompt on "prayer")

(9) Roxie Stinson impeded the investigation of this scandal by submitting perjured testimony before admitting to never actually visiting the "Little Green House on K Street." Thomas Walsh's investigation of this scandal led to the ruling in McGrain v. Daugherty upholding Congress's right to legally compel witnesses. Edward Doheny and Harry Sinclair benefitted from this scandal, in which Interior Secretary Albert Fall was bribed. For ten points, name this 1920s scandal concerning the leasing of Navy-owned oil reserves.

Teapot Dome

(4) For a photo taken during this 1968 event, Eddie Adams won a Pulitzer Prize for depicting the execution of Bảy Lốp by General Nguyen Ngoc Loan [[NWEN NWAHK LWAHN]]. Operation Pegasus, which broke the siege of the marine military base Khe Sanh, began during this military action. Walter Cronkite declared his lack of faith in the U.S. armed forces to win an overseas war after this coordinated 1968 attack. For the point, name this "Offensive" named for a Vietnamese holiday, a tactical victory for the U.S. which still decreased public support for the Vietnam War.

Tet Offensive (prompt on "Vietnam War")

(16) This man fronted an attempt to gather Swaziland militia in the mid-1970s to fill the ranks of Spear of the Nation. This president was criticized for ignoring antiZimbabwean riots in Gauteng Province in 2008. This president, who secured his nation's bid to be the first African nation to host the (+) World Cup, removed Deputy President Jacob Zuma from his post amid a 2005 corruption scandal. A known AIDS denialist, (*) for the points, who is this second president of South Africa, an ally and successor of Nelson Mandela?

Thabo Mbeki (or Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki)

(3) The Caledonia Forge, belonging to this man, was raided by Confederate General Jubal Early. This man helped to finance Union (+) efforts during the Civil War as head of the House Ways and Means Committee. Known as "The (*) Great Commoner," this is, for the points, what Pennsylvania representative who was an anti-slavery leader of the Radical Republicans?

Thaddeus Stevens

(27) Before this event, Olympic gold-medalist Terry McDermott posed for a photo pretending to cut the hair of one of the performers. A caption read "SORRY GIRLS, HE'S MARRIED" when introducing one performer during this event. The music video for the Outkast song "Hey Ya!" was inspired by this landmark televised event. Sparking the start of the "British Invasion," for the point, what 1964 event televised the debut of a Liverpool band to American audiences?

The Beatles 1964 U.S. debut on The Ed Sullivan Show (accept any equivalents to "debut of the Beatles on The Ed Sullivan Show"; prompt on "debut of the Beatles"; prompt on "Beatles performance")

(8) The pirate Edward Davis financed the founding of this institution, which was home to the first fraternity in American history. This college had its own seat at the House of Burgesses, and it earned the nickname "Alma Mater of the Nation" after producing alumni like Thomas Jefferson. For the point, name this second-oldest American college, named for a pair of European monarchs.

The College of William & Mary (or The College of William and Mary of Virginia)

(19) In this play, a character struggles to remember the Ten Commandments when interrogated by Reverend Hale. Prior to the opening scene of this play, Reverend Parris discovers Abigail and Betty dancing in the woods with the Barbadian slave Tituba. Giles Corey is pressed to death for refusing to confess in, for the point, what play by Arthur Miller that focuses on the events of the Salem Witch Trials?

The Crucible

(4) Fallout from this opera's debut performance included the cutting of a scene depicting the Rumor family and librettist Alice Goodman ultimately retiring from music and becoming an Anglican priest. This opera's title character sings the "Aria of the Falling Body" after being (+) killed offstage by Molqi. The prologue to this opera consists of the "Chorus of Exiled Palestinians" (*) and the "Chorus of Exiled Jews." For the points, name this 1991 opera composed by John Adams about the 1985 Achille Lauro [[ahKEEL-eh LOH-roh]] hijacking.

The Death of Klinghoffer

(21) Kareem Serageldin was the only American involved in this event to have served jail time for manipulating bond prices. In response to this event, the U.S. government created the Troubled Asset Relief Program. The Volcker Rule was enacted seven years after this event officially began. That rule was originally included in the Dodd-Frank Act, which sought to reinstate some of the deregulated provisions that helped cause this crisis. For the point, name this event, the worst U.S. economic decline since the Great Depression.

The Great Recession (prompt on answers involving the "housing bubble" or "mortgage crisis")

(18) During this event, the Sekoro tribe came into conflict with the Louis Tregardt party after they provided offers of marula beer by day but stole their cattle by night. A holiday celebrating this event named the Day of the Vow was replaced in 1994 with the Day of (+) Reconciliation. During this larger event, over 10,000 impis were repelled by the use of the laager wagon fort by its participants in the Battle of Bloody River. The (*) Boer exodus from the Cape Colony occurred during, for the points, which journey that led to the founding of independent South African republics?

The Great Trek (accept Die Groot Trek; prompt on "Zulu-Boer War")

(18) This neighborhood was the eastern terminus of the old Route 66. In this community area, the intersection of Madison Street and State Street provides the origin point of the local street grid numbers. Hyatt Hotels and United Airlines are headquartered in this neighborhood, which is the largest business district in the U.S. outside of New York. The name of this area came from a pattern formed by cable car lines, which have since been replaced by El [[ELL]] tracks. For ten points, name this core area of downtown Chicago.

The Loop (prompt on "downtown Chicago" before mentioned)

(33) The defunct Hoover Field airport and the neighborhood of Hell's Bottom were levelled to make room for this structure. Over 3000 names are displayed in this building's "Hall of Heroes." Brehon [[BREE-hahn]] Sommervell proposed this structure as a replacement for the Munitions Building on the Mall. George Bergstrom's design for this building was modified to remove segregated restrooms by Franklin Roosevelt. In 2001, American Airlines Flight 77 crashed into, for the point, what headquarters of the Department of Defense?

The Pentagon

(6) To serve this building, the Shirley Highway and the Mixing Bowl were built. The Weathermen bombed a women's bathroom at this location, and after an FDR visit to this building, it became the only building in Virginia in which segregation was not in force. George Harris placed carnations in guns at this location. Renovation of this building was underway when American Airlines Flight 77 slammed into it during the 9/11 attacks. For the point, name this headquarters of the US Department of Defense.

The Pentagon

(19) The central figure of this event supposedly "killed the male hat industry" by not wearing one. Robert Frost read (+) "The Gift Outright" during this event, in which the central figure delivered the line "ask not what your country can do for you - (*) ask what you can do for your country." For the points, name this event in which a Massachusetts senator was sworn in as president in 1961.

The Presidential Inauguration of John F. Kennedy (accept JFK in place of Kennedy)

(22) The central figure of this event supposedly "killed the male hat industry" by not wearing one. Robert Frost read (+) "The Gift Outright" from memory during this event, in which the central figure delivered the line "ask not what your country can do for you - (*) ask what you can do for your country. For the points, name this event in which a Massachusetts senator was sworn in as president in 1961.

The Presidential Inauguration of John F. Kennedy (accept JFK in place of Kennedy)

(6) Born with a name meaning "Noise Maker, this man overcame a troubled youth and took on a name meaning "Open Door." This man went into exile in Canada for ten years after the failure of a battle he ordered near his namesake "town" in Indiana. This man predicted a (+) solar eclipse in order to demonstrate his power after preaching about a new path shown to him by the Master of Life, which involved eschewing the use of (*) metal cookware, glass, and other "white" objects. For the point, name this brother of Tecumseh who led a Shawnee spiritual revival movement that was defeated at Tippecanoe during the War of 1812.

The Prophet (or Tenskwatawa; or Lalawethika; or the Shawnee Prophet)

(21) Within these mountains, Salih ibn Mansur founded an emirate in Temsaman, later moving his capital to Nekor. The Jaysh, or "Army," of this region was an influential corps of soldiers established by Mouley Ismail. The Aith Yusuf clan led a rebellion in this region under the command of (+) Abd el-Krim, who won the Battle of Annual [[anoo-AHL]]. French intervention and a landing at Alhucemas [[al-hoo-SEH-mahs]] turned the tide of that war in this region, which witnessed the rise of (*) Francisco Franco. For the points, name this mountainous region of Morocco that rebelled against Spanish colonial rule in the 1920s.

The Rif (or Rif Mountains; accept Republic of the Rif; or Tagduda n Arrif; or Jumhūriyya ar-Rīf; prompt on "Baetic System" or "Baetic Mountains"; do not accept or prompt on "Atlas Mountains")

(3) The peace resulting from this treaty is commemorated by Chicago's Fountain of Time. Viscount Castlereagh [["CASTLE"-RAY]] was advised to take the pre-war status quo when negotiating this treaty across from John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay. Signed nearly two weeks before the Battle of New Orleans, this is, for the point, what treaty, named for a Belgian city, that ended the War of 1812?

The Treaty of Ghent

II} U.S. History Bee 2015, Nationals Set, Round 6, Page 6 of 9 22. A minister who spoke frequently about this event once was surprised on the show This is Your Life by Captain Robert Lewis. A book about this event focuses on six people, including a German Catholic priest and two doctors. That book about it was written by the author of A Bell for Adano, John Hersey. Contemporary historians believe this event and its follow-up were meant to intimidate the Soviet Union and not just to reduce American casualties. For the point, what August 6, 1945, event resulted in the destruction of a Japanese city near the end of World War II?

The dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima [or dropping of the a-bomb on Hiroshima; prompt on partial answers; do not accept "dropping the atomic bomb on Nagasaki"] <MC>

(10) The Society for Promoting Manual Labor in Literary Institutions was created to employ this man, who, as head of the Lane Rebels, is thought to have led the first student movement in the United States. This man was regarded as being "as eloquent as an angel, and as powerful as thunder" by Lyman (+) Beecher, whose daughter Harriet's novel Uncle Tom's Cabin advocated a similar cause to that of this man's bestknown work. That work by this man was written with the assistance of the Grimké (*) sisters, one of whom he married. For the points, name this early abolitionist who authored American Slavery as It Is.

Theodore Dwight Weld

(6) This man ordered Robert Rogers tried for treason at Montreal as part of his campaign against appointees of Jeffrey Amherst. This man sent his wife, a possible Patriot spy, to England following the leaking of plans to arrest Samuel Adams. This man enforced the Boston Port Act after succeeding Thomas Hutchinson as governor of Massachusetts. For the point, name this general whom William Howe replaced as British commander-in-chief in North America, a position he held at the start of the American Revolution.

Thomas Gage

(2) Two answers required. Gordon Wood wrote about these two people in the book Friends Divided. These people reconciled after a letter stating "You and I ought not to die before we have (+) explained ourselves to each other." The last exchange between these two people referred to "the storm which our Argosy had so stoutly weathered" and claimed "you (*) Virginians are all sons of Anak." For the point, identify these two people who exchanged 158 letters before they both died in July 1826, both former Presidents.

Thomas Jefferson and John Adams (accept answers in either order; do not accept or prompt if only one answer is given; do not accept or prompt on "John Quincy Adams")

(24) This man's best known quip occurred while Senator Joseph Bristow catalogued a list of the nation's needs on the Senate floor, leading this man to say, "What this country needs is a really good five-cent cigar." This politician proposed a bill, which would have ended senatorial filibusters (+) with a two-thirds majority, in an effort get wartime legislation passed. Edith Wilson intentionally hid the status of her husband's health to prevent this man from (*) assuming presidential duties. For the points, name this Indiana Democrat and vice president under Woodrow Wilson.

Thomas R(iley) Marshall

(17) This leader replaced his country's fleet of Mercedes with much cheaper Renault [[reh-NOH]] 5's. This leader rejected IMF aid, stating, "He who feeds you, controls you." This leader fought a five day war with Mali over the Agacher [[ah-gah-SHEH]] Strip and stripped the office of Mogho Naba (+) of its power, alienating the Mossi ethnic group. Following the deterioration of relations with France, this Marxist was assassinated in a 1987 coup led by Blaise Compaoré [[kohm-POW-reh]] in the city of (*) Ouagadougou [[oo-ah-gah-DOO-goo]]. For the points, name this leader, known as the "African Che Guevara," who renamed his country Burkina Faso.

Thomas Sankara (or Thomas Isidore Noël Sankara)

(9) This magazine came under fire for altering OJ Simpson's mug shot to make him look darker. This magazine's success allowed for the creation of Sports Illustrated, (+) which was made by this magazine's founder, Henry Luce. This magazine that was once published with Life is known by its iconic (*) red border. For the points, identify this magazine that named Charles Lindbergh its first Person of the Year.

Time Magazine

(33) A bishop from this nation, Martinho da Costa Lopes, reported that hundreds of men and women were lined up along the cliffs and executed by TNI forces in a 1975 genocide. This nation's future president, José Ramos-Horta, earned the Nobel Peace Prize in 1996 (+) for fostering peaceful independence from the government of B.J. Habibie. The Fretilin movement attempted to seize control of this modern nation after declaring independence from (*) Portugal, prompting an invasion ordered by Suharto. For 23 years, Indonesia occupied, for the points, what Southeast Asian island nation?

Timor-Leste (or East Timor)

(28) A music video of a George Michael song depicts this person behaving like a dog while playing with a U.S. president on the White House lawn. This person said he "acted in good faith" after the Chilcot Report exposed his initial downplay of the war in Iraq. This man and Bertie Ahern signed the Good Friday Agreement less than a year into his premiership. Described as being George W. Bush's "poodle", for the point, what Labour Party leader was prime minister of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2007?

Tony Blair (or Anthony Charles Lynton Blair)

(16) This man's first act as emperor was to annex the Nabataean Kingdom to create the province of Arabia Petraea. During this man's reign, the alimenta, a welfare program that helped orphans and poor children, was formed and funded by putting mortgages on farms throughout Italy. This man sacked Ctesiphon, capital of the Parthian Empire, and commemorated his victory against the Dacians [[DAY-shuns]] in a namesake "Column." For the point, name this second of the Five Good Emperors, declared the "best ruler" by the Roman Senate.

Trajan (or Caesar Nerva Traianus; accept Trajan's Column)

(7) Corporate raider Carl Icahn [["ICON"]] acquired this company in a leveraged buyout in 1988. This company sponsored the Moonliner at Disneyland, and it was originally founded to fly Ford Trimotors between New York and Los Angeles. The explosion of this company's Flight 800 resulted in a four year investigation on suspicion of terrorism. A terminal designed by Eero Saarinen for this company at JFK Airport was converted into a hotel in 2019. For the point, name this formerly Howard Hughes-owned airline that was acquired by American in 2001.

Trans World Airlines (or TWA)

(29) A failed amendment to this treaty by Senator Jefferson Davis attempted to incorporate portions of the state of Nuevo León. Article XI [[ELEVEN]] of this treaty was annulled a year later after the U.S. found it impossible to contain Comanche raids. The negotiator of this treaty, Nicholas Trist, was immediately fired by President Polk after returning to Washington, D.C. for not acquiring the province of Baja [[BAH-hah]] California. For the point, name this treaty which ended the Mexican-American War, ceding much of Alta California and New Mexico.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (or Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Limits and Settlement between the United States and the Mexican Republic)

(15) This text was prepared with help from a study group called The Inquiry. This text's support for a (+) new international body was criticized by Henry Cabot Lodge, preventing its passing by Congress. Woodrow Wilson's (*) Fourteen Points were intended to shape, for the points, what treaty that ended World War One?

Treaty of Versailles (accept Traité de Versailles; accept Treaty of Peace between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany)

(20) This text was prepared with help from a study group called The Inquiry. One man's illness with Spanish flu diminished his influence over this text, and this text's support for a (+) new international body was criticized by Henry Cabot Lodge, preventing its passing by Congress. Woodrow Wilson's (*) Fourteen Points were intended to shape, for the points, what treaty that ended World War One?

Treaty of Versailles (accept Traité de Versailles; accept Treaty of Peace between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany)

(19) These structures, which take their name from a "spiked barrier," had a second wave of building in the 1840s which focused on their "plank" variety. Prominent examples of these projects in the late 18th century included the Great Western, (+) which began at Albany, and the Philadelphia and Lancaster, which opened in 1792 as the first American example of these projects. The "houses" which (*) collected payment for using these structures were found every 20 miles along the Cumberland Road. For the points, identify these paid roads which granted access by moving a barrier.

Turnpikes (prompt on "toll road"; prompt on "plank road"; prompt on "roads")

(32) French astronomer Jacques du Chevreul [[doo-shev-RUHL]] rejected this man's claim that Mars was located under the sun, as that would mean the heavens were permeable. This astronomer wrote the poem Elegy to Dania after being exiled by Christian IV. Johannes Kepler used observational data collected by this astronomer in the Rudolphine Tables. Known for his metallic nose, for the point, what Danish astronomer is also known for his accurate and comprehensive observations made without the use of a telescope?

Tycho Brahe (or Tyge Ottesen Brahe)

(18) The "repudiation" and "discrimination" approaches to this policy were rejected in favor of a "redemption" approach described in the First Report on the Public Credit. Excise taxes were enacted to fund this policy under the Funding Act of 1790. This policy was agreed to as part of a compromise that placed the new national capital in the South. For the point, name this policy under which bonds and scrip issued to pay for the Revolutionary War were redeemed federally instead of by the former colonies.

U.S. federal government assuming state debt (accept state debt assumption or answers describing liability for the pre-1790 public debt of the state governments being transferred to or assumed by the federal, U.S., or central government)

(29) The press reported that a candidate in this election year cried after the "Canuck Letter" accused him of making disparaging remarks against French-Canadians. In this election year, Shirley Chisholm was the first African American to run for president. After it was revealed that he used electroshock therapy, Thomas Eagleton quit as one party's vice presidential nominee in this election year. The incumbent's policy of Vietnamization proved popular for the victor of, for the point, what election year in which George McGovern only won Massachusetts and D.C. in a landslide loss against Richard Nixon?

U.S. presidential election of 1972 (prompt on "'72")

(8) An investigation commissioned from the Franklin Institute found that an event on this ship was caused by the use of welded bands instead of a shrinking-based installation as used on the Oregon. That event on this ship, which was witnessed by a 75-year-old Dolley (+) Madison, happened after Captain Robert Stockton ordered the demonstration of a Peacemaker gun during a cruise on the Potomac. Naval Secretary Thomas Walker Gilmer and Secretary of State Abel (*) Upshur were among the six victims of an 1844 explosion aboard, For the points, what warship?

U.S.S. Princeton (accept Princeton explosion and similar answers)

(33) John Wilkinson Taylor and Luther Evans were the two American directorsgeneral of this agency. Blake Van Leer became the president of Georgia Tech and a board member of this organization at nearly the same time and used this group's declarations on racial equality (+) during integration of Southern college football. The U.S. has twice withdrawn from this organization over its perpetual overspending and controversial stances against Israel, though this agency still recognizes 24 (*) World Heritage Sites in the U.S. For the points, name this United Nations agency that promotes science and culture.

UNESCO (or United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization; or Organisation des Nations unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture)

(4) This project was initially funded by the Bureau of the Census after a similar commercial variant of its central product was created by Northrop Aviation. This project's central product initially led a CBS employee to claim that it made an erroneous prediction after it suggested that Adlai (+) Stevenson would lose in an electoral landslide to Dwight Eisenhower. This project was completed under Remington Rand after their purchase of the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation. Following similar projects such as (*) ENIAC and BINAC, for the points, what was this project to create a line of early digital computers?

UNIVAC Mark One (or Universal Automatic Computer Mark One)

(30) Despite being moored to this ship to make repairs, the Vestal managed to remain operable until being intentionally beached. A war memorial sculpted by Joe Tyler in 2002 is made from this ship's potato lockers. Samuel Fuqua [[FYOO-kwa]] took command of this ship and organized the evacuation of its survivors after an 1800-pound bomb from a "Kate" aircraft ignited its magazines. For the point, name this ship that exploded and sunk with over 1100 lives lost, constituting the majority of American casualties at Pearl Harbor.

USS Arizona

(19) The Sampson Board made a controversial finding about this ship, which was the subject of a 1976 book by Hyman Rickover. Following an incident involving this ship, Frederic Remington was dispatched to make illustrations as the New York Journal and New York World whipped up a frenzy using "yellow journalism." Calls to "remember" this ship were rhymed with "to hell with Spain!" For ten points, name this U.S. Navy vessel that exploded in Havana harbor in 1898, providing one cause for the Spanish-American War.

USS Maine (accept "Remember the Maine")

(21) This vessel was lost at sea during a storm while sailing sixteen miles off the coast of Cape Hatteras in preparation for a blockade of Charleston. This vessel supported George McClellan's landing during the Peninsula Campaign in the Battle of Drewry's Bluff. The sinking of the wooden frigates USS Cumberland and USS Congress by a Confederate ship drew in this Union vessel in an attempt to save a third ship in Chesapeake Bay. For the point, name this ironclad, which fought the Merrimack to a standstill at the Battle of Hampton Roads.

USS Monitor

(1) This man appointed Michigan senator Zachariah Chandler to Secretary of the Interior in order to fight corruption within the Bureau of Indian Affairs. This man's Secretary of the Treasury, Benjamin Bristow, cracked down on a scandal during this president's tenure that culminated in the indictment of John McDonald and this president's private secretary, Orville Babcock. The Whiskey Ring scandal occurred during the presidency of, for ten points, what U.S. president and Civil War general who succeeded Andrew Johnson?

Ulysses S. Grant (or Hiram Ulysses Grant)

II} 33. One Olympic gold medal game between the US and this country saw the winner receive three chances at a game winning shot after two Doug Collins free throws. A competition between the US and this country held in Palo Alto saw the highest attendance ever for a non-Olympics track and field event. One game against this country saw Mark Johnson score past Vladislav Tretiak with one second left in the first period. That game saw the amateur US ice hockey team defeat the heavy favorites at the 1980 Winter Olympics. For the point, which country's team lost to America in the Miracle on Ice game?

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics [accept Soviet Union; prompt on Russia] <TR> U.S. History Bee 2015, Nationals Set, Round 6, Page 9 of 9 34. Milton Berle hosted a groundbreaking variety show for this company. In the 1950s, this company aired Texaco Star Theatre, as well as a namesake symphony orchestra led by Arturo Toscanini. Jack Paar and Steve Allen hosted shows for this channel, which was created by the Radio Corporation of America. Many programs for this channel are filmed at 30 Rockefeller Center. This company's Lorne Michaels created a variety show that included John Belushi, Eddie Murphy, and Seth Meyers as cast members. For the point, which television channel airs The Tonight Show and Saturday Night Live? ANSWER: National Broadcasting Company <TK>

(1) The U.S. and this country feuded over borders in the San Juan Islands during the Pig War. In the Trent Affair, John Slidell was captured by one of this country's ships in the early years of the Civil War. The Webster-Ashburton Treaty settled a dispute between the U.S. and this country called the Aroostook War. For the point, name this country that fought the American colonies in the Revolutionary War.

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (accept either underlined portion; accept UK; accept England)

(12) Both Henry C. Wallace and Henry A. Wallace served as secretary of this department, the latter of which began at the start of the FDR presidency. As secretary of this department, Earl Butz instituted a series of policies, including one advocating a certain action "from fencerow (+) to fencerow." This department launched the SNAP Program, which was formerly known as the Food Stamps (*) Program. For the points, name this department that executes laws pertaining to farming.

United States Department of Agriculture (accept USDA)

(1) In January 2021, Pete Gaynor became acting Secretary of this department after Chad Wolf resigned due to the attack on the U.S. Capitol. Janet Napolitano has served longest as Secretary of this department, and Donald Trump had four Acting Secretaries and two Secretaries of this department, including Kirstjen Nielsen and General John Kelly. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez called for the dissolution of this department after the poor treatment of migrants by an branch of this department, ICE. For the point, name this Cabinet department created in the wake of 9/11.

United States Department of Homeland Security (prompt on "DHS")

(29) Before becoming Superintendent of an academy, David Dixon Porter helped lead this organization in capturing Fort Fisher. This organization's technology during the War of 1812 was analyzed in Theodore Roosevelt's first book. Gideon Welles carried out the Anaconda Plan while serving as Secretary of this organization. Alfred Thayer Mahan's time as an officer in this organization inspired his book The Influence of Sea Power upon History. For the point, name this organization, which operates an academy in Annapolis, Maryland.

United States Navy

(24) This organization, which was once led by John Wanamaker, was forced to censor material after the Comstock Law was put into effect. Sears catalog orders spiked when this organization began its Rural Free Delivery program. Recently led by Louis DeJoy, this is, for the point, what agency that handles the mail?

United States Postal Service (accept USPS; accept the Post Office)

(29) William Howard Taft signed a law that enabled this organization to operate savings banks. This organization, which was once led by John Wanamaker, was forced to censor material after the Comstock Law was put into effect. Sears catalog orders spiked when this organization began its Rural Free Delivery program. Recently led by Louis DeJoy, this is, for the point, what agency that handles the mail?

United States Postal Service (accept USPS; accept the Post Office)

(4) One holder of this federal cabinet position was forced to resign from an earlier state position after serving as the second in a duel that led to Button Gwinnett's death. That man, Joseph Habersham, succeeded a holder of this position who was a strong supporter of Britain during the War of 1812 and an organizer of the Hartford Convention. Timothy Pickering and Samuel Osgood held this position which, prior to independence, was held by Ben Franklin. For ten points, name this position that oversees the USPS.

United States Postmaster General (accept PMG) A brief rival business of the U.S. Postal Service was what express mail service that used relay teams to reduce the time to get messages from coast to coast to ten days? Pony Express (accept Central Overland California and Pike's Peak Express Company)

(32) This U.S. government policy was parodied by Canada's Godfrey-Milliken Bill, which laid out benefits for descendants of Loyalists. This policy was strengthened after the formation of the (+) CUPET [[KOO-pet]] oil ministry in 1960 and reiterated by a 1992 bill that attempted to leverage hardships of the Special Period. An expansion of this policy in 1996 added the ability to sue foreign companies that benefitted from (*) confiscated American property, in the Helms-Burton Act. For the point, identify this policy which restricts most American trade with a Caribbean country.

United States embargo on Cuba (accept answers referring to Cuba and an embargo; prompt on "embargo"; prompt on answers describing "trade restriction"; do not accept answers referring to a "blockade")

(2) A building that was constructed to be one of these facilities, but never used as such, today houses a winery in The Dalles, Oregon. The only overseas facility of this type was in Manila and produced items for use at the Culion leper colony until 1941. Dahlonega [[dah-LON-eh-gah]], (+) Georgia and Carson City, Nevada are home to defunct facilities of this kind, which now operate in four locations. Among those four locations of this type, West Point is considered an auxiliary branch of (*) Philadelphia, and San Francisco only circulates Susan B. Anthony pieces. For the points, name these facilities that produce U.S. coins.

United States mints

(24) The plaintiff in a case against one of these institutions, Lloyd Gaines, disappeared, possibly to Mexico City. Roscoe Dunjee aided George McLaurin in a suit against one of these institutions in Oklahoma. Herman Marion Sweatt sued one of these institutions in Texas led by zoologist Theophilus Painter. Grutter v. Bollinger involved one of these institutions in Michigan and argued against racial preferences in admission. Former Marine Allan Bakke sued, for the point, what type of institution over affirmative action?

University (or College; prompt on "educational institution" and similar answers; accept University of Missouri; accept University of Oklahoma; accept University of Texas; accept University of Michigan; accept University of California)

(3) At the launch of a political campaign, this man circulated a pamphlet called "I, Governor of California, and How I Ended Poverty." This man depicted the graceful scion of an arms magnate who interacts with world leaders in the 1930s and 40s in his twelve-book series about Lanny Budd. Earlier, this socialist depicted the end of Tamoszius's [[taa-MOHzee-us's]] violin career and the travails of Lithuanian immigrant Jurgis Rudkis. For ten points, name this author who said, "I aimed at the public's heart, and by accident I hit it in the stomach" about his novel set in Chicago meatpacking plants, The Jungle.

Upton Sinclair (or Upton Beall Sinclair, Jr.)

(12) Reporter Igor Vukic [[VOO-kitch]] intentionally downplayed atrocities committed by this organization at Jasenovac [[yah-see-NOH-vahts]] by claiming they "played football and had concerts." Ante Pavelić [[PAH-veh-lich]], Poglavnik of this organization, ordered his underlings to commit the (+) assassination of Alexander I of Yugoslavia. Along with the Nazi party, the Bigelow Report outed the Roman Catholic church for hiding this (*) organization's gold. For the points, name this fascist Croatian paramilitary that formed an Axis puppet state during the Second World War.

Ustaše [[ooh-STAH-sheh]] (or Ustasha; accept Croatian Revolutionary Movement or Hrvatski revolucionarni pokret before "Croatia" is mentioned; accept Ustaše vojnica)

(30) The Cutter Incident undermined public trust in these things after tainted batches resulted in 120,000 people becoming sick in 1955. Albert Sabin's oral variety of these things was opposed by the March of Dimes, who preferred a different version of these things developed by Jonas Salk. Polio and smallpox were beaten by, for the point, what inoculations that immunize people from disease?

Vaccines (accept Polio Vaccines; accept Oral Vaccines; or Polio Vaccines)

(24) Files from this event were burned in a parking lot by a group of Catholic activists led by Father Philip Berrigan. A man donning a jacket cursing this event was the subject of a Supreme Court case in which an opinion by Justice John Harlan read, "One man's vulgarity is another's lyric." On his first full day in office, Jimmy Carter issued Proclamation 4483 which pardoned those who avoided this event. The Catonsville [[KAY-tuns-vil]] Nine and Paul Robert Cohen protested, for the point, what event that made it mandatory for men to serve in a certain conflict in Southeast Asia?

Vietnam War draft (or Vietnam War conscription; accept equivalents; prompt on "Vietnam War")

(28) In 1981, members of this ethnic group were involved in a series of physical clashes in Galveston Bay with the KKK during a racial conflict involving shrimp boats. The U.N.-sponsored "Orderly Departure Program" attempted to resettle many people of this ethnicity in the U.S. (+) during the era when refugees from this group were commonly known as "Boat People." Westminster and Garden Grove in California are majors centers of this ethnic group, who were often set up with (*) nail salons by Tippi Hedren. For the points, name this ethnic group, many of whose members immigrated to the U.S. after the fall of Saigon.

Vietnamese-Americans (prompt on "Asian-Americans")

(28) An early example of these objects at the Metropolitan Museum of Art was created in Cremona by Andrea Amati and named for "Charles IX [[the Ninth]]." The Guarneri and Rugeri [[roo-GEH-ree]] families were known for manufacturing these objects in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. The "Messiah" is perhaps the most pristine of some 650 surviving examples of these instruments produced by a man who used dark varnish and intricate carvings. For the point, name these string instruments, whose notable creators include Antonio Stradivari.

Violins (or Fiddle; accept Amati before mentioned; prompt on "Stradivarius")

(15) The spacesuit of this man was repossessed over claims he never returned it after bringing it to a show-and-tell. A 2021 video analysis of a certain vessel's splashdown suggested that an electrical discharge caused a hatch to burst rather than being manually released by this man. This man said, "How are we gonna get to the moon if we can't talk between two or three buildings?" before dying in a fire during a pre-launch test. A pilot for Project Mercury and Project Gemini, for the point, which astronaut died while commanding the never-launched Apollo 1?

Virgil "Gus" Grissom (or Virgil Ivan Grissom)

(19) A draft of this proposal mentioned that members of the House of Representatives would hold three-year terms while those in the Senate would have seven-year terms. This proposal was presented by Edmund Randolph as a fifteen-point resolution to the Constitutional Convention in 1787. Drafted by James Madison, for the point, what proposal, later countered by the New Jersey Plan, advocated for the establishment of a bicameral legislature and three branches of government?

Virginia Plan (accept Large-State Plan; accept Randolph Plan before "Edmund Randolph" is mentioned)

(11) Federalist John Mathews demonstrated against these documents by tearing apart and stamping on a copy. After these documents were denounced by the legislature of New Hampshire, they were further defended in the Report of 1800. The "Principles of 98" (+) were advanced in these documents, one of which used the term "interposition" for ideas that soon evolved into the "nullification" doctrine. (*) James Madison wrote at least one of, For the points, what paired 1798 and 1799 legislative declarations against the Alien and Sedition Acts?

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (or Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

II} 14. The Gingles test applies to legislative districts drawn under this law. The Supreme Court cited this law's 40-year-old coverage formulas in Shelby County v. Holder, which removed its "preclearance" portions and rendered Section 5 unenforceable. This legislation was proposed in response to an attack on demonstrators crossing the Edmund Pettis Bridge. Compromise language in this law did not explicitly ban poll taxes, but declared them unconstitutional. For the point, what 1965 civil rights legislation banned literacy tests and protected the franchise more strongly for blacks after segregation?

Voting Rights Act of 1965 [or VRA] (do NOT accept "Civil Rights Act") <CW> 15. Zalman Shapiro's alleged handover of hundreds of pounds of uranium to this country triggered the Apollo Affair. Jonathan Pollard was convicted for forwarding classified documents to this country's government. It is still unclear whether or not this country deliberately attacked the USS Liberty. William P. Rogers formulated a plan to end the War of Attrition between this country and its larger western neighbor, Egypt. For the point, what Middle Eastern country's Prime Minister gave a March 2015 speech to Congress warning about Iran's nuclear program? ANSWER: Israel <KG>

(1) This man published the book Dusk of Dawn: An Essay Toward an Autobiography of a Race Concept, wherein he promulgated the "Basic Negro Creed" and discussed his break with the NAACP. This leader of the Niagara Movement died in Ghana shortly after promoting the Encyclopedia Africana and publishing several books on world peace. For the point, name this civil rights activist who popularized the term "color line" in his collection of essays, The Souls of Black Folk.

W. E. B. Du Bois [[doo-BOYSS]] (or William Edward Burghardt Du Bois; accept pronunciation as [[doo-BWAH]])

(4) In one debate, this man claimed Klansman Lothrop Stoddard was wrong because he never traveled under Jim Crow accommodations. This man was an opponent of the Atlanta Compromise and believed the Talented Tenth would lift a certain group out of poverty. For the point, name this Black American thinker who wrote The Souls of Black Folk.

W.E.B. Du Bois (or William Edward Burghardt Du Bois)

(4) In one debate, this man claimed Klansman Lothrop Stoddard was wrong because he never traveled under Jim Crow accommodations. This man was forced out of the Socialist party for endorsing Woodrow Wilson, and this opponent of the Atlanta Compromise believed the Talented Tenth would lift a certain group out of poverty. For the point, name this Black American thinker who wrote The Souls of Black Folk.

W.E.B. Du Bois (or William Edward Burghardt Du Bois)

(5) This man described his New England childhood and the shock of anti-Black rhetoric at Fisk University in Dusk of Dawn. This man spoke of the "Black World beyond the Veil" and the illusion of money in the chapter "Of the Wings of Atlanta," found in his best-known 1903 work. In that same work, this man criticized his rival for an "old attitude of adjustment and submission" in the chapter "Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others." For the point, name this Black sociologist and activist who co-founded the NAACP, the author of The Souls of Black Folk.

W.E.B. DuBois [[dew-BOYSS]]

(31) Salem Witch trial organizer William Phips lost much of his fortune fighting this political entity after he abandoned a ship carrying lumber to rescue an English settlement along the Sheepscot River. With the repressed Acadian minority, this political entity fought a protracted (+) guerrilla war against the British in Father Le Loutre's War. The Mik'maq [[MEEK-mak]] and Passamaquoddy [[pah-sah-mah-KWAHdee]] are among the various Eastern (*) Algonquian native tribes that make up, for the points, what "Confederacy" in modern day New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Maine?

Wabanaki Confederacy (or Wabana'ki Mawuhkacik; accept Mik'maq before mentioned)

(2) During this war, the Creek tribe suffered a defeat at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. The Battle of Bladensburg took place during this war, which was partially caused by the impressment of American sailors, and this war was sometimes referred to as Mr. Madison's War. The White House was burned during, for the point, what war between the U.S. and Britain that was named for the year it began?

War of 1812

(16) During this man's presidency, a congressman waved a straw hat on the floor of the House to denounce the American Valuation Plan, part of the high Fordney-McCumber Tariff which this man signed. This president's Secretary of Commerce made the first proposals for regulating radio frequencies and aviation. Eugene Debs's prison term was commuted by this man whose infidelities were exposed by Nan Britton. For ten points, name this president who employed Herbert Hoover in his Cabinet before he suddenly died in 1923 and was succeeded by Calvin Coolidge.

Warren G(amaliel) Harding

(17) This man ordered the imprisonment of Rose Greenhow during a period in which he was personally responsible for listing Confederate sympathizers to be detained, a power which was removed from him after he accused Franklin Pierce of disloyalty. This man, who negotiated a settlement to the Trent Affair, was severely injured in a stabbing by Lewis Powell at the same time that Lincoln was shot. In 1867, this man concluded a 7.2 million dollar land deal with Eduard de Stoeckl [[STECK-ul]]. For ten points, name this Secretary of State throughout the 1860s who purchased Alaska in a namesake "Folly."

William (Henry) Seward (accept Seward's Folly)

(11) In 1957 and 1963, this commentator visited foreign right-wing regimes, which he praised in the "Letter from Spain" and "South African Fortnight." This man's Connecticut estate provided the name for the manifesto of Young Americans for Freedom, the Sharon Statement. This author of the Blackford Oakes spy novels spent 33 years, mostly on PBS, hosting the debate show Firing Line. During an ABC special on the 1968 Democratic National Convention, this man threatened Gore Vidal by stating, "I'll sock you in the face." For ten points, name this founder of the conservative National Review.

William F(rank) Buckley, Jr.

(17) Serial killer Carl Panzram committed at least ten murders with a gun stolen from this judge during the burglary of his New Haven mansion. This Chief Justice's court decided the pro-zoning case Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty, invalidated a minimum wage law in Adkins v. Children's Hospital, and incorporated the right to freedom of speech to the states in Gitlow v. New York. For the point, name this Chief Justice from 1921 to 1930 who himself had earlier appointed Edward White as Chief Justice.

William Howard Taft

(27) An advertisement opposing this man's reforms was produced by Chip Kahn and HIAA, the "Harry and Louise" ad, in which a couple praises Reese Witherspoon for having an American name. George Mitchell declared one of this man's reforms dead after opposition by William Kristol's Project for the Republican Future. Tipper Gore helped this man campaign for reform with a sixteen-bus caravan called the Health Security Express. For the point, name this Democrat who served as the 40th and 42nd governor of Arkansas.

William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton

(17) This man wrote that "science is a magnificent material force, but it is not a teacher of morals" after being denied a chance to give closing statements at a 1925 event. This man ran to be Moderator of the Presbyterian Church during the Fundamentalist-Modernist controversy, losing to Charles Wishart, who refused this man's request to end funding for schools that taught evolution. This orator debated Clarence Darrow during a "Monkey Trial" which discussed the merits of Darwin's theories. For the point, name this politician who delivered the "Cross of Gold" speech.

William Jennings Bryan

(27) This man criticized "Urselines, Capuchines, Benedictines" in his Truth Exalted: To Princes, Priests, and People which criticized most organized religions. After being imprisoned in the Tower of London, this man clarified that he did not deny the Trinity in a tract apologizing for his work, The Sandy Foundation Shaken. After working out a deal with Charles II, this man became the largest, non-royal, private landholder in the world. For the point, name this Quaker who established a namesake colony which included Philadelphia.

William Penn

(35) This proprietor agreed to a "Charter of Liberties" establishing a unicameral legislature. This theologian defended the practice of addressing everybody as "thou" in his 1669 treatise No Cross, No Crown. This man chose the names of trees for major streets in a city he patronized in 1701, after this disciple of George Fox agreed to a "walking purchase" with the Lenape [[LEH-nah-pay]] to bound lands he received from Charles II. For the point, identify this Quaker who financed the founding of Philadelphia in a namesake colony.

William Penn

(32) This man is the subject of a woman's comment in a 2020 film toward a group of caged monkeys, "Nobody but nobody makes a monkey out of [this man]," while in conversation with Herman J. Mankiewicz [[MANK-yeh-witz]]. A film based on this man depicts his unsuccessful run to become the governor of New York. That same 1941 film depicts a woman named Susan Alexander embarking on an amateur opera career, paralleling this man's influence on the career of his real-life mistress, Marion Davies. For the point, what media tycoon was the primary inspiration for Charles Foster Kane in the film Citizen Kane?

William Randolph Hearst

(12) This man's capture was believed to have been orchestrated by John Stokesley. The last words of this man were, "Lord! Open the king of England's eyes." Henry VIII [[the Eighth]] used this man's The Obedience of a Christian Man to rationalize separating the Church of England from papal authority. The king then wanted this man to be extradited after he opposed the monarch's annulment to Catherine of Aragon in his The Practice of Prelates. Executed for heresy in 1536, for the point, which scholar translated the Bible from the original Hebrew and Greek into Early Modern English?

William Tyndale (accept Tyndale Bible)

(19) This man's striking appearance led to his constant description in newspapers as "the grey-eyed man of destiny." This man's first expedition led a group of 49ers in a quick capture of La Paz, after which he announced the annexation of (+) Baja California and Sonora. This man revoked an 1824 edict of emancipation after defeating British-backed "Legitimists" with support from the Accessory Transit Company of (*) Cornelius Vanderbilt. For the point, name this American filibuster who spent ten months as the president of Nicaragua before he was deposed in 1857.

William Walker

(1) W. A. R. Goodwin campaigned for years for the restoration of this city, successfully enlisting the Rockefellers to fund its reconstruction. The Gunpowder Incident occurred in this city after colonists attempted to seize stores of the title substance from Lord Dunmore's men. Due to the partial destruction of Jamestown during Bacon's Rebellion, this city became capital of a Mid-Atlantic colony. For the point, name this colonial Virginia town named for an English king who was also a Prince of Orange.

Williamsburg, Virginia (accept Colonial Williamsburg

(12) Funds for this event were raised through benefit shows called Acting in Concert for Peace. White House counsel Charles Colson wrote, "Let's destroy this young demagogue before he becomes another Ralph Nader" regarding one of the participants at this event. This three-day event was a series of open hearings in Detroit in which John Kerry and other veterans testified about events in Vietnam. For the point, name this 1971 gathering named for a persona whom Thomas Paine contrasted with the "sunshine patriot."

Winter Soldier investigation (accept Winter Soldier hearing(s))

(22) One senator from this state delivered an identical speech 3,211 times and awarded the "Golden Fleece" to wasteful government programs. That senator from this state ran against a man who campaigned on the slogan "Congress needs a tailgunner" before being censured for his involvement in the Red Scare. For the point, name this Midwestern state represented by senators such as William Proxmire and Joseph McCarthy.

Wisconsin

(26) This kind of event took place regarding two members of the Benham family in Wallingford, Connecticut. In Virginia in 1706, an event of this kind involved the "ducking" of Grace Sherwood. An 1878 dispute between Christian Scientists Daniel Spofford and Lucretia Brown is sometimes dubbed the last of these events in the U.S. In an earlier example of these events, Giles Corey was among those killed in a time period chronicled by Cotton Mather that started with accusations against Tituba [[TIT-yoo-bah]]. For ten points, what kind of dubious legal process took place in the 1690s in Salem, Massachusetts?

Witch trials (or Witchcraft trials; accept Salem witch trials; accept Connecticut witch trials; accept Ipswich witch trials; accept Second Salem witch trials)

(1) The medicinal needs of these people were collected in a compendium of medieval texts called the Trotula [[troh-TOO-lah]], named for a physician from Salerno. A 15thcentury text partially titled for these people by Christine de Pizan sings the praises of exemplary members such as Zenobia and Semiramis [[seh-mee-RAH-miss]]. Albertus Magnus wrote a particularly inept and misleading treatise titled On the Secrets of [these people], perhaps inspired by his vow to celibacy. For the point, name this group of people who held medieval occupations like alewives and nuns.

Women (accept reasonable equivalents)

(17) Elliot Tiber claimed responsibility for moving this event, and Roger Ebert claimed that a 1970 documentary on this event was possibly the "best documentary made in America." Alexander Tapooz's land was suggested for this event, as was the Wallkill's Mills Industrial Park, but it ended up at a slope down to the Filippini Pond at Max Yasgur's dairy farm. Creedence Clearwater Revival was the first to sign a contract for, for the point, what event which included performers such as Jimi Hendrix and Joan Baez, a 1969 hippie music festival?

Woodstock Rock Festival

(26) This coach once conducted an interview with Manfred Rommel as part of a broadcast series in which he delivered historical perspectives on war films. A eulogy for this coach was delivered by Richard Nixon, who lamented that this man only wanted to talk about "foreign policy" rather than football. Bo (+) Schembechler of Michigan was a rival to this man, who was dismissed from one team after punching Clemson nose-tackle Charlie Bauman during the 1978 Gator Bowl. Serving as head coach at a Big Ten (*) school from 1951 to 1978, for the points, who was this longtime coach of the Ohio State Buckeyes?

Woody Hayes (or Wayne Woodrow Hayes)

(5) A September 2021 report found that employees of this organization, which opened a 100 million dollar "hub" in Berlin, perpetrated sexual abuse in the Democratic Republic of the Congo during its 2018 to 2020 mission in that country. This organization's directorgeneral, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus [[ah-dah-NAHM geh-breh-YEH-sooss]] of Ethiopia, was accused of allowing China veto power over its report on the origins of the Covid-19 virus. For ten points, name this United Nations organ that oversees disease intervention and advocates for expanded medical care.

World Health Organization (accept WHO) The WHO's new pandemic center in Berlin is housed in a building named for surgeon Bernhard von Langenbeck and this German biologist, whose activism for social health and work on the lifecycle of cells caused his friends to call him the "Pope of Medicine." Rudolf Virchow [[FEER-koh]] (or Rudolf Ludwig Carl Virchow)

(2) During this war, Leonid Pasternak's charity poster of a wounded soldier leaning against a wall next to the phrase "Aid to War Victims" became an anti-war symbol. Alexander Samsonov killed himself after losing the entire Second Army in this war, during which Russia suffered losses at the Masurian Lakes and Tannenberg. The Treaty of BrestLitovsk withdrew Russia from, for ten points, what war whose devastation led to widespread popular support for the February Revolution?

World War One (or First World War; accept the Great War)

(30) Two men with this surname worked with printing presses at their Dayton cycle shop before conducting trials in a homemade wind tunnel. Those two men with this surname made the first controlled (+) heavier-than-air aircraft in 1903, which was called their namesake (*) "Flyer." For the points, give this surname of the brothers who tested the first successful airplane at Kitty Hawk.

Wright (accept Orville and Wilbur Wright) 2022 Middle School National US History Bee Backup

(12) In response to this incident, a 1778 treaty of alliance was revoked by Congress. The perpetrators of this incident were revealed to be Jean-Conrad Hottinguer [[hoh-ting-EHR]], Pierre Bellamy, and Lucien Hauteval [[hoh-teh-VAHL]], who were acting on behalf of Charles Talleyrand. This incident caused a breakdown in relations that led to the Quasi-War. For ten points, name this 1798 event in which French officials demanded bribes from American diplomats.

XYZ Affair (accept Quasi-War before "Hottinguer" is mentioned)

(27) An "Evening Institute" run by this organization became Northeastern University. Thomas Valentine Sullivan founded this organization in the U.S., and both William Morgan and James Naismith were working for this organization when they respectively invented volleyball and basketball. In the 1980s, this organization began removing its cheap dormitory accommodations which led to it being celebrated in a coded song by the Village People. For ten points, name this ecumenical Christian organization that operates physical fitness centers.

YMCA (or National Council of Young Men's Christian Associations of the United States of America; prompt on "Y")

(23) While attending this event, Alger Hiss wrote a memo opposing giving Soviet republics individual U.N. votes. A French zone of occupation in Germany was negotiated at this meeting, which also produced a pledge for free elections in Poland that was not kept. At this meeting, the Kuril Islands, half of Sakhalin, and access to railroads in Manchuria were promised in exchange for the USSR declaring war on Japan. For the point, name this 1945 meeting of Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt at a Soviet resort town.

Yalta Conference (accept Crimea Conference; prompt on "Argonaut")

(5) Governor George Mathews was one of the chief perpetrators of this scandal, which, after its exposure by men such as James Jackson, led to a public burning of documents with a magnifying glass. The area subject to this scandal was located to the west of the Pine Barrens, where an almost identical affair took place. The Supreme Court case Fletcher v. Peck struck down attempts to invalidate the contracts at the heart of this scandal. For ten points, name this 1790s scandal in which Georgia politicians sold off western lands in corrupt deals.

Yazoo scandal (or Yazoo land fraud)

(4) Outrage over federal compensation for this scandal led John Randolph to form the Tertium Quids. Supreme Court Justice James Wilson was among the beneficiaries of this scandal, which was largely orchestrated by Governor (+) George Mathews. Attempts to resolve this affair were thwarted as a violation of the contract clause in the 1810 Supreme Court case of (*) Fletcher v. Peck. For the point, name this scandal in which the Georgia legislature sold land to politically connected speculators at below-market prices.

Yazoo scandal (or Yazoo land scandal; accept "fraud" or "controversy" in place of "scandal")

(26) This man established Fort Jesup, a fortification west of Natchitoches, Louisiana. This man defeated forces under Mariano Arista at the Battle of Palo Alto. This president died of a (+) stomach illness just sixteen months into his administration, after which he was succeeded by his running mate, (*) Millard Fillmore. For the points, identify this president, nicknamed "Old Rough and Ready," who distinguished himself as a general during the Mexican-American War.

Zachary Taylor

II} 2. Opponents of this policy in Holmes County, Ohio, fought with troops at the Battle of Fort Fizzle. Governor Horatio Seymour addressed protesters against this policy during unrest which the Dead Rabbit gang participated in. A loophole in this policy inspired the practice of "bounty jumping." A $300 fee which allowed escape from this policy led to the expression, "a rich man's war and a poor man's fight." For the point, what was this policy which caused an 1863 riot in New York City and involved the conscription of men for the Union army?

the Civil War draft [or conscription before mentioned; or Enrollment Act] <JB>

(12) This phrase was used twice while describing how people come to Washington not as representatives of a race or religion in "A Vision for America," the last pre-election speech of Ronald Reagan. This phrase's first political use was in "A Model of Christian Charity," a sermon delivered to passengers departing for Boston on the Arbella in 1630 by John Winthrop. For the point, give this quote from the "Sermon on the Mount" used to describe the world's view of the U.S. as a positive model.

"A shining city on a hill" (accept "upon" in place of "on")

(7) Concerning the life of Malcolm X, name the...Controversial five-word phrase he used to positively describe the JFK assassination.

"Chickens Coming Home to Roost"

(11) A group of these troops created Camp Bettens as a base against the vigilantes of the Wyoming Stock Growers Association while ending the Johnson County War. Benjamin Grierson claimed that the common name for these forces was taken from a comparison made by the Comanche. These forces were responsible for teaching horsemanship at West Point, and the command of these forces by John Pershing led to two of his nicknames. For ten points, give this common name for the Black members of the U.S. Army's 10th Cavalry and similar regiments.

Buffalo soldiers (accept 10th Cavalry Regiment before mentioned; prompt on "Black soldiers" or similar answers)

BONUS: Henry the Navigator utilized what recently-developed, lateen sail-equipped ships in his expeditions?

Caravels (or Caravela)

(6) Language of southwestern England which was revived by linguists in the 20th century.

Cornish (accept Kernowek; prompt on "Language of Cornwall")

(2) Mary Elizabeth Lease helped spark a revolt of people in this profession against high interest rates in Kansas. The Populist (+) Party developed from a lobby of people in this profession called the (*) Grange Movement. For the points, name this profession targeted by the Agricultural Adjustment Act.

Farmers (accept Farming; accept Agriculture)

(17) This man's vice president was forced to take the oath of office in Havana due to illness and died only a month later. Jefferson Davis served as this president's Secretary of War, (+) and this man's Secretary of State advised ministers to draft the Ostend Manifesto. The (*) Kansas-Nebraska Act was signed by, for the points, what 14th president of the United States, the only one from New Hampshire?

Franklin Pierce

(2) Concerning the Aztecs, name the...Spanish conquistador who conquered their empire in the early 16th century.

Hernán Cortés (accept Hernán Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro Altamirano)

(8) Concerning the New Deal, name the...Act passed which abandoned the harmful policy of Native American assimilation.

Indian Reorganization Act

(2) This site, which suffered a similar problem to the contemporaneous Sevesco disaster in Italy, began to be investigated after heavy rain caused 55-gallon containers to emerge from the (+) ground. Events at this site and the "Valley of the Drums" outside Louisville, Kentucky spurred passage of the (*) Superfund law. This site took 21 years to restore after health problems linked to Hooker Chemical were first identified. For the point, name this neighborhood of Niagara Falls that was contaminated by chemical refuse.

Love Canal (accept Love Canal disaster)

(4) "Genius of the Carpathians" and Romanian dictator who was executed by firing squad on Christmas in 1989.

Nicolae Ceaușescu [[chow-CHEH-skyoo]]

(3)Concerning agriculture and feudalism in Medieval Europe, name the... Castrated bulls used by farmers to plow agricultural fields.

Oxen (accept Bullock; prompt on "cow")

(28) In an effort to regulate this industry, the Department of Commerce passed General Order 40 which established the Clear Channel, Regional, and Local designations. It isn't television, but a 1943 court case concerning this technology and the FCC's ability to regulate it forced NBC to sell off a subsidiary, which became ABC. Franklin D. Roosevelt delivered his "Fireside Chats" through this medium. For the point, name this wireless communication method, the first transmitters of which were developed by Guglielmo Marconi.

RADIO

(4) This man captured the general Taxiles [[TAK-see-lehs]] and forced king Archelaus to flee to the Hellespont following the Second Battle of Chaeronea [[kay-roh-NEE-ah]]. This man willingly disbanded loyal legions in 79 B.C. to retire to the countryside in Puteoli. This enemy of the populares was vital in defeating the Numidian king, Jugurtha, but his superior, Gaius Marius, controversially took credit for the victory. For the point, name this two-time consul and dictator of Rome whose violent purges paved the way for Julius Caesar's rise to power during the Late Republic.

Sulla (or Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix)

(5)Concerning agriculture and feudalism in Medieval Europe, name the... "System" used by farmers in which one-half of the land lay fallow and the other was planted.

Two-field System

(21) In this city, Bernard Simon was bemused to be given a platter of bologna and mayonnaise sandwiches to feed a group of Jewish hostages. A coordinated siege in this city was directed by Hamaas Khaalis and demanded that the government surrender the killers of Malcolm X and destroy all (*) copies of the film Mohammad, Messenger of God. In this city, three major buildings were taken over for three days in March 1977 by members of the Hanafi (*) Movement. For the points, name this city where that hostage crisis included the wounding by gunshot of future mayor Marion Barry.

Washington, D.C. (or DC; or District of Columbia)

(17) This event was suppressed by Light-Horse Harry Lee's Watermelon Army, (+) during which Governor Robert Mifflin refused to bring in state militia. A financial measure implemented by Alexander Hamilton sparked this revolt, which was led by (*) Western Pennsylvania farmers. For the points, name this rebellion over a tax on a type of alcohol.

Whiskey Rebellion (accept synonyms such as "Insurrection" or "Revolt")

(8) Non-spoken mode with which the newly-revived language of Silbo on the Canary Islands is communicated.

Whistle (accept Whistling)

(12) While being cross-examined during this scandal, investigator L. Jean Lewis fainted. Susan McDougal, who co-owned Madison Guaranty, received a presidential pardon in 2000 for her involvement in this scandal. This scandal may have led to the suicide of Vince Foster, who had been tasked with getting rid of incriminating tax returns. This scandal concerned vacation properties near the White River in Arkansas. For the point, name this Clinton scandal of the early 1990s which was investigated by Kenneth Starr.

Whitewater Scandal (accept equivalents for "scandal" like "controversy")

(4) This route partly followed the Great Warrior's Path used by the Shawnee. The creation of this road was sponsored by Richard Henderson's Transylvania Company. About three quarters of the way west along this road, the Logan Trace branched off to provide a route through Harrodsburg to Louisville. Confusingly, this road, and not its northern counterpart the Cumberland Road, travels through the Cumberland Gap. For the point, name this road from Virginia to Kentucky blazed by Daniel Boone.

Wilderness Road

(18) Tensions leading up to this event escalated after the killing of Sitting Bull. Big Foot and Black Coyote were among the 300 Lakota killed in this 1890 massacre led by Colonel James Forsyth. For the point, identify this massacre that took place near a South Dakota creek, which is considered the last major conflict between Native Americans and the U.S. Army.

Wounded Knee Massacre (or Battle of Wounded Knee)

(19) An offer made in this document was partially rejected due to one nation's fear of alienating the ABC Nations, which had organized the earlier Niagara Falls Peace Conference. This document offered "generous financial support" and promised that two countries would "make war together, make peace together." The use of unrestricted submarine warfare prompted this document, which promised one country's return of land in Texas and Arizona. For the point, identify this message, named for a German official, which attempted to get Mexico to join World War One.

Zimmerman Telegram (accept Zimmerman Note)

(15) This speech claimed that a recent event in Madison Square Garden was "the greatest single exhibition of cross-dressing in American political history." This speech asks why "parents who send their children to Christian schools" "need not apply" and claims to be opposing "the most pro-lesbian ticket in history." This speech was given in Houston and began with an endorsement of George H.W. Bush's re-election. For the point, name this speech delivered to the 1992 Republican National Convention by Pat Buchanan.

"Culture War" speech