History Ch 12

Corruption in Grant administration

(second term in 1872) construction company had skimmed off large profits from a government railroad contract. Exposure of Whiskey Ring where officials accepted bribes from whiskey distillers

Johnson Impeached.

11 charges, Senate did not find the president guilty.

protected the voting rights of all male citizens, regardless of their race, color, or having been a slave?

15th amendment

Home rule

Ability to run state governments without federal intervention

Mistakes Radical Republicans made

Assumed that extending citizenship, suffrage, and other civil rights to freed persons would enable them to protect themselves through participation in gov. Not adequately protect those rights and Supreme Court undermined them. Did not fully realize how much deep-seated racism in society would weaken the social and education changes.

Provisions of Fourteenth Amendment

Born in the country=automatic citizen, equal protection of the law, no state could deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. Specified that if any state prevented a portion of its male citizens from voting, that state would lose a percentage of its congressional seats. Barred most Confederate leaders from holding federal or state office unless by 2/3 vote from Congress.

Johnson's Reconstruction

Called for all seven states to: declare its secession illegal, swear allegiance to the Union, ratify 13th Amendment, which abolished slavery.

The Fourteenth Amendment was adopted in order to provide a constitutional basis for the

Civil Rights Act of 1866.

What happened when newly elected Southern legislators arrived in Congress in late 1865?

Congress refused to recognize their election

Freedmen's Bureau

Congress voted to continue and enlarge it. Assisted former slaves and poor whites in the South by distribution clothing and food and setting up hospitals, schools, industrial institutes, etc.

Wade-Davis Bill

Congress, not president, be responsible for Reconstruction. Majority take oath to, not ten percent for a state government to be formed.

Slaughterhouse case of 1873

Court decided that the Fourteenth Amendment protected only the rights people had by virtue of their citizenship in the U.S.

U.S. v. Cruikshank in 1876 U.S. v. Reese

Court ruled that the fourteenth amendment did not give the federal gov the right to punish individual whites who oppressed blacks. Court ruled in favor of officials who had barred African Americans from voting, stating that the fifteenth amendment did not confer the right of suffrage on anyone.

Redemption

Democrats way of calling their return to power in the South

Use of intimidation against Republican voters in Mississippi, Florida, South Carolina, and Louisiana

Disrupted rallies, killed prominent African Americans, Republican leaders, frightened African-American majority away from polls. White Democrats swept the election. Klansmen killed livestock from former slaves, attacked on their own land and forced labor, whipped,

Political Differences

Few scalawags shared Republican commitment to civil rights and suffrage for African Americans. Republicans appoint white Democrats to office

Hiram Revels

First African-American Senator

Ku Klux Klan

Founded by six Confederate veterans, by 1868 existed in every southern state. Goal to destroy Republican Party, throw out Reconstruction governments, aid planter class in controlling African-American laborers and their political rights. Burned cabins, churches, murdered people.

African-American voters

Gained voting rights as a result of the Fifteenth Amendment. Supported Republican Party.

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Gave African Americans citizenship and forbade states from passing discriminatory laws.

Blacks in Reconstruction

Influenced political groups, Union League. Winning a greater number of offices. 1865-1877

1866 Congressional Elections

Issue was who should control Reconstruction. Went horribly for Johnson, offended many, started riots, etc.

What were Radicals upset about?

Johnson's plan excluded high-ranking Confederates and wealthy Southern landowners from taking the oath needed for voting privileges. Failed to address needs of former slaves like: land, voting rights, and protection under the law.

Sharecropping

Landowners divided their land and gave each worker - either freed African American or poor white - a few acres, along with seeds and tools. Gave half to landowner.

Radical Republicans

Led way in supporting abolition and the war, proposed laws to ensure African-American rights.

Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan

Lincoln believed in lenient reconstruction. Pardon all Confederates except high ranking officials, etc. Swear allegiance, ten percent.

Physical and Economic Conditions

Lots of property destroyed, so much money used, value of property had plummeted, loss of money through bonds, farmers in debt, south wealth fell dramatically, resources destroyed, malnutrition and illness

Republican Unity Shattered

Missouri Republicans angered by corruption banded together to form the Liberal Republican Party in 1872, Chose candidate Horace Greeley, lost.

Fifteenth Amendment

No one can be kept from voting because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Panic of 1873

Northern and Southern investors borrowed enormous amounts of money and built new facilities. Smaller banks closed, stock market temporarily collapsed. Railroads went broke, companies folded.

Carpetbaggers

Northerners who moved to the South after the war. Arrived with so few belongings so they carried it in a bag made of carpeting. Some were Freedmen's Bureau agents, teachers, ministers who felt a moral duty to help former slaves. other Union soldiers

Tenure of Office Act

President could not remove cabinet officers during the term of the president by whom they may have been appointed without the consent of 2/3 of the Senate.

Fourteenth Amendment

Provided a constitutional basis for the Civil Rights Act

"Congressional Reconstruction

Radical and moderate Republican factions worked together to shift control of Reconstruction process from executive branch to the legislature.

Reconstruction Act of 1867

Radicals and moderates joined in passing it. Did not recognize state governments formed under the Lincoln and Johnson plans except Tennessee. Five military districts, pop. elect delegates to the conventions for new state constitution. New constitution had to grant African-American men the vote and 14th amend. Then allowed to reenter the Union. Johnson vetoed it again.

Thaddeus Stevens

Representative of Pennsylvania. Radical Republican, legislator

Election of 1876

Republicans - Rutherford B. Hayes Democrats - Samuel J. Tilden

Three groups making up the Republican Party in the South

Scalawags, carpetbaggers, and African Americans

Laws against segregation

Still had separate institutions/places for blacks and whites.

Andrew Johnson

Succeeded Abraham Lincoln as president in 1865.

Who was the Senate leader of Reconstruction?

Thaddeus Stevens

Reconstruction

Time period following the civil war. 1865 to 1877

New Elected President

U.S. Grant, Democrat 1868 Large African-American vote

Public Works Pograms

Used to repair the physical damage and provide social services. Built roads, bridges, railroads and orphanages, institutions for the care of the mentally ill and disabled. First public school systems, state governments grew larger. Increased poll taxes and imposed property, sales, luxury taxes. Taxes tripples, debt drained existing resources

Scalawags

White Southerners who joined the Republican Party. Wanted South to industrialize, some supported Union in the war. Majority were small farmers

Price Democrats demanded known as "Compromise of 1877"?

Withdrawal of federal troops from Louisiana and South Carolina, wanted federal money to build railroad from Texas to the West Coast, appoint a conservative Southerner to the cabinet

The Radical Republicans believed that former slaves should..?

be granted citizenship, including the right to vote.

Tenant farming

croppers who bought their own horses or mules become tenants and rent land for cash in the system of tenant farming

Black codes

discriminatory laws that severely restricted African Americans' lives.

During the Civil War, General Sherman promised "40 acres and a mule" to

freed slave families in the South.

effort achieve the goals of Congressional Reconstruction, President Johnson was?

impeached

Lincoln's approach to the South for Reconstruction?

make it relatively easy for the South to return to the Union.

When Reconstruction began, all of the following groups made up the Republican Party in the South

scalawags, carpetbaggers, and african americans

Reconstruction Act, Congress decided that Southern states that had not yet been readmitted to the Union would be

supervised by military officers.

During Reconstruction, all of the following increased in the South

taxes, public works programs, and populations of towns and cities.

What signaled the end of Reconstruction?

the Compromise of 1877

Johnson defended his vetoes of Congressional bills on the grounds that they..?

violated the Constitution.