History - Chapter 1, 2, 3 and 4

Maximilien Robespierre

"The incorruptable;" the leader of the bloodiest portion of the French Revolution. He set out to build a republic of virtue.

Congress of Vienna

(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon.

Prometheus

(Greek mythology) the Titan who stole fire from Olympus and gave it to mankind

Thomas Hobbes

..., English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)

The Reign of Terror

40,000 people died during the Reign of Terror and Robespierre was behind it. The engine of the Terror was the guillotine.

Cult of reason

A cult of atheism, advocated by Hébert and his cronies, it reached its apex under the Terror and was eventually driven underground during the Thermidorian Reaction and nearly eradicated by Napoleon's Concordat. It was mostly supported by the sans culottes.

absolutism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Rosetta stone

A huge stone slab inscribed with hieroglyphics, Greek, and a later form of Egyptian that allowed historians to understand Egyptian writing. Found by one of Napoleon's officers during the Egyptian campaign. Allowed people to decipher hieroglyphics.

Versailles

A palace built for Louis XIV near the town of Versailles, southwest of Paris. It was built around a chateau belonging to Louis XIII, which was transformed by additions in the grand French classical style

The Enlightenment

A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God.

Tennis Court Oath

A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution

Girondins

A political party that emerged in revolutionary France after the fall of the monarchy in 1792 when the jacobins split into two factions. Named for the region in southwestern France where many of their leaders were from. They were members of the professional class (lawyers and merchants) who wanted a constitutional governemnt, opposed the growing influence of Parisian miltants, and championed the smaller provinces bewond the city of Paris. They agreed the king was guilty of treason but were reluctant to execute him, arguing for exile or a referendum on his fate. They were first to be targeted as the beginning of the Terror.

thermidorian reaction

A reaction to the violence of the Reign of Terror in 1794, resulting in the execution of Robespierre and the loosening of economic controls.

Absolutism

Absolutism was method of governing that became popular among monarchs during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It grew up in response to the widespread civil and religious unrest of the period, including the deadly religious wars between Catholics and Protestants. Absolutism aspired to secure peace in society by taking power away from the people and concentrating it in the hands of the monarch. Absolutist monarchs build up relatively large bureaucracies in order to collect taxes that in turn went to support large national armies. Political theorists, like Bossuet and Hobbes, argued that absolutism was the best form of government. For Bossuet, this was because the power to keep the peace was handed down in trust from God to the king. For Hobbes, peace was based on a 'social contract' between the king or queen and his/her subjects in which the king provided peace and justice. In return, their subjects' gave up their freedom and individual rights.

The Great Fear

After an angry mob of French citizens stormed and destroyed the Bastille, a prison, rebellion spread from Paris into the countryside. From one village to the next, wild rumors circulated that the nobles were hiring outlaws to terrorize the peasants. A wave of senseless panic called the Great Fear rolled through France.

war of liberation

All across Europe patriots called for a "war of liberation" against Napoleon's oppression, and on April 4, 1814, a defeated Napoleon abdicated his throne.

Ancien Regime

Ancien Regime is the term used to describe the old system of government and society in Europe before the French Revolution. (Ancien is simply French for 'old.') In most countries, but not all, the ancien regime was characterized by the political system of absolutism and the social system of privilege. Notable exceptions were Great Britain and the Netherlands where the powers of monarchs either were severely limited or where no monarchs existed at all.

Republic of culture

Art entered with political undertone - songs, pamplets books and plays - la marseillaise elaborage culture

Estates General

Body of deputies from the three estates

Sir Walter Scott

British novelist whose romantic vision of a feudal society made him highly popular in the South English novelist whose romantic medievalism encouraged the semi-feudal ideas of the southern planters aristocracy Lady of the lake, rob roy, ivanhoe

Jacques Bossuet

Catholic priest who was a strong advocator for Divine right of kings. Meaning that a king was chosen by God to rule. Disobey, and then disobey. Only had God to obey.

Civil code

Code of laws established by Napoleon which preserved many of the ideals of the French Revolution

General Maximum

Created on September 9, 1793, extended the Law of Suspects to most other areas of the revolutionary French economy. 39 essential commodities were limited with regards to their prices The first maxim of your policies must be to lead the people by reason and the people's enemies by terror. Without virute terror is deadly; without terror virtue is impotent.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, 26 August 1789 Once they had agreed on the necessity of drafting a declaration of rights, the deputies of the National Assembly still faced the daunting task of composing one that a majority could accept. The debate raised several questions: should the declaration be short and limited to general principles or should it rather include a long explanation of the significance of each article; should the declaration include a list of duties or only rights; and what precisely were "the natural, inalienable, and sacred rights of man"? After several days of debate and voting, the deputies decided to suspend their deliberations on the declaration, having agreed on seventeen articles. These laid out a new vision of government, in which protection of natural rights replaced the will of the King as the justification for authority. Many of the reforms favored by Enlightenment writers appeared in the declaration: freedom of religion, freedom of the press, no taxation without representation, elimination of excessive punishments, and various safeguards against arbitrary administration.

End of feudalism

Due to peasant unrest - the natioanl assembly decided to make sweeping changes. Mobile deputies gave up tax exemptions and seigneurial dues. many deputies came to the podium to relinquish the tax exemptions of their own professional groups, towns or proviinces.

abbe' emmanuel-joseph sieyes

Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès (3 March 1748 - 20 June 1836), commonly known as Abbé Sieyès, was a French Roman Catholic abbé and clergyman, one of the chief theorists of the French Revolution, French Consulate, and First French Empire. His liberal 1789 pamphlet What is the Third Estate? became the manifesto of the Revolution, helping to transform the Estates-General into the National Assembly in June of 1789. In 1799, he was the instigator of the coup d'état of 18 Brumaire (9 November 1799), which brought Napoleon Bonaparte to power.

Abbé Sieyes, What is the Third Estate?

Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès was born at Fréjus, 3 May 1748. He was educated at a Jesuit school, became a licentiate of the canon law, and was appointed vicar-general by the bishop of Chartres. He first came into prominence with the publication of his pamphlet, "Qu'est ce que le tiers état?" In 1789, he was elected delegate to the Estates-General from Paris, and in the preliminary struggle for organization was made spokesman of the Third Estate. The policy indicated in his pamphlet was one actually carried out in the conservative period of the Revolution. As the Revolution progressed, Sieyès dropped out of sight and had the good fortune to escape death. When asked, at a later period, what he had done during the Terror, he summed up his whole experience in the words: "I existed." In 1795, he again came forward and was appointed member of a commission to draft a new constitution. His views did not obtain prominence in the constitution of 1795, and he refused to accept a position in the directory of the new government. Sieyès took part with Napoleon in the coup d'état of 18 Brumaire and was made one of the provisional consuls with Napoleon and Ducos. Later on he was made a count of the empire and given extensive estates as a reward for his services to France. This marks Sieyès's final retirement from public life. He fled to Brussels on the second return of the Bourbons, returned after the revolution of 1830, and died in Paris on 20 June 1836.

Committee of Public Safety

Established and led by Robespierre, fixed bread prices and nationalized some businesses. Basically secret police and also controlled the war effort. Instigated the Reign of Terror.

Before elections of the estates general in 1789, the ki of deputies for the third etate (making them equal in number to the other two combined - but he refused to mandate voting by indvidual head rather than by orderng agreed to double the number

Even some nobles sympathized with the third estate

First, Second, and Third Estate

First is the Clergy, the nobility is second and third is everyone else A body of deputies from the three estates is estates general

Girondin leaders and madame roland were guillotined as was Olumpe de Gouges

France faced war with austria prussia, great britain spain sardinia and the dutch republic.

Baron de Montesquieu

French aristocrat who wanted to limit royal absolutism; Wrote The Spirit of Laws, urging that power be separated between executive, legislative, and judicial branches, each balancing out the others, thus preventing despotism and preserving freedom. This greatly influenced writers of the US Constitution. He greatly admired British form of government.

Prince charles maurice de talleyrand

French foreign minister at Congress of Vienna (1754-1838) French aristocrat who served as Napoleon's foreign minister and the French representative to the Congress of Vienna. Betrayed Napoleon.

The Marseillaise

French national anthem

Jacques‐Louis David

French painter known for his classicism and his commitment to the ideals of the French Revolution. His works include The Oath of the Horatii (17850 and The Death of Marat (1793).

The french revolution followed a pattern much like the protest movements in the low countries

French revolution didn't come to a quick end like the dutch and belgian

Charlotte corday

French revolutionary heroine (a Girondist) who assassinated Marat (1768-1793). she was guillotined as a monster

Jakob Walter

German soldier in Napoleonic Wars. An ordinary soldier on campaign with napoleon

Robespierre had read the classics of republicanism from teh ancient roman writers Tacitus and Plutarch to teh Enlightenment thinkers Montesquieu and Rousseau.

He took them a step further - he defined the theory of revolutionary government as the war of liberty gainst its enemies. He defended the peoples right to democratic govnerment while in practice he supported many emergency measures that restricted their liberties.

festival of reason

Held on what the French believed to be Year II, this was dedicated to tearing down church icons and symbols and putting symbols of reason and philosophy in their place instead. This was all part of the newly formed Cult of Reason's plan to get rid of idolization of the church and make France an atheistic state. (10 November, 1793).

Republic of virtue

Ideal of French Revolution where all traces of the old order were wiped out, including the Catholic Church. Robespierre allowed the use of terror in creating his democracy because it was virtuous.

carbonari

In Italy - a secret nationalist group which first arose during the time of Napoleonic occupation. Name from charcoal burners who had camps in woods outside of towns. Met in secret at these camps. Since nationalism was considered revolutionary at time of Nap and in post congress Europe - secrecy important.

sans-culottes

In the French Revolution, a radical group made up of Parisian wage-earners, and small shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in government, lower prices, and an end of food shortages

Fall of the Bastille

July 14, 1789 - Louis order 1,000 of soldiers to march to Paris Jack Necker was fired on July 11

National Assembly - june 17

June 17, 1789 the deputies of the third estate took unilateral action and declared themselves and whoever would join the the National Assembly - in which each deputy would vote as an individual (this was after a stalemate). Two days later the clergy voted by a narrow margin to join them. The deputies were denied acccess to their meeting hall and met on a nearby tennis court and swore an oath not to disband until they had given France a constitution that reflected their newly declared dauthority.

Olympe de Gouge, Declaration of the Rights of Women

Marie Gouze (1748-93) was a self-educated butcher's daughter from the south of France who, under the name Olympe de Gouges, wrote pamphlets and plays on a variety of issues, including slavery, which she attacked as being founded on greed and blind prejudice. In this pamphlet she provides a declaration of the rights of women to parallel the one for men, thus criticizing the deputies for having forgotten women. She addressed the pamphlet to the Queen, Marie Antoinette, though she also warned the Queen that she must work for the Revolution or risk destroying the monarchy altogether. In her postscript she denounced the customary treatment of women as objects easily abandoned. She appended to the declaration a sample form for a marriage contract that called for communal sharing of property. De Gouges went to the guillotine in 1793, condemned as a counterrevolutionary and denounced as an "unnatural" woman.

Arc de triomphe

Monument commemorating Napoleon's victories; built in 1836 and reminded people of Napoleon's legacy, allowing LP Bonaparte to get elected.

The continental system

Napoleon cut off all trade with Great Britain to try and make Europe more self-sufficient, an economic blockade of Britain. The Foreign Policy of Napoleon, essentially an effort to thwart English advancement by nationally prohibiting British trade with France

first consul

Napoleon named this after ousting the Directory; remained this until proclaiming himself emperor; first of three Napoleon appointed himself the First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte; became the First Consul of the Republic after disbanding the Legislative assembly; new constitution approved his position in December, 1799.

Napoleon went into exicle on the island of elba off the italian coast - his wife didn't accompany him

Napoleon tried another comapnack - this time he was banished to st. helena and died

Protestant and Jewish men could vote but during the ons french revolution women still couldn't

October 1789 women wrote petititins in versailles to demand participation and organized political clubs

Prince klemens von metternich

Person most responsible for the accomplishment at the Congress of Vienna? spoke five languages - sereved as minister in the austrian cabinet from 1809-1848 .. womanizing made him a security risk in the eyes of the british forein office

Denis Diderot

Philosopher who edited a book called the Encyclopedia which was banned by the French king and pope.

Jacobins

Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794.

helvetic republic

Republic made by reorganizing Confederation of Switzerland, done by Napoleon A state lasting for five years, from 1798 to-1803.During-the French Revolutionary Wars, the revolutionary .armies boiled eastward, enveloping Switzerland in their battles against Austria.

Tried to establish a constitutional monarchy based on the enlightenment principles of human rights and rational government. - failed!

Second revolution war borke out in 1792 - deposted the king and established a republic in which all power rested on an elected legislature

System of Privilege

System of Privilege: Rather than a system of "inalienable rights," the old regime was based on a social and political system that accorded different privileges to different social groups. Such privileges may have included the vote, legal immunities, and other things. Although different countries developed their own unique systems of privilege, the medieval model of privilege divided society into three functional groups: those who prayed (the clergy), those who fought (the nobility or aristocracy), and those who worked (the commoners). In France, these functions were reflected in three different houses of representation in the national Estates General: The First, Second, and Third Estate.

The Enlightenment

The Enlightenment was a self-conscious movement of intellectuals who sought to fight against the what they perceived to be the worst abuses of their society. In particular, they opposed tyranny, religious intolerance, and superstition. They believed that humans were not subject to God's immediate control, but could determine their own fate. Their religion, known as Deism, or the clock-maker theory of the universe, argued that God had created the heavens and the earth, but had left society to develop on its own. With control of their own future, the Enlightenment philosophers, also known as philosophes, believed that the application of human reason to the most difficult problems of society could lead to progress toward a world of human freedom, happiness, and rational understanding. In your slideshow, you will see reference to four of the most influential Enlightenment philosophes: Baron de Montesquieu, Voltaire, Diderot, and Adam Smith. Montesquieu argued that the most rational system of government balanced the three different powers of government in three separate branches of government: a legislative, judicial, and executive branch. Voltaire argued vehemently against the hatred inspired by religious fanaticism and urged people to be tolerant and just. Diderot believed that all human knowledge could be both analyzed in terms of reason and compiled into a great book. He called upon the greatest minds of the century to contribute to his great compendium, The Encyclopedia. Finally, Adam Smith in his famous book The Wealth of Nations, argued that when absolutist monarchs attempted to control the economy they were bound to create more harm than good. There were 'natural laws' of supply and demand, he argued, that worked best when left alone. The idea that governments should leave the economy alone was later encapsulated in the French phrase laissez-faire -- to leave alone. There was a strong element of democratic theory in Smith's writings for he opposed the power of monarchs and believed that if governments left the economy alone everybody would benefit.

DeChristianization

The act of replacing the Catholic Church with "the festival system" planned by David. Included closing churches, selling church buildings, and trying to force the clergy to marry. Churches were used as store houses or dismantled and sold, bells were destroyed and treasures were melted down for government use. cathedrals were dismantled. Festival of reason

The Second Estate

The eputies of teh second estate represented the nobility, abotu 400,000 men and women who owned about 25 percent of the land, enjoyed many tax exemptions, and collected seigneurial dues and rents from their peasant tenants.

White terror

The most controversial part of the Directory. The "royalists" attacked all of the suspected revolutionaries. Napoleon first appears. "Whiff of Grapeshot"

Napoleonic code

This was the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property. Napoleon also secured this by creating the Bank of France which loyally served the interests of both the state and the financial oligarchy

The Brunswick Manifesto

Warning by the prussian king that if Louis is harmed there will be an utter destruction of France. This causes the the people of Paris to erupt in fury.

Tintern Abbey

William Wordsworth compared himself to a deer even while making nature seem filled with humane emotions

Rights of women of 1791 Olympe de Gouges

Woman is born free and lives equal to main in her rights - she also insisted that since woman has the right to mount the scaffold she must equally have the right to mount the rostrum

Abbé Sieyes

Wrote an essay called "What is the 3rd estate" Argued that lower classes were more important than the nobles and the government should be responsible to the people.

Jacques Benigne Bossuet, Political Treatise J.H. Robinson, ed. Readings in European History 2 vols. (Boston: Ginn, 1906), 2:273-277. Hanover Historical Texts Project Scanned by Brian Cheek, Hanover College. November 12, 1995. Proofread and pages added by Jonathan Perry, March 2001.

[Page 273] We have already seen that all power is of God. The ruler, adds St. Paul, "is the minister of God to thee for good. But if thou do that which is evil, be afraid; for he beareth not the sword in vain : for he is the minister of God, a revenger to execute wrath upon him that doeth evil." Rulers then act as the ministers of God and as his lieutenants on earth. It is through them that God exercises his empire. Think ye "to withstand the kingdom of the Lord in the hand of the sons of David"? Consequently, as we have seen, the royal throne is not the throne of a man, but the throne of God himself. The Lord "hath chosen Solomon my son to sit upon the throne of the kingdom of the Lord over Israel." And again, "Solomon sat on the throne of the Lord." Moreover, that no one may assume that the Israelites were peculiar in having kings over them who were established by God, note what is said in Ecclesiasticus: "God has given to every people its ruler, and Israel is manifestly reserved to him." He therefore governs all peoples and gives them their kings, although he governed Israel in a more intimate and obvious manner. [Page 274] It appears from all this that the person of the king is sacred, and that to attack him in any way is sacrilege. God has the kings anointed by his prophets with the holy unction in like manner as he has bishops and altars anointed. But even without the external application in thus being anointed, they are by their very office the representatives of the divine majesty deputed by Providence for the execution of his purposes. Accordingly God calls Cyrus his anointed. "Thus saith the Lord to his anointed, to Cyrus, whose right hand I have holden, to subdue nations before him." Kings should be guarded as holy things, and whosoever neglects to protect them is worthy of death . . . There is something religious in the respect accorded to a prince. The service of God and the respect for kings are bound together. St. Peter unites these two duties when he says, "Fear God. Honour the king.". . . But kings, although their power comes from on high, as has been said, should not regard themselves as masters of that power to use it at their pleasure ; . . . they must employ it with fear and self-restraint, as a thing coming from God and of which God will demand an account. "Hear, O kings, and take heed, understand, judges of the earth, lend your ears, ye who hold the peoples under your sway, and delight to see the multitude that surround you. It is God who gives you the power. Your strength comes from the Most High, who will question your works and penetrate the depths of your thoughts, for, being ministers of his kingdom, ye have not given righteous judgments nor have ye walked according to his will. He will straightway appear to you in a terrible manner, for to those who command is the heaviest punishment reserved. The humble and the weak shall receive mercy, but the mighty shall be mightily tormented. For God fears not the power of any one, because he made both great and small and he has care for both.". . . Kings should tremble then as they use the power God has granted them; and let them think how horrible is the [Page 275] sacrilege if they use for evil a power which comes from God. We behold kings seated upon the throne of the Lord, bearing in their hand the sword which God himself has given them. What profanation, what arrogance, for the unjust king to sit on God's throne to render decrees contrary to his laws and to use the sword which God has put in his hand for deeds of violence and to slay his children! . . . The royal power is absolute. With the aim of making this truth hateful and insufferable, many writers have tried to confound absolute government with arbitrary government. But no two things could be more unlike, as we shall show when we come to speak of justice. The prince need render account of his acts to no one. "I counsel thee to keep the king's commandment, and that in regard of the oath of God. Be not hasty to go out of his sight: stand not on an evil thing for he doeth whatsoever pleaseth him. Where the word of a king is, there is power: and who may say unto him, What doest thou? Whoso keepeth the commandment shall feel no evil thing." Without this absolute authority the king could neither do good nor repress evil. It is necessary that his power be such that no one can hope to escape him, and, finally, the only protection of individuals against the public authority should be their innocence. This conforms with the teaching of St. Paul: "Wilt thou then not be afraid of the power? do that which is good." I do not call majesty that pomp which surrounds kings or that exterior magnificence which dazzles the vulgar. That is but the reflection of majesty and not majesty itself. Majesty is the image of the grandeur of God in the prince. God is infinite, God is all. The prince, as prince, is not regarded as a private person: he is a public personage, all the state is in him; the will of all the people is included in his. As all perfection and all strength are united in God, so all the power of individuals is united in the person of the prince. What grandeur that a single man should embody so much! [Page 276] The power of God makes itself felt in a moment from one extremity of the earth to another. Royal power works at the same time throughout all the realm. It holds all the realm in position, as God holds the earth. Should God withdraw his hand, the earth would fall to pieces; should the king's authority cease in the realm, all would be in confusion. Look at the prince in his cabinet. Thence go out the orders which cause the magistrates and the captains, the citizens and the soldiers, the provinces and the armies on land and on sea, to work in concert. He is the image of God, who, seated on his throne high in the heavens, makes all nature move. . . . Finally, let us put together the things so great and so august which we have said about royal authority. Behold an immense people united in a single person; behold this holy power, paternal and absolute; behold the secret cause which governs the whole body of the state, contained in a single head: you see the image of God in the king, and you have the idea of royal majesty. God is holiness itself, goodness itself, and power itself. In these things lies the majesty of God. In the image of these things lies the majesty of the prince. So great is this majesty that it cannot reside in the prince as in its source; it is borrowed from God, who gives it to him for the good of the people, for whom it is good to be checked by a superior force. Something of divinity itself is attached to princes and inspires fear in the people. The king should not forget this. "I have said," - it is God who speaks, - "I have said, Ye are gods; and all of you are children of the Most High. But ye shall die like men, and fall like one of the princes." "I have said, Ye are gods"; that is to say, you have in your authority, and you bear on your forehead, a divine imprint. "You are the children of the Most High. But ye shall die like men, and fall like one of the princes." "I have said, Ye are gods"; that is to say, you have in your authority, and you bear on your forehead, a divine imprint. "You are the children of the Most High"; it is he who has established your power for the good of mankind. But, O gods of flesh and blood, gods of clay and dust, "ye shall die like men, and fall like [Page 277] princes." Grandeur seperates men for a little time, but a common fall makes them all equal at the end. O kings, exercise your power then boldly, for it is divine and salutary for human kind, but exercise it with humility. You are endowed with it from without. At bottom it leaves you feeble, it leaves you mortal, it leaves you sinners, and charges you before God with a very heavy account.

Napoleon took little interest in girls education

a divorce could be asked for if a husband brought in the adultress to live with them

Marquis de Lafayette

a hero of American war of independence and a noble deputy in the National Assembly became commander of the new National Guard, one of Louis XVI's brothers and many other leading aristoceats fled into exile.

two of the most important enigthement principles were

absolutism and feudalism

goal of the congress of vienna

achiveve postwar stability by establishing secuire states with guaranteed boarders

alexandre berthie

became minister of war and the chemist claude berthollet organized the scietnitific par tof the expedition to egypt became vice president of the senate in 1804

Casper david friedrich

depicted scenes often far away in the mountains - romatic fascination with the sublime power of nature

jacques-louis david

deput and an associate of robespierre took over festival planning

Peasants greeted this time with hope an danxiety. Great Fear

described the rural panic. this turend into peasant attackson aristocrats or on the records of peasants dues kept in the lord's chateau. Peasants now refused to pay dues to their lords, and the persistence of peasant violence raised alarms about the potential for a general peasant insurrection

Tennis Court Oath

expressed the determination of the third estate to carry through a constitutional revolution. A few days later the nobles had no choice but to join too.

Jacques Necker

financial expert of Louis XVI, he advised Louis to reduce court spending, reform his government, abolish tarriffs on internal trade, but the First and Second Estates got him fired

politicizing daily life

first need of people is education - jacques danton (robespierre'smain competitor as theorist of the revolution)

romantic poetry

george gordon, ord byron

the principles emobddied in the declaration of the rights of man

liberalism

jacques necker

machine in motion who stirs up the salosn - napoleon said.

Boneparte - conquest and annexation until it reached groteque dimensions

monster hungry f dominion

Napoleon dreamed of european integration in the tradition of Augustus and charlemagne but he also mastered the details of practical administration - he compromised with the catholic churcn ahd wiht exiled aristocrats willing to return to France

most enduring accomplishment - the new civil code tempered the principles of enlightemnment and the revolution power - fathers of children - fahters over wives

revivalist movement

movement that preached that each person had the responsibility to find salvation. It also stressed that people could change themselves and society.

conservatism

political doctrine that justified the restoration

Napoleon created a hierarchy of noble titles

ranging from princes down to barons and chevaliers. man could not be a duke without a fortune of 200,000 francs or a chevalier wihtout 3,00 francs 0

Third Estate

represented everyone else, at least 95 percent of the nation.

napoleon - 200,000 casualties in the french armies alone in 1794 and 1795 - most died in the hospital than on the field

shipping was hampered

Jacques Necker

the Swiss Protestant finance minister and the one high official regarded as sympathetic to the deputies' cause. Common people in Paris began to attack places where iether grain or arms were thought to be stored. Prison officials in Bastille were stormed and they surrendered. That day is now a French Holiday. The France food riots became local revolts Local governments were forced out of power and replaced by committtees of patriots loyal to the revolutionary cause The kings government began to crumble. To restore order the patriots relied on newly formed National Guard units composed of civilians.

William Pitt

the british prime minister said it was the foulest and most atrocious act the world has ever seen.

Men are born and remain free and equal in rights.

the declaration granted freedom of religion, freedom of the press, equality of taxation, and equality before the law. It established the principle of national sovereignty;

The First Estate

was a body of dputies from the tree states, or orders of France. The deputies in the first estate represented some 100,000 clergy of the Cahtolic church which was owned about 10 percent of the land and collected a 10 percent tax (the tithe) on peasants

de Stael wrote a novel Corinne

whose heroine is a brilliant woman thwarted b a patriarchal system and On germany an account of the important new ltieray currents east of the Rhine - books wer ebanned in France

fall of robespierre and the end of the terror

women played an active part in sans-culottes politics