History Chapter 13 Review Questions

Describe Japanese changes to their military and educational systems.

A new imperial army based on compulsory military service was formed in 1871. All Japanese men now serve for three years. The new army was well equipped with modern weapons. Education also changed. The Meiji leaders realized the need for universal education. In 1871 a new ministry of education adopted the American model of elementary schools, secondary schools, and universities. It brought foreign specialists to Japan to teach, and it sent students to study abroad.

Identify Henry Pu Yi

An infant that was China's "last emperor".

Describe the lives of the Japanese before western changes and after.

BEFORE the Meiji reforms, the lives of all Japanese people were determined by their membership in families, villages, and social classes. Japanese society was highly hierarchical. Belonging to a particular social class determined a person's occupation and social relationships. Women were especially limited by the "three obediences": child to father, wife to husband, and widow to son. Husbands could obtain a divorce; wives could not. Marriages were arranged, and the average marital age of females was 16 years. Females did not share inheritance rights with males. Few received any education outside the family. AFTEER The Meiji Restoration had a marked effect on the traditional social system in Japan. Special privileges for the aristocracy were abolished. For the first time, women were allowed to seek an education. As the economy shifted from an agricultural to an industrial base, many Japanese began to get new jobs and establish new social relationships. Western fashions and culture became the rage. A new generation began to imitate the clothing styles, eating habits, and social practices of Westerners. The game of baseball was imported from the United States.

Describe Russia's conflict with Britain in China.

Both wanted Tibet

. Identify the Boxers and describe the Boxer Rebellion.

Boxers-a popular name given to members of a secret organization called the Society of Harmonious Fists Boxer Rebellion- an uprising against foreigners that occurred in China about 1900, begun by the boxers but eventually supported by the government. campaign to drive all foreigners from China.

What did Britain do to improve their trade arrangement with China?

Britain turned to trading opium

Why did Empress Dowager Ci Xi finally embrace reform ideas?

China had been hurt so badly economically after the boxer rebellion, the empress had to reform it or the dynasty would collapse.

. Describe the Treaty of Tianjin 1858.

Chinese agreed to legalize the opium trade and open new ports to foreign trade and surrendered the Kowloon Peninsula to Great Britain

Describe the conflict between Germany and China.

Chinese rioters murdered two German missionaries and Germany used it to demand territories in Shandong Peninsula

Who helped the Chinese regain control of China during the Rebellion?

Europeans

Identify what happened to allow Sun Yat-sen's supporters to overthrow the Qing Dynasty.

Followers of Sun Yat-sen launched an uprising in central China. The government was too weak to react, but the Qing dynasty collapsed.

Where were the British allowed to trade?

Guangzhou/Canton

Identify why Sun-Yat-sen turned power over to General Yuan Shigai. What does this show about their readiness?

He accepted this because they lacked the military force to compete with his control over the army. It shows that they weren't prepared.

Identify Sun Yat-sen and his beliefs.

He was a young radical who formed the Revive China Society. He believed that the Qing dynasty was in a state of decay and could no longer govern the country.

Did this Treaty open doors for other western nations to trade in Japan?

In 1858 a more detailed treaty called for the opening of several new ports to U.S. trade and residence. Japan soon signed similar treaties with several European nations.

To where was the capital moved?

In recognition of the real source of political power, the capital was moved from Kyōto to Edo (now named Tokyo), the location of the new leaders.

Who addressed these issues with the Japanese leaders?

In the summer of 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry arrived in Edo Bay (now Tokyo Bay) with an American fleet of four warships. Perry brought a letter from President Millard Fillmore, asking the Japanese for better treatment of sailors shipwrecked on the Japanese islands.

Describe the power of the emperor.

In theory, the emperor exercised all executive authority, but in practice he was a figurehead. Real executive authority rested in the prime minister and his cabinet of ministers chosen by the Meiji leaders.

Identify the internal and external factors for the decline of the Qing Dynasty.

Internal- corruption, peasant urest, and incompetence Extrernal-intense external pressure that the modern West applied to Chinese society.

Identify Sun Yat-sen's Three People's Principles.

It promoted nationalism, democracy, and the right for people to pursue their own livelihoods

Identify the new emerging elite in China.

It was composed of merchants, professionals, and reform-minded gentry

When was Japan considered one of the great world powers?

Japan launched a surprise attack on the Russian naval base at Port Arthur, which Russia had taken from China in 1898. In the meantime, Russia had sent its Baltic fleet halfway around the world to East Asia, only to be defeated by the new Japanese navy off the coast of Japan. After their defeat, the Russians agreed to a humiliating peace in 1905. They gave the Liaodong Peninsula back to Japan, as well as the southern part of Sakhalin (SA • kuh • LEEN), an island north of Japan. The Japanese victory stunned the world. Japan had become one of the great powers.

What does this intervention highlight about the imperial differences between China and Japan?

Japan was stronger and

Provide an example of the negative effects of industrialization in Japan.

Many commoners were ruthlessly exploited in the coal mines and textile mills. Workers labored up to 20 hours a day. Coal miners in some areas worked in temperatures up to 130 degrees Fahrenheit (54 degrees C). When they tried to escape, they were shot.

Identify Mao Dun and Ba Jin.

Mao Dun is known as one of China's best modern novelists. Midnight, Dun's most popular work, was also published in French and English. Ba Jin was an author of numerous novels and short stories, and one of China's foremost writers of the twentieth century. Mao Dun became known as one of China's best modern novelists. Midnight, Dun's most popular work, was also published in French and English

What marked the beginning of Western influence and dominance in China?

Opium War

How did samurais from Satsuma and Choshu respond to this?

Resistance to opening foreign relations was especially strong among the samurai warriors in two southern territories, Satsuma and Choshu. In 1863 the Sat-Cho alliance (from Satsuma-Choshu) forced the shogun to promise to end relations with the West.

Describe the 'gentlemen's agreement".

Some Americans began to fear Japan's power in East Asia. In 1907 President Theodore Roosevelt made a "gentlemen's agreement" with Japan that essentially stopped Japanese immigration to the United States.

Describe the Russo-Japanese War.

The Chinese grew concerned by Japan's growing influence there. In the 1880s, Chinese-Japanese rivalry over Korea intensified. In 1894, the two nations went to war, and Japan won. In the treaty ending the war, China recognized Korea's independence.

Why did Japan begin their program of territorial expansion? List some of the areas in which they extended their control.

The Japanese knew that Western nations had amassed some of their wealth and power because of their colonies. Those colonies had provided sources of raw materials, inexpensive labor, and markets for manufactured products. To compete, Japan would also have to expand. In 1874 Japan claimed control of the Ryukyu (ree • YOO • kyoo) Islands, which belonged to the Chinese Empire. Two years later, Japan's navy forced the Koreans to open their ports to Japanese trade. The Chinese grew concerned by Japan's growing influence there.

What western nation was its constitution modeled after?

The Meiji constitution, adopted in 1889, was modeled after that of Imperial Germany. It gave most authority to the executive branch.

Describe the growth of industry in Japan. How did the land tax help?

The Meiji government gave subsidies to needy industries, provided training and foreign advisers, and improved transportation and communications. By 1900, Japan's industrial sector was beginning to grow. Besides tea and silk, other key industries were weapons and shipbuilding.

Describe the land reform program. How did it hurt peasants?

The Meiji leaders also set up a land reform program, which made the traditional lands of the daimyo the private property of the peasants. As a result, in bad years, many peasants were unable to pay their taxes. This forced them to sell their lands to wealthy neighbors and become tenant farmers who paid rent to the new owners.

Describe the Meiji political system.

The Meiji reformers set out to create a modern political system based on the Western model. During the next 20 years, the Meiji government carefully studied Western political systems.

How did the Sat-Cho feel about western nations? What did they do to try and survive?

The Sat-Cho leaders had genuinely mistrusted the West, but they soon realized that Japan must change to survive. The new leaders embarked on a policy of reform that transformed Japan into a modern industrial nation.

What was the first foreign power to successfully open Japan's borders?

The first foreign power to succeed with Japan was the United States.

Identify Sun Yat-sen's 3 stage reform process.

The first stage would be a military takeover. The second stage would be a transitional phase, where Sun's own revolutionary party would prepare the people for democratic rule. The final stage called for establishment of a constitutional democracy.

Describe the difference between how the older generation embraced cultural changes in comparison to the younger generation.

The old generation supported tradition and the new generation supported change.

Identify General Yuan Shigai. Include how he contributed to the collapse of the Qing Dynasty, how he was a traitor, and how he undermined the democratic policies of Sun Yat-sen.

The party was forced to turn to a member of the old order who controlled the army and had been placed in charge of the imperial army sent to suppress the rebellion. However, he abandoned the government and negotiated with members of Sun Yat-sen's party. General Yuan agreed to serve as president of a new Chinese republic and to allow the election of a legislature. He ruled in a traditional manner and even tried to set up a new imperial dynasty. He used murder and terror to destroy the new democratic institutions.

What does Meiji mean?

The symbol of the new era was the young emperor Mutsuhito. He called his reign the Meiji (MAY • jee), or "Enlightened Rule."

Describe the traditional values that the Japanese kept during the mist of all of this change.

The transformation of Japan into a "modern society" did not detach the country entirely from its old values, however. Traditional values based on loyalty to the family and community were still taught in schools. Traditional Japanese values were also given a firm legal basis in the 1889 constitution, which limited the right to vote to men.

Describe the Treaty of Kanagawa.

The treaty provided for the return of shipwrecked American sailors, the opening of two Japanese ports to Western traders, and the establishment of a U.S. consulate in Japan.

Did Japanese culture have an influence on western culture? Explain.

These cultural exchanges were mutual. Japanese arts and crafts, porcelains, textiles, fans, folding screens, and woodblock prints became fashionable in Europe and North America. Japanese gardens, with their close attention to the positioning of rocks and falling water, became especially popular in the United States.

Why was this new emerging elite angry?

They were angry because the new assemblies were not allowed to pass laws but could only give advice to the ruler.

How were shipwrecked soldiers treated by the Japanese?

They were treated as criminals and exhibited in public cages.

Identify John Hay.

U.S. secretary of state that created the Open Door Policy in order to allow the US, Japan, and select European countries equal trade access to China, a country that previously had no trade agreements

What "encouraged" Japanese leaders to open their borders to the U.S.?

Under military pressure, Japan agreed to the Treaty of Kanagawa with the United States.

Describe the Open Door Policy.

a policy proposed by U.S. secretary of state John Hay in 1899 that stated all powers with spheres of influence in china would respect equal trading opportunities with china and not set tarifs giving an unfair advantage to the citizens of their own country

With Japan's isolationist policy, who did they allow to trade within their borders and where?

allowing only Dutch and Chinese merchants at its port at Nagasaki.

Describe self-strengthening in China. What impact did it have in China?

china should adopt Western technology but keep Confucian values and institutions (didn't work)

Describe the Treaty of Nanjing 1842.

chinese agreed to open five coastal ports to British trade, limit taxes on imported British goods, and pay for the costs of war; give ownership to the British of the island Hong Kong (nothing was said about the opium trade)

Identify Hong Xiuquan and describe his beliefs.

christian convert who viewed himself as a younger brother of Jesus and believed God gave him the mission of destroying the Qing dynasty (led the Tai Ping); created a new dynasty called The Heavenly KIngdom of Great Peace (Tai Ping Tianguo)

How did western technology and ideas influence Japanese culture? What was the national reaction to this in the 1800s?

greatly altered traditional Japanese culture. Dazzled by European literature, Japanese authors began imitating the imported models. They began to write novels that were patterned after the French tradition of realism. Japanese authors presented social conditions and the realities of war as objectively as possible. Other aspects of Japanese culture were also changed. The Japanese invited engineers, architects, and artists from Europe and the United States to teach their "modern" skills to Japanese students. The Japanese copied Western architectural styles. Huge buildings of steel and reinforced concrete, adorned with Greek columns, appeared in many Japanese cities. A national reaction had begun by the end of the 1800s, and many Japanese artists began to return to older techniques. In 1889 the Tokyo School of Fine Arts was established to promote traditional Japanese art.

. Describe Xiuquan's conquering of Yongan.

he was joined by great crowds of peasants and captured the town of Yongan and proclaimed the new dynasty called the Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace (Tai Ping Tianguo)

Describe Russia's imperialist attack against China.

in the north and northeast Russia took advantage of the Qing dynasty's weakness to force China to give up territories north of the Amur River in Siberia

Describe the effect of spheres of influence in China.

it gave the imperial powers exclusive trading rights

. Describe the trade relationship between China and Britain.

it was an unfavorable trade balance for Britain and Britain had to pay China with silver for the difference between its imports Britain got tea, silk, and porcelain from China china got India cotton from Britain

Describe the Taiping Rebellion.

peasant revolt caused by the pressing internal economic problems where they captured the town of Yongan and proclaimed a new dynasty (the Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace; as many as 20 million people died during the 14 year struggle

Describe the Opium War.

started by the chinese; wanted the british to stop the traffic in opium but the british refused so the chinese blockaded the foriegn area in Guangzhou to force traders to surrender opium and the british responded with force; british warships destroyed chinese coastal and river forts; when british sailed almost unopposed up the Chang Jiang to Nanjing the Qing made peace;

Explain how these factors brought about the decline.

these factors were made worse by rapid growth which led to food shortages and many suffered from famine

Why did European nations intervene in this conflict?

they feared Japan's growing power

Why was the British government unhappy with their trade arrangement with China?

they imported more than they exported

. What role did warlords play in the spheres of influence?

they negotiated directly with foreign nations and in return for money granted these nations exclusive trading rights or railroad building and mining privileges

. How did conservatives and others, such as Empress Dogwager Ci Xi, feel about these reforms?

they opposed these reforms and saw little advantage in copying the west

. Describe the conflict between Japan and China.

they went to war over Japanese inroads in Korea (a land China controlled for a long time); Chinese was defeated and Japan demanded and received the island of Taiwan and the Liaodong Peninsula (Liaodong was forced to be given back to China)

Identify Emperor Guang Xu. Describe his One Hundred Days of Reform plan.

young Chinese emperor who launched a massive reform program based on changes in Japan; edicts calling for major political, administrative, and education reforms that intended to modernize government bureaucracy by following Western models, adopt a new education system that would replace the traditional civil service examinations, to adopt western-styled schools, banks, and a free press, and train the military to use modern weapons and western fighting techniques