History chapter 18
in what year did the federal government announce that the frontier line was no longer discernible?
1864
what was the most famous battle of the Sioux war of 1876-77? what u.s. colonel died in the battle? who led the Sioux in the confrontation?
Battle of the Little Bighorn. Colonel George Armstrong Custer. Rain-in-the-face and Sitting Bull
Name a favorite route of the cattle drives. What were cow towns?
Chisholm Trail. where herds met at railway lines
who invented the sleeping car? who invented the air brake? how did these inventions improve the railroads?
George Pullman. George Westinghouse. They made it possible to pull longer and heavier trains
what novelist pointed out the injustices done to the indians?
Helen Hunt Jackson
name some famous frontier men and women
Kit carson, William Cody, Annie Oakley
where was gold discovered in 1858?
Sierra Navada, California
what was Comstock Lode?
a mine that made tons of money
who was Casey Jones?
a railroad hero who died saving passengers
what was the staple food of prairie farmers?
corn, wild game, wild berries, and sorghum molasses, or wild honey or maple sugar
what was the Indian Reorganization Act?
encouraged traditional tribal life on reservations.
what were Range wars?
fights between cattlemen and sod people
Who was Jay Gould?
he was a business tycoon who controlled the rails of the southwest.
who were the Red Cloud, Sitting Bull, Chief Joseph, and Geronimo?
indian chiefs
who was John Deere?
introduced the steel plow
what did the Dawes act offer the american indians? In what year did congress grant full u.s. citizenship to all indians?
it broke up tribal lands into separate plots and offered 160 acres of land and u.s. citizenship to any head of an Indian family who live separate from the tribes and be civilized.
who was Joseph Glidden?
made barbed wire
Name the date and the place the first transcontinental railroad was completed
may 10, 1869 at promontory point near ogden utah
who was Cornelius Vanderbilt?
organized the integrated rail systems combining small railroads into larger ones. he bought the New York Central which ran across New York from Albany to Buffalo.
what were the eighty-niners?
people who went for the second gold rush
who was James Oliver?
produced an iron chilled plow
What was the greatest decade of railroad growth in America?
the 1880s
What transcontinental railroad was built without federal funds? Who was the Canadian-American promoter of the line?
the Great Northern made by James Hill
what section of america became the nation's breadbasket? Whose flour mills became the largest in the world?
the Great plains. John S. Pillsbury
What name was given to the last section of the country to be settled?
the Last Frontier
what was the ghost dance?
the dance he started where the indians worked themselves into a frenzy
What two factors greatly encouraged western settlement at the end of the Civil War?
the homestead act saying that a settler could get 160 acres by just living on them for five years and paying 10$ to have his ownership recorded. the extension of railroads also helped making it easier to move.
who was Wovoka?
the indian leader in the battle
In what two ways were the land grants beneficial to the federal government?
the land given to the railroads was of little market value at the time it was donated, but the construction of railroad lines greatly increased the value of the land the government. Also, for nearly a century, land-grant lines carried federal personnel, freight, and mail at reduced rates.
What was wounded knee?
the last battle between the indians and federal troops
name the industry that developed in Chicago and Kansas City as a result of the beef business. What invention made the industry even more profitable?
the meat industry. The refrigerator car
Name the two railroad companies commissioned to build the transcontinental railroad.
the northern pacific, and the southern pacific
What was America's most important means of transportation by the time of the Civil War?
the railroad
what was the standard gauge?
the space in between each rail, app. 4 ft.
what was the western Union company?
the telegraph company that was closely connected with the railroads
what device helped prairie families obtain water?
the windmill
describe the homes of prairie farmers. What did farmers often use in place of firewood?
they had dugouts and sod homes. corncobs and hay were used as fuel
how did the depletion of the buffalo herds affect the plains indians?
they used buffalo for food and clothing
what were Texas longhorns?
wild cattle