History Chapter 18 Test ?

Why did absolute monarchs feel their power could not be challenged?

"The divine right" allowed monarchs to justify their actions because they were chosen by god to rule.

Philip II

(1527-1598) King of Spain from 1556 to 1598. Absolute monarch who helped lead the Counter Reformation by persecuting Protestants in his holdings. Also sent the Spanish Armada against England.

James I

(1603-1625) Stuart monarch who ignored constitutional principles and asserted the divine right of kings.

What were the goals of Louis XIII (Cardinal Richelieu) of France?

1. Wanted to destroy the power of the nobles and the Huguenots. 2. Increase french power. 3. Establish the Monarchy.

Act of Supremacy

1534 Declared the king to be head of the English church rather than the Pope (created by Henry VIII)

Edict of Nantes

1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship issued by Henry IV.

What caused the English Civil War?

A puritan group within parliament moved to abolish the appointment of bishops in the Church. Charles I was outraged and arrested the puritan leaders for treason.

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England.

Commonwealth

A self-governing political unit with strong ties to a particular country.

Peace of Augsburg

A treaty between Charles V and the German Protestant princes that granted legal recognition of Lutheranism in Germany.

What caused the War of the Spanish Succession?

After the Death of the King of Spain Louis XIV claimed the throne for his grandson. Spanish monarchs didn't want the two countries to be so connected.

Westernization

An adoption of the social, political, or economic institutions of Western—especially European or American—countries.

Spanish Inquistion

An organizations of priests that looked for and punished anyone in Spain suspected of being Jewish or Muslim.

What did the actions of Cardinal Richelieu show regarding the monarchy in France and his Catholic faith?

At La Rochelle a protestant town, he laid siege to the city and destroying the city. He saw nobles as a threat and they were suppressed, spies were used to uncover rebellion, resistors were publicly executed.

Catherine de Medici

Called for Saint. Barto. Day Massacre, Huguenots were attending the wedding of Henry of Navare. The Massacre continued through october.

What caused the St Bartholomew's Day Massacre?

Catherine de Medeci convinces Charles XI that the Huguenots were on the brink of rebellion, he authorized the murder of an Huguenot leaders, soon Mass slaughters began of Protestants.

St Petersburg

City founded by Peter I, closest large city near the Baltic Sea, resembled European cities and Russian cities.

Why did Philip send the Armada to England?

Constant attacks from English sea-dogs, like Sir Francis Drake, on Spanish silver ships.

Petition of Right

Document prepared by Parliament and signed by King Charles I of England in 1628; challenged the idea of the divine right of kings and declared that even the monarch was subject to the laws of the land. Took power to appoint bishops to the chruch.

Treaty of Westphalia

Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers or Princes within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic. Establishes Prussia as a military stronghold.

Huguenots

French Calvinists

Louis XIII

French king who succeeded Henry IV when he was nine years old; his reign was dominated by the influence by his mother and regent Marie de Medici, Cardinal Richelieu, and wealthy nobles.

Who suffered most during the 30 Years War?

Germany suffered disease, starvation, and widespread deaths, Treaty of Westphalia reduced the power of the Holy Roman empire.

Why did Charles V abdicate his throne in 1556?

He felt like he was failing as a leader so he split the countries between his brother Ferdinand (took HRE) and his son Philip II (took Spain and Americas). Charles V wanted to centralize the two countries.

Why was Huguenot Henry IV able to claim the French throne?

He was a protestant but he converted to Catholicism and was crowned king. "Paris is well worth a mass."

What was the primary goal of Peter I of Russia?

He worked to modernize Russia.

Why was the Edict of Nantes so significant?

In 1598 Henry granted rights to the Huguenots through the Edict of Nantes.

What caused the 30 years War?

In 1618 Ferdinand II, tired to shut down 2 protestant churches in Prague, this resulted in the 30 years war.

What caused the War of the Austrian Succession?

In 1740 the Hapsburg Holy Roman Empire, Charles VI died without a male heir. Pragmatic Sanction- before Charles Vi died he had the electors agree to let his daughter Maria Theresa become the empress.

What was the result of the flood of gold and silver into Spain?

It gave the spanish immense amouts of weath and power, allowed the Spanish to grow into a superpower and fuel warfare.

Who was the first Czar of Russia?

Ivan III or Ivan the Great

Why were William and Mary crowned King & Queen of England?

James I was replaced by William and Mary, because he was catholic and believed in absolutism and England was intolerant to the idea. Parliament called them in and they signed the bill of rights.

Charles I

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649.

Henry of Navarre

Leader of Huguenots, and head of Bourbon family. Became Henry IV of France. Some cities wouldn't except him because he wanted to be a protestant king. Henry agreed to be catholic, and he signed the Edict of Nantes.

Cromwell

Led Round-heads to victory over the Royalists, became Lord Protector, Abolished the monarchy, Abolished the house of lords, abolished pubs, newspapers, and horse racing, made Wars with Ireland, Scotland, the Dutch and Spain.

Palace at Versailles

Louis XIV made the Palace at Versailles, was a massive palace filled with lavish items and rooms. It was an icon of kingly power.

Who is history's best example of an absolute monarch?

Louis XIV, longest ruler in history, "I am the State", The Sun became his symbol, Control of central bureaucracy and Versailles.

What was the Commonwealth like under Cromwell?

People were unhappy under Cromwell, he led military expeditions and warred with many countries. He abolished pubs, newspapers and horse racing because he was a Puritan.

Peter I

Peter the Great, took power in 1682-1725, after his father's death, his half sister Sofia took power, Peter ordered her arrest after a failed plot to kill min and puts her in a monastery. He took power when he was 18, met with hostility from boyars. Appreciation of Sea power. Wanted a warm water port, gained access to the Baltic Sea through the Great Northern War.

El Greco

Prominent painter, was greek, Domenicos Theotocopoulos, Religious painter reflected counterreformation, elongated human figures.

Absolute Monarch

Ruler with complete control over the government and the lives of the people.

Boyars

Russian landholding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts.

Michael Romanov

Selected after the death of Ivan the Terrible by the Romanovs family.

What was Queen Elizabeth I relationship with Parliament?

She had a good relationship with Parliament, she allowed them to speak their minds.

Velazquez

Spanish court painter, created masterpieces that portray people of all social classes with great dignity.

Rump Parliament

The Cromwell-controlled Parliament that proclaimed England a republic and abolished the House of Lords and the monarchy.

Why did the Dutch revolt against the Spanish?

The Dutch wanted their independence.

What challenged the French monarchy's philosophy of "1 King, 1 Law and 1 Religion"?

The Edict of Nantes issued by Henry IV.

What was the ascension of William & Mary to the throne of England called?

The Glorious Revolution.

What happened to the Spanish Armada?

The Spanish Armada was defeated by the English under protestant Queen Elizabeth and catholic King Philip VII because of sea dogs and the English support of the dutch. Spanish ships were overloaded and not very maneuverable. The English ships were lit a flame and sent at the Spanish, they were more maneuverable and loaded with cannons.

Spanish Armada

The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588; defeated by the terrible winds and fire ships.

Treaty of Utrecht

The treaty that ended the War of Spanish Succession and stopped Louis XIV's attempts to gain more land for France, France lost lands, and Louis XIV's grandson still took the throne.

Cardinal Richelieu

This was the man who influenced the power of King Louis XIII the most (his chief advisor) and tried to make France an absolute monarchy

What was Louis XIV's greatest ambition?

To expand French territory.

30 Years war

When Ferdinand the II shut down two protestant churches in the HRE, igniting a war between the protestants and catholics.

Cervantes

Wrote Don Quixote

Why was the Holy Roman Emperor not an absolute monarch?

You had to be elected to be an Emperor, and the Empire was made up of small city states, with Princes as the ruler of each smaller city state.