History : Chapter 23

American Communist Party (1919)

Formed in American in 1919 also thought that some of the radicals belonging to this group were responsible for sending several exploding packages to politicians around the nation.

Armistice

A situation in a war where the parties involved agree to stop fighting. It is not necessarily the end of a war, but a way of stopping casualties and fighting while a more permament peace treaty can be worked out.

Women's Peace Party 1915

A small, but active party of women. Women's peace activists argued for pacifism by saying that they were the, "mother half of humanity."

Imperialism

A strong nation expanding it's rule to other countries. During World War I and the lead up to the conflict, most European countries were expanding their rule, and causing conflict over who owned what in which regions.

Great Coal Strike (Sep 1919)

...

Great Steel Strike (Sep 1919)

350,000 workers walked off the job demanding an eight hour day and recognition of their union. Violence mostly came from the employers who hired armed guards, when it climaxed in Gary, Indiana 18 workers were killed and the AFL revoked their support ending the strike

George Creel

A Denver journalist who was the director of the Committee on Public Information, who spoke about the importance of achieving social unity.

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin

A Russian communist Revolutionary, he served as the leader of the Russian SFSR in 1917 and later as the Premier of the Soviet Union. He was a radical Marxist, and formed the sociopolitical and economic thought of Leninism.

War Industries Board (July 1917)

A US government agency established on July 28, 1917 to coordinate the purchase of war supplies. It encouraged companies to use mass-production techniques to increase efficiency and set production quotas and allocated raw materials. It was chairmanned by Bernard Baruch, presidential advisor during the war.

Women's Trade Union League

A US organization of both working class and more well-off women formed in 1903 to support the efforts of women to organize labor unions and to eliminate sweatshop conditions. It played an important role in supporting the massive strikes in the first 20 years of the twentieth century.

Hammer vs. Dagenhart (1918)

A United States Supreme Court decision involving the power of Congress to enact child labor laws.

St. Mihiel

A battle fought in September 1918, this was primarily lead by the American troops and caught the Germans off guard, resulting in a surprising victory for the AEF. The troops used the American Air Service as a crucial part to their assault.

Marcus Garvey

A black Jamaican who urged for Black Nationalism, was a founded of UNIA and encouraged supporters to return to Africa. Eventually was deported back to Jamaica on accounts of business fraud

The Common Law

A book written by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr about Common Law in the United States, including torts, property, contracts, and crime.

Women's Auxiliary Corps

A branch of the United States Army that included only women.

Sacco And Vanzetti Case (1920-1927)

A case involving two Italian immigrates who were charged with the murder of a paymaster and were then sentenced to death by a very bais judge. This kept the legacy of the Red Scare alive for many years due to them being open anarchist.

War Labor Board (April 1918)

A federal agency created by Woodrow Wilson. It was composed of twelve representatives from business and labor and co-headed by William Howard Taft. Its purpose was to arbitrate disputes between workers and employers in order to ensure labor reliability and productivity during the war.

Trench Warfare

A form of warfare that is fought for the most part in trenches, a system of dugouts in the ground that permit soldiers to be below the line of sight of the enemy. This type of warfare was made popular during WWI, and although it had its many advantages, also caused many deaths due to the diseases that soldiers could catch while residing in the trenches.

General John J. Pershing

A general officer in the United States Army, he led the American Expeditionary Forces into battle during WWI. He was the first person to be promoted in his own lifetime to the highest rank that can be held in the United States Military, the General of the Armies.

The Peace Movement

A group of people all over the world who considered the war a meaningless battle among capitalist nations for commercial supremacy.

Carrie Chapman Catt

A leader in the fight for woman suffrage, helped create the Women's Peace Party. She eventually abandoned the peace cause, called for women's suffrage as a "war measure," to insure that women would feel a part of the nation.

Fourteen Points Jan 1918

A list of goals created by Woodrow Wilson. He stated his belief of what should be accomplished following the war; they were generally categorized into three subjects: right to national self-determination, international relationships and the League of Nations

Reparations and Demilitarized Zones

A monetary requirement that made Germany responsible for the payment of war debt held by the Allied nations. Germany only payed for $9 billion, even though the original agreement stated that they were to pay $56 billion.

Houston Riot

A mutiny committed by 156 African American soldiers in one night (Aug 1917) resulting in the death of four soldiers and sixteen civilians. After being tried, nineteen were executed and forty-one were given life sentences.

The Great War

A nickname for World War I.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

A peace treaty signed on March 3rd, 1918, this was between Russia and Germany formally marking Russia's exit of WWI.

League of Nations Jan 1919

A permanent international organization to oversee world affairs and prevent future wars that would meet regularly to debate the means of resolving disputes and protecting the peace

Conscientious Objector

A person who has claimed the right to refuse to perform military service in the case of a country with conscription laws.

"The 11th Hour of the 11th Day of the 11th Month"

A phrase used to mark the end of the war; this is November 11th of 1918 when Germany signed the Armistice. This is now a holiday, commonly known as Veterans Day and coinciding with Remembrance Day and Armistice Day.

Liberalism

A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property.

"National Self-Determinism"

A proposal by Woodrow Wilson to adjust post war boundaries, but gave no implementation plans. It was based of the belief that people should govern themselves.

Wilsonianism

A set of post war settlements that must rest on war aims reflecting a philosophy of internationalist relations

Convoy System

A system derived by Americans in order to aid the British in fighting the Germans at sea. Large numbers of American warships would attack the enemy U-boats, turning the tide of naval warfare in the war and dramatically dropping the number of sunken British ships from 900,000 to 112,000 in little over a year.

"Over There"

A term used by America to refer to Europe during the First World War, the term was used to express how they were sending soldiers to Europe.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

A type of Naval Warfare in which submarines sink merchant ships without warning, as opposed to attacks per "Prize Rules." Prize rules call for submarines to surface and search for merchant ships and place crews in "a place of safety" before sinking them, unless the ship has shown persistent refusal to stop.

"Total War"

A war in which opposing parties engage in the complete mobilization of fully available resources and people. World War I was referred to as a total war on the terms of most nations involved.

Bolshevik Revolution

Also known as the October revolution, this is known as the formal seizure of state power during the larger Russian Revolution of 1917. It took place with an armed insurrection in Petrograd, Russia.

Bernard Baruch

An American philanthropist and political consultant who devoted his time toward advising President Woodrow Wilson on economic matters of national defense and terms of peace. He also served on the war industries board managing the US's economic mobilization during WWI.

Edward House

An American politician and advisor to president Wilson during WWI. He wad a large personal influence as his foreign policy advisor until WIlson removed him in 1919.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

An Archduke of Austria-Hungary and of Bohemia, and from 1889 to his death, heir to the Austria-Hungary throne. His assassination helped to prompt the declaration of war against Serbia, a starting factor of the Russians involvement in WWI.

Selective Service Act

An act authorizing the American government to raise a national army in order to enter WWI through the process of conscription.

Ludlow Massacre (April 20 1914)

An attack by the Colorado National Guard and Colorado Fuel & Iron Company camp guards on a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners and their families at Ludlow, Colorado on April 20, 1914. The massacre resulted in the violent deaths of between 19 and 25 people. Sources vary but all sources include two women and eleven children, asphyxiated and burned to death under a single tent.

Committee on Public Information

An independent agency of the government of the United States created to influence U.S. public opinion regarding American participation in World War I.

Belligerents

An individual, group or country which acts in a hostile manner, such as engaging in combat, or specifically, World War I.

"Doughboys"

An informal term for an American soldier, especially members of the American Expeditionary forces during WWI.

East St. Louis Race Riot (July 2, 1917)

An outbreak of labor and race-related violence that caused between 40 and 200 deaths and extensive property damage. The local chamber of commerce called for the resignation of the police chief and at the end of the month, ten thousand people marched in protest in New York City over the riots.

Gitlow V. New York (1925)

Anarchist calling for overthrow of the government. Established precedent of federalizing Bill of Rights (applying them to States); States cannot deny freedom of speech - protected through due process clause of Amendment 14

Henry Cabot Lodge

As a powerful chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee he used every possible tactic to obstruct, delay and amend the treaty.

J. Edgar Hoover

Assisted Mitchell Palmer with the Palmer raids throughout the country and arrested more than 6,000 people

Chicago Race Riot (Summer 1919)

Began when a black teenager was downed after swimming to close to a "whites Only" section. This spurred crowds of people to partake in violence that led to 38 deaths. This was the worst racial violence during the Red Summer

"Liberty Sausage"

Bratwurst was renamed this because the original name sounded too German.

Communist International (comintern 1919)

Created by the Soviet government whose purpose was to export revolution around the world including America

Election of 1920 (P)

Election between Woodrow Wilson and Warren Harding that led to the republicans gain in congress and the dismissal of WIlson

Meuse-Argonnne

Fought from September to the end of the war in November, this was the biggest operation and victory for the AEF in WWI. Its primary objective was to cut off the railroad ties of the German Army into the territories they were controlling, effectively forcing them to retreat from their front line.

Chateau-Thierry

Fought on July 18th, 1918 in Aisne, France, this was considered a turning point in WWI. It was one of the first battles fought by the AEF, and was considered a great victory for the Allied Forces.

United Negro Improvement Association

Founded by Marcus Garvey in support of Black Nationalism

Nineteenth Amendment (1920)

Granted women's suffrage

"Normalcy"

Harding's vague promise within the election of 1920 to return to this state within America

King George V

He was the King of the United Kingdom from 1910 through World War I until his death. Kaiser Wilhelm, the German leader of the time was a distant cousin of the King

Charles Evans Hughes

He was the Republican presidential candidate who ran against Woodrow Wilson in 1916. He was endorsed by Theodore Roosevelt as he was an avid progressivist.

Emperor Francis Joseph II

He was the extremely popular sovereign Prince of Liechtenstein.

Kaiser Wilhelm II

He was the last German Emperor and the King of Prussia, a region in North East Germany. He was the leader of Germany who made the decision to support foreign affairs culminating in his support for Austria-Hungary at the beginning of WWI.

Mandate System

In hopes of developing each mandate towards independence, this system was created so that the victors of the war were given the responsibility for governing former German and Ottoman territories as mandates from the League.

Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.

Justice of the United States Supreme Court, most known for creating the "Clear and Present Danger Test" in regards to the first amendment. Served from 1902 -1932.

November 11th

November 11th marks the day World War I was ended with the signing of the Armistice by Germany. This armistice was upheld until 7 months later when the Treaty of Versailles was signed, formally ending the state of war between the Allied Powers and the Central Powers.

Belleau Wood

Occurring in 1918 as part of the German Spring Offensive near the Marne River in France, this was the place of multiple battles between the Allied Forces and Germany.

A. Mitchell Palmer

One of the exploding packages was responsible for damaging this Generals home in Washington

Isolationists

People who believe in the policy of isolating one's country from the affairs of other nations by declining to enter into alliances, seeking to devote the entire efforts of such a nation to its own advancement and remain at peace by avoiding foreign entanglements. Many countries during the first world war maintained such a policy, such as the US early in the war.

Pacifists

People who refrain from any sort of violence and believe that war is unjustifiable under any circumstances and that all disputes should be settled by peaceful means. Woodrow Wilson and the US first believed in this during World War 1 until they finally joined three years later.

"Peace without victory"

President Woodrow Wilson advocated for such a policy before WWI was over in an attempt to stop bloodshed. He knew that if the Allies or the Central Powers were victorious, then they would take the spoils of war from the losers and it would lead to more violence. Wilson preferred for all of the nations to stop fighting with no one side being the victor in the war.

Neutral

President Woodrow Wilson wished to remain this way in World War I in the early years of the war as it wasn't in the best interest of the US.

"there is no right strik against the public safety by anybody anywhere, anytime"

Quote From Governor Calvin Coolidge in regards to the Boston Police Strike.

Palmer Raids (1919-1920)

Raid that were directed towards communist and radicals that had been intended to uncover huge caches of weapons and explosives

"Liberty Cabbage"

Sauerkraut was renamed this because the original named sounded too German.

Hiram Johnson

Senator from California who targeted the Sedition Act, saying that it made it so you could go to jail for saying anything bad about anyone in the government.

Boston Police Strike (Sep 1919)

Strike involving Boston police after receiving lay offs and wage cuts. This strike erupted into violence and looting and the National Guard had to be called to restore order. In the end the entire police force was dismissed and new one hired.

Herbert Hoover

The 31st president of the United States after receiving international prominence in humanitarian relief efforts before and during World War I. He won the election of 1928 as the republican candidate against Calvin Coolidge.

Newton D. Baker

The 47th United States Secretary of War, he served from 1916 to 1921.

American Expeditionary Force

The AEF was the United States Armed forces sent to Europe during WWI. The American Expeditionary Forces fought alongside the Allied Powers and helped win some crucial victories during their involvement in the war.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

The Assistant Secretary of the Navy who also tried to keep WIlson's ideals alive

Propaganda

The CPI distributed tons of pro-war literature, they plastered posters on the walls of offices, shops, theatre, schools, churches, and homes. These posters portrayed the "savagery" of the Germans.

Lusitania (May 1915)

The Germans were resorting to submarine warfare tactics during the war as they were unable to contend with the British domination on the ocean's surface. Thus Germany announced that any enemy vessels would be sunk on sight. The Lusitania was a British Passenger liner that the Germans suck without warning, causing the deaths of 1,200 people, with some Americans.

Waring G harding

The Republican candidate in the 1920 election

Conscription

The act of a country requiring by law that all people of age and ability participate in the armed forces of that nation.

Mobilization

The act of assembling and making both troops and supplies ready for war.

Central Powers

The central powers refers to the German's allies during the first world war, Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Turkish Empire.

Woodrow Wilson

The democratic president in office during the war. He was known for being an idealist and was the primary figure in negotiating and representing the United States.

Calvin Coolidge

The governor of Boston who called in National guard during the Boston Police Strike to restore order. Also known for famous quote, "there is no right to strike against the public safety..."

Vigilantism

The idea of an individual or group who undertakes law enforcement without legal authority.

Black Nationalism

The idea the African-Americans should take pride in their achievements and to reject assimilation into white society.

radicalism

the political orientation of those who favor revolutionary change in government and society

Czar Nicholas II

The last emperor of Russia, who ruled for the duration of the Russian's involvement in the war. As the head of state, he approved the Russian mobilization in 1914, marking their involvement in the war. He then withdrew forces when the Russian Communist Revolution occurred in 1917.

Billy Sunday

The leading revivalist of his time, he dropped his early opposition to intervention in 1917 and became a fervent champion of the American military effort through a vast propaganda campaign.

Pueblo, CO 1919

The location where Wilson faced exhaustion and collapsed. He had a stroke and became extremely ill.

Paris Peace Conference 1919

The meeting of the Allied victors following the end of the war to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers following the armistices of 1918. It took place in Paris and included diplomats from over 32 countries and nationalities.

"The Great Dissenter"

The nickname of Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr, given to him because he had dissented a number of decisions made by the Supreme Court.

Unterseeboot

The original German name for a U-Boat, a military submarines operated by Germany in World War I. The primary targets were merchant convoys carrying supplies between the Allied Nations, however certain civilian targets were sunk occasionally.

Theodore Roosevelt

The preceding president of the United States before Woodrow Wilson, an avid progressivist and an advocate for the appointing of Charles Evans Hughes instead of Wilson for president during WWI.

Woodrow Wilson

The president of the United States during the first world war. He first adopted an isolationist policy in regards to the war but finally wished to intervene three years into the war after it expanded to concern the US.

Reconversion and demobilization

The recovering of the economy post war and the withdrawal of troops

Russian Revolution (March 1917)

The revolution in the Russian Empire in 1917, in which the tsarist regime was overthrown and replaced by Bolshevik rule under Lenin. This was a driving factor that caused the Russians to leave the war and deal with domestic problems. The March revolution was sparked by food and fuel shortages during the war and began with strikes and riots in the capital city. The October Revolution was marked by the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks in a coup led by Lenin.

The National American Woman Suffrage Association

The single largest women's organization, supported the war and presented itself as a patriotic organization dedicated to advancing the war effort.

"Clear and Present Danger"

The test invented by Justice Oliver Wendell Jr, which says that the first amendment only doesn't apply when the free speech results in a "Clear and Present Danger" to the peace.

"The Big Four"

The victors of the war. (Great Britain, France, Italy and The United States)

Revivalism

The war gave a large boost to the amount of people practicing religion. This became a source of support for the war.

"rising expectations"

The war had created false hope for African-American Blacks when they had moved into jobs usually taken by whites. They had also thought the military service would enhance their social status

Edith Wilson

The wife of Woodrow Wilson. Was believed to have "run the country" after Woodrow suffered a stroke and was rendered inept of the rest of the term.

Interventionists

These are people who favor intervention, especially by a government, in the affairs of others, such as nations. Woodrow Wilson finally adopted such a policy in 1917 when he chose to finally participate in WWI.

Allied powers

These included Britain, France, Italy, the US, and Russia. However, Russia left for its own revolution, and Italy and the US joined late. They were responsible for defeating the Germans and their allies during the first world war.

"To make the world safe for democracy"

These were words used by President Woodrow Wilson in 1917 to justify his call for a declaration of war on Germany. These words implied that Germany's militarism threatened democracy worldwide and in the US.

Election of 1918

This Congressional Election was significant in that the days before the election, Wilson pleaded his support of his peace plans by voting for Democratic representation in Congress, but then Republicans gained control of both houses, which hurt the broad support of Wilson's plans.

Sedition Act 1918

This act forbade the use of "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the United States government, its flag, or its armed forces or that caused others to view the American government or its institutions with contempt.

Espionage Act 1917

This act gave the government new tools with which to respond to people speaking out against the war. Ig created stiff penalties for spying, sabotage, or obstruction of the war effort.

Nationalism

This is an extreme form of patriotism so much that it would not just include pride in one's own country, but an often violent hatred for other countries. Military power and leadership was thereby increased.

Triple Entente

This is the alliance of the Allies during World War I. It included the three nations of Britain, France and Russia. The Allied Forces soon changed as Russia left the war to deal with its own revolution, Italy joined, and the US joined much later.

Triple Alliance

This is the same as the Triple Entete, as it refers to the three allied forces during the war, Russia, Britain and France fighting against the central powers.

The Red Scare

This is the time period in which many Americans became fearful of radicals. This led to the dismissal of many "radical members" from jobs, removal of subversive books and many arrests or people who were in opposition to the war.

Sabotage Act 1918

This law forbade obstruction of the US war effort in World War I by destroying property or interfering with the production or shipment of military supplies.

Russian Revolution (nov 1917)

This made it clear that Communism was not longer simply a theory but now an important regime

Zimmerman Telegram (January 1917)

This was a 1917 diplomatic proposal from the German Empire to Mexico to make war against the US. The proposal was intercepted and decoded by British intelligence. As the US learned the contents, the American public opinion was to aid the allies in the fight against Germany and its allies.

Sussex (March 1916)

This was a French steamer which the Germans sunk once again without warning, killing thirty eight people, believed to be the last straw by Germany.

"War to end all wars"

This was a term for World War I coined by H. G. Wells, a British author and social commentator who published a number of articles in the London newspapers during the war. It was originally idealistic however it is now used mainly in a scornful way.

Liberty Bonds

This was a war bond that was sold in the United States to support the allied troops during WWI. The use of such bonds introduced the idea of financial securities of many citizens for the first time. These bonds are still valued today under the act of Congress which authorized all treasury bonds.

Declaration of War

This was the bill in Congress that passed in 1917 allowing the US to go to join the first world war.

Sarajeco (June 28, 1914)

This was the date and place in Serbia where Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was assassinated, believed by many to be a contributing factor of the start of the War.

Election of 1916

This was the election between democratic candidate Woodrow Wilson and republican candidate Charles Evans Hughes during the first world war, where Woodrow Wilson won the presidency.

"The Great Migration"

This was the migration of hundreds of thousands of African Americans from the rural South into northern industrial cities. It was a result of a push and pull migration. The push was the poverty, debt, racism and violence most blacks still experienced in the south. The pull was the prospect of factory jobs in the urban north and the opportunity to live in communities where blacks could enjoy more freedom.

Felix Frankfurter

Was an associate justice of the supreme court

Treaty of Versailles June 1919

Was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The other Central Powers on the German side of World War I were dealt with in separate treaties. Although the armistice signed on 11 November 1918, ended the actual fighting, it took six months of negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty

Communism

a form of socialism that abolishes private ownership and the government controls all means of production

"Free Trade in Ideas"

a rationale for freedom of expression based on an analogy to the economic concept of a free market. The idea is that the truth will emerge out of the competition of ideas in free, transparent public discourse.

Conspiracy

a secret agreement between two or more people to perform an unlawful act.

"War Guilt" Clause

in treaty of Versailles; declared germany and austria responsible for WWI; ordered Germany to pay reparation to Allied powers

Anarchist

person who seeks to overturn the established government; advocate of abolishing authority

Schenck v United States

s a United States Supreme Court decision that upheld the Espionage Act of 1917 and concluded that a defendant did not have a First Amendment right to express freedom of speech against the draft during World War I. Ultimately, the case established the "clear and present danger" test.