History- Chapter 4

Philosopher

Someone who seeks to understand and explain life

Athens

They glorified the individual and extended political rights to more citizens. They are located in Africa north of Peloponnesus and they set the foundations of Democracy. They had a diverse culture because of trade and mainly traded olive oil.

Summarize how Mycenaeans ruled the sea trade and started the Trojan War.

They reached beyond Aegean to Sicily, Italy, Egypt, and Mesopotamia. The war is said to have started in economic rivalry between Mycenae and Troy when Troy controlled vital straits connecting Mediterranean and Black seas.

Identify the culture and values shared by Greeks.

They spoke the same language, honored the same ancient heroes, participated in common festivals, and prayed to the same gods.

How did wars with invaders and conflict among Greeks affect the city-states?

They were constantly under a new rule.

Battle at Marathon

This is the battle when Athens could not get the help of other city-states. The Persian army landed near Marathon in plain north of Athens. They outnumbered the Athenians and were amazed to see Athenians without arrows. Athenians broke through Persian line and engaged in hand to hand combat. The Persians retreat to ships.

Delian League

This is the league formed after the defeat of Persia which Athens dominated. Athens joined with other Greek city-states in an alliance and then used its position to create an empire. They moved the treasury from island of Delos to Athens and used the money to rebuild Athens. When allies tried to withdraw, Athens used force to make them stay.

Trojan War

This is what the Mycenaeans are best known for and it is a conflict that may have had its origines in an economic rivalry between Mycenae and Troy. Troy controlled vital straits connecting Mediterranean and Black Sea. The Trojan prince, Paris, kidnaps Helen wife of Greek king Mycenaeans who sails to rescue her.

The Republic

This was a book written by Plato describing his vision of an ideal state. He argued that the state should regulate every aspect of its citizens' lives in order to provide for their best interests. His ideal society was divided into three classes . Workers: to produce the necessities of life. Soldiers: to defend the state. Philosophers: to rule. This elite class of leaders would be specially trained to ensure order and justice and a philosopher-king would have ultimate authority. His government was a monarchy/oligarchy.

Alexandria

This was a city in Egypt created by Alexander the Great. It became a major center of learning and is known for its library. The markets here were rich with goods.

Peloponnesian League

This was a league formed by Sparta and other enemies of Athens.

Explain how Alexander the Great built an extensive empire.

Through conquest, Alexander built and extensive empire.

Oligarchy

Government in which ruling power belongs to a few people

Democracy

Government in which the people hold ruling power

Analyze the political and ethical ideas developed by Greek philosophers.

Socrates created the Socratic method, Plato created his idea of a perfect government, and Aristotle addressed the question of how people should live.

Barbaroi

The Greek name for people from foreign lands with different languages and customs.

Thucydides

He was another historian who wrote about the Peloponnesian War. He had lived through he war and vividly described its savagery and corrupting influence on those involved. Even though he was an Athenian, he tried to be fair to both sides.

Illiad

Mycenaean poem that was full of gods and goddesses where Achilles is withdrawn from battle.

Stipend

A fixed salary given to public office holders

Citizen

A native or resident of a town or city

Sophists

A teacher of philosophy and rhetoric in Ancient Greece, associated in popular thought with moral skepticism and specious reasoning.

Describe the empire's cultural impact.

Alexander encouraged the blending of eastern and western cultures. After his death a new culture emerged that blended Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian influences. This Hellenistic civilization would flourish for centuries.

Knossos

An ancient Minoan city on the is And of Crete

Greek Architecture

Architects sought to convey sense of perfect balance to reflect the harmony and order of the universe. The most famous example of this is the Parthenon.

Rhetoric

Art of skillful speaking

Heliocentric

Based on the belief that the sun is the center of the universe

Summarize how the Persian Wars affected Greece.

Because of the defeat of Persia the Delian league was formed which led to the Peloponnesian war and the decline of Greek dominion.

Aristocracy

Government headed by a privileged minority or upper class

Sparta

City-stat that stressed military values and stern discipline. They believed the people lived for the state instead of themselves. Their women had more freedom than those in Athens. They were very isolated and made most money off of agriculture.

Polis

City-state in Ancient Greece

Fresco

Colorful painting completed on wet plaster

Helots

Conquered people that were state owned slaves.

Greek Art

Early Greek sculptors carved figures in rigid poses and then developed a new style that emphasized more natural forms. Their work was lifelike and idealistic. Sculptors carved gods, goddesses, athletes nd famous men.

Monarchy

Government in which a king or queen exercised central power

Greek Literature

Greek literature began with the epic poems of Homer, who's stirring tales inspired later writers. In later times, the poet Sappho sand of love and of the beauty of her island home, while the poetry of Pindar celebrated the victors in athletic contests.

Ionian Greeks

Greek people who were conquered by the Persians who rebelled against Persian rule.

Dorians

Greek-speaking people who invaded the Mycenaeans from the north. They also built the city-state of Sparta.

Peloponnesian War

Greeks outside of Athens resented their domination. Warfare broke out between Athens and Sparta and the fighting lasted 27 years. Sparta defeats Athens.

Archimedes

He applied the principle of physics to make practical inventions. He also mastered the use of a lever and pulley.

Pythagoras

He derived a formula to calculate the relationship between the sides of a right triangle.

Alexander the Great

He is known for impressing his father by taming a horse no one else could ride at only 13. He is famous for never losing a battle and was taught by Aristotle. He destroyed the Persian empire and had a reputation for being a good general. He impacted Greek culture by giving them the Greek language.

Herodotus

He is often called the "father of history" because he went beyond listing names of rulers or rebelling of ancient legends. He visited many lands and called information from people who remembered the actual events he chronicled. He noted bias and conflicting accounts and despite accuracy, his writings reflected his own view that the war was a clear moral victory of Greek love of freedom over Persian tyranny.

Xerxes

He is the son of Darius I who sent a force to conquer Greece.

Hippocrates

He studied the courses of illness and looked for cures.

King Minos

He was a legendary king of Crete.

Socrates

He was a philosopher who passed his days in the town square asking people about their beliefs. Using a process we now call the Socratic method, he would pose a series of questions to a student or passing citizen, and challenge them to examine the implications of their answers. To Socrates, this patient examination was a way to help others seek truth and self-knowledge. To many Athenians, however, such questioning was a threat to accepted values and traditions. He was later condemned to death after being accused of corrupting the city's youth and failing to respect the gods.

Aristotle

He was a student of Plato and taught Alexander the Great. He analyzed all forms of government and found good and bad examples of each and was suspicious of democracy. Favored rule of strong and virtuous leader. He addressed the question of how people should live and his idea meant pursuing the golden mean. He set up a school called Lyceum for the study of all branches of knowledge.

Plato

He was a student of Socrates and his death left a distrust of democracy. He set up a school called the Academy where he taught and wrote his own ideas.

Themistocles

He was the Athenian leader who knew the first victory over Persia would not las and urged Athenians to build warships and prepare defenses.

Darius I

He was the Persian leader who attacked Athens for their help in the Ionian Greek rebellion.

Philip II

He was the father of Alexander the Great and was the king of Macedonia. He also grew up in Thebes. He wanted to conquer the city-states in the south.

Homer

He was the poet who wrote the two Epic poems Lilian and Odyssey. He was blind and wandered from village to village singing of heroic deeds.

Solon

He was. Wise and trusted leader who appointed archon or chief official. Athenians gave him a free hand to make needed reforms. He outlawed debt slavery and freed those in debt slavery. He opened high offices to more citizens, granted citizenship to some foreigners, and gave Athenian assembly more to say in decisions. He encouraged the export of wine and olive oil.

Acropolis

Highest and most fortified Point within a Greek city-state

Describe the works of Homer and their influence on Greek culture.

Homer wrote two epic poems called Illiad and Odyssey. Much of what we know about the Trojan war comes from these two poems. These poems show how the Greeks value honor, courage and eloquence.

Phalanx

In Ancient Greece, a massive tactical formation of heavily armed foot soldiers

Tyrant

In Ancient Greece, ruler who gained power by force

Persian Wars

Ionian Greeks rebelled against Persian rule and Athens sent ships to help them. The Persians crushed the rebel cities, but Darius was not happy Athens helped in the uprising and sent force to punish Athens. Persian army landed near Marathon and they outnumbered the Athenian forces. Athenian's and Persian's engaged in hand to hand combat and Persians retreated to ships. Persians came back and Athens along with other city states defeat the Persian army. Persians burn Athens and Athens warships then drove into them with underwater battering rams. They defeat Persia, marking the end of the Persian invasions.

Geography of Greece and its impact on the city-states

It is part of the Balkan Peninsula which extends into the Mediterranean Sea. Mountains divide peninsula into isolated valleys. Beyond the coast are hundreds of rocky islands. Greeks farmed the valleys and settled on islands and did not create a large empire, but instead built many small city-states.

Jury

Legal group of people sworn to make a decision in a legal case

Define the three types of government that developed in the Greek city-states.

Monarchy Aristocracy Oligarchy

Identify the themes explored by Greek writers and historians.

Moral issues, social issues, relationship between people and the gods, human suffering, ridiculing political figures/philosophers/prominent members of society, Persian Wars, and Peloponnesian War.

Odyssey

Mycenaean poem that shows the struggle of a Greek hero Odysseus. On the return home to his wife he encounters sea monsters, one eyed giants, and sorceress.

Limited Democracy

Only citizens could participate in government and this was limited to landowning men. Women, merchants, people who did not have citizen parents, and slaves could not be citizens.

Understand how balance and order governed Greek art and architecture.

Plato argued every object on Earth had an ideal form. The work of Greek artists reflected similar concern. They wanted to convey sense of perfect balance to reflect harmony and order of the universe.

Greek Comedy

Plays that were humorous and mocked people or customs.

Ostracism

Practice used in Ancient Greece to banish or send away a public figure who threatened democracy

Identify individuals who contributed to Hellenistic civilization.

Pythagoras, Euclid, Aristarchus, Eratosthenes, Archimedes, & Hippocrates.

Logic

Rational thinking

Differences between Athens and Sparta (different categories from reading chart)

Respect for women, justice/fairness, camaraderie/equality, service to the state, leisure/fun, commerce/trade, education, military, freedom.

Direct democracy under Pericles

System of government in which citizens participate directly in the day-today affairs of government rather than through elected representatives.

Three Branches of Athenian Democracy

The Ekklesia: assembly The Boule: council of 500 The Dikasteria: the courts

Minoans

The Minoans were sea traders who lived on Crete. Their success was based on trade not conquest and they set up outposts throughout the Aegean world.

Mycenaeans

The Mycenaeans conquered the Greek mainland before overrunning the island of Crete. They dominated the Aegean world from 1400-1200 BC. They were also sea traders and are known for being a part of the Trojan War.

Battle at Thermopylae

The Persians return to attack Athens and Athens have joined forces with Sparta and other Greek city-states. The Spartans are defeated in the mountain pass at Thermopylae and the Persians burn Athens. The Athenians then defeat the Persians by sinking their ships with battering rams.

Understand the causes and effects of the Peloponnesian War.

The cause of the Peloponnesian War was Athenian domination and the effect was the decline of Greek dominion.

Parthenon

The chief temple of the Greek goddess Athena on the Acropolis in Athens, Greece

Explain how Pericles instituted a direct democracy in Athens.

The citizens participated directly in the affairs of the government versus through elected representatives. An assemble met several times a month. This was a council of 500 selected by a lot conducted daily government business. Pericles believed all citizens would take part in government and Athens payed stipend to mend participating in assembly and governing council. This enabled poor men to serve in government. Athenians served on juries where citizens were chosen by lot. They could also vote to banish a public figure who was seen as a threat to democracy.

Identify the influences on Minoan culture and how the civilization prospered.

The civilization prospered through sea trade

Greek Tragedy

The greatest Athenian playwrights were Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides and they all wrote tragedies or plays that told stories of human sufferer get that usually ended in disaster.

How did the Minoans and Mycenaeans shape early Greek civilizations?

Their success was based on trade not conquest and they set up outposts throughout Aegean world. They were sea traders.

Greek Religion: who are the gods of Mount Olympus?

There were 12 main Olympic gods who lived on mount Olympus. The Greeks honored their gods with temples and festivals. They consulted oracles who were priests through the gods were thought to speak. Some Greek thinkers came to believe that universe was regulated not by the gods but by natural laws. 12 Olympians were Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Hades, Apollo, Artemis, Ares Aphrodite, Athena, Haphaestus, Hermes, and Hestia.