history chapter 9

5 Pillars of Islam 1. ______ in one god, Allah, and that Muhammad is the messenger. 2. ______ - performing the prescribed ones _____ times a day facing _____. 3. _______ - giving part if ones wealth to the poor. 4. _____ - refraining from food and drink from dawn until sunset during the month of ____ 5. _____ - making a journey to Makkah once in a lifetime.

1. Belief 2. Prayer, 5, Makkah 3. Charity 4. Fasting, Ramadan 5. Pilgrimage

In the battle to reclaim Makkah... ______ men marched to kill. _______ found out they were coming. A man named ____ was sent to talk to Muhammad. Muhammad _______ them to muslim. Some clans resist switching to muslim and they are _____. The rest of the city ______ him.

10,000 Makkah Abu Coverts Killed Accepts

____, Mohammed's father in law and chief advisory was eventually named _____ - which is the religious leader and successor to Mohammad

Abuu Bakr Caliph

Shia Muslims: Only descendents of _____, Mohammed's son in law. _______ following. Based in _____ and ______

Ali Smaller Iran and Iraq

The Arab conquests brought them into contact with other cultures, particularly those of the _____ and ______ empires, that would come to have major influences on Arab culture.

Byzantine Persian

In what is now Iraq, ______, a son of Ali led an unsuccessful revolt against Umayyad rule. His defeat and death led to a split between ____ and _____ muslims that persists to this day.

Hussein Shia and Sunni

Islam is a ______ religion (belief in one god - _____) who created the universe.

Monotheistic Allah

The Umayyad's further extended the Arab empire, conquering the coast of _______ and most of ______. Arab expansion was halted by defeats from the _______ at Constantinople and the _____ at the Battle of Tours, both preventing further inroads to Europe.

North Africa Spain Byzantines Franks

Mohammad is considered the last of the great ______ with new revelations from allah

Prophets

The holy book of Islam is _____

Quran

After Ali was assassinated, Mu'awiyah, an arab general founded the ______ line of caliphs by making the office of the caliph, called the ______. He moved the empire's capital to ______.

Umayyad caliphate damascus

Islam is not just a set of religious beliefs but also a ______. The Islamic code known as _____ applies the teachings of the Quran to daily life. It regulates all aspects of muslim life - ____, ______, government, and _______. It does not separate religious matters from _____ ones.

Way of life Shariah Family, business, morals Political

Islam stresses obedience to the ____ of Allah through acts of worship known as the _______

Will 5 pillars of islam

allah was symbolized by a ___ with each arab tribe having its own

a sacred stone

around 750 the shia muslims under the leadership of ____ , a descendent of muhammad's uncle, rebelled and took over the rule from the umayyad caliphs. The new caliphs were the _______

abu al-abbas abbasids

tradition states the muhammad received a vision in ___ that instructed him to ____

ad 610, preach islam

muslim contribution in mathematics the famous persian scholar al-khawarizmi invented ___ arab scholars borrowed the symbols ___ from hindu scholars these are known as ____

algebra 0-9 arabic numerals

muslim art and architecture muslim art included repeated designs called ____, using flowers leaves, stars etc. ____ of muslim rulers included courtyards porches fountains pools and walls, one famous muslim palace is the ___ in granada spain mosques and minarets were prominent in muslim ____

arabesques palaces alhambra muslim cities

by muhammad's death in ad 632 the entire ___ was part of the islamic state

arabian peninsula

philosophy, history and literature ibn rushd a muslim philosopher wrote a commentary on virtually all of ___ works, ibn khaldun was the most prominent muslim ___, he argued for a cyclical view of the rise and falls of civilization, omar khayyam wrote one of the most familiar works in muslim literature the ____ which is a collection of poetry

aristotle historian the rubaiyat

desert nomads called ___ traveled from oasis to oasis

bedouin

Sunni Muslims ______ who do not have to be descendents of _______.

caliphs Mohammad

merchants traveled in ____ for protection

caravans

arab doctors diagnosed diseases and recognized that they were ___. ____ wrote medical encyclopedias they were required to ___ before practicing medicine

contagious ibn sina pass a test

trade routes on the arabian peninsula became more important when...

disorder in mesopotamia and in egypt made travel dangerous

Islamic Life wen were in charge of ___ and ____ women managed ___ and had rights enslaved people were usually ___ and had no rights artisans farmers and workers had ___ the most powerful people were ___ and ____ cities had ___ which were open air markets

government and business families prisoners of war little power land owners and wealthy merchants bazaars

muhammad's departure to yathrib became known as the ___ which means with draw or breaking off relationships, the year of the ____ later became the ___ year of the muslim calender

hijrah, hijrah, first

arabs became major carriers of goods between the ____ and the ____

indian ocean, mediterranean sea

muhammad established a government which used its political power to uphold ____

islam

all tribes worshipped the ___ which was a massive black metiorite

ka'aba

the black stone was in a shrine in makkah called the ___

kaaba

tries fought with each other over ___ and ___

land and water

Yathrib accepted Muhammad as God's prophet and their ruler, they renamed their city ______, which means "the city of the prophet"

madinah

muhammed was born in ____ ,and was orphaned at the age of ____ , he group up to be a ____ manager and married a widow named ____

makkah, 5, caravan, khadijah

___ the most important town in arabia was an important trade and religious center and was home to the ____

makkah, and ka'aba

muhammad formed an army to protect his new state in 630 he and 10000 men returned to ___ and converted it to a holy city of islam, these battles represent the first ___ or holy war

makkah, jihad

the most prominent feature of a mosque a tower from which muslims are called to prayer 5 times each day

minarets

in 1258 the ____ quickly moved into the empire burned baghdad and ended the arab empire

mongols

a place of muslim worship schools and courts were located in these

mosques

Early Arabs were _______ living in_____ ( rainfed areas) on the peninsula

nomads, oases

The Umayyad was weakened by dissatisfaction of the ______ muslims, by _____ troubles, and by the difficulty of controlling such a ____ empire.

non-arab financial vast/large

merchants built towns near ___ and ____

oasis and trade routes

In all of the lands they conquered, Muslim rulers were fairly tolerant of locals who did not convert to Islam but they were required to _______

pay special taxes.

most arabs were ___ - believers in many gods

polythesitic

the ____ of makkah embraced his teachings, the ___ of makkah rejected his teachings

poor, rich

the kaaba is to be faced by all muslims during a ____ and to be the destination of a ____

prayer time, pilgrimage

the arabian peninsula is situated between the ____ and the ____ it is mostly covered with dry ____ and ____

red sea, persian gulf, plains, deserts

the abbasid caliphs ruled over ____

religious matters

muhammad returned to makkah and set out to convince people of his ___, he found few followers the first people were to become muslims were muhammad's ____

revelations, his family members

muhammad was troubled by the growing gap between the ___ and the ____, so he traveled to the hills to meditate where he received, muslims believe ____

rich, poor, revelations from God

in 1055 baghdad was seized by people from central asia called the ____, they ruled together with the ____

seljuk turks abbasids

bedouin lived in tribes led by ____

sheikhs

Muslims contributions to science studied the ___ with an observatory built in baghdad named ____ and created models of the ___, they proved the ___ affects ocean tides, they improved the ___ which is used by sailors to determine their location they confirmed the earth is ____, they experimented with metals and are considered the founders of ___

skies stars universe the moon astrolabe round chemistry

Abu Bakr also died without a _______ and the three caliphs who followed him were all _______ including ____, Mohammad's son in law.

successor assassinated Ali

Mohammed died in 632 without naming a _______

successor.

the leader of the turks was called a ____, he controlled the _____ and ____

sultan military government

Abu Bakr asserted muslim control by ______ uprisings thereby uniting the muslim world. While ruling the empire from _____, he began muslim conquests with expansions into ____, _____, and the ______

suppressing Madinah Syria, Egypt, Persian Empire

islam means surrendering to ___, allah is the islamic word for____

the will of allah, God

rather than conquering lands the abbasids focused on improving ____ and ____, they built the city of ___ which was the new capital of the arab empire, the city grew wealthy because all ___ passed through it

trade and culture baghdad trade routes

by ad 622 makkah had become to dangerous so muhammed fled to ____

yathrib

a route through makkah to ____ and then by ship across the indian ocean became popular communities along that route prospered from ____

yemen, trade