History Chp. 18

Which of the following was not characteristic of Napoleon's Grand Empire? a. Absolute freedom of the press. b. Loss of privilege by nobility and clergy. c. Equality of opportunity with offices open to talent. d. Equality before the law. e. Religious toleration.

A. Absolute freedom of the press

What caused the beginning of Napoleon's downfall? a. His invasion of Russia b. His establishment of the Continental system c. The death of his wife d. The kidnapping of his Prime Minister e. The Seven Years' War

A. His invasion of Russia

The three laws of motion that govern the planetary bodies and the objects on earth were explained by a. Isaac Newton. b. Galileo Galilei. c. Ptolemy. d. Nicolaus Copernicus. e. Johannes Kepler

A. Isaac Newton

Who said that each of us is born with a tabula rasa? a. John Locke b. Rene Descartes c. Voltaire d. Isaac Newton e. Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A. John Locke

The philosophes generally included all of the following people EXCEPT a. the rural lower classes. b. the urban middle classes. c. social reformers. d. professors. e. journalists.

A. The rural lower classes

Descartes became famous for his statement in Discourse on Method, "I think, therefore I am." a. True b. False

A. True

During the Reign of Terror, cannon fire was used to blow condemned men into open graves. a. True b. False

A. True

Europe's population grew to around 140 million in 1750. a. True b. False

A. True

France's revolutionary army was an important step in the creation of modern nationalism. a. True b. False

A. True

In the Enlightenment, many intellectuals argued that women were by nature inferior to men. a. True b. False

A. True

Isaac Newton was an inspiration for the Enlightenment in his contention that the world and everything in it worked like a giant machine. a. True b. False

A. True

The French and Indian war is also known as the Seven Years War. a. True b. False

A. True

The first independent state in Latin America was Haiti. a. True b. False

A. True

In the American Revolution, the rebels A. received the support of a number of European countries. b. developed a number of innovative attack techniques used by Napoleonic armies. c. was marked by the seizure of political and military power by the poorest segment of colonial society. D. contained a series of major battles in which American firepower literally destroyed some of the best units of the British army. E. was significantly enhanced by the large slave component in the rebel army.

A. received the support of a number of European countries.

The Committee of Public Safety was established to a. negotiate a military alliance with England. b. combat the dual threat of internal rebellion and foreign invasion. c. provide the nation with a renewed monarchy. d. negotiate the safe return of French emigres. e. control the ambitions of Napoleon

B) combat the dual threat of internal rebellion and foreign invasion.

The Estates-General was convened in 1789 in order to deal with the a. invasion of Silesia. b. near bankruptcy of the French Treasury. c. grievances of the French peasantry. d. discontent in the French colonies. e. Louis XVI's demand for more power

B) near bankruptcy of the French Treasury.

Who advocated a doctrine that would be later be known as laissez-faire? a. John McDonald b. Adam Smith c. Robert Walpole d. Robert Burns e. Lord Gordon Brown

B. Adam Smith

Lyrical Rococo depictions of aristocratic life were expressed in the work of a. William Hogarth. b. Antoine Watteau. c. Joachim Orlov. d. Balthasar Neumann. e. Johann Sebastian Bach.

B. Antoine Watteau

As long as _______ ruled the waves, it was not subject to military attack. a. France b. Britain c. Austria. d. Spain e. Russia

B. Britain

The Russian monarch whose policies favored the landed nobility, at the expense of the serfs, was a. Alexander II. b. Catherine the Great. c. Peter II. d. Peter the Great. e. Ivan IV.

B. Catherine the Great

The Catholic Church condemned the theories of ____________ because they threatened the Scriptures. a. Voltaire and Rousseau b. Copernicus and Galileo c. Kepler and Newton d. Galileo and Ptolemy e. Newton and Copernicus

B. Copernicus and Galileo

After French revolutionaries beheaded king Louis XVI, France became and remained a republic. a. True b. False

B. False

By the end of the eighteenth century, serfdom had come to an end in eastern Europe, but it still existed in western Europe, and was to prove one of the causes of the French Revolution. a. True b. False

B. False

France had claimed all of North America as part of its American overseas empire. a. True b. False

B. False

Fredrick II was one of the best-educated and most cultured monarchs of the seventeenth century. a. True b. False

B. False

In the geocentric universe model, the earth revolves around the sun. a. True b. False

B. False

Maria Winkelmann was the author of the Vindication of the Rights of Woman. a. True b. False

B. False

The Enlightenment argued that the Scientific Method did not apply to human understanding, which could only be achieved through intuitive thinking. a. True b. False

B. False

The famous Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen was authored by Mary Wollstonecraft. a. True b. False

B. False

Who asserted that the material composition of other planets and the moon was similar to that of the earth? a. Voltaire b. Galileo Galilei c. Nicolaus Copernicus d. Ptolemy e. Johannes Kepler

B. Galileo Galilei

The intellectuals of the Enlightenment use the word ____ to advocate for the application of the scientific method to the understanding of all life. a. universe b. reason c. intellect d. heart e. desire

B. Reason

The most active opponents of religious intolerance and the most outspoken anti-Christians among the philosophes were a. Lavisher and Rousseau. b. Voltaire and Diderot. c. Diderot and Bourbon. d. Montesquieu and Adrien. e. Quesnay and Pelletier.

B. Voltaire and Diderot

Outside of Europe, the major scenes of battle in the Seven Years War were a. North America and Africa. b. Central America and India. c. India and North America. d. Latin America and Africa. e. North America and Latin America.

C. India and North America

The Austrian ruler whose reform program abolished serfdom, eliminated internal trade barriers, and instituted a new penal code, among other things, was a. Adolf III. b. Maria Theresa. c. Joseph II. d. Frederick the Great. e. Charles VI.

C. Joseph II

Who proposed a heliocentric theory to explain the movement of the heavenly bodies? a. Voltaire b. Galileo Galilei c. Nicolaus Copernicus d. Ptolemy e. Johannes Kepler

C. Nicolaus Copernicus

As outlined in Newton's ____, the universe is a huge, regulated machine operating according to natural laws. a. heliocentric theory b. geocentric theory c. world-machine concept d. putting-out system e. scientific method

C. World-machine concept

In line with mercantilist theory, a. governments had nothing to do regarding trade and manufacturing policies. b. Latin American countries traded exclusively with their "mother" countries. c. Latin American colonies were encouraged to manufacture. d. American colonies were viewed as sources of raw materials and markets by Europeans. e. the production of heavy industrial products was instituted in Mexico in 1734.

D) American colonies were viewed as sources of raw materials and markets by Europeans.

A discovery made by Galileo was the a. development of the calculus. b. fallacy of the existence of sunspots and the phases of Venus. c. five moons revolving around Pluto. d. similarity of the material composition of other planets and the moon to that of the earth. e. totally flat terrain of the earth's moon.

D) similarity of the material composition of other planets and the moon to that of the earth.

As a direct result of the French Revolution, this nation became the first Latin American state to win its independence from European colonialism. a. Ecuador. b. Brazil. c. Nicaragua. d. Haiti. e. Puerto Rico.

D. Haiti

The war that was known as the French and Indian War in the U.S. was known as the ____ in Europe. a. Thirty Years War b. War of Independence c. War of 1812 d. Seven Years War e. Prussian and English War

D. Seven Years War

The formal event which led to the break between the American colonies and England was the a. creation of the Articles of Confederation. b. confrontation at Yorktown. c. confrontation over the Stamp Act. d. signing of the Declaration of Independence. e. creation of the United States Constitution.

D. Signing of the Declaration of Independence

The most important product of European industry in the eighteenth century was a. spices. b. steel. c. coal. d. textiles. e. oil.

D. Textiles

Britain decided to end its war against the Americans after a combined American and French force defeated General Cornwallis at a. Cowpens. b. Newburgh. c. Saratoga. d. Yorktown. e. Boston.

D. Yorktown

In eighteenth century Europe, a. it was illegal for a noble class male to marry a middle-class female without a government dispensation everywhere except in Prussia and the Netherlands. B. noble and bourgeois women dressed in the same fashion and were visually indistinguishable. C. the peasants composed less than forty percent of the populations of Austria and France. D. nobles constituted approximately two or three percent of the population. E. factory workers had replaced farmers as the majority of the population.

D. nobles constituted approximately two or three percent of the population.

Who was the first scientist to define elliptical planetary orbits? a. Voltaire b. Galileo Galilei c. Nicolaus Copernicus d. Ptolemy e. Johannes Kepler

E. Johannes Kepler

Who believed that individuals should be free to pursue their own economic self-interest? a. Rousseau b. Adam Smith c. Voltaire d. Montesquieu` e. John Locke

E. John Locke

Which statement is FALSE with regard to European population and food supplies? a. As the eighteenth century progressed, European population declined. b. Food production increased in Europe during the eighteenth century. c. The introduction of the potato and maize provided a much-needed staple foods. d. The New World was a source of new vegetables for Europe. e. Food supplies decreased while food prices rose sharply in France in 1789

a. As the eighteenth century progressed, European population declined.

Which statement about eighteenth century global trade is FALSE? a. Gold and silver were shipped to America by Spain. b. Indian and Chinese products were purchased by the English, Dutch, and French. c. American plantation products were purchased by the nations of Europe. d. English manufactured goods were traded for African slaves, who were sold in Virginia for tobacco, which was then processed in England and sold for cash in Germany. e. Overseas trade boomed

a. Gold and silver were shipped to America by Spain

Enlightened Despotism a. demonstrated much more despotism than enlightenment in Russia. b. was most widely attempted in Britain, but caused confusion among the peasants and opposition from nobles and clergy. c. was best exemplified by the policies of Louis XV in France. d. was abolished in Prussia by Frederick the Great. e. was never attempted in Austria.

a. demonstrated much more despotism than enlightenment in Russia

The new United States Constitution of 1787 a. employed Montesquieu's conception of the separation of powers. b. was rejected by most Americans until it was finally passed on a third referendum. c. was created by delegates who, like the nation's population, were mainly small farmers. d. was soon abolished and replaced by the Articles of Confederation. e. abolished slavery.

a. employed Montesquieu's conception of the separation of powers

The most ironic aspect of Napoleon's career or rule in France was that a. it was more autocratic than that of Louis XVI, which had initially sparked the Revolution. b. Napoleon never understood of the nuances of French domestic political developments. c. the ruling European monarchs failed to recognize the fragility of the political dilemma that such a regime could promulgate. d. it took advice from the Bishop of Rome, or the Pope, in all domestic matters. e. it ended where it began, back in Corsica.

a. it was more autocratic than that of Louis XVI, which had initially sparked the Revolution.

Enlightened Absolutism a. was based more on practical measures to strengthen the power of the state than to "reform" and free their populations. b. was best illustrated by the activity of the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. c. was truly applied only briefly, in the ten months before the death of Emelyan Pugachev. d. was limited by the desires of the middle classes to retain their special advantages. e. best describes the British government in the eighteenth century

a. was based more on practical measures to strengthen the power of the state than to "reform" and free their

Which of these statements would John Locke find acceptable? a. Some of us are born bad. b. A positive environment will create positive results. c. Everything that we are is in our genes. d. Faith, not reason, determines what we know. e. Original sin places limits on individual aspirations.

b. A positive environment will create positive results

Historians explain that the Scientific Revolution happened first in Europe - rather than in China -- for all of these reasons EXCEPT a. a shift in the European world view from a metaphysical to a more materialist perspective. b. Chinese persistence to embrace Confucian principles. c. the attraction of the European mercantile classes to the 'new' science as a means to exploit resources. d. Chinese disinterest in the practical applications of scientific insights. e. a greater intellectual capacity in Europeans.

b. Chinese persistence to embrace Confucian principles

What was true about Napoleon? a. He joined the French army at age 15. b. He was a master of psychological warfare. c. He established his military reputation in campaigns in England. d. He was married to Marie Antoinette. e. He died in a triumphant battle.

b. He was a master of psychological warfare.

The Ptolemaic view of the universe argued that a. the planets were imperfect and material. b. the imperfect, motionless earth was in a state of constant change at the center of the universe. c. heavenly bodies, composed of a crystalline substance, resided in concentric spheres that moved in circular orbits around the moon. d. God and all the saved souls resided in the Empyrean Heaven that lay beyond the innermost, or tenth, sphere. e. God and the saved souls were at the center of the universe.

b. the imperfect, motionless earth was in a state of constant change at the center of the universe.

The intellectuals of the Enlightenment advocated the a. creation of a new religion of sciences. b. use of the scientific method to foster progress toward a "better" society. c. application of religious precepts to all knowledge. d. inversion of human development. e. abandonment of reason for the purpose of developing human knowledge

b. use of the scientific method to foster progress toward a "better" society.

What is Mary Wollstonecraft best remembered for? a. Loyal service to Marie Antoinette at the outset of the French Revolution b. Help in the assassination of Robespierre c. Authorship of the Vindication of the Rights of Women d. Scientific ideas regarding the telescope and its uses in astronomy e. Role in helping to formulate Napoleon's policy on women

c. Authorship of the Vindication of the Rights of Women

Which of the following statements is an accurate depiction of the nature of the British Parliament in the latter half of the eighteenth century? a. It was primarily composed of civil libertarians who advocated individual rights. b. Its role was primarily that of a rubber stamp for the king. c. It shared power with the king, gradually gaining the upper hand. d. Uniquely, women could become Members of Parliament. e. It failed to meet between 1753 and 1792.

c. It shared power with the king, gradually gaining the upper hand.

The philosophe who praised the checks and balances of the British constitution was a. Diderot. b. Voltaire. c. Montesquieu. d. Rousseau. e. Descartes.

c. Montesquieu

Which of the following descriptions best depicts the Rococo style? a. the profuse use of strict geometric patterns b. emphasis on largeness and majesty c. a fondness for curves and emphasized grace, charm, and gentle action d. a rejection of the effort to seek love, joy, and pleasure in favor of religious imagery e. stress on formal order

c. a fondness for curves and emphasized grace, charm, and gentle action

Jean-Jacques Rousseau a. was idealistic and honest and never deviated from his promises or commitments. b. argued that children's education should be strict and regimented. c. argued that, in accord with the "general will," people could be "forced to be free." d. believed that women were "naturally" different from men. e. advocated a doctrine that would be later be known as laissez-faire.

c. argued that, in accord with the "general will," people could be "forced to be free."

Napoleon gained control of the executive authority of the French government by a. becoming President of the Committee of Public Safety. b. being elected as first director of the Directory. c. seizing power in a coup d'etat. d. capitalizing on his military victories to become a popularly elected president. e. his appointment to the post by a newly restored monarch, Louis XVII.

c. seizing power in a coup d'etat.

During the regime of Napoleon, a. the legal position of women was strengthened with the activation of the Civil Code. b. the pope refused to arrange a Concordat. c. the laws of France were codified in the Civil Code. d. a decentralized government was established. e. all divorces were outlawed.

c. the laws of France were codified in the Civil Code.

The eighteenth century ruler who called himself/herself "the first servant of the state" was a. Joseph II of Austria. b. George III of Great Britain. c. Catherine the Great of Russia. d. Frederick II of Prussia. e. Louis XVI of France.

d. Frederick II of Prussia

Which of the following is the correct order regarding Napoleon's military career? a. Elba, Russia, Waterloo, Italy b. Italy, Russia, Elba, Waterloo c. Italy, Saint Helena, Waterloo, Elba d. Italy, Russia, Waterloo, Saint Helena e. Italy, Russia, Waterloo, Elba, Corsica

d. Italy, Russia, Waterloo, Saint Helena

Which of the following was not a direct result of the Seven Years' War? a. France ceded Canada to British control. b. Spain ceded Florida to British control. c. France ceded the Louisiana Territory to the Spanish. d. The Dutch permanently withdrew from the New World. e. Great Britain became the world's greatest colonial power.

d. The Dutch permanently withdrew from the New World.

In the immediate aftermath of the fall of Robespierre A. a period of industrial growth ensued. B. the Reign of Terror began. C. extremist forces came to control the Revolution. d. a new constitution was written that strove for stability by placing executive authority in the hands of the Directory. E. Napoleon was elected President of France

d. a new constitution was written that strove for stability by placing executive authority in the hands of the Directory

The military forces raised by the French revolutionary government was a. composed largely of non-French mercenaries. b. the largest navy ever assembled in Europe up to that point. c. unsuccessful on the battlefield although victorious in naval combat. d. a true army of the people, whose intensity was the beginning of the concept of total war. e. successful in conquering Russia.

d. a true army of the people, whose intensity was the beginning of the concept of total war.

The illegal event that constituted the start of the French Revolution was the a. meeting between Quesnay and Adam Smith. b. storming of the Bastille. c. mutiny of the French army. d. action of the Third Estate in declaring itself to be a National Assembly. e. revolts of French peasants in the countryside

d. action of the Third Estate in declaring itself to be a National Assembly.

The French Revolution a. was precipitated by a noble-bourgeois dispute over the best way to deal with the large budgetary surpluses of 1788 and 1789. b. actually had no real impact on either the economic or political status of peasants. c. created no major gains, even temporarily, for women in such areas as divorce and inheritance. d. created a "nation in arms" and an army of 650,000. e. failed in its attempt to restore divine right monarchy to France.

d. created a "nation in arms" and an army of 650,000.

Newton's Principia a. placed the earth at the center of the universe. b. rejected the ideas of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo. c. mathematically disproved the universal law of gravitation. d. supplied the new theory of the universe that combined the work of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo. e. proved that Luther was correct regarding salvation by faith.

d. supplied the new theory of the universe that combined the work of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo.

The system that came to be known as the "cottage industry" involved all of these steps EXCEPT a. the purchase, by an entrepreneur, of the raw materials needed for textile production. b. country laborers producing yarn and cloth. c. the selling of finished products by an entrepreneur. d. the growing of cotton by peasants on their farms, who then sold raw material to entrepreneurs. e. the development and use of the "putting-out" system

d. the growing of cotton by peasants on their farms, who then sold raw material to entrepreneurs.

On the eve of the French Revolution, all of these conditions existed EXCEPT a. the hereditary aristocracy was still the most powerful class in European society. b. the nobles and clergy in France were effectively untaxed, even as the French treasury neared bankruptcy and millions were hungry. c. the bourgeoisie comprised about eight percent of the population. d. the peasants were enthusiastic for revolutionary change. e. monarchy was the norm for European governments.

d. the peasants were enthusiastic for revolutionary change.

All of these statements regarding developments in the French Revolution prior to September 1792 are correct EXCEPT a. the fall of the Bastille weakened the government. b. the National Assembly created a basic declaration of liberties, and a new constitution to establish a limited monarchy. c. Louis XVI destroyed his public standing by attempting to flee. d. warfare broke out between France and Austria. e. Louis XVI was an enthusiastic supporter of the revolutionary events

e. Louis XVI was an enthusiastic supporter of the revolutionary events

Which of the following was not an immediate result of the fall of Robespierre? a. A period of stagnation and corruption ensued. b. The Reign of Terror ended. c. Moderate forces came to control the Revolution. d. A new constitution was written that strove for stability by placing executive authority in the hands of the Directory. e. Napoleon was elected President of France.

e. Napoleon was elected President of France.