history exam 1
what did africa sell to the americas?
african slaves
what did oglethorpe not want in georgia?
alcohol (it was mainly consumed because it was safer than water); didn't want african slavery
the puritans
also called calvinists
maryland settled for...
catholics
rhode island economy
cattle raising
city in carolina
charles town
why was the colony of georgia established?
created because english prisons were getting too overcrowded so wanted to send them off to work and serve their time
sir walter raleigh
englishman who tried to start the colony of roanoke
george calvert
first lord baltimore; started to have doubts about how the church of england was acting and broke away from the church
samuel champlain
french explorer who founded quebec, the first permanent french settlement in north america
what was the the issue with the climate and soil in boston?
frozen; bad for growing tobacco
quebec
fur trading outpost
conquistadors 3 goals
god, gold, glory
hernan cortes
landed in mexico with 3 ships and 500 soldiers; ordered his soldiers to burn ships because they were not leaving
the navigation acts
laws that stated english colonies must only trade with england
result of tobacco in jamestown
people began coming over and staying in jamestown
quitrents
people were actually renting the land; paid a property tax of one penny per acre you owned every year paid to the virginia company
who greeted hernan cortes in mexico?
the aztec
jamestown
the first permanent english settlement in north america found in east virginia
act for religious toleration
the first religious law created in the 13 colonies saying no one in maryland could he persecuted for their religious beliefs; law to protect catholics
how did louisiana get its name?
the french explorer robert cavelier de la salle named the region louisiana to honor france's king louis
what was pennsylvania know as?
the holy experiment
john winthrop
the leader of puritans who left england for massachusetts seeking religious freedom
what happened to king philip's ships in the english channel?
they got stuck in the english channel and england's smaller ships obliterated spanish navy (destroyed 150 spanish ships)
role of the colonies
they provided raw materials and markets to the mother country (england)
what was a downside of them only planting orange trees?
they take time to grow and a lot of people starved
why did dutch choose to not fight?
they were not a military powerhouse; they made money selling slaves
samuel de champlain
"father of new france"; founded quebec (capital of new france)
john winthrop's quote from the bible
"on an errand into the wild-ness to build a city upon a hill"
fur trade
"the french were friendly for the fur"; big money maker for france
how long did the first colony of roanoke last?
1 year (packed bags and headed back to england)
beginning voyage to settle jamestown
144 workers set sail to new world to build colony, 36 died on 3 month voyage, 108 began process of building colony, by end of first year only 36 were still alive
who did the virginia company send over to the new world?
15-21 year old men because they didn't want to have to pay them much
massachusetts age range
35-45 years old; people were either getting married or already married
new france
Canada, the great lakes region, and the mississippi valley
why did charles II split carolina?
almost started a civil war because rice farmers were tired of being made fun of
separatists
also known as pilgrims; believed church of england was too corrupt to be saved
richard hakluyt
argued that a group of smart wealthy people needed to get together to create colonies
why did powhatan turn against the jamestown settlers?
because the settlers raided native american villages for food
why were separatists called pilgrims?
because they set sail on a pilgrimage
what did cortes do when he began noticing that the aztecs were catching on to him?
began making alliances with other people in mexico to defeat the aztecs
mercantilism
belief in the benefits of profitable trading; states that every european nation must become economically self sufficient
who did england buy lumber from?
boston
only 3 cities existed in 13 colonies
boston, philadelphia, and charleston (all major trading outposts of colonies)
virginia settled for...
business
what did the king and queen of spain go to prevent spain from going bankrupt?
came up with idea to hire conquistadors
hispaniola
caribbean island where spain established the european presence in the new world; present day haiti and the dominican republic
why were catholics disadvantaged in england?
catholics did not have a church to go to, catholics could not send their children to public school, property taxes were 5x higher than protestants, could also be put in prison for religious beliefs
new york economy
cattle raising, shipbuilding, iron works
protestant arrival in st. mary
cecilius had to allow protestants to come over to have more people come
the carolinas
charles II granted this land to pay off a debt to some supporters. they instituted headrights and a representative government to attract colonists. the southern region of the carolinas grew rich off its ties to the sugar islands, while the poorer northern region was composed mainly of farmers. The conflicts between the regions eventually led to the colony being split into north and south carolina
what was philadelphia also called?
city of brotherly love
colonial obstinance
colonies did whatever they wanted and sold products to whoever they wanted to
plymouth
colony settled by the pilgrims
john calvin
created calvinism
what was the tobacco in jamestown made from?
crossed spanish tobacco seed and native american tobacco seed to create virginia tobacco
why did england not have anymore trees?
cut them down to build up their navy
what did george calvert do when he broke away from the church?
declared he was becoming a catholic; realized the troubles that catholics faced and started trying to use wealth he had left to build a refuge colony for catholics; died of throat cancer
church of england's thought on predestination
did not condone it so they persecuted calvinists; split puritans into two factions (separatists & non conformists)
why was education important in the north?
didn't have the same availability as south to grow food so it was a way of keeping kids busy also
virginia thoughts on a government
didn't think they needed one
ponce de leon
discovered florida
columbian exchange
diseases - smallpox killed 90% of native americans; foods - people began living longer; people - spain sent 25 million to americas
dutch trading ship
dutch came to jamestown port and sold 20 african slaves to colony
new amsterdam
dutch colonial settlement that served as the capital of new netherland. this later became "new york city"
peter minuit
dutch colonist who bought manhattan from native americans for 500 glass beads
what was the issue with trading between colonies?
each colony had their own currency
old deluder satan act
education system that required that kids took 12 grades of school; if you didn't master every single objective your teacher held you back
salutary neglect
england maintained a hands-off approach of dealing with the 13 colonies; let the colonies do whatever they wanted
virginia company
english joint-stock company that received a charter from king james I that allowed it to found the virginia colony
lost colony of roanoke
failed attempt to establish a permanent english settlement in on roanoke island
mayflower compact
first democratic document written in new world; when making decisions, the majority (51%) had to agree for the idea to go into effect
francisco coronado
first european to discover and map the grand canyon; southwestern u.s.
thomas hooker
founded connecticut; did not like paranoid culture that winthrop created in massachusetts
william penn jr.
founded pennsylvania; most succesfsul colony; home for quakers
james oglethorpe
founder of georgia
how was louisiana discovered?
france discovered mississippi river and followed it down to the bottom of the u.s. and discovered louisiana
what is special about france and the native americans?
france was the only european country willing to accept native american culture
what did virginia want to be their big money maker?
gold
pennsylvania economy
grew wheat and corn
what did conquistadors have to do before travelling to new world?
had to obtain charter from king and queen; had to sign agreement to give king and queen 1/3
pennsylvania money maker
hats
what was winthrop's reaction to william's preaching?
he scolded williams and said god wanted them to have the land (saw native americans dying of smallpox as a sign from god)
what was powhatan's reaction to pocahontas's death?
he shut down and died within a few months from a broken heart
why did philip II attack england?
he wanted to overthrow protestantism in england after elizabeth I rejected his marriage proposal (to turn england catholic)
john rolfe
he was one of the english settlers at jamestown (and he married pocahontas); he discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in virginia and cure it for export, which made virginia an economically successful colony; gave a temporary relief to jamestown colonists
what did maryland have like virginia?
head-right system, tobacco, quitrent system, and slavery
why was roger williams in massachusetts?
hired by winthrop to be boston's preacher
who did charles give manhattan to?
his brother, james
how did william penn jr. get pennsylvania?
his father died and he inherited the land
what were shelters in virginia like?
holes dug in the ground and had a tent put over it instead of taking the time to build cabins
silk road
how europe got to china
covenant of grace
idea that hutchinson began teaching; said that god speaks to us through a conscience
head-right system
if already living in jamestown you receive 100 acres of land for free; if coming over you receive 50 acres of land per person you bring with you
powhatan
indian who launched attack against colony
who attacked rhode island?
indians and they killed anne hutchinson
georgia economy
indigo
what was powhatan's goal after starving the colony?
intended to starve them into submission
tobacco in jamestown
introduced by john rolfe; sold very well in england
where did the name carolina come from?
it is latin for charles land; named after king charles II
what happened with the first colony of roanoke?
it was an island that was hard to protect, full of swamps and very marshy, lots of mosquitoes and malaria outbreak
what did winthrop do to hooker?
kicked him out of massachusetts
why wasn't education considered necessary in the south?
kids could be out working in fields
james, duke of york
king charles II brother
who was the colony of georgia named after?
king george II
why did the spanish armada begin?
king philip sent 6 letters to queen elizabeth wanting to marry her; after 6th rejection philip declares war to invade england
george fox
leader of the quakers (called the society of friends in europe)
where did the separatists go before coming to america?
leyden, holland
what were the problems england was suffering?
located on a small island; in 1580s population grew by 1 million; didn't have enough jobs; 50% of england's population was unemployed
ponce de leon "fountain of youth"
looking for different types of herbs and flowers to make medicines to fight off diseases
what did the americas sell to europe?
lumber
three qualifications to have a voice in virginia government
male, white, own land
connecticut economy
manufacturing (building ships and other items to sell to england)
why did spain and portugal not want to take silk road?
many countries made travelers pay a tax to go through, it was hot, people didn't have enough supplies, bandits stole from traveling caravans
problems in maryland
most catholics did not have the money to go to st. mary settlement
the holy experiment
name for william penn's idea that people of different nationalities and religious beliefs could live peacefully together in his pennsylvania colony
why was virginia named virginia?
named after queen elizabeth; virgin queen of england
who did williams buy rhode island from?
native americans
boston harbor
natural built harbor
what was good about carolina?
naturally built harbor
negative impact of santo domingo
nearly bankrupt spain
what did the dutch establish?
new amsterdam
english colonies the dutch gave up
new amsterdam & new york
france created outpost called what?
new orleans
columbus's ships
nina, pinta, santa maria
boston settlement
nonconformist puritans came over with blueprint of how they were going to build the colony in order to ensure that their families lived
who grew tobacco plantations in carolina?
north carolina
st. augustine
oldest city in the continental u.s.; military outpost that spain built; thorn in the side of england and france
anne hutchinson
one of first prominent females in american history; didn't agree with predestination
pocahontas
only daughter of powhatan who fell in love with john rolfe
what did the virginia workers plant and why?
orange trees because they didn't want to work in fields and plant food that would actually benefit them
3 guiding principles the quakers lived by
pacifists, abolitionists, simple lives
which two colonies did not support african slavery?
pennsylvania and massachusetts
indentured servants
people who could not afford to move to jamestown had their ways paid but then had to work for whoever paid their way for seven years
who lived in rhode island?
people winthrop banished from massachusetts; winthrop called them trash
how did francisco pizarro conquer the incas?
pizarro picked a side and helped them win; then he turns on allies and forces them into slavery
what did boston absorb with it?
plymouth settlement
Where did the separatists/pilgrims settle in america?
plymouth, massachusetts
spain and portugal
powerhouses of europe who were competing to find a better cost effective way to get to china
starving time
powhatan slaughtered livestock and burned their fields
why was roger williams banished from massachusetts?
preached that the land was stolen from native americans and they needed to repent
core foundation of puritan belief
predestination
why were the aztec not shocked by hernan cortes's arrival?
prophesized their god was coming back to earth; began throwing gold at cortes's feet and treated cortes like a god
church of england
protestant church
what religion was connecticut?
puritan but more laid back than massachusetts
new england settled for...
puritans
the quakers
radical group of puritans; another religious group being persecuted in europe
what did china do with their prices?
raised them because they knew europeans wanted to buy their supplies
second colony of roanoke
raleigh tried again but they did not bring enough supplies
when the aztecs realized hernan cortes was not a god
rebellion breaks out and cortes wins; cortes captures all of mexico and mexico becomes spanish territory
maryland
refuge colony for english catholics
the virginia house of burgesses is a...
representative assembly
what did raleigh do after he discovered they did not bring enough supplies when trying to colonize the second colony of roanoke?
returns to england to buy supplies but war broke out between spain and england
where did hutchinson go after she was banished from massachusetts?
rhode island
who did king charles II want to drive the dutch out?
richard nicholls
who founded rhode island?
roger williams
what did hooker notice about winthrop?
saw that winthrop was really just trying to have control over colony
cecilius calvert
second lord baltimore; son of george calvert; built colony of maryland
what did queen elizabeth want to do about the unemployment rate in england?
send 50% of unemployed people to the new world
what did william bradford ask the virginia company to do?
send a ship to get puritans willing to leave and go to new world
tributary confederation
send representatives throughout mexico to ask for supplies; sacrificed people to gods; killed villages when they said no to their request for supplies
st. mary
settlement much better planned than jamestown
mayflower
ship that was sent to take separatists to new world
new england economy
shipbuilding, lumber, fishing, glass, brick
what did john smith do with the 3 people who laughed at him?
shot and killed one, sent the other two out of jamestown and they were killed by native americans
who would the virginia company not send to new world?
single women (wanted to keep workers focused on their work)
who did queen elizabeth ask to try and make english colony in new world to help with 50% unemployment rate?
sir humphrey gilbert
who founded newfoundland?
sir humphrey gilbert
who did queen elizabeth give the right to claim land in new world?
sir walter raleigh
africa factories
slave trading sites, west coast of africa, african slave trade
new france development
slow because of cold temperatures; not a lot of gold so the french relied on animals to be skinned and sold for fur
what did columbus bring to the bahamas
smallpox and impacted native americans, alcohol, took 16 teenagers and sold them as sex slaves
what happened to john smith that send him back to england?
some members of colony planted explosives by smith's cabin and set them off during the night and he suffered severe burns
francisco pizarro
south america; conquered the incas
who grew rice in carolina?
south carolina
first european country to introduce african slavery in the new world
spain
who agrees to columbus's ideas
spain
spain's want for gold
spain benefits from the gold mines but didn't want to dig for it because it was dangerous
santo domingo
spain built the first european colony in the americas; warm climate, fertile soil (great for growing sugar cane & sugar was big money maker for island)
why did portugal and spain almost go to war?
spain mad that portugal found water route to china, pope intervenes and chooses that portugal is the only one allowed to use the route because they discovered it
encomienda
spain said they would send catholic priests over to santo domingo to convert native americans to christianity and save their souls; in return, spain made the native americans work in the fields and mines
downside of spain making the native americans work
spain underestimated how rapidly the native americans would die
bartholome de las casas
spanish catholic priest who came to christianize native americans; came to like and respect native americans; wrote letters back to spain saying they should not be killing native americans in the ways they are because they have souls; said he wanted to enslave african americans instead because they didn't have souls
african slaves
spanish government began sending millions of african slaves over to new world
conquistadors
spanish individuals who paid their own ways over to the americas; financed their own ships, crews, supplies
non conformist puritans economy
spied on each other to find witches and find satan in colony; thousands of people imprisoned due to hearsay
why did georgia end up having african slaves?
staple crop indigo required an extensive labor force
portugal's journey around africa
started sending ships west of africa to see how large africa was, discovers tip of africa and water route to china
what did europe sell to africa?
stuff they built with the lumber
what did richard nicholls do?
surrounded capital of manhattan and have dutch an ultimatum to surrender or fight
why were the french so willing to work with native americans?
the relied on them for help with finding hunting grounds and selling fur to them
spain was lucky they settled on gold deposits because
these deposits helped spain be the "big dog" of europe for 88 years
how was st. mary different from jamestown?
they actually built shelters, broke ground, planted vegetables, wheat, and corn
what did the workers do when smith left?
they began going back to their old ways
why did the navigation acts not work?
they created a law that could not be enforced
why was african slavery harder in the north?
they did not have good agriculture
what was a problem with virginia's search for gold?
they trespassed on native american land and the native americans attacked
christopher columbus
thought he could sail west to china and thought it would take 3 weeks
what did columbus think when he reached the bahamas?
thought they were inlands off of india, names the people there indians
triangular trade
three way system of trade between the americas, africa, and europe
why was carolina founded?
to be a buffer zone and slow down spanish attacks
what happened in newfoundland?
too cold for agriculture, couldn't build shelters, lasted one year, 50% of people died
what did thomas hooker do when winthrop kicked him out if massachusetts?
took hundreds with him, went further south, and created connecticut
what was boston settlement built for?
trading
what did the thriving hat industry lead to?
training hub called philadelphia
population goal of virginia
transit population (people were to come and work for a little bit and then leave)
what did winthrop do with the news of anne's death?
used her death to speak to colony and get people of boston to follow him
edwin sandy
virginia company's treasurer; head-right system
what did john smith want to do with the workers?
wanted to break them to get them to be better workers and more disciplined "if you don't work you don't eat"
why was massachusetts so serious about people being in school?
wanted to make sure everyone could read and understand the bible
non conformists
wanted to show church a better way to live; believed church of england could be saved
captain john smith
went to virginia with new arrivals to bump colony up in numbers from 36-536 15-21 year olds
why was anne hutchinson banished from massachusetts?
winthrop did not agree with what she was preaching
sewer of new england
winthrop's name for rhode island
tobacco brides
women were taken over to new world and auctioned off; men could buy them for tobacco leaves
croaton
word carved on a tree that was all that was found of the colony of roanoke; also the local native american tribe in the area