History Exam 2nd Semester

flexible response:

" The Kennedy administration worried that [the] reliance on nuclear weapons gave us no way to respond to large nonnuclear attacks without committing suicide. . . . We decided to broaden the range of options by strengthening and modernizing the military's ability to fight a nonnuclear war

Which of the following is not among the Soviet aims in Europe?

Encouraged free elections in support of communism

Why was the Atlantic Charter important?

Both countries pledged the following: collective security, disarmament, self-determination, economic cooperation, and freedom of the seas.

Liberals vs Conservatives

Liberal policies generally emphasize the need for the government to solve problems. Conservative policies generally emphasize empowerment of the individual to solve problems.

The U-2 pilot was convicted of espionage after his plane was shot down and he was forced to parachute over Soviet controlled territory.

Francis Gary Powers

Not True about Spanish Civil War

Franco hoped to establish a tolitarian communist state

Vietminh

Ho Chi Minh returned home and helped form the Vietminh, an organization whose goal it was to win Vietnam's independence from foreign rule.

Hiroshima

Little Boy, over Hiroshima, an important Japanese military center

What was appeasement, and why did Churchill oppose it so strongly?

It is giving up your principles to pacify an aggressor and he thought that the country has chose dishonor and he would rather fight than give up their honor

John Mitchell

Nixon's former attorney general

Winning Battles comparison

The US won many more battles than the Vietnamese and they lost less people

What led to the Kent state shootings and protests

The invasion of Cambodia

Office of Price Administration (OPA)

The OPA fought inflation by freezing prices on most goods. Congress also raised income tax rates and extended the tax to millions of people who had never paid it before. The higher taxes reduced consumer demand on scarce goods by leaving workers with less to spend

Infamy

evil fame or reputation

not mentioned among the sources where support came for those participating in the Montgomery Bus Boycott

government sponsered emergency transportation grants

A lenient doctor will...

grant medical exceptions

Nixon's goal when he impounded federal funds

he wanted to prevent federal funds from being used to support programs he didn't like

Nixon civil rights and integration

he worked to delay integration and said he was seeking a middle course in the efforts to integrate the South

What was left of the blown up American

his wallet

Which of the following is not among the examples or description of Jim Crow Laws?

in 1896 the court ruled races could not be segregated in street cars, public restrooms and court witness stands

The failure Of Chiang Kai Shek forces in the Chinese Civil War can largely be blamed on..

Weak and corrupt leadership

As Vietnam War expanded examples of US soldiers disillusionment included

alcohol, marijuana, and other drugs. Low morale even led a few soldiers to murder their superior officers

What were the results of the Italian campaign?

benitio Mussilini was imprisioned and taken out of power but it caused a bloosy battle between the allies who wanted to keep Italy free and the Axis who wanted to take it back and the end result is that they only reason Italy fell was because Germany was falling

hot line

between the White House and the Kremlin. This dedicated phone enabled the leaders of the two countries to communicate at once should another crisis arise.

foreign relations policy to ease cold war tensions

denete

Brinkmanship

to go to the edge of all-out war

NOT an example of anti-war college activism during Vietnam

rallies to promote greater freedom for powerful business and gov

What led Khrushchev to erect the Berlin Wall?

Kennedy's determination and America's superior nuclear striking power prevented Khrushchev from closing the air and land routes between West Berlin and West Germany. Instead, the Soviet premier surprised the world with a shocking decision. Just after midnight on August 13, 1961, East German troops began to unload concrete posts and rolls of barbed wire along the border. Within days, the Berlin Wall was erected, separating East Germany from West Germany.

Nickname for the black students

Little Rock 9

How did James Meredith die? Why? Where?

Meredith, the man who had integrated the University of Mississippi, set out on a 225-mile "walk against fear." Meredith planned to walk all the way from the Tennessee border to Jackson, but he was shot by a white racist and was too injured to continue.

About how long would it have taken for a missile launched from Cuba to reach Michigan?

Minutes

Which of the following is not true about the disagreement( in relation to the Korean war policy) between Truman and MacArthur?

A congressional committee ultimately agreed MacArthur was right and Truman was the one that was wrong. The committe agreed that Truman was right and fired MacArthur

African Americans in Vietnam

African Americans served in disproportionate numbers as ground combat troops. Racial tension ran high in many platoons, and in some cases, the hostility led to violence. The racism that gripped many military units was yet another factor that led to low troop morale in Vietnam.

Nation of Islam

Black Muslims

Black Power

Black Power, Carmichael said, was a "call for black people to begin to define their own goals . . . [and] to lead their own organizations.

This U.S agency used covert actions helped to topple governments

CIA

This groups covert actions helped to topple govts in Iran and Guatemala.

CIA

"We kept the packs and the rifles but the ________ we lost"

Convictions

FAP passing in congress

DID NOT!!!! the conservatices thought it was too strict and the liberals thought it was too giving

In pronouncing sentence on________________ Judge Irving Kaufman declared the crime "worse than murder" bc it had put "into the hands of the Russians A-bomb".

Ethel and Julius Rosenberg,

"it is us today...it will be you tomorrow" is a quote from which Country

Ethiopia

Joseph Stalin and an alliance with Germany

HA NOPEEEEE he didn't

In 1947,_______subpoenaed 43 witnesses from the Hollywood film industry to give testimony on whether Communists influenced in the American film industry.

HUAC

Which of the following is not true about Joseph MccArthy?

His downfall began when he accused Nixon of being a communist during a televised hearing

Ho Chi Minh Trail.

Ho Chi Minh supported the group, and in 1959 began supplying arms to the Vietcong via a network of paths along the borders of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia

Explain (using data from the text and graph on page 723) whether the economic situation worsened or improved for African Americans

It got better by 30%, Many of the people that were living in poverty were not anymore.

Which are two actions taken by the gov of commie leader Mao Zedong that enabled him to gain popularity among the peasants?

It promised peasants land, it encouraged peasants to read.

Jim Crow law

Jim Crow laws, aimed at separating the races. These laws forbade marriage between blacks and whites and established many other restrictions on social and religious contact between the races. There were separate schools as well as separate streetcars, waiting rooms, railroad coaches, elevators, witness stands, and public restrooms. The facilities provided for blacks were always inferior to those for whites. Nearly every day, African Americans faced humiliating signs that read: "Colored Water"; "No Blacks Allowed"; "Whites Only!"

What are some actions taken by Nixon to combat groups or people who opposed him?

Nixon and members of his staff ordered wiretaps The CIA also investigated and compiled documents on thousands of American dissidents people who objected to the government's policies. The administration even used the Internal Revenue Service to audit the tax returns of antiwar and civil rights activists. Nixon began building a personal "enemies list" of prominent Americans whom the administration would harass.

Peace with Honor

Nixon intended to maintain U.S. dignity in the face of its withdrawal from war. A further goal was to preserve U.S. clout at the negotiation table, as Nixon still demanded that the South Vietnamese government remain intact

Saturday Night Massacre

Nixon refused and ordered Attorney General Richardson to fire Cox, Richardson refused the order and resigned. The deputy attorney general also refused the order, and he was fired. Solicitor General Robert Bork finally fired Cox. However, Cox's replacement, Leon Jaworski, proved equally determined to get the tapes. Several months after the "massacre," the House Judiciary Committee began examining the possibility of an impeachment hearing

Southern Strategy

Nixon tried to attract Southern conservative Democrats by appealing to their unhappiness with federal desegregation policies and a liberal Supreme Court. He also promised to name a Southerner to the Supreme Court

What did Nixon's mad man theory convey?

Nixon would do anything to stop the war

Eisenhower met w/ Soviet leaders in Geneva and offered which program to try and help "thaw" the Cold War.

Open Skies

At various times, _________claimed to have personal knowledge of 57, 81, or 205 commies working in the State Department .

Senator Joseph McCarthy

The senate eventually condemned______ for improper conduct that tended to bring the senate into disrepute.

Senator Joseph McCarthy

The technique of making unsupported charges of disloyalty without regard for the basic rights of the accused was named after

Senator Joseph McCarthy

What were the consequences of the failed Bay of Pigs invasion for the United States?

Some of the invading exiles were killed, others imprisoned. The Cuban media sensationalized the defeat of "North American mercenaries." One United States commentator observed that Americans "look like fools to our friends, rascals to our enemies, and incompetents to the rest." The disaster left Kennedy embarrassed.

What were some of the causes of urban rioting in the 1960s?

Some realized that what African Americans wanted and needed was economic equality of opportunity in jobs, housing, and education.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, or SNCC, pronounced "snick" for short. It had been six years since the Brown decision, and many college students viewed the pace of change as too slow. Although these students risked a great deal—losing college scholarships, being expelled from college, being physically harmed—they were determined to challenge the system. SNCC hoped to harness the energy of these student protesters; it would soon create one of the most important student activist movements in the nation's history

capitulation

Surrender

Which of the following is not true about the Berlin airlift?

The U.S ultimately maintained control of of West Berlin, but never regained land access to the German city We regained access after 351 days

Neutrality Acts

The first two acts outlawed arms sales or loans to nations at war. The third act was passed in response to the fighting in Spain. This act extended the ban on arms sales and loans to nations engaged in civil wars.

How did Martin Luther King die? Who killed him? Where?

The next day as King stood on his hotel balcony, James Earl Ray thrust a high-powered rifle out of a window and squeezed the trigger. King crumpled to the floor.Memphis,April 3, 1968

How did government regulations impact the lives of civilians?

The production of everyday goods went to the war effort or were just stopped all together. There was also rationing meaning that the public couldn't buy whatever they wanted they had to use their rationing books. They couldn't use their cars as much because gas was rationed

Not true about the Brown v Board of Education case?

The white Chief Justice Earl Warren supported Plessy

What was the goal of the Nazis' Final Solution, and how was that goal nearly achieved?

Their goal was to kill all of the Jews and then they decided that they could just gas them and they almost killed all of them

How did Robert F kennedy die? Who killed him? Why? Where?

Then in June 1968, Robert Kennedy himself was assassinated by a Jordanian immigrant who was angry over Kennedy's support of Israel.

Explain how the United States was able to defeat the Japanese in the Pacific.

They conquered island after isaldn and were able to do so because they suprised them and destroyed their naval fleet and so they had very little pritecttiong and then they could drop bombs on them

Freedom Summer

They hoped their campaign would receive national publicity, which would in turn influence Congress to pass a voting rights act.

Why did civil rights groups organize Freedom Summer?

They hoped their campaign would receive national publicity, which would in turn influence Congress to pass a voting rights act. Focused in Mississippi, the project became known

Which of the following is not true about the gov. Loyalty boards?

They investigated people within the film industry

How did German blitzkrieg tactics rely on new military technology?

They needed the new killing machines to take the enemy by surprise and take the enemy down fast with an overwhelming force before the enemy could attack back without the new tech it would be much harder to crush them super fast

Appeasement:

giving up principles to pacify an aggressor.

political repression

government intimidation of those with different political views

V-E Day:

Victory in Europe Day. The war in Europe was finally over.

What countries are in Indochina?

Vietnam Laos and Cambodia

What did the SU and US encounter when they met with each other in the river Elbe

dead civilian victims of allied bombings

bigot

a person who is intolerant toward those holding different opinions

Ho Chi Minh fought on which side WWII

against the Japanese with the US

Not mentioned as one cause leading to dictators

alliances

why weren't black Americans protected by the Civil Rights Act of 1875?

an all white Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional

Which commonly used weapon was banned

anti-personal land mines

Not true about Japan's militarists

didn't force ___ to be China's ally BUT THEY DID--- the militarists launched a surprise attack and seized control of the Chinese province of Manchuria in 1931. Within several months, Japanese troops controlled the entire province

Credibility Gap

distrust of what the Johnson administration reported to the public about the war

Tonkin Gulf Resolution

drafted way before it actually happened IT granded Johnson powers

third world:

during the Cold War, the developing nations not allied with either the United States or the Soviet Union

Watergate

e Nixon administration's attempt to cover up a burglary of the Democratic National Committee (DNC) headquarters

Rationing:

establishing fixed allotments of goods deemed essential for the military. Under this system, households received ration books with coupons to be used for buying such scarce goods as meat, shoes, sugar, coffee, and gasoline. Gas rationing was particularly hard on those who lived in western regions, where driving was the only way to get around.

what changes did POTUS johnson make in 1965 in relation to draft deferments

he required students to be in good academic standing to avoid the draft

Nixon actions related to the integration of schools through busing

he appeared on national television to urge Congress to oppose it

what violece did MLK jr family face in responce to his actions related to the bus boycott?

his house was bombed

What did the freedom riders hope to achieve?

hoped to provoke a violent reaction that would convince the Kennedy administration to enforce the law.

Which is not true about the U-2 incident?

involved a spy satellite

not true about fascism

it advocates power must be expanded with more political party

freedom riders

joined other CORE members on a historic bus trip across the South.

Blitzkrieg

lightning war. made use of advances in military technology—such as fast tanks and more powerful aircraft—to take the enemy by surprise and then quickly crush all opposition with overwhelming force.

NOT mentioned among the reasons why youths opposed Vietnam War

many believed the war was having a negative impact on the Music Industry

Kent State University

massive student protest led to the burning of the ROTC building. In response to the growing unrest, the local mayor called in the National Guard. On May 4, 1970, the Guards fired live ammunition into a crowd of campus protesters who were hurling rocks at them. The gunfire wounded nine people and killed four, including two who had not even participated in the rally.

foreign policy should be based soley on consideration of power

realpolitik

quota (define term and provide an example in this section):

requirement that a certain number of positions are filled by minorities Affirmative action

NOT true about the Tet

the captial city of Saigon was the only major city spared from the attack

Dual problems of rising unemployment and inflation encountered in Nixon years

stagflation

following actions would NOT be supported by liberals

stricter "law and order" policies

Kamikaze

suicide-plane, attack in which Japanese pilots crashed their bomb-laden planes into Allied ships. (Kamikaze means "divine wind" and refers to a legendary typhoon that saved Japan in 1281 by destroying a Mongol invasion.)

How did the United States respond to Jewish refugees?

persons of exceptional merit," including physicist Albert Einstein, author Thomas Mann, architect Walter Gropius, and theologian Paul Tillich were among 100,000 refugees the United States accepted.

When Iranian leader Nationalized oil fields he was

placing them under Iranian control

New Federalism

plan to limit the size and power of federal government

A forma; declaration of the principles on which a political party

platform

What specific problems/persecutions did German Jews face in Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1938?

the Nuremberg Laws stripped Jews of their German citizenship, jobs, and property. To make it easier for the Nazis to identify them, Jews had to wear a bright yellow Star of David attached to their clothing. Around 100 Jews were killed, and hundreds more were injured. Some 30,000 Jews were arrested and hundreds of synagogues were burned. Afterward, the Nazis blamed the Jews for the destruction.

Which of the following is not true about the Tet Offensive

the US and South Vitnamese lost far more soldiers than the Vietcong

NOT among the reasons the American public opinion was shaped by the Tet

the US military leaders began to honesty admit US casulties were much worse than reported earlier

Not Among reasons for the rise of Hitler and the Nazis

the assassination of the chancellor of the Weimar Republic

Fannie Lou Hamer:

the daughter of Mississippi sharecroppers, would be their voice at the 1964 Democratic National Convention. In a televised speech that shocked the convention and viewers nationwide, Hamer described how she was jailed for registering to vote in 1962, and how police forced other prisoners to beat herIn response to Hamer's speech, telegrams and telephone calls poured in to the convention in support of seating the MFDP delegates. President Johnson feared losing the Southern white vote if the Democrats sided with the MFDP, so his administration pressured civil rights leaders to convince the MFDP to accept a compromise. The Democrats would give 2 of Mississippi's 68 seats to the MFDP, with a promise to ban discrimination at the 1968 convention. When Hamer learned of the compromise, she said, "We didn't come all this way for no two seats." The MFDP and supporters in SNCC felt that the leaders had betrayed them.

What was true about the league of Nations

the league responded to Italy's invasion of Ethiopia with ineffective boycott

How were the Vietnam vets treated when they got back?

the nation as a whole extended a cold hand to its returning Vietnam veterans. There were no brass bands, no victory parades, no cheering crowds. Instead, many veterans faced indifference or even hostility from an America still torn and bitter about the war

Harry S. Truman

the nation's 33rd president.

"Christmas bombings"

the president unleashed a ferocious bombing campaign against Hanoi and Haiphong, the two largest cities in North Vietnam

Allies

those nations that had fought the Axis powers. The declaration was signed by 26 nations, "four-fifths of the human race" observed Churchill

Martin Luther King, Jr.

to lead the group. An ordained minister since 1948, King had just earned a Ph.D. degree in theology from Boston University. "Well, I'm not sure I'm the best person for the position," King confided to Nixon, "but if no one else is going to serve, I'd be glad to try

When was the French Indochina war?

After WWII France's attempt to reestablish rule in Vietnam

Adolf Hitler

Against the treaty of Versailles

George Patton

Commander of third army On August 23, Patton and the Third Army reached the Seine River south of Paris. Two days later, French resistance forces and American troops liberated the French capital from four years of German occupation. Parisians were delirious with joy. Patton announced this joyous event to his commander in a message that read, "Dear Ike: Today I spat in the Seine"

Not true about the migration of blacks

they escaped all segregation and prejudice

How did federal courts respond to Nixon's inpoundment actions...

they ruled his actions were unconstitutional

How did the Vietnamese handle Peter Dewey?

they shot him in the head.

in 1971 the Supreme Court ruled AGAINST racially integrating schools through busing

FALSE

Nixon believed the Supreme Court was TOO conservative

FALSE he belived it was too liberal

What program made welfare recipients responsible for their own lives

FAP

Not true about the Neutrality Acts

FDR would ultimately help friendly nations who were facing military invasions

Fransicso Franco

Facists not Socialist

Nagasaki

Fat Man, was dropped on Nagasaki, leveling half the city. By the end of the year, an estimated 200,000 people had died as a result of injuries and radiation poisoning caused by the atomic blast

At the conclusion of the Chinese civil war which was true?

The communists defeated the nationalists

H. R. Haldeman

White House chief of staff

Best traits to avoid being sent to Vietnam

White and Wealthy

Not true about the transformations in Russia

production went down

s not true about US School Segreagation in 1952?

prohibited in all Northern States

not among the startegies used by the southern christian leadership conference

secure voting rights for blacks in support of MLK presidential campaign

de jure segregation

segregation by law

de facto segregation

segregation that exists by practice and custom.

polarization (define and provide an example)

separation into opposite camps The american society with segregation

Ultimately, the Korean War ended....

Basically where it began

He arranged for $400 million in aid for postwar to be sent to Turkey and Greece

Harry S Truman

The NAACP and Nixon suggested

a bus boycott

Final Solution:

"Final Solution"—a policy of genocide, the deliberate and systematic killing of an entire population.The Final Solution reached its final stage in early 1942. At a meeting held in Wannsee, a lakeside suburb near Berlin, Hitler's top officials agreed to begin a new phase of the mass murder of Jews. To mass slaughter and starvation they would add a third method of killing—murder by poison gas

Pro-War signs

"america love it or leave it"

Agent Orange and Napalm contradicts which strategy

"winning the hearts and mind"

Nuremberg trials

, the defendants included Hitler's most trusted party officials, government ministers, military leaders, and powerful industrialists.In the end, 12 of the 24 defendants were sentenced to death, and most of the remaining were sent to prison. In later trials of lesser leaders, nearly 200 more Nazis were found guilty of war crimes. Still, many people have argued that the trials did not go far enough in seeking out and punishing war criminals. Many Nazis who took part in the Holocaust did indeed go free. Yet no matter how imperfect the trials might have been, they did establish an important principle—the idea that individuals are responsible for their own actions, even in times of war. Nazi executioners could not escape punishment by claiming that they were merely "following orders." The principle of individual responsibility was now firmly entrenched in international law.

United Nations

, the representatives of 50 nations met in San Francisco to establish this new peacekeeping body. After two months of debate, on June 26, 1945, the delegates signed the charter establishing the UN. Ironically, even though the UN was intended to promote peace, it soon became an arena in which the two superpowers competed. Both the United States and the Soviet Union used the UN as a forum to spread their influence over others.

Claiming to be persecuted for being Jewish and holding radical beliefs___________pleaded not guilty to the crime of espionage.

,Ethel and Julius Rosenberg

Pentagon Papers

. The 7,000-page document, written for Defense Secretary Robert McNamara in 1967-1968, revealed among other things that the government had drawn up plans for entering the war even as President Lyndon Johnson promised that he would not send American troops to Vietnam.

Which of the following is not true concerning Communist fears and anti-Commusists laws passed in the 1940's and 1950's?

Approximately 90% of the anti-communist laws were directed towards the film industry

By which year did the SU create their own H-Bomb?

1953

During which year did the US have the most military personal stationed in Vietnam

1968

How long was the mongomery boycott

381

Richard Nixon vows to get out of Vietnam how long does it take

5 years

What percent of the American population wanted to withdraw from the war?

60%

percentage of Americans who supported the US policy in Vietnam

61%

Which of the following is the correct estimate mentioned in reference to the force of a hydrogen bomb as compared to the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima?

67

Manhattan Project:

Advisory Committee on Uranium to study the new discovery. In 1941, the committee reported that it would take from three to five years to build an atomic bomb. Hoping to shorten that time, the OSRD set up an intensive program in 1942 to develop a bomb as quickly as possible.

affirmative action

Affirmative action programs involve making special efforts to hire or enroll groups that have suffered discrimination. Many colleges and almost all companies that do business with the federal government adopted such programs. But in the late 1970s, some people began to criticize affirmativeaction programs as "reverse discrimination" that set minority hiring or enrollment quotas and deprived whites of opportunities. In the 1980s, Republican administrations eased affirmative-action requirements for some government contractors.

In the late 1940s, all but one of the following were mentioned in our text as reasons why Americans were concerned about the security of the U.S.

At the height of WWII, over 1 million Americans claimed membership in the Communist Party

_______could only be changed with perjury, not espionage, because too many years have passed since the spying had taken place.

Alger Hiss

Where did the domino theory actually happen?

Asia

Why was Roosevelt anxious to make concessions to Stalin concerning the fate of postwar Germany?

Beacuse WWI had pissed Germnay off so mmuch that they caused WWII so if at the end of this they pissed Germany off just as much then they were basically starting WWIII

Why did some Americans find Malcolm X's views alarming?

Because he called for blacks to arm themselves and that would mean more lives black and white

How did Malcolm X die? Who killed him? Why? Where?

Because of his split with the Black Muslims, Malcolm believed his life might be in danger. "No one can get out without trouble," he confided. On February 21, 1965, while giving a speech in Harlem, the 39-year-old Malcolm X was shot and killed.

Why was Okinawa a significant island in the war in the Pacific?

Because of its position. it was the next island on the way to Japan

When did France rule Indochina?

Before WWII

Who "made the trains run on time"

Benito Mussolini

This action provided vital supplies to a region blockade by the SU-

Berlin Airlift

Fidel Castro:

Castro openly declared himself a communist and welcomed aid from the Soviet Union.Castro gained power with the promise of democracy. From 1956 to 1959, he led a guerrilla movement to topple dictator Fulgencio Batista. He won control in 1959 and later told reporters, "Revolutionaries are not born, they are made by poverty, inequality, and dictatorship." He then promised to eliminate these conditions from Cuba.Castro relied increasingly on Soviet aid— and on the political repression of those who did not agree with him. While some Cubans were taken by his charisma and his willingness to stand up to the United States, others saw Castro as a tyrant who had replaced one dictatorship with another. About 10 percent of Cuba's population went into exile, mostly to the United States. Within the large exile community of Miami, Florida, a counterrevolutionary movement took shape.

Which side fought on the side of the Communists during Korean war?

China

Who was forced to retreat to Taiwan?

Chinese Nationalists

Winston Churchill:

Churchill became prime minister in May 1940 and used his gift as a speaker to arouse Britons and unite them: "[W]e shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing- grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender." Chamberlain's political rival in Great Britain.

What were some accomplishments of the civil rights movement?

Civil Rights Act of 1968, which ended discrimination in housing African Americans greater pride in their racial identity. College students demanded new Black Studies programs so they could study African-American history and literature. In the entertainment world, the "color bar" was lowered as African Americans began to appear more frequently in movies and on television shows and commercials.estimated two-thirds of eligible African Americans were registered to vote, and a significant increase in African-American elected officials resulted. The number of African Americans holding elected office grew from fewer than 100 in 1965 to more than 7,000 in 1992. Many civil rights activists went on to become political leaders, among them Reverend Jesse Jackson, who sought the Democratic nomination for president in 1984 and 1988; Vernon Jordan,who led voter-registration drives that enrolled about 2 million African Americans; and Andrew Young, who has served as UN ambassador and Atlanta's mayor.

Which US leader concluded the Vietnam War was unwinnable after being picked to fill the defense seratary

Clark Clifford

This term refers to the indirect hostile conflict between U.S and SU-

Cold War

Search and Destroy missions

Conducted by US soilders these resulted in the uprooting villigers to suspected Vietcong

Why was Diem so unpopular?

Diem's popularity plummeted because of ongoing corruption and his failure to respond to calls for land reform. To combat the growing Vietcong presence in the South's countryside, the Diem administration initiated the strategic hamlet program, s, the South Vietnamese ruler imprisoned and killed hundreds of Buddhist clerics and destroyed their temples.

Which of the following would be at least likely be among the silent majority from which Nixon sought support?

Doves

In what ways was the civil rights campaign in Selma similar to the one in Birmingham?

Each time they were beaten and then given federal protection by the POTUS

He led the nation that dropped the first H-Bomb

Eisenhower

He told an aide "If one of these U-2's was lost when we were engaged apparently..."

Eisenhower

Under which POTUS did brinkmanship happedn

Eisenhower

This policy was intended to defend the Middle East in an attack by any communist country

Eisenhower Doctrine

This was used to counterbalance soviets intentions in the Middle East.

Eisenhower Doctrine

What was guaranteed under the Fourteenth Amendment?

Equal treatment under the law

nonaggression pact

Germany and communist Russia now committed never to attack each other. Germany and the Soviet Union also signed a second, secret pact, agreeing to divide Poland between them. With the danger of a two-front war eliminated, the fate of Poland was sealed.

Why did the United States enter into an undeclared shooting war with Germany in fall 1941?

Germany was bombing their merchant ships and the US had to fight back but they couldn't declare war

Axis powers

Germany, Italy, and Japan had signed a mutual defense treaty, the Tripartite Pact. The three nations became known as the Axis Powers.

HUAC

HUAC first made headlines in 1947, when it began to investigate Communist influence in the movie industry. The committee believed that Communists were sneaking propaganda into films. The committee pointed to the pro-Soviet films made during World War II when the Soviet Union had been a United States ally. HUAC subpoenaed 43 witnesses from the Hollywood film industry in September 1947. Many of the witnesses were "friendly," supporting the accusation that Communists had infiltrated the film industry. For example, the movie star Gary Cooper said he had "turned down quite a few scripts because I thought they were tinged with Communistic ideas." However, when asked which scripts he meant, Cooper couldn't remember their titles. Ten "unfriendly" witnesses were called to testify but refused. These men, known as the Hollywood Ten, decided not to cooperate because they believed that the hearings were unconstitutional. Because the Hollywood Ten refused to answer questions, they were sent to prison.

which group felt the US could win the War with more military force

Hawks

Not true about Hitler

He declared himself King

Stalin in the Soviet Union

He didn't order the assassination of Vladimir

How did Hitler rationalize the German invasion of Denmark and Norway?

He said he did so in order to protect those countries' freedom and independence

Not true about FDR's response to the aggressor nations

He urged US to join the United Nations to provide military and economic aid to China and Spain

Why did President Roosevelt create the OSRD, and what did it do?

He wanted to bring scientists into the war effort and it improved radar and sonar, new technologies for location submarines underwater it also worked to create an atomic bomb

What did the Hoh Chi Mihn trail accomplish?

Helped the Vietcong secure supplies

Nixon's adviser for national security affairs and later sectary of state

Henry Kissinger

The __________________decided not to cooperate with the investigation into whether American film industry had been influenced by communists.

Hollywood Ten

Which of the following is not true about the spy charges against Alger Hiss?

In the 1990s soviet cables released info that proved he was innocent They proved he was guilty

Explain the details surrounding the signing of the Munich Agreement. What did Winston Churchill have to say about the agreement?

In Churchill's view, by signing the Munich Agreement, Daladier and Chamberlain had adopted a shameful policy of appeasement—or giving up principles to pacify an aggressor. As Churchill bluntly put it, "Britain and France had to choose between war and dishonor. They chose dishonor. They will have war." Nonetheless, the House of Commons approved Chamberlain's policy toward Germany and Churchill responded with a warning.

Black Panthers:

In Oakland, California, in October 1966, Huey Newton and Bobby Seale founded a political party known as the Black Panthers to fight police brutality in the ghetto. The party advocated self sufficiency for African-American communities, as well as full employment and decent housing. Members maintained that African Americans should be exempt from military service because an unfair number of black youths had been drafted to serve in Vietnam.Dressed in black leather jackets, black berets, and sunglasses, the Panthers preached self-defense and sold copies of the writings of Mao Zedong, leader of the Chinese Communist revolution. Several police shootouts occurred between the Panthers and police, and the FBI conducted numerous investigations of group members (sometimes using illegal tactics). Even so, many of the Panthers' activities—the establishment of daycare centers, free breakfast programs, free medical clinics, assistance to the homeless, and other services—won support in the ghettos.

How were civil rights problems in Northern cities similar to those in the South?

In both the blacks were disciriminated against but they found that werethe people were being segregated because of people ideas not laws was harder to change than just the laws

Explain what one had to do in order to gain the honored title of Righteous Gentiles (or Righteous Persons). Briefly identify and provide a brief description of the 3 Righteous Gentiles mentioned in this section of our text.

In the midst of the world's overall indifference to the plight of Jewish refugees, thousands of non-Jews risked—and in many cases lost-—their own lives to save Jews from the Nazis. In recognition of such heroic efforts, the Israeli Parliament, the Knesset, bestowed on these individuals the title of Righteous Gentiles (or Righteous Persons). As of the year 2001 more than 18,269 individuals were recognized for their courage and morality. Aristides de Sousa Mendes, a Portuguese diplomat stationed in France, defied his government's orders and issued some 10,000 visas to Jews seeking entry to his country. The Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg issued "protective passports" that allowed thousands of Hungarian Jews to escape the Nazi death camps. Even citizens of Germany lent a hand. And Sempo Sugihara, Japanese consul in Lithuania, helped over 6,000 Jews to escape the Nazis' clutches, an act that cost him his career.

What did the domino theory explain?

It explained why the US would get more involved in the conflict in Vietnam

Benito Mussolini

Italian leader; Facist didn't want government owner ship of property

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

Its purpose was "to carry on nonviolent crusades against the evils of second-class citizenship." Using African-American churches as a base, the SCLC planned to stage protests and demonstrations throughout the South. The leaders hoped to build a movement from the grassroots up and to win the support of ordinary African Americans of all ages. King, president of the SCLC, used the power of his voice and ideas to fuel the movement's momentum

Government Loyalty Boards

Its purpose was to investigate government employees and to dismiss those who were found to be disloyal to the U.S. government. The U.S. attorney general drew up a list of 91 "subversive" organizations; membership in any of these groups was grounds for suspicion.

Who controlled Vietnam in WWII

Japan

Not true about Japan in 1930s

Japan launched a surprise attack on the American base at Pearl Harbor *Pearl Harbor was 1941

As secretary of state he proposed that the U.S declare its intention to use massive weapons against any aggressor nation

John Foster Dulles

Committee to Reelect the President

John Mitchell, who had resigned as attorney general to run Nixon's reelection campaign, was the CRP's director

If ive lost Walter weve lost everyone

Johnson

Johnson and the Vietnam War

Johnson wanted all of the power so he wanted to take all the necessary action to wage war

D-Day

June 6, 1944, the first day of the invasion The Allied invasion, code-named Operation Overlord, was originally set for June 5, but bad weather forced a delay. Banking on a forecast for clearing skies, Eisenhower gave the go-ahead for D-Day

Kennedy and Vitenam

Kennedy announced his intent to withdraw form Vietnam

What effect do you think the televised debate between Kennedy and Nixon would have on American politics?

Kennedy looked better to the American people because he was coached by the TV producers. More people were able to hear the debate because it was televised

How did Denmark's King Christian X respond to the Nuremberg Laws? What impact did this have on him and others?

King Christian X became an important symbol of Danish resistance in World War II. In 1942, he rejected the Nazis' demand to enforce the Nuremberg Laws against the Jews in occupied Denmark. In August 1943, the king spoke out against the German occupying forces, an act that led to his imprisonment for the remainder of the war.

Kristallnacht

Kristallnacht: "Night of Broken Glass." Nazi storm troopers attacked Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues across Germany. An American who witnessed the violence wrote, "Jewish shop windows by the hundreds were systematically and wantonly smashed. . . . The main streets of the city were a positive litter of shattered plate glass." Around 100 Jews were killed, and hundreds more were injured. Some 30,000 Jews were arrested and hundreds of synagogues were burned. Afterward, the Nazis blamed the Jews for the destruction.

NOT true about 1968 primary-

Lyndon B Johnson defeated

not mentioned in reference to the SNCC

MLK was appointed as the president of the organization

Why had the tide turned in the Battle of the Atlantic by mid-1943?

Mainly because of the new technology. With this new tech the britsh ships could detect the U-Boats and sink them before they could attack causing significant loses to the germans and the US slaunched a crash shipbuilding program the produced more ships then were sunk by the U-Boats.

This aid program was directed "not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty desperation and chaos

Marshall Plan

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

Marshall's most stunning victory came on May 17, 1954, in the case known as Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. (See page 708). In this case, the father of eight-year-old Linda Brown had charged the board of education of Topeka, Kansas, with violating Linda's rights by denying her admission to an all white elementary school four blocks from her house. The nearest all-black elementary school was 21 blocks away. In a landmark verdict, the Supreme Court unanimously struck down segregation in schooling as an unconstitutional violation of the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote that, "[I]n the field of public education, the doctrine of separate but equal has no place." The Brown decision was relevant for some 12 million schoolchildren in 21 states.

not mentioned among responses to the Brown decision in the 1950

Martin Luther was shot and killed by a white racist

This defense military alliance was the first military alliance that the U.S ever entered during peacetime

NATO

In order to avoid being placed on a blacklist, what was screenwriter Gorgan K. expected to do based upon the demands of the congressional committee?

Name other communists

People chose which two branches to avoid being sent to Vietnam

National Guard and Coast Guard

Which nation was ultimately responsible for starting the Korean War?

North Korea

The 38th parallel became an important dividing line between...

North and South Korea

Nuremberg Laws

Nuremberg Laws stripped Jews of their German citizenship, jobs, and property. To make it easier for the Nazis to identify them, Jews had to wear a bright yellow Star of David attached to their clothing. Worse was yet to come.

organization of oil producers

OPEC

What basic problems were the OPA and WPB created to solve?

Office of Price Administration (OPA) • Fought inflation by freezing wages, prices, and rents • Rationed foods, such as meat, butter, cheese, vegetables, sugar, and coffee National War Labor Board (NWLB) • Limited wage increases • Allowed negotiated benefits, such as paid vacation, pensions, and medical insurance • Kept unions stable by forbidding workers to change unions

What events led to desegregation in Birmingham

On April 20, King posted bail and began planning more demonstrations. On May 2, more than a thousand African-American children marched in Birmingham; Police commissioner Eugene "Bull" Connor's men arrested 959 of them. On May 3, a second "children's crusade" came face to face with a helmeted police force. Police swept the marchers off their feet with high-pressure fire hoses, set attack dogs on them, and clubbed those who fell. TV cameras captured all of it, and millions of viewers heard the children screaming. Continued protests, an economic boycott, and negative media coverage finally convinced Birmingham officials to end segregation.

Which of the following is not a true statement about Chiang Kai-Shek?

Overall, it is said he was popular with the Chinese peasants

Which of the following is true about the Rosenberg spy case?

People throughout the world appealed for mercy in regards to their convictions

Stokely Carmichael

Police in Greenwood, Mississippi, arrested Carmichael for setting up a tent on the grounds of an all-black high school. When Carmichael showed up at a rally later, his face swollen from a beating, he electrified the crowd.Black Power, Carmichael said, was a "call for black people to begin to define their own goals . . . [and] to lead their own organizations.

Was not true about WWII and the development of the civil rights movement

President Roosevelt issued a directive prohibiting racial integration at the start of war

basis of bill that allowed state and local government to spend their money how they wantedbasis of bill that allowed state and local government to spend their money how they wanted

Revenue sharing

candidates was the beneficiary of the turmoil following the violence at Democratic national convection

Richard Nixon

Atlantic Charter

Roosevelt and Churchill met secretly at a summit aboard the battleship USS Augusta. Although Churchill hoped for a military commitment, he settled for a joint declaration of war aims, called the Atlantic Charter. Both countries pledged the following: collective security, disarmament, self-determination, economic cooperation, and freedom of the seas. Roosevelt disclosed to Churchill that he couldn't ask Congress for a declaration of war against Germany, but "he would wage war" and do "everything" to "force an incident."

Not true about America's isolationism

Roosevelt pushed for raising trade barriers to protect American jobs

5 year agreement limited IBMS

SALT 1 Treaty

Which of the following is not true about UN?

SU refused to join until US agreed to disarm Germany

This group consisted of Eastern Europe nations dominated by SU

Satellite Nations

Why was the public reaction to the Black Panthers mixed?

Several police shootouts occurred between the Panthers and police, and the FBI conducted numerous investigations of group members (sometimes using illegal tactics). Even so, many of the Panthers' activities—the establishment of daycare centers, free breakfast programs, free medical clinics, assistance to the homeless, and other services—won support in the ghettos.

Led to rosa Parks arrest

She and 3 other blacks refused to give up their seat to one white

General Douglas MacArthur argued that the Korean War..

Should be extended into a war against China

Why did civil rights organizers ask their supporters to march on Washington?

So they could try and persue congress to pass the civil rights bill

which program saw an increase in funding from Nixon

Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid payments and made food stamps more accessible.

The reaction to the Brown decision included all but one of the following

Texas Rangers were called in to protect black students once the ruling was made They were actually called to take the students out

did AMerican independent canidiate get votes

South East

Who cancelled the elections in Vietnam?

South Vietnam's president

Vietcong

South Vietnamese fighters fighitng for communism in the South

Attack conservative voters by slowing down or reversing civil rights policies and naming consercative judges to the Supreme Court

Southern Strategy

Which is not true about Potsdam Conference?

Stalin refused to make a promise to allow free elections in Europe He made the promise just never kept it

What decisions did Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin make at the Yalta Conference?

Stalin, Roosevelt convinced Churchill to agree to a temporary division of Germany into four zones, one each for the Americans, the British, the Soviets, and the French. Churchill and Roosevelt assumed that, in time, all the zones would be brought together in a reunited Germany. For his part, Stalin promised "free and unfettered elections" in Poland and other Soviet-occupied Eastern European countries. Stalin also agreed to join in the war against Japan. That struggle was expected to continue for another year or more. In addition, he agreed to participate in an international conference to take place in April in San Francisco. There, Roosevelt's dream of a United Nations (UN) would become a reality

Under Soviet communism, the ___ controlled all property and _______.

State and Economic Activity

Nixon appointed 3 conservative judices

TRUE

Battle of the Bulge:

Tanks drove 60 miles into Allied territory, creating a bulge in the lines that gave this desperate lastditch offensive its name, the Battle of the Bulge. As the Germans swept westward, they captured 120 American GIs near Malmédy. Elite German troops—the SS troopers—herded the prisoners into a large field and mowed them down with machine guns and pistols.The Germans had lost 120,000 troops, 600 tanks and assault guns, and 1,600 planes in the Battle of the Bulge— soldiers and weapons they could not replace. From that point on, the Nazis could do little but retreat.

term used to describe MLK jr bran on non-violent resistance

The "soul-force"

Where did the Geneva Accords split up Vietnam?

The 17th parallel

Brown v Board of Education......

The Court ruled Plessy v Ferguson was illgeal

Why did young people in SNCC and the MFDP feel betrayed by some civil rights leaders?

The Democrats would give 2 of Mississippi's 68 seats to the MFDP, with a promise to ban discrimination at the 1968 convention. When Hamer learned of the compromise, she said, "We didn't come all this way for no two seats."

What two key decisions determined the final outcome at Stalingrad?

The Germans continually fighting and so they were caught in the winter so they were unprepared and so they lost a lot of people.

Why was the Battle of the Bulge important?

The Germans had lost 120,000 troops, 600 tanks and assault guns, and 1,600 planes in the Battle of the Bulge— soldiers and weapons they could not replace. From that point on, the Nazis could do little but retreat.

Rise of Hitler and the Nazis

The Great Depression helped the Nazis come to power. Because of war debts and dependence on American loans and investments, Germany's economy was hit hard. By 1932, some 6 million Germans were unemployed. Many men who were out of work joined Hitler's private army, the storm troopers (or Brown Shirts). The German people were desperate and turned to Hitler as their last hope. By mid 1932, the Nazis had become the strongest political party in Germany. In January 1933, Hitler was appointed chancellor (prime minister). Once in power, Hitler quickly dismantled Germany's democratic Weimar Republic. In its place he established the Third Reich, or Third German Empire. According to Hitler, the Third Reich would be a "Thousand-Year Reich"—it would last for a thousand years.

How did the American response to the Japanese raid on Pearl Harbor differ from Japanese expectations?

The Japanese had attacked Pearl Harbor with the expectation that once Americans had experienced Japan's power, they would shrink from further conflict. The day after the raid, the Japan Times boasted that the United States, now reduced to a third-rate power, was "trembling in her shoes." But if Americans were trembling, it was with rage, not fear. Uniting under the battle cry "Remember Pearl Harbor!" they set out to prove Japan wrong.

What was the goal of the doctrine of flexible response?

The Kennedy administration worried that [the] reliance on nuclear weapons gave us no way to respond to large nonnuclear attacks without committing suicide. . . . We decided to broaden the range of options by strengthening and modernizing the military's ability to fight a nonnuclear war.

Which best explains why the U.S worked to depose the elected prime minister of Iran...

The U.S feared he would seek Soviet help under economic fault.

What impact did the outbreak of war in Europe have on U.S. foreign and defense policy?

The US started to ship goods to countries at war and they decided to give more money to their navy's so they can fight better

How was oil a source of conflict between Japan and the United States?

The US stopped Japan from getting oil which would harm the ability for them to fight in the wars because US was their main oil supply and this pushed the attack on the Philippines.

dramatic Vietnam war policies

The US would seek negotiations with the North Vietnam

War Production Board (WPB):

The WPB decided which companies would convert from peacetime to wartime production and allocated raw materials to key industries. The WPB also organized drives to collect scrap iron, tin cans, paper, rags, and cooking fat for recycling into war goods. Across America, children scoured attics, cellars, garages, vacant lots, and back alleys, looking for useful junk.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

The act eliminated the so-called literacy tests that had disqualified many voters. It also stated that federal examiners could enroll voters who had been denied suffrage by local officials. In Selma, the proportion of African Americans registered to vote rose from 10 percent in 1964 to 60 percent in 1968. Overall the percentage of registered African-American voters in the South tripled. Although the Voting Rights Act marked a major civil rights victory, some felt that the law did not go far enough. Centuries of discrimination had produced social and economic inequalities. Anger over these inequalities led to a series of violent disturbances in the cities of the North.

Neville Chamberlain:

The british prime minister was invited to meet with Hitler and they chose to believe him that he would only take the Sudetenland and it would be his last Signed the Munich agreement and gave over the sudetenland

What were the results of the Cuban missile crisis?

The effects of the crisis lasted long after the missiles had been removed. Many Cuban exiles blamed the Democrats for "losing Cuba" (a charge that Kennedy had earlier leveled at the Republicans) and switched their allegiance to the GOP. Meanwhile, Castro closed Cuba's doors to the exiles in November 1962 by banning all flights to and from Miami. Three years later, hundreds of thousands of people took advantage of an agreement that allowed Cubans to join relatives in the United States. By the time Castro sharply cut down on exit permits in 1973, the Cuban population in Miami had increased to about 300,000.

Which of the following is not true about the Cold War?

The term Cold War originated with the dispute between the U.S and Soviets over who would control ICELAND

Nixon's visit to China

The two nations agreed that neither would try to dominate the Pacific and that both would cooperate in settling disputes peacefully. They also agreed to participate in scientific and cultural exchanges as well as to eventually reunite Taiwan with the mainland.

Consequence of Christmas Bombings

The two warring factions went back to negotiations

What moves did Germany make in its quest for lebensraum?

They took over Austria and made a deal to get the Sudetenland from Czechoslocakia

Why did African-American laborers plan a march on Washington in July of 1941? How did FDR respond to the planned march (be specific)?

They wanted to end the discrimination in the military and the industries FDR decided to issue an exuctive order telling all industies that they couldn't discriminate workers and so the African Americans won the right to fight in the military in combat positions just like the majority wanted.

Why did Roosevelt take one "unneutral" step after another to assist Britain and the Soviet Union in 1941?

They wanted to help the british and they wanted to protect their allies

What difficulties did women and minorities face in the wartime work force?

They were discriminated against and they didn't make as much as men and they were hired for menial work and many didn't hire african americans.

What was the outcome of the North African campaign?

They won and they were not masteres of the North African shores

McCarran Internal Security Act

This made it unlawful to plan any action that might lead to the establishment of a totalitarian dictatorship in the United States. Truman vetoed the bill, saying, "In a free country, we punish men for the crimes they commit, but never for the opinions they have." But Congress enacted the law over Truman's veto

Thurgood Marshall

Thurgood Marshall dedicated his life to fighting racism. His father had labored as a steward at an all-white country club, his mother as a teacher at an all-black school. Marshall himself was denied admission to the University of Maryland Law School because of his race. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy nominated Marshall to the U.S. Court of Appeals. Lyndon Johnson picked Marshall for U.S. solicitor general in 1965 and two years later named him as the first African-American Supreme Court justice. In that role, he remained a strong advocate of civil rights until he retired in 1991. After Marshall died in 1993, a copy of the Brown v. Board of Education decision was placed beside his casket. On it, an admirer wrote: "You shall always be remembered." . Over the next 23 years, Marshall and his NAACP lawyers would win 29 out of 32 cases argued before the Supreme Court. Several of the cases became legal milestones, each chipping away at the segregation platform of Plessy v. Ferguson. In the 1946 case Morgan v. Virginia, the Supreme Court declared unconstitutional those state laws mandating segregated seating on interstate buses. In 1950, the high court ruled in Sweatt v. Painter that state law schools must admit black applicants, even if separate black schools exist.

He believed that the best way to avoid a third world war was to create world order with all nations had the right of self-determination

Truman

Which of the following indicates the correct order of events?

Truman doctrine, Marshall Plan, Berlin airlift

Which of the following is not true about the McCarran Internal Security Act?

Truman proposed the bill to protect U.S from communism

All but one of the following was true concerning Chiang Kai shek's gov?

Truman strongly believed it had been effective in meeting the needs of the Chinese people.

This event led Khrushchev to call off a summit conference he and Eisenhower were going to hold.

U-2 Incident

Which is not true about Suez war?

U.S joined Britain and France in attempt to take over the canal.

Mai Lai Massacre

U.S. platoon under the command of Lieutenant William Calley, Jr., had massacred innocent civilians in the small village , the troops rounded up the villagers and shot more than 200 innocent Vietnamese—mostly women, children, and elderly men.

FAP

Under the FAP, every family of four with no outside income would receive a basic federal payment of $1,600 a year, with a provision to earn up to $4,000 a year in supplemental income. Unemployed participants, excluding mothers of preschool children, would have to take job training and accept any reasonable work offered them.

Both the U.S and the SU joined this organization after WWII-

United Nations

Women's Auxiliary Army Corp (WAAC)

Under this bill, women volunteers would serve in noncombat positions. The law gave the WAACs an official status and salary but few of the benefits granted to male soldiers. In July 1943, after thousands of women had enlisted, the U.S. Army dropped the "auxiliary" status, and granted WACs full U.S. Army benefits. WACs worked as nurses, ambulance drivers, radio operators, electricians, and pilots—nearly every duty not involving direct combat.

Lend-Lease Act

Under this plan, the president would lend or lease arms and other supplies to "any country whose defense was vital to the United States."

The satellite nations were members of this military alliance

Warsaw Pact

Although Mao Z. won heats of chinese peasants, he failed to win American support because he...

Was a communist

Which of the following is not true about Germany in 1949?

West Berlin was located in the West part of Germany

US commander in South Vietnam

William Westmoreland

Was the Allied invasion of Europe successful? Explain your answer

Yes they had freed France, Belgium, and Luxembourg

Which group came to the 1968 Demoratic convention in chicago hoppingto provoke violence that might discredit the Demoratic Party

Yippies

Berlin Wall:

a concrete wall topped with barbed wire that severed the city in two.In 1961, Nikita Khrushchev, the Soviet premier, ordered the Berlin Wall built to stop the flow of refugees from East to West Berlin. Most were seeking freedom from Communist rule. The wall isolated West Berlin from a hostile German Democratic Republic (GDR). Passing from East to West was almost impossible without the Communist government's permission. During the 28 years the wall was standing, approximately 5,000 people succeeded in fleeing. Almost 200 people died in the attempt; most were shot by the GDR border guards. In 1989, East Germany opened the Berlin Wall to cheering crowds. Today the rubbled concrete is a reminder of the Cold War tensions between East and West.

Rosa Parks

a seamstress and an NAACP officer, took a seat in the front row of the "colored" section of a Montgomery bus. As the bus filled up, the driver ordered Parks and three other African-American passengers to empty the row they were occupying so that a white man could sit down without having to sit next to any African Americans. "It was time for someone to stand up— or in my case, sit down," recalled Parks. "I refused to move." As Parks stared out the window, the bus driver said, "If you don't stand up, I'm going to call the police and have you arrested." The soft-spoken Parks replied, "You may do that." News of Parks's arrest spread rapidly. Jo Ann Robinson and NAACP leader E. D. Nixon suggested a bus boycott. The leaders of the African-American community, including many ministers, formed the Montgomery Improvement Association to organize the boycott. Long before December 1955, Rosa Parks (shown being finger printed) had protested segregation through everyday acts. She refused to use drinking fountains labeled "Colored Only." When possible, she shunned segregated elevators and climbed stairs instead. Parks joined the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP in 1943 and became the organization's secretary. A turning point came for her in the summer of 1955, when she attended a workshop designed to promote integration by giving the students the experience of interracial living. Returning to Montgomery, Parks was even more determined to fight segregation. As it happened, her act of protest against injustice on the buses inspired a whole community to join her cause.

"winning the hearts and mind"

a strategy to get the South Vietnamese on the American side

John F. Kennedy

became the 35th president of the United States on a crisp and sparkling day in January 1961. Appearing without a coat in freezing weather, he issued a challenge to the American people. He said that the world was in "its hour of maximum danger," as Cold War tensions ran high. Rather than shrinking from the danger, the United States should confront the "iron tyranny" of communism

Democracies didn't fail in Europe

because of the treaty of Versailles, They fell because the people didn't have a strong democratic tradition so they turned to authoritarian leaders to solve their economic and social problems.

Why did some leaders of SCLC disagree with SNCC tactics?

because they believed it would provoke African Americans to violence and antagonize whites.

Transformations in Russia

both agricultural and industrial Stalin abolished all privately owned farms and replaced them with collectives—large government-owned farms, each worked by hundreds of families. Stalin moved to transform the Soviet Union from a backward rural nation into a great industrial power. All economic activity was placed under state management. surpassed in overall production only by the United States.

not true about sit ins

by 1960s students had staged sit-ins in segreated lunch counters in 48 states

Vietnamization

called for the gradual withdrawal of U.S. troops in order for the South Vietnamese to take on a more active combat role in the war

John Ehrlichman,

chief domestic adviser

Hideki Tojo

chief of staff of Japan's Kwantung Army, launched the invasion into China Prime Minister

Dwight D. Eisenhower:

commander of opperation torch in Africa, opperation overload, When Army Chief of Staff General George Marshall chose modest Lieutenant General Dwight David Eisenhower to become the Supreme Commander of U.S. forces in Europe, he knew what he was doing. Ike was a superb planner and possessed a keen mind for military tactics. More important, Eisenhower had an uncommon ability to work with all kinds of people, even competitive and temperamental allies. After V-E Day, a grateful Marshall wrote to Ike, saying, "You have been selfless in your actions, always sound and tolerant in your judgments and altogether admirable in the courage and wisdom of your military decisions. You have made history, great history for the good of mankind." In 1953, Dwight D. Eisenhower became president of the United States.

concentration camp:

concentration camp: labor camps. Families were often separated, sometimes—like the Weissmanns—forever.

ONe of the most common ways to avoid the draft

enroll in a university

Charles de Gaulle

french general fled to England, where he set up a government-in-exile. De Gaulle proclaimed defiantly, "France has lost a battle, but France has not lost the war."

Malcolm X

frican-American leaders who urged their followers to take complete control of their communities, livelihoods, and culture. One such leader, Malcolm X, declared to a Harlem audience, "If you think we are here to tell you to love the white man, you have come to the wrong place."Malcolm X's early life left him alienated from white society. His father was allegedly killed by white racists, and his mother had an emotional collapse, leaving Malcolm and his siblings in the care of the state. At the end of eighth grade, Malcolm quit school and was later jailed for criminal behavior. In 1946, while in prison, Malcolm joined the Nation of Islam. He developed a philosophy of black superiority and separatism from whites. In the later years of his life, he urged African Americans to identify with Africa and to work with world organizations and even progressive whites to attain equality. Although silenced by gunmen, Malcolm X is a continuing inspiration for many Americans. , went to jail at age 20 for burglary. While in prison, he studied the teachings of Elijah Muhammad, the head of the Nation of Islam, or the Black Muslims. Malcolm changed his name to Malcolm X (dropping what he called his "slave name") and, after his release from prison in 1952, became an Islamic minister. As he gained a following, the brilliant thinker and engaging speaker openly preached Elijah Muhammad's views that whites were the cause of the black condition and that blacks should separate from white society. Malcolm's message appealed to many African Americans and their growing racial pride. At a New York press conference in March 1964, he also advocated armed self-defense. he embarked on a pilgrimage to Mecca, When he returned to the United States, his attitude toward whites had changed radically. He explained his new slogan, "Ballots or bullets,"Because of his split with the Black Muslims, Malcolm believed his life might be in danger. "No one can get out without trouble," he confided. On February 21, 1965, while giving a speech in Harlem, the 39-year-old Malcolm X was shot and killed.

Suez War

fused to let ships bound for Israel pass through the canal, even though the canal was supposed to be open to all nations. Israel responded by sending troops. So did Great Britain and France. The three countries seized the Mediterranean end of the canal. The UN quickly stepped in to stop the fighting. It persuaded Great Britain, France, and Israel to withdraw. However, it allowed Egypt to keep control of the canal.

genocide

genocide: s, Hitler imposed what he called the "Final Solution"—a policy of genocide, the deliberate and systematic killing of an entire population.

ghetto

ghetto: smal, overcrowded ghettos, segregated Jewish areas in certain Polish cities. The Nazis sealed off the ghettos with barbed wire and stone walls

cause behind the rise of fascism in italy

increase demand for democratic leadership

characteristics of totalitarian government

individuals have no rights, and the government suppresses all opposition.

In the capitalist American system, the ____controlled almost all _____are elected from ________ parties

private citizens economic activity and competeing

J. Robert Oppenheimer

research directed by American scientist the development of the atomic bomb was not only the most ambitious scientific enterprise in history, it was also the best-kept secret of the war. At its peak, more than 600,000 Americans were involved in the project, although few knew its purpose. Even Truman did not learn about it until he became president.

scapegoat

scapegoat: someone who is made to bear the blame of others

Limited Test Ban Treaty

that barred nuclear testing in the atmosphere.

Not amoung changes by New Left

the establishment of socialism (even communism)

What things did the Black Panthers do that helped them win support from people living in the ghettos?

the establishment of daycare centers, free breakfast programs, free medical clinics, assistance to the homeless, and other services

Under Nixon's revenue sharing plan...

the federal government would share federal power with the states

Holocaust:

the systematic murder of 11 million people across Europe, more than half of whom were Jews.

Response to Little Rock which of the following is not true

there was an immediate reduction in the US federal governments jurisdiction over violations of African Americans

Battle of Midway:

was a turning point in the Pacific War. Soon the Allies began "island hopping." Island by island they won territory back from the Japanese. With each island, Allied forces moved closer to Japan. By the end of the Battle of Midway, the Japanese had lost four aircraft carriers, a cruiser, and 250 planes. In the words of a Japanese official, at Midway the Americans had "avenged Pearl Harbor."

Douglas MacArthur:

was in command of Allied forces on the islands. When American and Filipino forces found themselves with their backs to the wall on Bataan, President Roosevelt ordered MacArthur to leave. On March 11, 1942, MacArthur left the Philippines with his wife, his son, and his staff. As he left, he pledged to the many thousands of men who did not make it out, "I shall return."

Women in the draft

were exempt from the draft but volunteered by the thousands to join the red Cross

conscientious objector

were sent to Vietnam but would serve in a non-combat role

sit-ins

which African-American protesters sat down at segregated lunch counters and refused to leave until they were served

Kerner Commission

which President Johnson had appointed to study the causes of urban violence, issued its 200,000-word report. In it, the panel named one main cause: white racism. Said the report: "This is our basic conclusion: Our nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white—separate and unequal." The report called for the nation to create new jobs, construct new housing, and end de facto segregation in order to wipe out the destructive ghetto environment. However, the Johnson administration ignored many of the recommendations because of white opposition to such sweeping changes.

Civil Rights Act of 1968

which ended discrimination in housing

Civil Rights Act of 1964

which prohibited discrimination because of race, religion, national origin, and gender. It gave all citizens the right to enter libraries, parks, washrooms, restaurants, theaters, and other public accommodations.• Prohibited discrimination in the sale or rental of most housing • Strengthened anti lynching laws • Made it a crime to harm civil rights workers

James Meredith:

won a federal court case that allowed him to enroll in the all-white University of Mississippi, nicknamed Ole Miss. But when Meredith arrived on campus, he faced Governor Ross Barnett, who refused to let him register as a student. President Kennedy ordered federal marshals to escort Meredith to the registrar's office. Barnett responded with a heated radio appeal: "I call on every Mississippian to keep his faith and courage. We will never surrender." The broadcast turned out white demonstrators by the thousands