History Exam 4

Civil Rights Bill

Along with the 14th amendment legislation that guaranteed the rights of citizenship to former slave

Identify the current estimate of how many Americans lost their lies in the Civil war, and contrast that total with those of other contemporaneous conflicts, like China's Taiping Rebellion

750,000 but not as many as the Chinese

Assess how much of the world's cotton supply came from the U.S. and how the South's investments in slaves compared to the value of major U.S. industries (factories, railroads, and banks)

3/4s of the worlds supply came from the US south. Slave investments exceeded the value of the nations factories, railroads, and banks.

Fugitive Slave Act

1850 law that gave the federal government authority in cases involving runaway slaves; aroused considerable opposition in the North

Kansas Nebraska Act

1854 law sponsored by Illinois senator Stephen A. Douglas to allow settlers in newly organized territories north of the Missouri Border to decide the slavery issue for themselves; fury over the resulting repeal of the Missouri Compromise of 1820 led to violence in Kansas and to the formation of Republican Party

Dred Scott decision

1857 U.S. Supreme Court decision in which Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ruled that congress could not prohibit slavery in the territories, on the grounds that such prohibition would violate the 5th Amendment rights of slaveholders, and that no black person could be a citizen of the USA

reconstruction act

1867 law that established temporary military governments in 10 confederate states - excepting Tennessee - and required that the states ratify the 14th amendment and permit freedmen to vote

14th amendment

1868 constitution amendment that guaranteed rights of citizenship to former slaves, in words similar to those of the civil rights act of 1866A

Describe the role of the Underground Railroad in resisting slavery, and of its most famous participant, Harriet Tubman.

A loose organization of sympathetic abolitionists who hid fugitives in their homes and sent them on to the station assisted some runaway slaves. She rescued about 75 people.

Paternalism

A moral position developed during the first half of the 19th century that claimed that slaves were deprived of liberty for their own good. Such a rationalization was adopted by some slaveowners to justify slavery

peculiar institution

A phrase used by whites in the antebellum South to refer to slavery without using the word "slavery"

temperance movement

A widespread reform movement. led by militant Christians, focused on reducing the use of alcoholic beverages

Explain why urban slaves enjoyed varying degrees of autonomy from slavery, particularly if they possessed valuable skills.

Able to hire their own time. Could make work arrangements individually with employers, with most of the wages going to the slave owner, Most lived on their own

Harriet Tubman

Abolitionist who was born a slave, escaped to the North, and then returned to the south 19 times and guided 300 slaves to freedom

Election of 1860

American presidential election held on Nov. 6, 1860, in which Republican Abraham Lincoln defeated Southern Democrat John C. Breckinridge, Democrat Stephen A. Douglas, and Constitutional Union candidate John Bell.

Explain how American settlers came to migrate to Texas, and why their presence became a source of conflict with the Mexican Government

American settlers moved to texas to obtain land. During that time period lots of people started to move to Texas and the Mexican government was lossing control because of the large influx of americans being the majority of the population living there.

Denmark Vesey

An 1822 failed slave uprising in Charleston, SC purported to have been led by free black man

Battle of Gettysburg

Battle fought in southern PA July 1-3 1863; the confederate defeat and the simultaneous loss at Vicksburg marked the military turning point of the civil war

Emancipation proclamation

Declaration issues by president abraham lincoln; the preliminary proclamation on September 22, 1862, freed the slaves in areas under Confederate control as of January 1, 1863, the date of the final proclamation, which also authorized the enrollment of black soldiers into the Union army

Mexican War

Controversial war with Mexico for control of California and New Mexico, 1846-1848; the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo fixed the border at the Rio Grande and extended the US to the Pacific coast, annexing more than a 1/2 million square miles of Mexican territory

Battle of Antietam

One of the bloodiest battles of the civil war, fought to a standoff on sept 17, 1862 in western maryland

Identify the 3 components of the Compromise of 1850, and discuss how its fugitive slave act generated great controversy and conflict over the power of the federal government.

California would enter the Union as a free state. The slave trade, but not slavery itself, would be abolished in the nations capital. A stringent new law would allow southerners to reclaim runaway slaves. And the status of slavery in the remaining territories acquired from mexico would be left to the decision of the local white inhabitants. The US would also agree to pay off the massive debt Texas had accumulated while independent. The new law allowed special federal commissioners to determine the fate if alleged fugitives without benefit of a trial or even testimony by accused individual. It prohibited local authorities from interfering with the capture of fugitives and required individual citizens to assist in such capture when called upon by agents

Compromise of 1850

Complex compromise devised by Senator Henry Clay that admitted California as a free state, included a stronger fugitive slave law, and delayed determination if the slave status of the New Mexico and Utah territories

Analyze the importance and examples of "silent sabotage" as a form of resistance against slavery.

doing poor work, breaking tools, abusing animals, and in other ways to disrupt plantation routine

carpetbaggers

Derisive term for northern emigrants who participated in republican governments of the reconstruction south

Summarize the events that led to the bloodshed in Kansas in 1856, and explain how "Bleeding Kansas" intensified the growing conflict between northerners and southerners

During elections in 1853 and 1856 hundreds of proslavery Missourians crossed the border to cast fraudulent ballots. President franklin pierce recognized the legitimacy of the resulting proslavery legislature and replaced the governor of PA, when he dissented. Settlers from free states soon established a rival government and a sporadic civil war broke out in kansas in which some 200 people died.

Explain why the civil war produced as outbreak of violence between Native Americans and white settlers, and also led to the Navajos Long Walk.

Had campaigned to punish Indians responsible for raids on nearby settlements. They didnt find the indians but the indians were mad so they fought back. stole sheep and made about 8,000 people walk to reservations set aside by the govenment

Explain how and why the Kansas Nebraska Act broke the Democratic Party in two, and damaged the Whig Party as well

Harmed some chances of there reelection half the northern democrats in the house casted negative votes. the whig party was unable to develop a unified response to the political crisis, collapsed. Most northern whigs joined the republican party

Recount the circumstances of the death of the abolitionist Elijah P. Lovejoy, of Alton, Illinois.

He was defending his press. Began his editorial career in the slave state of Missouri but soon been forced to move to Illinois. His message was the system of Negro slavery is an awful evil and sin. Mobs destroyed his printing press 4 times. Burn PA hall to the ground after carrying around a portrait of George Washington to safety.

utopian communities

Ideal communities that offered innovative social and economic relationships to those who were interested in achieving salvation

Identify the three major theaters of conflict in the Mexican War (1846-1848), and summarize the territorial settlement established by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

In June 1846 a band of American insurrectionists proclaimed California freed from Mexican control and named captain John C,. Fremont, head a small scientific expedition in the west, its ruler. A month later the US Navy sailed into Monterey and San Fran harbors, raised the American Flag and put an end to the bear republic flag. at the same time 1,600 American troops under General Stephen W. Kearney occupied Sante Fe without resistance and then set out for southern Cali, where they helped put down a Mexican uprising against American Rule. The bulk of the fighting occurred in Mexico. In Feb 1847 Taylor defeated Santa Anna's army at the Battle of Buena Vista. When the Mexican government still refused to negotiate, Polk ordered American forces under Winfield Scott to march inland from the port of Veracruz toward Mexico City. Scotts forces routed Mexican defenders and in sept occupied the countries capital. In Feb 1848 the 2 governments agreed to a treaty. which confirmed the annexation of Texas and ceded California and present day new mexico, arizona, nevada, and utah to the US for 15 million.

Analyze the larger historical context of Turner's rebellion -- how that event (in 1831) coincided with major challenges to the practice of slave-owning both in the U.S. and abroad.

In that year parliament debated a program for abolishing slavery throughout the British empire, underscoring the Souths growing isolation in the western world. Slavery faced enemies inside and outside the south.

Compare and contrast the lives and opportunities of free blacks living in the Deep South cities (New Orleans, Charleston,) with those in Upper South states like Virginia and Maryland.

In the Deep south relatively prosperous free black communities developed, mostly consisting of mixed raced descendants of unions between white men and slave women, some became wealthy. Many free blacks in these cities acquired an education and worked as skilled craftsmen such as tailors, carpenters, and mechanics, they established churches and schools. In the Upper South where the large majority of southern free blacks lived they generally worked for wages as farm laborers,

Explain how the civil rights bill of 1866 signaled a major change in the rights guaranteed to all americans

It defined al persons born in the US a citizen and spelled out the right they were to enjoy without regard to race. no longer could states enact laws like the black codes discriminating between white and black citizens.So were free labor values. According to law no state could deprive any citizen of the right to make contracts, bring lawsuits or enjoy equal protection of ones person and property

Identify the key economic interests in the North that made it a vital participant in the slave economy

It helped them to pay for there industrial development, and internal improvements.

Know Nothing Party

Nativist, anti-Catholic third party organized in 1854 in reaction to large scale German and Irish immigration; the party's only presidential candidate was Millard Fillmore in 1856

Identify the key economic participants in the "Second Middle Passage," the business of buying and selling slaves within the U.S.

Newspapers, railroads, courthouses, banks, and municipalities

Underground Railroad

Operating in the decades before the Civil War, a clandestine system of routes and safehouses through which slaves were led to freedom in the North

American colonization society

Organized in 1816 to encourage colonization of free blacks to Africa; West African nation of Liberia founded in 1822to serve as a homeland for them

Describe how President Polk instigated military conflict between the U.S. and Mexico, and explain why the war was the subject of great national controversy.

Polk sent forces between the land borders of the US and Mexico to start a potential conflict when they started fighting Polk stated that the Mexicans shed blood upon American soil and made them go to war because of that

redeemers

Post civil war democratic leaders who supposedly saved the south from yankee domination and preserved the primarily rural economy

10% plan of reconstruction

President lincoln's proposal for reconstruction, issued in 1863, in which southern states would rejoin the union if 10% of the 1860 electorate signed loyalty pledges, accepted emancipation and had received presidential pardons

Explain why non-slave-owning whites supported the South's economic system, even though it had little practical benefit for them personally

Racism, kinship ties, common participation in a democratic political culture, and regional loyalty to outsiders kept them together

Wade davis bill

Radical republicans 1864 plan for reconstruction that required loyalty oaths, abolition of slavery, repudiation or war debts, and denial of political rights to high ranking confederate officials; President Lincoln refused to sign the bill.

Shaker

Religious sect founded by mother Ann Lee in England. The United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing settled in Watervliet, New York in 1774, and subsequently established 18 additional communes in the Northeast , Indianan, and Kentucky.

Gag rule

Rule adopted by the house of representatives in 1836 prohibiting consideration of abolitionist petitions; opposition, led by former president John Quincy Adams, succeeded in having it repealed in 1844

Lincoln Douglas debates

Series of senatorial campaign debates in 1858 focusing in the issue of slavery in the territories; held in Illinois between Republican Lincoln, who made a national reputation for himself, and incumbent Democrat senator Douglas, who managed to hold on to his seat

Amistad

Ship that transported slaves from one port in Cuba to another, seized by the slaves in 1839. They made their way northward to the USA, where the status of slaves became the subject of a celebrated court case; eventually most were able to return to Africa

Harpers Ferry

Site of abolitionist John Browns failed raid on the federal arsenal, October 16-17, 1859; Brown became a martyr to his cause after his capture and execution

Explain why slavery in the American South became known as the "peculiar institution" over time, and identify the location of the Mason-Dixon line that separated it from the non-slaveholding North

Slavery was already an old institution and was now only unique to the south after the north abolished slavery. Line drawn between Maryland and PA which was the line between freedom and slavery

Summarize the events of the Amistad uprising and resulting Supreme Court case.

Slaves were being transported from Cuba when they took control of the ship. President Martin Van Buren favored returning the slaves to Cuba, but abolitionist brought there case to the Supreme Court, where former president John Quincy Adams argued that they had been recently bought from Africa violation the international slave trade treaty

Identify the key advantages that the North possessed in the war, as well as the Souths advantages

The union had manufacturing, railroad milage, and financial resources. South was able to win if the north gave up

Identify the forces that created the first mass education in the south

The desire to be able to read the bible, the need to prepare for the economic marketplace, and the opportunity, which arose in 1867, to take part in politics.

Vicksburg

The fall of _____, Mississippi, to general Ulysses S. Grant's army on July 4, 1863, after 2 months of siege; a turning point in the war because it gave the Union control of the Mississippi River

Navajos long walk

The force removal of 8,000 navajos from their lands by union forces to a reservation in the 1860's

Gold Rush

The massive migration of Americans into California territory in the late 1840's and 1850's in pursuit of gold, which was discovered there in 1848

Nat Turner's Rebellion

The most important slave uprising in the 19th century America, led by a slave preacher who, with his followers, killed about 60 white people in Southampton County VA in 1831

Identify the connection that the new Republican Party drew between the northern way of life and American freedom, and explain how slavery threatened that freedom

The north was all about progress and opportunity and freedom. Slavery spawned a social order consisting of degraded slaves, poor whites with no hope of advancement and idle aristocrats.

Explain why the Presidents Jackson and Van Buren avoided annexing Texas into the United States after it won its independence from Mexico.

They feared that adding another slave state to the union would be a disaster.

Explain why American Catholics objected to the Protestant reform movements' goals of removing evil and sin from the world

They viewed sin as an inescapable burden of individuals in society. more importance on communities centered on church and family

Compare the methods of abolitionist like Theodore Dwight Weld with those of the revivalists of the Second Great Awakening

Trained a band of speakers who brought the abolitionist message into the heart of rural and small town North

Sharecropping

Type of farm tenancy that developed after the civil war in which landless workers - often former slaves - farmed land in exchange for farm supplies and a share of the crop.

Commodore Matthew Perry

US naval officer who negotiated the Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854. That treaty was the first step in starting a political and commercial relationship between the US and Japan

Bleeding Kansas

Violence between pro- and antislavery settlers in the Kansas Territory, 1856

Summarize the events of Nat Turner's Rebellion, and identify its similarities to the other major rebellion plots of the 19th century.

Was the last large scale rebellion in southern history. Like Gabriels and Vesey's conspiracies, Turner's took place outside the heart of the plantation south, where slavery was most rigidly policed. He had a small group of people which helped him not get discovered

Assess Lincolns treatment of the wars opponents in both the US government and the press

arrest number in the 1000's they included opposition newspaper editors, democratic politician, individuals who discouraged enlistment in the army, and ordinary citizens like the chicago man briefly imprisoned for calling the president a damn fool

Explain how Elizabeth Cady Stanton became a crusader for womens rights, and how she used the Declaration of Independence in the Seneca Falls Declaration

a gathering on the behalf of womens rights held in upstate NY where stanton lived, raised the issue of womens suffrage for the first time. Model it after the Declaration of Independence but the document added women in "all men are created equal" and condemned the injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward women. The denying of the right to vote

forty acres and a mule

a phrase echoed throughout the South in the aftermath of the Civil War, asserting the right of newly freed African Americans to redistributed lands—particularly those plantations confiscated by U.S. troops during the war—as compensation for unpaid labor during slavery.

Explain why the black churches of the postwar south were such crucial institutions in black communities

a place of worship, it also housed schools, social events, and political gatherings. Black ministers came to power during the reconstruction era having held some 250 office positions

Describe the policy proposal known as the Wilmot Proviso, and explain how it divided the nation along sectional rather than party lines

a proposed resolution prohibiting slavery from all territory acquired from Mexico. Party lines crumbled as every northerner, Democrat and Whig alike supported it while nearly all southerns opposed it .

spiritualism

a system of belief or religious practice based on supposed communication with the spirits of the dead, especially through mediums

Describe what was happening in Europe during 1848, the "springtime of nations" and how these events caused Americans to worry about the durability of their own revolution.

a time of democratic uprisings against the monarchies of Europe and demands by ethnic minorities for national Independence. Slavery

Summarize the personal background of Ulysses S Grant, indicating why it did not suggest the brilliance that he would display in the Civil War

a west point grad who resigned from the army in 1854 in part because of allegations of excessive drinking, grant had been notably unsuccessful in civilian life. was working as a clerk in his brothers leather store

Identify the estimate share of the southern population that consisted of slaves, and as well as the share for the Deep South in particular.

about 4 million slaves. and the south contained about 1/3 of the population and in the DEEP SOUTH about 1/2 the population

Assess the impact the Turner's rebellion had in the South, and explain how it led to the tightening of restrictions on slaves living in Virginia

after the revolt there was a panic hundreds of innocent slaves were whipped and scores executed. New laws prohibited blacks, free, or slaves, from acting as preachers, strengthened the militia and patrol systems, banned free blacks from owning firearms, and prohibited teaching slaves to read.

Characterize the reaction of northern whites to the activities of the abolitionists, and explain it sources.

at first abolitionism aroused violent hostility, who feared that the movement threatened to disrupt the union, interfere with profits wrested from slave labor, and overturn white supremacy.

radical reconstruction

believed blacks were entitled to the same political rights and opportunities as whites

Characterize the Shaker communities and their unconventional views on gender equality and sexuality

believed had a dual personality, both male and female, and thus the 2 sexes were spiritually equal. Virgin purity was a pillar of their faith. Abandoned traditional family life. Men and women lived separately in large dorms and ate in communal dining rooms.

Describe the connection between American's extensive participation in voluntary associations (as described by Tocqueville) and the numerous reform activities of the antebellum period.

besides the government the american society worked to use public opinions to change the ways things were done

Identify the region in the East that constituted one major combat area of the civil war, and explain why the fighting was focused there.

between washington and richmond a distance of only 100 mile as a succession battle of bull run. Richmond was the confederacy capital

Evaluate the supposed success of the Sea Island experiment and explain how it reflected differing northern views of what black freedom should include

black families were working for wages, acquiring education, and enjoying better shelter and clothing and a more varied diet

Contrast the military experience of black sailors with that of black soldiers, and evaluate the effect that military service had on black veterans roles in the Reconstruction Era that followed the war

black sailer already had experience on union war ships black soldiers had to fight for the right to be allowed to fight for the army. Some were given awards and medals and emancipated

Describe the voters who made up most of the republican partys support in the south during radical reconstruction and characterize the makeup of local, state, and national government during this time

blacks, 700 sat in state legislature, some in local,

Explain why the Souths strategy of suppressing cotton production to lure great britain to its side ended in failure and assess its impact on the global cotton economy

britian did not need cotton and other countries realized that they were over dependent on the southern us cotton and started to produce other things which eventually drove down to price of cotton

Describe how colonial American communities dealt with problems like poverty, insanity, and crime, and contrast this approach with that of the reformers of the 1830's and 1840's

built jails for crime, poorhouses for people in poverty, asylums for the insane. In the reform era crime was solved with whippings, fines, or banishment, The poor received relief in their own homes, orphans lived with neighbors and families took care of mentally ill members.

Explain how the Civil war affected the Unions financial system, and how this major change not only helped win the war but also strengthened the northern economy.

business were able to make lots of money while selling their items to the union army

Identify the major components of the 14th amendent and explain how it left the white south with a difficult choice regarding whether to deny black voting

citizenship for all persons born in the US and which protected the rights of all americans Could let black men vote or choose not to let them vote with the penalty of loosing representation in congress

Explain the worldly communities conceived by Charles Fourier and Robert Owen tried to offer alternatives to the wider American society of the market revolution

communal living and working conditions, while retaining private property. music dancing, dramatic readings, intellectual discussion. Attracted mostly writers, teachers and ministers, some whom disliked farm labor.

Characterize the political ideals and goals of the radical republicans as exemplified by representative thaddeus stevens

confiscate the land of of disloyal planters and divide it among former slaves and northern migrants to the south

15th amendment

constitutional amendment ratified in 1870, which prohibited states from discriminating in voting privileges on the basis of race

Evaluate reconstructions record regarding the rights and opportunities of non white immigrants

could not become citizens

crop lien

credit extended by merchants to tenants based on their future crops; under this system, high interest rates and the uncertainties of farming often led to inescapable debt

Explain how general william t. shermans march to the sea reflects the highly destructive logic of modern warfare

cutting a 60 mile path of destruction destroying railroads, building, and all the food and supplies they could not use to whip the rebels.

Identify the important economic, familial, and legal rights that women lacked in antebellum America.

denied women the access to education and employment, gave husbands control over the property and wages of their wives and custody of children in event of divorce, deprived women of independent legal status after they married, and restricted them to home as their sphere of action

Describe how the arguments of proslavery writers changed beginning in the 1830's, explaining why they no longer emphasized the ideals of the American Revolution. (Note that the ideas of George Fitzhugh are a powerful illustration of this change.)

did not believe that slavery fell under the constitution that all men are created equal

Evaluate the emancipation proclamation in terms of where it applied (and where it didn't), and whether it could be implemented promptly

did not liberate the slaves. it applied to very few on the day it was issused. Exempted areas firmly under Union control, thus it did not apply to the loyal border slave states that had never seceded or to areas of the confederacy occupied by union soldier, such as TN, VA, and LA. but the vast majority of the souths slaves more than 3 million men, women and children free. Would have to wait to be freed until union victories

Summarize the principles shared by the abolition movement, and describe how William Lloyd Garrision rose to become the movement's best known participant

directed explosive language against slavey and slave holders and insisted that blacks, once free, should be incorporated as equal citizens of the republic rather than being deported. very strong in the movement to abolish slavery

Analyze the temperance movement as an example of how antebellum reformers tried to help Americans take control of their own lives

directed its efforts to redeeming not only habitual drunks but also the occasional drinker. One persons sin is anothers pleasure or cherished custom.

impeachment of Andrew Johnson

dismissal of Stanton, the House of Representatives voted 126 to 47 (with 17 members not voting) in favor of a resolution to impeach the President for high crimes and misdemeanors. ... One week later, the House adopted eleven articles of impeachment against the President.

Explain what motivated Senator Stephen A. Douglas to propose the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and define its concept of popular sovereignty

douglas wanted to become a stronger leader in the senate and had the ideas to build a transcontinental railroad through the 2 states but he felt that the only way for it to happen was to make formal governments located in the states and to allow the towns people to decided the status of if slavery was to be allowed

Identify the position on the slavery issue that Radical Republicans took

emancipation was necessary to weaken the south ability to sustain the war.

Describe the role that religion played in the civil war and explain why spiritualism grew in popularity

enabled american to cope with the unprecedented mass death the war involved. But the war led to what one historian calls transformation of heaven. as american imagine future celestial family reunions that seemed more and more like gatherings in middle class living rooms. The belief in the ability to communicate with the dead

Explain why American slaves had better health outcomes and life expectancies than slaves in the Caribbean and Brazil, yet had far fewer avenues to their own emancipation.

enjoyed better diets, lower rates of infant mortality and longer life spans because of better conditions and not being exposed to malaria, yellow fever, and typhoid fever. Slaves could be let free for a celebration or could purchase there freedom

Explain how the author uses the 1850s struggle over the proposed statue of Freedom that now stands atop the U.S. Capital reflects the clash between northern and southern definitions of American freedom.

everything was brought into question of how it reflected slavery

transcontinental railroad

first line across the continent from Omaha, Nebraska, to Sacramento, CA, established in 1869 with the linkage of the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads at Promontory Utah

Describe how the war expanded southern womens range of roles and activities

forced to manage business affairs and discipline slaves, need help because they did not have slaves

Describe how forner uses the experience of a immigrant soldier to illustrate how the Civil war produced a new understanding of American freedom

freedom meant the destruction of slavery.

Assess how the reconstruction laws and amendments passed by congress expanded the very meaning of the constitution itself as well as the role of the federal government within it

freedom to blacks and whites

Describe how the actions and aftermath of John Brown's raid on Hapers Ferry generated widespread public sympathy in the North, despite Brown's violence, and fear and anxiety in the south

gathered 21 men 5 were black and seized the base. Eventually they were surrounded and either killed or captured. John brown was put on trial and killed but after his death he was a symbol to both side and the black community as a hero

Describe how Latin America nations' abolition of slavery resembles the approach taken in the northern U.S.

gradual emancipations accompanied by some kind of recognition of the owners legal right to property in slaves.

Ku Klux Klan

group organized in Pulaski Tennessee, in 1866 to terrorize former slaves who voted and held political offices during reconstruction; a revived organization in the 1910's and 1920's that stressed white, Anglo saxon, fundamentalist protestant supremacy; revived a third time to fight the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s in the south

Radical republicans

group within the Republican party in the 1850's and 1860's that advocated strong resistance to the expansion of slavery, opposition to compromise with the south in the secession crisis of 1860-1861 emancipation and arming of black soldiers during the Civil War and equal civil and political rights for blacks during Reconstruction

Describe what happened to Indians and peoples of Spanish origin as a result of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

guaranteed to male citizens of the area the free enjoyment of their liberty and property and all the rights of americans as a provision designed to protect the property of large mexican landowners in Ca. Thus the first half of the nineteenth century some residents of the area went from being spaniards to mexicans to americans. Althought not newcomers, they had to adjust to a new identity as if they were immigrants. As to the Indians whose homelands and hunting grounds suddenly became part of the US the treaty referred to them as savage tribes whom the US must prevent from launching incursions into Mexico across the new border

Describe how the rights won by the newly freed black southerns in the US differed from those enjoyed by another other freed slave population worldwide

had much more freedom than the freed slaves of the us

Summarize president lincolns ten percent plan of reconstruction and explain why he made it so lenient toward the south

he essentially offered an amnesty and full restoration of rights including property except for slaves, to nearly all white southerners who took oath affirming loyalty to the Union and support from emancipation. When 10% of the voter of 1860 had taken oath, they would elect a new state government which would be required to abolish slavery

Assess the results of the Election of 1860, and explain why lincoln would have won in the electoral college regardless of the number of opponents he faced.

he failed to secure a majority vote of the national popular vote but because of the Norths superiority in population, Lincoln would still have carried the electoral college vote and thus still winning

Characterize Senate candidate Abraham Lincoln's view on slavery, and how that view reflected Lincoln's dedication to the northern ideal of equality of opportunity

he hated it. for every man to have a chance to better himself

Characterize the Souths overall military strategy in the war, and explain how the North was poorly prepared, initially to deal with it effectively

he hoped that a series of defeats would weaken the norths resolve and lead it eventually to abandon the conflict and recognize the south independence the north had been trained to lead small, professional forces into battle, not the crowds of untrained men who assembled in 1861. The north also suffered from narrowness of military vision. Its generals initially concentrated on occupying southern territory and attempting to capture richmond.

Characterize James K. Polk, both as a politician and as a participant in the slave economy.

he supported the annexation and his close associate with Andrew Jackson, still the party's most popular figure. He was also a slaveowner and he owned lots of cotton plantations in TN an Mississippi where conditions were so bad that only half of slave children loved to 15 and adults frequently ran away

Explain why Lincoln was able to win the Republican presidetial nomination over William H. Seward, despite the latter's strong delegate support

he was more like-able by a broader selection of people rather than his competition.

Characterize the beliefs and of John Humphrey Noyes, particularly his conceptions of equality and community life

he was so perfect that they had achieved a state of complete purity of heart or sinlessness. Did away with private property. a single holy family of equals. complex marriage whereby any man could propose sexual relations to any women.

Describe how President Lincoln took care to make sure that more states did not join the Confederacy, and explain why he made sure that it was the Confederacy that fired the first shots of the civil war.

he was very careful and told southern unionist to assert themselves within the confederacy. to protect himself as president

Analyze general grants decision to wage a war of attrition against the south and explain how the huge casualty totals on his side reflect the viciousness of modern warfare,

he was willing to accept high numbers of casualties, knowing the north could replace its manpower lossess while the south could bie

Identify some of the everyday forms in which newly freed black southerners expressed their liberation from slavery

held mass meetings and religious services free of white supervision, and they acquired dogs, guns, and liquor, all barred to them under slavery. Left the plantations in the south in search for better jobs, family members, or simply a taste of personal liberty.

Analyze the way in which the abolitionists enlarged the idea of American freedom, and explain why they believed that wage labor was consistent with this freedom

helped to popularize the concept, fortified by the market revolution that personal freedom derived not from the ownership of productive property such as land but from ownership of one's self and the ability to enjoy the fruits of ones labor.

Evaluate the wars impact in the Norths industrial economy and identify the key sectors affected

industry boomed. New england mills worked day and night to supply the army with blankets and uniforms, and PA coal mines and ironworkers rapidly expanded their production, Mechanization proceeded apace in many industries, especially those like boot and shoe production and meatpacking that supplied the army's ever increasing needs. Agriculture also flourished for even as farm boys by the 100's and 1000's joined the army, the frontier cultivation pushed westward, with machinery and immigrants replacing labor. Wisconsin furnished 90,000 men to the union army as the grain economy grew

Define sharecropping and the crop lien system, explaining why they produced endless debt not only for black southerns but for whites as well

initially arose as a compromise between blacks desire for land and planters demanded for labor discipline. The system allowed each black family to rent a part of the plantation, with the crop divided between worker and owner at the end of the year. Was a debt that could be collected for crops was bad because local small farmers field were damaged and were very common to have crop failures

Explain why to this day, Mexicans refer to the Mexican War as "the dismemberment."

it was a central event of their national history and a source of continued resentment over a century and a half after it was fought.

Explain why ordinary southerners perceived the Confederacys military draft to be fundamentally unfair

it was a rich mans war and a poor mans fight helped many overseers and planters sons from having to fight

Explain what the textbooks authors means when he contrasts white freedom (a given) with black freedom (an open ended process)

it was a transformation of every aspect of their lives and of the society and culture that had sustained slavery in the first place. Although the freedpeople failed to achieve full freedom as the understood it, there definition did much to shape national debate during the turbulent era of Reconstruction.

Identify the key factors that contributed to President Lincoln's decision to pursue emancipation

lack of military success, hope that emancipated slaves might help meet the army's growing manpower needs, changing northern public opinion, and the calculation that making slavery a target of the war effort would counteract sentiment in British for recognition of the confederacy

Explain why land was never redistributed to former slaves, and describe the living and working conditions that resulted for most black southerners

land was returned to the original owners and the blacks were forced to be removed from the land. The blacks remained poor and without property during reconstruction they had no choice but to work on white owner plantations often of there former owners

Explain the historical significance of the battle of gettysburg and the siege of Vicksburg

largest battle fought on the north american continents. won the whole mississippi valley to the union

Describe how elements of racial prejudice persisted even within the abolition movement, and how white abolitionists attempted to address it with efforts to reform northern race relations.

launched legal and political battles against racial discrimination in the north. The achieved occasional victories such as the end of school segregation in MA in 1855

Describe the intent of the black codes and analyze their effects on the free labor ideal that northern reformers were pursuing for the south

laws passed by the new southern governments that attempted to regulate the lives of the former slaves. These laws granted blacks certain rights, such as legalized marriage, ownership of property, and limited access to the courts. Completely violated free labor principles that they called forth a vigorous response from the north

Black codes

laws passed from 1865 to 1866 in southern states to restrict the rights of former slaves to nullify the codes congress passed the civil rights act of 1866 and the 14th amendment

Explain who the carpetbaggers were why they were given that name and whether that label truly reflected who they were

left there homes in the north and packed up quick to move to the south in order to reap the spoils of office in the south

Contrast the scale and frequency of slave rebellions in the U.S. to those of Brazil and the West Indies, and explain the reason for the difference.

less uprising in the US south more in Brazil and West Indies. Revolts in the US were smaller a less frequent

Contrast Stephen Douglas's view of slavery (as expressed in the Lincoln-Douglas debates) with Lincoln's and discuss how the two candidates differed on the issue of racial equality.

lincoln said that freedom meant opposition to slavery whereas douglas argued that the essence of freedom lay in local self government and individual self determination. A large and diverse nation could only survive by respecting the right of each locality to determine its own institutions, douglas used racism to gather votes unlike lincoln who just spoke about racial inequality

Describe the political calculation that the Deep South's political leaders made when they decided to secede from the US

lincoln was a danger to slavery which then put in danger the freedom of the people in the south

Explain why President-Elect Lincoln rejected the proposal of Senator John J, Crittenden to extend the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific Ocean

lincoln was firm on not allowing slavery to be spread

Assess the importance of the black family in the immediate aftermath of the civil war and describe how the end of slavery changed the roles of husbands and wives.

made efforts to locate loved ones from whom they had been separated under slavery. freedwomen had withdrawn from field labor and work as house servants. Many black women preferred to devote more time to their families than had been possible under slavery, and men considered it a badge of honor to see there wives remain at home. Eventually the dire poverty of the black community wold compel a far higher proportion of black women than white women to go to work for wages

Identify the major wartime policies that congress initiated to promote economic development and evaluate the of transcontinental railroad.

made huge grants of money and land for internal improvements including up to 100 million acres to the union pacific and central pacific two companies chartered in 1862 and charged with building a railroad from Missouri river to the pacific coast. Had been considered to impracticable, many died took long time reduced travel to 6 days expanded national market, facilitated the spread of settlement and investment in the west and heralded the doom of the plains indians

Explain why the South was a violent society of fighting and dueling, and how this feature reflects the hierarchical nature of that society

men where to defend there honor and families if it need to be violent actions would occur

Explain how the loss of life at the Battle of Antietam is significant in US history

more people died in one day then any other battle in the nations history

Compare American slaves marriage and family life to that of their white counterparts

most married if not broken apart by being sold and would name children after family members.

Explain why slave culture in the U.S. featured a blend of African traditions and American elements, in contrast to slave culture in the Caribbean and Brazil

most were American born and lived amid a white majority, Slave culture was a new creation shaped by African traditions and American values and experiences

Explain how the industrial revolution made the civil war the first modern, large scale military conflict.

never before had armies confronted each other on the battlefield with the deadly weapons now available.

Contrast the gender roles of slave men and women with those of the nation's white majority

no defined gender roles men and women worked the fields, men could not be economic providers for the family nor could they protect there women from beating are other dangers. On the other hand where slaves worked on there own time more defined gender roles could be seen, where the male chops wood and goes hunting for food while the female would cook, washed and sewed.

explain how the Freedmens Bureau and its programs express the free labor ideal of the North

northern capital and migrants would energize the economy. The south would eventually come to resemble the free society of the North complete with public schools, small towns, and independent farmers

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

officially titled the Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Limits and Settlement between the United States of America and the Mexican Republic, is the peace treaty signed on February 2, 1848, in the Villa de Guadalupe Hidalgo

Explain what the textbooks author means when he observes that the antebellum reformers wanted to liberate and control Americans at the same time. (The temperance movement id a key example.)

on one hand their goal was to enable Americans to enjoy genuine liberty. on the other hand they said self fulfillment came through self discipline.

Election of 1876

one of the most disputed presidential elections in American history. Samuel J. Tilden of New York outpolled Ohio's Rutherford B. Hayes in the popular vote, and had 184 electoral votes to Hayes' 165, with 20 votes uncounted.

Describe what white Californians did to the state's Indian populations.

overran there communities and murdered them to reduce the population size

Californios

people capable of reason

Characterize the population of newcomers who came to California during its gold rush, as epitomized by the uniqueness of the city of San Francisco

people were from Mexico and south america, tens and thousands of americans who had never seen a mine arrived from the east and from overseas came Irish, germans, Italians, and Australians/ Nearly 25,000 Chinese

Identify the kinds of industrial work that were performed by slave labor.

plantation work. butlers, waitresses, nurses, a dairymaid, gardener, carpenter, shoe makers, engineers, blacksmiths, weaver, cook, coachmen. Miners, dockhands, railroad

Popular Sovereignty

program that allowed settlers in a disputed territory to decide the slavery issue for themselves; most closely associated with Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois

Explain what the American Colonization Society proposed to do regarding slavery, and how this movement was received by black Americans.

promoted they gradual abolition of slavery and the settlement of black Americans in Africa. Some saw it as totally impractical. Most opposed the idea of colonization

Wilmot Proviso

proposal to prohibit slavery in any land acquired in the Mexican War; defeated by southern senators led bu John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, in 1846 and 1847

Freedmen's bureau

reconstruction agency established in 1865 to protect the legal rights of former slaves and to assist with their education, jobs, health care, and landowning

Summarize the events that led to the impeachment of Andrew Johnson

removed from office because of the removal of secretary of War Edwin M Stanton

Contrast the stipulations of the Wade Davis Bill with lincolns ten percent plan, and assess how they would have affected the cause of black equality, had the bill become law.

required a majority of white southerners to pledge support for the Union before reconstruction could begin in any state and it guaranteed blacks equality before the law, although not the right to vote. The bill passed congress only to die when lincoln refused to sign it and congress adjourned.

Seneca Falls Declaration

s a document signed in 1848 by 68 women and 32 men—100 out of some 300 attendees at the first women's rights convention to be organized by women.

Summarize the circumstances that led to the Supreme Courts Dred Scott decision, and identify the decisions 2 highly controversial parts

scott was to remain a slave. Illinois law had no effect on him after his return to missouri as for his residence in wisconsin congress possessed no power under the constitution to bar slavery from a territory. it undermined douglas's doctrine of popular sovereignty. How could a territorial legislature created by congress do so

Describe the role that southern republicans played in access to education in the South

served both for blacks and whites , although generally in school they were segregated

Analyze the souths failure to finance the war fairly and effectively, which led to both economic crises, public resentment and mass desertion

slave declined, shortages of salt, corn, and meat. borrow lots of money

Describe the ways in which slaves were exposed to Christianity by both whites and blacks, and explain why slave masters found it advantageous to promote it among slaves

slaves were preached either by a white or black sermon. Some slave owners forced there slaves to attend church and were preached about how god sent them to the US and that it is a sin to run away or to steal

contrabands

slaves who sought refuge in Union military camps or who lives in areas of the Confederacy under Union control

Abolition movement

social movement of the pre civil war era that advocated the immediate emancipation of the slaves and their incorporation in American Society as equal citizens

Identify the key social tension that divided the North during the war.

society was changing in the north

Describe how slaves responded to the presence of Union troops in confederate territory

some of the slaves would relay message of were the enemy was. Slaves would sack plantation houses and refuse to work unless wages were paid.

Identify the overall goal that nearly all of the utopian communities of the antebellum period shared, and explain how that goal challenged the values promoted by the market revolution

some were structured on the iron discipline of rule under 1 leader, while others operated in a democratic fashion. Most arose from religious conviction, but others were inspired by the secular desire to counteract the social and economic changes set in motion by the market revolution. cooperative basis, hoping to restore social harmony to a world of excessive individualism and to narrow the widening gap between rich and poor. tried to find substitutes for conventional gender relations and marriage patterns. Some prohibited sexual relations between men and women altogether; others allowed them to change partners at will. But nearly all insisted that the abolition of private property must be accompanied by an en to mens property in women.

scalawags

southern white republicans some former unionist who supported reconstruction governents

Describe how the northern workforce had changed by 1860, and identify some of the main urban centers of its new economic activities

the workforce no longer labored in agriculture, and the industrial revolution was rapidly spreading. boston philly and baltimore great lakes cleveland buffalo pittsburgh chicago coal mining and iron manufacturing

Define the "common school" and explain how reformers like Horace Mann hoped to use it to address problems of economic inequality and lack of self discipline among Americans

tax supported state school system open to all children. In the the early 19th century most children were educated in locally supported schools, private academies, or charity schools. Bring all children of all classes together in a common learning experience and equipping the less fortunate to advance in the social scale taught disciple not taught by the parents.

Describe what congress attempted to do with the reconstruction act and explain how it reflects the radical republicans faith in using power of the federal government to protect americans rights

temporarily divided the south into 5 military districts and called for the creation of new state governments with black men given the right to vote,

Robert Owen

textile manufacturer, philanthropic social reformer, and one of the founders of utopian socialism and the cooperative movement.

Sea island experiment

the 1861 pre reconstruction social experiment that involved converting slave plantations into places where former slaves could work for wages or own land. Former slaves also received education and access to improved shelter and food

Identify the various ways in which white southerners argued for the rightness of slave-owning (that is wasn't a "necessary evil" but rather a positive good)

the bible saying that servants should obey there master, essential to human progress,

Identify the ways in which slaves were able to use the Bible to challenge the legitimacy of slavery.

the biblical story of Exodus

Assess the historical importance of Frederick Douglass, as well as that of his speech, "What, to the Slave, is the Fourth of July."

the country is focused on liberty but the country was the bloodiest in the world

Characterize the view of many northerners that the western territories were the key to the preservation of American freedom, and explain how this view contributed to their opposition to slavery, but also to their racism

they wanted to keep the west slave free and focused the racism on the fact they did not want to compete against blacks for jobs

Explain why many black southerners believed they had a right to land ownership, and explain why land ownership was so central to their conception of freedom

the had put the blood sweat and tears and worked the land so that they actually believed they had the right to claim the land. they followed after the whites that land ownership was essential to freedom.

Explain who the Californios were, and describe their relationship toward California's Indian populations.

the land of california ended up in there hands. They were mexican cattle ranchers. Indians were required to work for them

Explain why conflict increased between California's many racial and ethnic groups, as surface mining gave way to capital intensive underground mining, and how California's constitution reflected this conflict

the main goal of the native white people of the US was to drive out foreigners they made groups to drive people out put a tax on miners from other nations and killed many indians as well to claim the gold mines.

Explain how the Democrats presidential nominating convention in 1860 split the party, thus eliminating the last national force for reconciliation between the North and the South

the north no longer trusted the south after the convention where douglas was elected president

Characterize the 3/4's of southern white families that did not own slaves, contrasting their farming and living conditions with those of their northern counterparts

the planters monopolized the good land so small family farmers were left with poor quality land which they could not afford slaves and relied on family labor and purchased very few goods

Analyze the economic changes that shifted the Old Northwest (Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin) from shipping its products from the South to the Northeast

the railroad grew from 5,000 miles to 30,000 miles. Redesigned the northwest trade from the south to the east. Most western farmers shipped their products down the Mississippi river. Now the railroads transported nearly all there crops to the east at a fraction of the cost.

Define "paternalism" and explain how it applies to the outlook and perceived role of the slaveowners.

the right for slaves to be beat and thought of as family to the owner

Contrast southern cities with their northern counterparts, in terms of where they tended to be located and what economic functions they served.

the south was located on the outskirts and were only used for gathering and shipping cotton, while the north

Explain why many southerners began to conceive of a "slave empire" beyond American shores as the key to preserving the southern version of freedom

the southern planters were growing deep and deeper in debt and the only way to get out was to join the north but they would not be allowed slaves so they looked to purchase land south beyond the US like cuba

Identify the key industrial technologies that played crucial roles in the civil war and explain how advanced weaponry gave defensive forces a major advantage over attacking forces.

the telegraph for military communication, observation balloons, primitive hand grenades and submarines, a more modern rifle trenches and forts were for the defensive side most of the time the south which gave them the advantage

Describe the position on slavery that Lincoln and congress adopted early in the war, and explain why the emergence of so-called contrabands began to change that position

the union had no intention of with slavery. Union military commanders even returned fugitive slave to there owners. Confederate soldiers set slaves to work as military laborers and blacks began to escape to union lines. The escaped slave were called contrabands and housed in army camps and educated in new schools

Explain how the abolition movement was able to get its message out so quickly and widely by using the innovations of the early 19th century

the wide availability of printing technology and the large number of people being able to read. The steam printing press

Assess the degree of discussion that the abolitionist message enjoyed in the public sphere of the North, especially after the passage of the congressional "gag rule"

they were banned for consideration

Analyze President Lincoln's role in the global 19th century process of nation-building, and contrast the American identify he envisioned with the one that newly emerging European nation-states were developing.

they were based on the idea of unifying a particular people with a common ethnic, cultural, and linguistic heritage. To lincoln the american nation embodied instead a set universal iseas centered on political democracy and human liberty.

Explain why southern republicans believed that railroad construction, rather than land ownership, was the appropriate source of future economic opportunity

thought it would bring northern factory investors to build and develop in the south

Explain who the scalawags were and why they were despised by white former confederates

traitors of there race and region. Most white republicans had been born in the south.

Assess how the confederacy treated Native Americans, and explain why the Cherokee nation sided with it.

treated them more fairly than the union, Allowed them to elect representatives of congress, and the Davis administration removed state jurisdiction over Indian reservations allowing them complete self government

Explain how running away from enslavement differed between the Upper South, and the Deep South, in terms of runaways's destinations and objectives.

upper south was easy because the states border free states. In the deep south tried to escape tp cities like New Orleans or Charleston, where they hoped to hide in plain sight among the population, Others fled to remote areas like the Great Dismal Swamp of Virginia or the Florida Everglades.

Explain how the reality of the civil war was brought home to the American public in a newly vivid manner

vast propaganda. In the union an outpouring of lithographs, souvenirs, sheet music and pamphlets issued by the patriotic organizations and the War dept. affirmed northern values. War correspondents accompanied the armies and newspapers reported the results of battles on the following day. pictures

Assess the wartime leadership skills of President of the Confederacy Jefferson Davis and explain why the lack of political parties in the confederacy worked to his disadvantage

very eloquent, serious, stubborn. could not communicate well, lacked a counterpart to the well organized republican party.

Santa Fe Trail

was a 19th-century transportation route through central North America that connected Independence, Missouri with Santa Fe, New Mexico

Charles Fourier

was a French philosopher, influential early socialist thinker and one of the founders of utopian socialism.

Explain how women's participation in the abolition movement gave them a clearer understanding of their own rights and status in American society

while working for the rights of slaves

Characterize President Andrew Johnson as a politician and a leader and on his views on race and the souths planter class

was a foe large planters was a lonley stubborn man he was intolerant of criticism and unable to compromise. Lacked lincolns political abilities and keen sense of public opinion. held deeply racist views. Believe african americans had no role to play in reconstruction

Thaddeus Stevens

was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania and one of the leaders of the Radical Republican faction of the Republican Party during the 1860s

William t. shermans march to the sea

was a military campaign of the American Civil War conducted through Georgia from November 15 until December 21, 1864, by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army

William Lloyd Garrison

was a prominent American abolitionist, journalist, suffragist, and social reformer.

Frederick Douglass

was an African-American social reformer, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman

Elijah P. Lovejoy

was an American Presbyterian minister, journalist, newspaper editor and abolitionist.

John Brown

was an American abolitionist who believed in and advocated armed insurrection as the only way to overthrow the institution of slavery in the United States

Horace Mann

was an American educational reformer and Whig politician dedicated to promoting public education. A central theme of his life was that "it is the law of our nature to desire happiness

Margaret Fuller

was an American journalist, critic, and women's rights advocate associated with the American transcendentalism movement

William Walker

was an American physician, lawyer, journalist and mercenary who organized several private military expeditions into Latin America, with the intention of establishing English-speaking

Liberal republicans

was an American political party that was organized in May 1872 to oppose the reelection of President Ulysses S. Grant and his Radical Republican supporters in the presidential election of 1872.

Senator Stephen A. Douglas

was an American politician from Illinois and the designer of the Kansas-Nebraska Act

John J. Crittenden

was an American politician from the U.S. state of Kentucky. He represented the state in both the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate and twice served as United States

James K. Polk

was an American politician who served as the 11th President of the United States. He previously was Speaker of the House of Representatives and Governor of Tennessee.

Jefferson davis

was an American politician who served as the only President of the Confederate States from 1861 to 1865

George Fitzhugh

was an American social theorist who published racial and slavery-based sociological theories in the antebellum era. He argued that the negro "is but a grown up child" who needs the economic and social protections of slavery.

Ulysses S. Grant

was an American soldier and statesman who served as Commanding General of the Army and the 18th President of the United States, the highest positions in the military and the government of the United States.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

was an American suffragist, social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early women's rights movement.

Theodore Dwight Weld

was one of the architects of the American abolitionist movement during its formative years from 1830 through 1844, playing a role as writer, editor, speaker, and organizer

Andrew Johnson

was the 17th President of the United States, serving from 1865 to 1869. Became president as he was vice president at the time of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln.

Analyze the exploits of William Walker in Mexico and Nicaragua, in terms of how they reflected the growing southern interest in expanding slavery south of the US

went there to grow the south slave operations but was sent to flee those countries by local army's. It also violated the neutrality laws. But the the south was willing to do anything

Describe where the military recruits in the Civil War had received their ideas about what war was like

were highly romantic based on novels, magazine articles, and lithographs of soldiers covering themselves with glory.

Characterize Mexico's northern provinces, California, New Mexico, and Texas and describe how the Santa Fe Trail changed this region's relationship with the United States

were isolated and sparsely settled outposts surrounded by Indian country. New Mexico consisted of about 30,000 people of spanish origin, 10,000 pueblo Indians, and an indeterminate number of nomadic Indians bands of Apaches, Comanches, Navajos, and Utes. Trail linked the city with Independence, Missouri, the northern periphery of the new Mexican nation was quickly incorporated into the sphere of influence of the rapidly expanding western US. California non indian population in 1821, some 3,200 missionaries, soldiers, and settlers was vastly outnumbered by about 20,000 indians

Describe how the womens movement enlarged the definition of freedom, as expressed in the transcendentalist ideas of Margaret Fuller

whether married or not early feminists insisted women deserve the range of individual choices the possibility of self realization the constituted the essence of freedom.

Analyze how the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo "raised the fatal issue" of slavery, and placed the U.S. on the road to the civil war.

whether slavery should be allowed to expand in the west

Compare and contrast the perceptions and roles of southern women with those of their northern counterparts, and explain the reasons for the differences.

women in the south were even more confined to the domestic circle

Describe the roles that northern women played in the civil war particularly those having to do with traditionally male occupations and discuss how these roles influenced the postwar womens rights movement

women took jobs in factories, and nursing. Some also took jobs in the government sector. Most of these jobs were short lived besides government jobs, retail sales, and nursing which women stuck in the industry. women were helping more and more with the war efforts yet not given any more freedoms

Explain the statement about equality that women made by wearing "bloomer" clothing, and describe how men reacted to it.

wore the dresses to emancipate themselves from bondage when in fact they were made fun of in the streets for wearing them