History Exam

In reaction to significant elements of rationalism and deism, in what two countries did some ordinary Protestant churchgoers chose new religious movements? A) England and Germany. B) Scotland and Ireland. C) Sweden and Poland. D) France and Austria. E) Italy and Spain.

A) England and Germany.

The scientist-philosopher who provides a link between the scientists of the 17th century and the philosophes of the next was A) Fontenelle. B) Hume. C) Beccaria. D) Voltaire. E) Diderot.

A) Fontenelle.

The recognized capital of the Enlightenment was A) Berlin. B) Paris. C) Geneva. D) London. E) Vienna

B. Paris

European music in the later eighteenth century was well characterized by A) Haydn and Mozart, who shifted the musical center from Italy and Germany to the Austrian Empire. B) the neoclassical works of Wagner. C) the strictly elitist, aristocratic works of Haydn. D) the innovative, secular compositions of Bach. E) Handel, the most religiously inspired of the period's composers.

A) Haydn and Mozart, who shifted the musical center from Italy and Germany to the Austrian Empire

Which of the following statements best applies to Denis Diderot? A) His Encyclopedia had considerable impact, particularly after its price was greatly reduced. B) The core of his educational beliefs expressed his devotion to sexual monogamy and chastity. C) He was an advocate of the social contract and the general will. D) His Encyclopedia had little impact due to its limited elitist appeal. E) His materialistic, atheistic beliefs became tempered by his adoption of deism.

A) His Encyclopedia had considerable impact, particularly after its price was greatly reduced.

The English writer who argued in A Serious Proposal to the Ladies that women should become better educated was A) Mary Astell. B) Anne Stuart. C) Maria Cavendish. D) Mary Wollstonecraft. E) Jane Austin.

A) Mary Astell

The Carnival of the Mediterranean world was A) a period of intense sexual activity and gross excesses. B) restricted by law and custom to only the educated classes. C) condemned and eliminated by most local governments. D) strictly a secular event with no spiritual function. E) a popular, lower-class event seldom characterized by acts of violence or aggression.

A) a period of intense sexual activity and gross excesses.

Concerning the European legal system, by the end of the eighteenth century A) corporal and capital punishment were on the decline. B) a trend away from imprisonment and toward capital punishment began. C) the death penalty was abolished in western Europe. D) criminal punishments became more cruel as violent crimes increased. E) a and c

A) corporal and capital punishment were on the decline.

John Locke's philosophy contributed to the development of Enlightenment ideas by arguing that a person's character was shaped by A) environment, not by innate ideas. B) personal relationships. C) feelings and emotions. D) elementary education. E) genetic heritage.

A) environment, not by innate ideas.

Above all, Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws was concerned with A) maintaining a balance among the various branches of government. B) the superior position of executive leadership. C) the supremacy of legislative institutions such as Parliament. D) the importance of the legislature. E) the judiciary being the most important element of government.

A) maintaining a balance among the various branches of government

Isaac Newton and John Locke A) provided inspiration for the Enlightenment by arguing that through rational reasoning and the acquisition of knowledge one could discover natural laws governing all aspects of human society. B) claimed that mathematics and science would bring about the cure for the evils of society but only very slowly. C) created two antagonistic religious systems of thought. D) said the philosophes were the prophets of the future and that their rejection of the scientific revolution was justified. E) had little influence on the later Enlightenment as they were perceived to be figures of the "old" seventeenth century.

A) provided inspiration for the Enlightenment by arguing that through rational reasoning and the acquisition of knowledge one could discover natural laws governing all aspects of human society.

Deism was based on A) the Newtonian world-machine with God as its mechanic, designing the universe in accord with rational laws. B) the divinity of Jesus as prime mover of the rational universe. C) God answering prayers directed to him in song. D) pantheism, wherein all the universe is the consequence of God's desires. E) the denial of the existence of a Supreme Being.

A) the Newtonian world-machine with God as its mechanic, designing the universe in accord with rational laws

The French philosophes A) were literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality. B) were widely influenced by Jean Jacques Rousseau and his emphasis upon emotions. C) sought no extension of Enlightenment to other disciplines. D) flourished in an atmosphere of government support. E) supported state censorship of ideas contrary to their own.

A) were literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality.

The German philosopher Immanuel Kant proclaimed the motto of the Enlightenment to be A) "Free Women from the Tyranny of Males!" B) "Have the Courage to Use Your Own Intelligence!" C) "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" D) "Death to Priests!" E) "Convert the Kings to Peace!"

B) "Have the Courage to Use Your Own Intelligence!"

The best statement of laissez-faire was made in 1776 by A) Thomas Jefferson. B) Adam Smith. C) John Locke. D) David Ricardo. E) John Adams.

B) Adam Smith.

Choose the correct relationship between the Rococo artist and his work. A) Domenikus Zimmermann--the salon B) Antoine Watteau--Return from Cythera C) Bernini--Versailles D) Balthasar Neumann--pilgrimage church of the Sitzkrieg Vierzehnheiligen E) Giovanni Battista Tiepolo--Plurality of Worlds

B) Antoine Watteau--Return from Cythera

The French Rococo painter who portrayed the aristocratic life as refined, sensual, and civilized was A) Balthasar Neumann. B) Antoine Watteau. C) Madam Geoffrin. D) Rembrandt. E) Caspar David Friedrich.

B) Antoine Watteau.

The eighteenth century musical composition that has been called one of those rare works that appeal immediately to everyone, and yet is indisputably a masterpiece of the highest order is A) Bach's St. Matthew's Passion. B) Handel's Messiah. C) Wagner's The Ring cycle. D) Haydn's The Seasons. E) Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro.

B) Handel's Messiah.

Who said that individuals "will forced to be free"? A) Baron Paul d'Holbach B) Jean-Jacques Rousseau C) Francois Quesnay D) Denis Diderot E) Voltaire

B) Jean-Jacques Rousseau

The punishment of crime in the eighteenth century was often A) carried out by mobs after the criminals were charged in court. B) public and very gruesome. C) carried out privately so as not to inflame the general populace. D) the responsibility of the army. E) less severe than the crime would merit.

B) public and very gruesome

Voltaire was best known for his criticism of A) the separation of church and state. B) religious intolerance. C) the German monarchical system. D) Plato and the Greeks. E) Chinese civilization.

B) religious intolerance

European intellectual life in the eighteenth century was marked by the emergence of A) sophism and the mockery of past traditions. B) secularization and a search to find the natural laws governing human life. C) anti-Semitism and sharper persecution of minorities. D) the complete separation of church from state. E) monastic schools and medieval modes of training religious thinkers.

B) secularization and a search to find the natural laws governing human life.

In eighteenth-century Europe, churches, both Catholic and Protestant, A) was responsible for the dramatic role in literary. B) still played a major role in social and spiritual areas. C) had not changed much in two centuries. D) declined in numbers and influence. E) were legally separated from any state or government connections.

B) still played a major role in social and spiritual areas.

Montesquieu's Persian Letters A) was a translation of a great literary work from ancient Persia. B) was a method that allowed him to criticize the Catholic Church and the French monarchy. C) was published first in Italy. D) was first written Latin but later translated into French. E) expressed his admiration of Islam and the East.

B) was a method that allowed him to criticize the Catholic Church and the French monarchy

Which eighteenth-century composer was considered most innovative and wrote the opera, The Marriage of Figaro? A) Beethoven B) Mozart C) Haydn D) Handel E) Bach

B. Mozart

High culture in eighteenth-century Europe was characterized by the A) increased dependency of authors on wealthy patrons. B) decline of the magazine with the rise of the novel. C) enormous impact of the publishing industry. D) complete freedom of the press. E) decline of French as an international language.

C) enormous impact of the publishing industry.

In Rousseau's The Social Contract, he expressed his belief that A) government was an evil that should be eliminated. B) there is an absolute right of revolution. C) freedom is achieved by being forced to follow what is best for all or the "general will." D) a child was a small adult with all the same abilities and obligations. E) the individual's will is the most important.

C) freedom is achieved by being forced to follow what is best for all or the "general will."

Enlightened thinkers can be understood as secularists because they strongly recommended A) the rational dismantling of all churches and their competing but empty ideologies. B) rigorous state control of all forms of education. C) the application of the scientific method to the analysis and understanding of all aspects of human life. D) a complete stop to all efforts at the reform of justice. E) the establishment of democratic republics throughout Europe.

C) the application of the scientific method to the analysis and understanding of all aspects of human life.

The belief in natural laws underlying all areas of human life led to A) the formation of several agnostic religious movements. B) an abandonment of the scientific method. C) the social sciences. D) scientific theism. E) intellectual stagnation.

C) the social sciences

The Jews of eighteenth-century Europe A) won the right to publicly practice of their religion in Austria with Joseph II's Toleration Patent of 1781. B) were most persecuted in France and Poland. C) were most free in participating in banking and commercial activities in tolerant cities. D) were restricted to ghettos in all European states. E) were assimilated into French society through the unanimous calls of the philosophes for integration.

C) were most free in participating in banking and commercial activities in tolerant cities.

Diderot's most famous contribution to the Enlightenment's battle against religious fanaticism, intolerance, and prudery was his A) biography of Newton, "the greatest European." B) autobiography published in French. C) great play "Is Rome Burning?" D) 28-volume Encyclopedia compiling articles by many influential philosophes. E) unconditional support for enlightened despotism.

D) 28-volume Encyclopedia compiling articles by many influential philosophes.

A major inspiration for travel literature in the eighteenth century were the Pacific Ocean adventures of A) David Hume. B) Ferdinand Magellan. C) Zheng He. D) James Cook. E) Ferdinand de Lesseps.

D) James Cook.

The strongest statement and vindication of women's rights during the Enlightenment was made by A) Princess Amelia of Austria. B) Mary Astell. C) Maria Cavendish. D) Mary Wollstonecraft. E) Beatrice Williams.

D) Mary Wollstonecraft.

The Rococo artistic style of the eighteenth century was A) confined to France. B) characterized by strict geometric patterns and an emphasis on power. C) expressed in the architectural works of Baron d'Holbach. D) evident in the masterpieces of Balthasar Neumann. E) more sever and mathematical than the Baroque.

D) evident in the masterpieces of Balthasar Neumann

Eighteenth-century writers, especially in England, used this new form of literary expression to attack the hypocrisies of the era and provide sentimental entertainment to growing numbers of readers: A) epic poetry B) histories of the Middle Ages C) autobiography D) novels E) short stories

D) novels

The works of Fontenelle announce the Enlightenment because they A) discourage amateur conversations about scientific matters. B) portray churches as allies of scientific progress. C) advocated the replacement of Catholicism with Protestantism because the latter was "freer." D) popularize a growing skepticism toward the claims of religion. E) question the capacity of women to comprehend scientific discourse.

D) popularize a growing skepticism toward the claims of religion.

A less brutal approach to justice and punishment in the eighteenth century is associated with A) Hume. B) Montesquieu. C) Voltaire. D) Diderot. E) Beccaria.

E) Beccaria.

The leader of the Physiocrats and their advocacy of natural economic laws was A) Cesare Beccaria. B) David Hume. C) Adam Smith. D) Denis Diderot. E) Francois Quesnay.

E) Francois Quesnay.

For Rousseau, what was the source of inequality and the chief cause of crimes? A) divine right monarchy B) marriage C) religion D) ignoring the "general will" E) private property

E) private property

Johann Sebastian Bach A) became a close German confidant of Voltaire. B) wrote Messiah. C) was best known for his cantatas and motets. D) was the major Catholic composer of the seventeenth century. E) produced religious music as a way to worship God.

E) produced religious music as a way to worship God.

Rousseau's influential novel, Emile, deals with these key Enlightenment themes: A) the abolition of the pope's restrictions on religious practices and the content of sermons B) the evils of child abuse. C) the necessity of church marriage and reform of church teaching on this sacrament D) the best roles for women in making modern society E) proper child rearing and human education

E) proper child rearing and human education

Of great importance to the Enlightenment were the salons, which A) provided a forum for the serious discussion of the ideas of scholastic philosophy. B) were mainly to be found in London. C) provided social mobility to men but women were excluded. D) were usually run by men but allowed female guests. E) provided a forum for discussing the ideas of the philosophes.

E) provided a forum for discussing the ideas of the philosophes.

The French philosophes mostly included people from A) aristocracy and nobility. B) urban artisans and craftsmen. C) the lower class and the lower middle class. D) the universities. E) the nobility and the middle class.

E) the nobility and the middle class.

A key new type of enlightened writing fueling skepticism about the "truths" of Christianity and European society was A) scientific treatises based upon philosophical induction. B) psychological autobiography. C) ribald stories of peasant ignorance. D) aristocratic joke books showing the bad humor of supposed social elites. E) travel reports and comparative studies of old and new world cultures.

E) travel reports and comparative studies of old and new world cultures.

A cheap and popular alcoholic drink in eighteenth century England was A) whiskey. B) wine. C) porter. D) beer. E) gin.

E.) Gin