History final exam
American Federation of Labor
1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.
Axis Powers
"Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis", were the nations that fought in World War II against the Allies.
who was the Teflon President? Where did Teflon President come from?
* Ronald Reagan (40th president) * Former president Jimmy Carter coined the term in the 1980s to refer to his campaign rival Ronald Reagan, who seemed to have a knack for getting into politically sticky situations and coming through them relatively unscathed.
Describe the major foreign policy events of the Eisenhower administration.
1) maintaining life of the economy while building strength to fight. 2) relying on weapons for the war. 3) using the CIA for secret actions 4) making the relationship between our allies stronger, and increasing the budget for supplies.
List the legislative accomplishments of Johnson's Great Society.
Medicare, the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, Voting Rights Act of 1965, & the Transportation and Housing and Urban Affairs.
Muller v. Oregon
1908 - Supreme Court upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health
Clayton Antitrust Act
1914 act designed to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890; certain activities previously committed by big businesses, such as not allowing unions in factories and not allowing strikes, were declared illegal.
Scopes Monkey Trial
1925 court case in Tennessee that focused on the issue of teaching evolution in public schools.
the jazz singer
1927 - The first movie with sound; this "talkie" was about the life of famous jazz singer; Al Jolson.
Yalta Conference
1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war
Suez Crisis
1956, Nasser (leader of Egypt) nationalized the Suez Canal, Oct. 29, British, French and Israeli forces attacked Egypt. UN forced British to withdraw; made it clear Britain was no longer a world power
CREEP
Mocked acronym for Committee to Re-elect the President. (CRP)
FDR
32nd President of the United States, Roosevelt, the President of the United States during the Depression and WWII. He instituted the New Deal. Served from 1933 to 1945, he was the only president in U.S. history to be elected to four terms
Harry Truman
33rd president of the United States, serving from 1945 to 1953, succeeding upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt after serving as the 34th vice president.
Describe the key events in the Watergate Scandal leading to Nixon's resignation.
A break-in caused several of Nixon's aides were fired or forced to resign, including John Dean.
Domino Theory
A foreign policy during the 1950s to 1980s that states if one one land in a region came under the influence of communism, then surrounding countreis would follow.
Sit-ins
A form of civil disobedience in which demonstrators occupy seats and refuse to move.
NSC-68
A fundamental review of the USA's strategic objectives and priorities emerged in the form of the National Security Council Resolution 68 (NSC-68).
Niagra Movement
A group of black and white reformers, including W. E. B. DuBois. They organized the NAACP in 1909.
NRA
National Recovery Administration: established and adminstered a system of industrial codes to control production, prices, labor relations, and trade practices U.S. government agency established by Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression.
Winston Churchill
A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West. British statesman, orator, and author who as prime minister (1940-45, 1951-55) rallied the British people during World War II and led his country from the brink of defeat to victory.
Rugged Individualism
A phrase that Herbert Hoover's believes, that people must be self-reliant and not depend upon the federal government for assistance.
Cornelius Vanderbilt
A railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical.
Detente
A relaxation of Cold War tensions
new deal
A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.
Name the major social issues that arose in the 1980's.
AIDS, Abortion, drug abuse, education, urbanization, and equal rights for everyone.
Ida Wells-Barnett
African American journalist who led an antilynching crusade in the United States in the 1890s. She later was active in promoting justice for African Americans. she was born into slavery.
Langston Hughes
African American poet from Joplin, Missouri. who described the rich culture of African American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance, as well as the culture of Harlem and also had a major impact on the Harlem Renaissance. he is also a social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist One of the earliest innovators of the then-new literary art form called jazz poetry,
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
Agency established in 1932 to provide emergency relief to large businesses, insurance companies, and banks.
AAA
Agricultural Adjustment Administration: attempted to regulate agricultural production through farm subsidies; ruled unconstitutional in 1936; disbanded after World War II. major New Deal program to restore agricultural prosperity during the Great Depression by curtailing farm production, reducing export surpluses, and raising prices.
Enola Gay
Airplane that dropped the first nuclear bomb on Hiroshima
Bank Holiday
All the banks were ordered to close until new laws could be passed. An emergency banking law was rushed through Congress. The Law set up new ways for the federal government to funnel money to troubled banks It also required the Treasury Department to inspect banks before they could re-open.
Central & Allied Powers WWI
Allied powers: British empire , France , Russia , U.S , Italy ( Best friend rush us to Italy . Central Powers: turkey / ottoman empire , Germany , Austria ( TOGA)
SCLC
American agency with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, established by the Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., and other civil rights activists in 1957 to coordinate and assist local organizations working for the full equality of African Americans in all aspects of American life.
Vertical Integration
American business is a version of absolute rule. Businessman Andrew Carnegie used this practice with the steel industry in the 19th century.
Ida Tarbell
American journalist, lecturer, and chronicler of American industry best known for her classic The History of the Standard Oil Company (1904)
Dr. Francis Townsend
American physician and social reformer whose plan for a government-sponsored old-age pension was a precursor of the Social Security Act of 1935. best known for his revolving old-age pension proposal during the Great Depression. Known as the "Townsend Plan",
Moral Majority
American political organization that was founded in 1979 by Jerry Falwell,
election of 1872
American presidential election held November 5, 1872, in which Republican incumbent Ulysses S. Grant defeated Liberal Republican and Democratic candidate Horace Greeley with 286 electoral votes.
Frances Perkins
American workers-rights advocate who served as the U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, the longest serving in that position. She made history as the first woman to serve in any presidential U.S. Cabinet.
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization- to provide a political and military alliance that connects North America with Europe; collective defense, crisis management, and cooperative security
Margaret Sanger
Nurse who campaigned for women to have information about and access to birth control
Lusitania
On May 7, 1915 a German U-boat torpedoed and sank the RMS Lusitania, a British ocean liner en route from New York to Liverpool, England.
How did George W. Bush respond to the 9/11 attacks?
Bush sat there befuddled. He believed that the first step of any successful crisis response is to project calm. If he were to react as he wanted to, he would have frightened the children and created more questions that would have taken time to answer. Bush waited until the reading with the children was over and then instead of speaking about education at the speech after the reading, he explained to the community how the nation was under attack. Although many people disagree with Bush's decision to remain calm during the time of the attack, there were not many other things he could have done
Bay of Pigs
CIA operation to overthrow Fidel Castro by landing 1200 disgruntled Cuban exiles in the Bay of Pigs. Fails miserably and is a huge embarrassment for Kennedy, who then vows to bring down Castro. Forces Cuba ever further into the arms of the USSR.
new democrat
Canadian democratic socialist political party favouring a mixed public-private economy, broadened social benefits, and an internationalist foreign policy.
Charles Coughlin
Catholic priest who used his popular radio program to criticize the New Deal; he grew increasingly anti-Roosevelt and anti-Semitic until the Catholic Church pulled him off the air.
Explain the causes of the energy crisis and the U.S. policy to deal with the energy shortage.
Crisis: Saudi Arabia cut off oil shipments to the U.S. due to the Arab oil embargo. The Vietnam War created a federal budget deficits. Oil prices spiked. policy: President Ford proposed tax cut. Jimmy Carter continued federal deficits and relatively high interest rates. The Federal Reserve Board halted inflation. American business developed new technology to revive economy. Solar power was founded.
Court Packing Scheme
FDR's plan to "pack" the Supreme Court with supporters to keep his New Deal programs from being declared unconstitutional
red scare of 1919
Fear and panic by the Americans over communism that was spurred by Bolshevik Revolution in Russia.
Pendelton Act
Federal Government jobs be awarded on the basis of merit and that Government employees be selected through competitive exams. The act also made it unlawful to fire or demote for political reasons employees who were covered by the law.
Explain why Reagan won the presidential election of 1980.
Foreign policies proved almost damaging to Carter. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan had made Carter seem naive.
National Orginazation of Women
Founded in 1966, the National Organization for Women (NOW) called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women. NOW also championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution.
Fireside Chats
Franklin D. Roosevelt series of radio broadcast designed to calm the fears of the people during the great depression.
40 acres and a mule
Freedmen's Bureau
Explain why the Ford presidency was unsuccessful.
Granted Richard Nixon a full and unconditional pardon for all federal crimes he may have committed. He also fought with CIA about them being involved in plots of assassination against foreign leaders.
Neville Chamberlain
Great British prime minister who advocated peace and a policy of appeasement was a British politician of the Conservative Party who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from May 1937 to May 1940.
Bonus Army
Group of WWI vets. that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of their goverment war bonuses in cash
Counterculture
Group that rejects the values, norms, and practices of the larger society and replaces them with a new set of cultural patterns
Explain why Kennedy won the presidential election in 1960
He appealed to the rank and file in the primaries, but then he astutely chose Lyndon Johnson of Texas as his running mate to blunt Nixon's southern strategy.
Describe Kennedy's civil rights program and which programs Johnson pushed through Congress.
He sent his brother to expand the Eisenhower administration's efforts to achieve voting rights for southern blacks, tried to increase jobs for African Americans, appointed a number of African Americans in high government positions, convinced the Interstate Commerce Commission to issue an order banning segregation in terminals and buses, and worked closely with Governor Barnett to avoid violence when James Meredith sought admission to the all-White University of Mississippi. Kennedy's tax and civil rights bill in 1964.
Discuss Eisenhower's legislative program and its accomplishments.
He sought to keep military spending in check, to encourage as much private initiative as possible, and to reduce federal activities to the bare minimum. his accomplishments was he Continued the basic social measures of the New Deal. Extended Social Security benefits, raised minimum wage to $1 an hour, added 4 million workers eligible for unemployment benefits, created Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, and the Highway Act of 1956.
Wisconsin Idea
Package of reform ideas advocated by LaFollette that included Initiative, Recall, Referendum
Alfred E. Smith
He was the Democratic presidential candidate in the 1928 election. He was the first Catholic to be elected as a candidate. U.S. politician, four-time Democratic governor of New York
Hiroshima/ Nagasaki
Hiroshima: City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II Nagasaki: Japanese city devastated during World War II when the United States dropped the second atomic bomb on Aug 8th, 1945.
Spanish-American War
In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence
Sacco and Vanzetti
In 1920 these two men were convicted of murder and robbery. They were found guilty and died in the electric chair unfairly
Explain the role of the Supreme Court and the President in desegregating the schools.
In 1955, The Supreme Court in the case Brown v. Board of Education Topeka unanimously ruled that the desegregation of the schools should proceed "with all deliberate speed" and left the details to the lower federal courts. President Eisenhower believed that people's attitudes could not be altered by "cold lawmaking" and silently worked on desegregating in federal facilities. His silence was mistaken as a tactic support of segregation.
Initiative, Referendum, Recall
Initiative: a process that enables citizens to bypass their state legislature by placing proposed statutes and, in some states, constitutional amendments on the ballot. Referendum: a general term which refers to a measure that appears on the ballot. recall: a procedure that allows citizens to remove and replace a public official before the end of a term of office
Describe the results of the launching of "Sputnik." NDEA
It established the legitimacy of federal funding of higher education and made substantial funds available for low-cost student loans, boosting public and private colleges and universities.
Describe the events and results of the Tet Offensive in 1968.
Johnson had been telling the American people that war was almost over but when a CBS-TV newscaster went to Saigon, he saw the opposite and returned home to tell the American people the reality. A peace treaty was formed and Johnson withdrew from running for president again.
Explain the motivation and results of the Gulf of Tonkin resolution.
Johnson wanted to demonstrate to North Vietnam the American determination to defend South Vietnam at any cost and wanted to outmaneuver his political rival at home. Johnson's political downfall began with this resolution.
Yellow Journalism
Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers
Berlin Blockade/Airlift
June 24, 1948 - May 12, 1949Initiated by Joseph StalinOne of the first major international crises of the Cold War. During the multinational occupation of post-World War II Germany, the Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies' railway, road, and canal access to the sectors of Berlin under Western control.
Describe Kennedy's strategy for containing Communism.
Kennedy advocated financial and technical assistance designed to help developing-world nations achieve economic modernization and stable pro-Western governments by measures of forming idealistic Peace Corps to Alliance Progress.
knights of labor
Labor organization that enrolled many skilled and unskilled workers
Explain why Carter proved to be a failure as president.
Lacked both a clear set of priorities and a coherent political philosophy.
Berlin Airlift
Lasted 318 days (June 26, 1948 - May 12, 1949) During this time, 275,000 planes transported 1.5 million tons of supplies and a plane landed every three minutes at Berlin's Templehof airport.
Huey Long
Louisiana's legendary populist Governor, U.S. Senator and favorite son. that created "share of wealth"
Describe Carter's Middle East foreign policy.
Provided for the gradual return of the Sinai to Egypt but left the fate of the Palestinians, the Arab inhabitants of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, unsettled.
Describe the Reagan foreign policy toward the Soviet Union in 1987‑88.
Reagan and Gorbachev agreed to remove and destroy all intermediate range missiles in Europe.
Describe how Reagan hoped to reduce government spending.
Reduced Social Security, Medicare, food stamps, public service jobs, student loans, and support for urban mass transit.
Big Three
Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin. when FDR died Truman then entered into the group.
Describe the main actions of the civil rights movement in the 1950s.
Rosa Parks refusing to give her seat led to the Montgomery bus boycott that brought Martin Luther King Jr. to prominence as a leader of the civil rights movement.
Describe the Soviet and U.S. actions in the Cuban missile crisis
Russia agreed to remove missiles from Cuba if Americans promise to never invade Cuba.
Joseph Stalin
Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953) the dictator of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from 1929 to 1953.
Speakeasies
Secret bars where alcohol could be purchased illegally
Sandra Day O'Connor
She was the first woman appointed to the Supreme Court.
glasnost
Soviet policy of open discussion of political and social issues. It was instituted by Mikhail Gorbachev in the late 1980s and began the democratization of the Soviet Union.
SALT
Strategic Arms Limitations Talks: 1 and 2 1. Strategic Arms Limitations Talks by Nixon and Brezhnev in Moscow in May, 1972. Limited Anti-Ballistic Missiles to two major departments and 200 missiles. 2. (1979) Second Strategic Arms Limitations Talks. A second treaty was signed on June 18, 1977 to cut back the weaponry of the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. because it was getting too competitive. Set limits on the numbers of weapons produced. Not passed by the Senate as retaliation for U.S.S.R.'s invasion of Afghanistan, and later superseded by the START treaty.
Homestead Strike
Strike at Andrew Carnegie's steel plant in which Pinkerton detectives clashed with steel workers
Describe the successes and failures of Reaganomics.
Successes: 1) lowered threat of inflations 2) creates lowered taxes for americans 3) it encouraged budgets to be cut 4) created investment oppurtunities 5) took a hard stance on crime Failures: 1) It required 100% compliance from the beneficiaries to work 2) created higher levels of national debt 3) created larger deficits 4) created an unrealistic economy 5) anticipated cuts of Reaganomics
Explain the main principles of Reagan's supply‑side economics.
Supply-side tax cuts would shift its resources from tax shelters to productive investment, leading to an economic boom that would provide enough new income to offset the lost revenue.
D-Day
The Allied attempt to win back France from Nazi Germany by landing troops on the French beaches of Normandy.
Cesar Chavez
The Mexican-American labor leader and civil rights activist. who dedicated his life's work to what he called la causa (the cause): the struggle of farm workers in the United States to improve their working and living conditions through organizing and negotiating contracts with their employers.
Highway Act of 1956
The National Interstate and Defense Highways Act (Also known as Federal Highway Act of 1956), authorized the building of highways throughout the nation, which would be the biggest public works project in the nation's history., Signed by Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1956, this act constructed over 41,000 miles of interstate highway, and was the biggest public works project of it's day
Underwood Tariff
The Revenue Act of 1913, re-established a federal income tax in the United States and substantially lowered tariff rates.
Describe the key elements of U.S. defense policy from 1945 to 1960.
The US after WWII focused largely on unifying its armed services and creating new institutions for military and diplomatic strategy. In 1947, Congress passed the National Security Act, establishing a Department of Defense, CIA, and the National Security Council. The air force quickly emerged as the dominant power, and was favored in the budget.
New Frontier
The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights.
Social Gospel
The emerging religious philosophy that focused on improving lives and saving souls
describe the events that contributed to the downfall of McCarthyism.
The fall of McCarthyism began with his targeting of acclaimed non Communist government officials, like Acheson and Marshall, giving him political enemies. McCarthy rose to chairman of the Senate Committee on Government Operations, searching for more Communists in government, also charging certain foreign books. Eisenhower's advisers urged him to stop McCarthy, and in 1954 McCarthy overreached himself, trying to attack upper echelons of the US Army, resulting in televised hearings which ruined his position, and Senate quickly voted him out of office.
Potsdam Conference
The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held at Potsdamn, outside Berlin, in July, 1945. they discussed the future of Europe but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War.
Europe First
The military strategy, set forth by Churchill and adopted by Roosevelt, that called for the defeat of Hitler in Europe before the United States launched an all-out strike against Japan in the Pacific.
Explain the fundamental change in the civil rights movement in the mid‑1960s
The movement faced problems with economic equality in the North. Movements became violent and Martin Luther King lost support due to the support of Johnson in the Vietnam War. His assassination opened many eyes and caused riots bu yet there was a positive side which was African Americans took pride in their ethnic heritage.
Dixiecrats
The term to describe white southern Democrats opposed to civil rights legislation. a short-lived segregationist political party in the United States, active primarily in the South. It arose due to a Southern regional split in opposition to the Democratic Party. After President Harry S.
Treaty of Paris 1898
The treaty that concluded the Spanish American War, Commissioners from the U.S. were sent to Paris on October 1, 1898 to produce a treaty that would bring an end to the war with Spain after six months of hostilitiy. From the treaty America got Guam, Puerto Rico and they paid 20 million dollars for the Philipines. Cuba was freed from Spain.
Norris v. Alabama
This Supreme Court decision ruled that Alabama's exclusion of African Americans from juries violated their right to equal protection under the law.
Freedmen's Bureau
This agency was established to provide education and supposedly "40 acres and a mule."
Gospel of Wealth
This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.
Detail Nixon's plan to end the Vietnam War.
Three-part plan to end the conflict, gradual withdrawal of American troops, accompanied by training of South Vietnamese forces to take over the combat role; renewed bombing; and a hard line of negotiations with Hanoi.
Explain the components of Truman's Containment Policy.
Truman's Containment policy began with the Truman Doctrine, then went through the Marshall Plan, and finally created the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, created out of fear of Russian aggression. It promised US protection of Western European people as they recovered economically. The Brussels Treaty of England, France, and the Low Countries began the process for collective self-defense, and NATO extended that.
Containment Policy
US foreign policy during Cold War as authorized by American diplomats Kennan, Byrnes, and Acheson to contain communism within the borders of the Soviet Union
VISTA
Volunteers in Service to America: American governmental organization that placed volunteers throughout the United States to help fight poverty through work on community projects with various organizations, communities, and individuals.
wet v. drys
Wets: believed that the prohibition led to an increase of illegal activity and did not stop was it was created to prevent. (loved Alcohol) Drys: They believed that the prohibition was good for America and benefited America greatly because men were bringing their paychecks home and there was less abuse. (hated Alcohol)
Kent State
Where Guardsmen opened fire on a group of protestors, killing 4 and wounding 9
Korea
a "Dependent Area" under the control of the Japanese empire
Emmett Till
a 14 year old boy from the south side of Chicago, who went to stay with his great uncle (Moses wright) in Mississippi for the summer. on august 24 him and some teens went to the market after a long days of work. the teen boys dared him to talk to the cashier lady and he whistled and touched her hand or waist and flirted with her. on august 28 in the early morning, he was taken from his room at gun point by the cashiers husband J.W. Milam and Bryant's half brother. severely beat the boy, gouging out one of his eyes. They then took him to the banks of the Tallahatchie River, where they killed him with a single gunshot to the head tied the teen's body to a large metal fan with a length of barbed wire before dumping the corpse into the river. his body was found and was not noticeable at all but he was wearing the ring his father gave him. his mom had an open casket ceremony to show everyone what people from the south do. and on September 19,1955 the killers trial happened Bryant and the half brother were acquitted.
Federal Reserve Act
a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply. it was passed by the 63rd United States Congress and signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson \.
Martin Luther King Jr.
a Baptist minister and social rights activist in the United States in the 1950s and '60s. He was a leader of the American civil rights movement. He organized a number of peaceful protests as head of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, including the March on Washington in 1963
William Jennings Bryan
a Nebraska congressman in 1890. He starred at the 1896 Democratic convention with his Cross of Gold speech that favored free silver, but was defeated in his bid to become U.S. president by William McKinley.
Gorbachev
a Russian and former Soviet politician. The eighth and last leader of the Soviet Union, he was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991.
general weyler
a Spanish general and colonial administrator who served as the Governor-General of the Philippines and Cuba, and later as Spanish Minister for War.
Truman Doctrine
a U.S. foreign policy, established in 1947 by President Harry S. Truman, of providing economic and military aid to countries—initially Greece and Turkey—that were attempting to resist communism
Marshall Plan
a U.S. plan, initiated by the Secretary of State George Marshall and implemented from 1948 to 1951, to aid in the economic recovery of Europe after World War II by offering certain European countries substantial funds
Escobedo v. Illinois
a United States Supreme Court case holding that criminal suspects have a right to counsel during police interrogations under the Sixth Amendment. Wainwright that indigent criminal defendants have a right to be provided counsel at trial.
Boss Tweed
a bookkeeper and a volunteer fireman when elected alderman on his second try in 1851, and the following year he was also elected to a term in Congress.
Gideon v. Wainwright
a case about whether or not that right must also be extended to defendants charged with crimes in state courts. - In 1963, the Supreme Court had to decide whether, in criminal cases, the right to counsel paid for by the government was one of those fundamental rights.
Montgomery Bus Boycott
a civil rights protest during which African Americans refused to ride city buses in Montgomery, Alabama, to protest segregated seating. The boycott took place from December 5, 1955, to December 20, 1956, and is regarded as the first large-scale U.S. demonstration against segregation. Four days before the boycott began, Rosa Parks, an African American woman, was arrested and fined for refusing to yield her bus seat to a white man
SNCC
a civil-rights group formed to give younger Black people more of a voice in the civil rights movement.
Tenure of Office Act
a controversial federal law meant to restrict the ability of the U.S. president to remove certain officials that Congress had already approved.
Crop Lien
a credit system that became widely used by cotton farmers in the United States in the South from the 1860s to the 1930s
war powers act
a federal law intended to check the U.S. president's power to commit the United States to an armed conflict without the consent of the U.S. Congress.
Fundamentalism
a form of a religion, especially Islam or Protestant Christianity, that upholds belief in the strict, literal interpretation of scripture.
Osama bin Laden/al-Qaeda
a founder of the pan-Islamic militant organization al-Qaeda. a militant Sunni Islamist multi-national terrorist organization founded in 1988. is a network of Islamic extremists and Salafist jihadists
Muckrakers
a group of American writers identified with pre-World War I reform and exposé literature.
DACA
a kind of temporary administrative relief from deportation. to give eligible immigrants who came to the United States when they were children protection from deportation.
Plessy v. Ferguson
a landmark 1896 U.S. Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine.
Powell v. Alabama
a landmark United States Supreme Court decision in which the Court reversed the convictions of nine young black men for allegedly raping two white women on a freight train near Scottsboro, Alabama.
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
a law that implemented protectionist trade policies in the United States. Sponsored by Senator Reed Smoot and Representative Willis C. Hawley, it was signed by President Herbert Hoover on June 17, 1930.
Obergefell v. Hodges
a legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled (5-4) on June 26, 2015, that state bans on same-sex marriage and on recognizing same-sex marriages duly performed in other jurisdictions are unconstitutional under the due process and equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
Harlem Renaissance
a literary movement in the 1920s that centered on Harlem and was an early manifestation of black consciousness in the US The movement included writers such as Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston.
Social Darwinism
a loose set of ideologies that emerged in the late 1800s in which Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection was used to justify certain political, social, or economic views.
Eisenhower Doctrine
a policy for Middle Eastern country could request American economic assistance or aid from U.S. military forces if it was being threatened by armed aggression.
Vietnamization
a policy of the Richard Nixon administration to end U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War through a program to "expand, equip, and train South Vietnamese forces and assign to them an ever-increasing combat role, at the same time steadily reducing the number of U.S. combat troops".
Black Panthers
a political organization founded in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale to challenge police brutality against the African American community. Dressed in black berets and black leather jackets, the Black Panthers organized armed citizen patrols of Oakland and other U.S. cities.
Tammany Hall
a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism
Stagflation
a portmanteau of stagnation and inflation, was first coined during a period of inflation and unemployment in the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom experienced an outbreak of inflation in the 1960s and 1970s.
Nixonomics
a portmanteau of the words "Nixon" and "economics", refers to U.S. President Richard Nixon's economic performance.
Earl Warren
a prominent 20th century leader of American politics and law. Elected California governor in 1942, Warren secured major reform legislation during his three terms in office. After failing to claim the Republican nomination for the presidency, he was appointed the 14th chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court in 1953.
Sussex Pledge
a promise given by the German Government to the United States of America on May 4, 1916, in response to US demands relating to the conduct of the First World War. Specifically, Germany promised to alter its naval and submarine policy of unrestricted submarine warfare to stop the indiscriminate sinking of non-military ships.
Interstate Commerce Commission
a regulatory agency in the United States created by the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887. The agency's original purpose was to regulate railroads to ensure fair rates, to eliminate rate discrimination, and to regulate other aspects of common carriers, including interstate bus lines and telephone companies.
iran-contra
a secret U.S. arms deal that traded missiles and other arms to free some Americans held hostage by terrorists in Lebanon, but also used funds from the arms deal to support armed conflict in Nicaragua.
Zimmerman Telegram
a secret diplomatic communication issued from the German Foreign Office in January 1917 that proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico if the United States entered World War I against Germany.
9/11
a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Wahhabi terrorist group Al-Qaeda against the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11, 2001.
Zoot Suit Riots
a series of violent clashes during which mobs of U.S. servicemen, off-duty police officers and civilians brawled with young Latinos and other minorities in Los Angeles.
hoover/ hoovervilles
a shantytown built by unemployed and destitute people during the Depression of the early 1930s.
Evil Empire
a speech delivered by U.S. President Ronald Reagan to the National Association of Evangelicals on March 8, 1983 during the Cold War. In that speech, Reagan referred to the Soviet Union as.....
immigration quota system
a system that was passed in 1921 that determined how many immigrants from a specific country could enter the US
poll tax
a tax of a uniform amount levied on each individual, or "head."
Iron Curtain
a term used to describe the boundary that separated the Warsaw Pact countries from the NATO countries from about 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991. The Iron Curtain was both a physical and an ideological division that represented the way Europe was viewed after World War II.
sharecroppers
a type of farming in which families rent small plots of land from a landowner in return for a portion of their crop, to be given to the landowner at the end of each year.
island hopping
a war strategy of the United States during World War II in its Pacific Campaign against the Japanese Empire.
CCC
a work relief program that gave millions of young men employment on environmental projects during the Great Depression.
How did George W. Bush respond to Hurricane Katrina?
after the event happened, there was a picture taken of Bush that made people think he didn't care. later bush commented on that picture saying it should have never been taken. at the time he declined to go and see the devastated areas because he didn't want to be in the way of the rescue and recovery team. but then on September 2nd President Bush signed a $10.5 billion relief package and ordered 7,200 active-duty troops to assist with relief efforts.
tenant farmers/sharecroppers
agricultural system in which landowners contribute their land and a measure of operating capital and management while tenants contribute their labour with various amounts of capital and management, the returns being shared in a variety of ways.
Lend-Lease Act
allowed sales or loans of war materials to any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the U.S
"flexible response"
also called Flexible Deterrent Options (FDO), U.S. defense strategy in which a wide range of diplomatic, political, economic, and military options are used to deter an enemy attack.
Sherman Antitrust Act
an 1890 law that banned the formation of trusts and monopolies in the United States
Malcolm X
an African American leader in the civil rights movement, minister and supporter of Black nationalism. He urged his fellow Black Americans to protect themselves against white aggression "by any means necessary," a stance that often put him at odds with the nonviolent teachings of Martin Luther King, Jr.
W.E.B. DuBois
an African American writer, teacher, sociologist and activist whose work transformed the way that the lives of Black citizens were seen in American society.
Meat Inspection Act
an American law that makes it illegal to adulterate or misbrand meat and meat products being sold as food, and ensures that meat and meat products are slaughtered and processed under strictly regulated sanitary conditions. These requirements also apply to imported meat products, which must be inspected under equivalent foreign standards.
Fourteen Points
an address delivered before a joint meeting of Congress on January 8, 1918, during which Wilson outlined his vision for a stable, long-lasting peace in Europe, the Americas and the rest of the world following World War I.
FDIC
an agency created in 1933 during the depths of the Great Depression to protect bank depositors and ensure a level of trust in the American banking system.
Populists
an agrarian-based political movement aimed at improving conditions for the country's farmers and agrarian workers. it was preceded by the Farmer's Alliance and the Grange.
WPA
an ambitious employment and infrastructure program created by President Roosevelt in 1935, during the bleakest years of the Great Depression.
misery index
an economic indicator, created by economist Arthur Okun. The index helps determine how the average citizen is doing economically and it is calculated by adding the seasonally adjusted unemployment rate to the annual inflation rate.
Anthracite Coal Strike
an effort by the United Mine Workers to get higher waves, shorter hours, and recognition of their union.
head start
an eight-week summer program by the Office of Economic Opportunity in 1965, was designed to help break the cycle of poverty by providing preschool children of low-income families with a comprehensive program to meet their emotional, social, health, nutritional, and psychological needs.
Battle of Midway
an epic clash between the U.S. Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy that played out six months after the attack on Pearl Harbor.
SEC
an independent federal regulatory agency tasked with protecting investors and capital, overseeing the stock market and proposing and enforcing federal securities laws.
comp. of 1877 (Election of 1876)
an informal agreement between southern Democrats and allies of the Republican Rutherford Hayes to settle the result of the 1876 presidential election and marked the end of the Reconstruction era.
League of Nations
an international diplomatic group developed after World War I as a way to solve disputes between countries before they erupted into open warfare.
Ho Chi Minh
an outspoken voice for Vietnamese independence while living as a young man in France during World War I. Inspired by the Bolshevik Revolution, he joined the Communist Party and traveled to the Soviet Union.
Lincoln's 10% Plan
announced by President Abraham Lincoln in December 1863, as the first comprehensive program for Reconstruction. offered a pardon to all Southerners who took oaths of loyalty to the Union and support for emancipation
Booker T. Washington
born into slavery and rose to become a leading African American intellectual of the 19 century, founding Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute (Now Tuskegee University) in 1881 and the National Negro Business League two decades later.
buying stock on margin
borrowing money from a broker to purchase stock. however it helped bring about the Great Depression because it helped to cause Black Tuesday when the stock market crashed.
Bush v. Gore
case in which, on December 12, 2000, the Supreme Court of the United States reversed a Florida Supreme Court request for a selective manual recount of that state's U.S. presidential election ballots.
Freedom Riders
civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated Southern United States in 1961 and subsequent years to challenge the non-enforcement of the United States Supreme Court decisions Morgan v. Virginia. i was coused by Plessy v. Ferguson.
Roe v. Wade
court case that addressed womens right to terminate a pregnancy, resulting in woman being given total control over the first trimester and giving the states control over the second and third trimesters
Share the Wealth
created by Huey long and it provided mininum income, home for every american family.
Kennedy-Nixon Debates
debates not only had a major impact on the election's outcome, but ushered in a new era in which crafting a public image and taking advantage of media exposure became essential ingredients of a successful political campaign. They also heralded the central role television has continued to play in the democratic process.
Hundred Days
defines a time when a president's leadership style seems new and his power and influence are often at an apex.
Discuss the domestic policies and foreign policies regarding deténte of Richard Nixon.
domestic policies: Approved the creation of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, oversaw the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency, signed the Clean Air Act, and supported the cost-of-living increases to Social Security. foreign policies: The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks signified that the United States and the Soviet Union were trying to achieve a settlement of their differences by peaceful means.
KKK in the 1920s
dramatic expansion due to nativism and The Birth of a Nation; favored White supremacy and restrictions on immigration; hostile towards immigrants, Catholics, Jews, and African Americans
After the fall of the Soviet Union, what new threat replaced the Cold War enmity?
during the postwar, Soviet expansionism in Eastern Europe fueled many Americans' fears of a Russian plan to control the world. during this the USSR came to resent what they perceived as American officials' bellicose rhetoric, arms buildup and interventionist approach to international relations. In such a hostile atmosphere, no single party was entirely at blame.
NAACP
established in 1909 and is America's oldest and largest civil rights organization. It was formed in New York City by white and Black activists, partially in response to the ongoing violence against African Americans around the country.
TVA
established in 1933 as one of President Roosevelt's Depression-era New Deal programs, providing jobs and electricity to the rural Tennessee River Valley, an area that spans seven states in the South.
Ku Klux Klan
extended into almost every southern state by 1870 and became a vehicle for white southern resistance to the Republican Party's
Social Security
federal program of disability and retirement benefits that covers most working people
Brown v. Board of Education
five separate cases that were heard by the U.S. Supreme Court concerning the issue of segregation in public schools. These cases were Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Briggs v. Elliot, Davis v. Board of Education of Prince Edward County (VA.), Bolling v. Sharpe, and Gebhart v. Ethel. a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that U.S. state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional, even if the segregated schools are otherwise equal in quality.
Describe the events that encouraged the rise of McCarthyism.
foreigners and radicals had been present in the US since the 1700's, and a second Red Scare sparked in the 40's. Truman initiated a loyalty program to the US government by checking employees to root out Communists. Fear came when Soviet atomic bomb and more conspiracy theories turned officials against each other, and McCarthy arose.
OPEC
founded in 1960 by Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait and Venezuela with the principle objective of raising the price of oil. Other Arab nations and Third World oil producers joined in the 1960s and early 1970s. For the first decade of its existence, it had little impact on the price of oil, but by the early 1970s an increase in demand and the decline of U.S. oil production gave it more clout.
John D. Rockefeller
founder of the Standard Oil Company, became one of the world's wealthiest men and a major philanthropist.
15th Amendment
granting African American men the right to vote was adopted into the U.S. Constitution in 1870. "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."
Perestroika
he policy or practice of restructuring or reforming the economic and political system. First proposed by Leonid Brezhnev in 1979 and actively promoted by Mikhail Gorbachev, perestroika originally referred to increased automation and labor efficiency, but came to entail greater awareness of economic markets and the ending of central planning.
CORE
helped to launch one of America's most important civil rights movements. Taking a leading role in sit-ins, picket lines, the Montgomery Bus Boycott, Freedom Rides and the 1963 March on Washington, the group worked alongside Martin Luther King, Jr. and other civil rights leaders throughout the 1950s and mid-1960s until, in 1966, under new guidance, it turned its focus from civil disobedience to becoming a Black separatist and Black Power organization.
Reconstruction
in U.S. history, the period (1865-77) that followed the American Civil War and during which attempts were made to redress the inequities of slavery and its political, social, and economic legacy and to solve the problems arising from the readmission to the Union of the 11 states that had seceded at or before the outbreak of war.
Galveston Idea
in the 1900s a tidal wave from a hurricane came into Galveston and demolished it. killing thousands and leaving millions of dollars of damage. to protect the city from this again, Galveston came up with the idea to build a seawall. in September of 1901 the Texas legislature approved the act.
AIDS
in the 1980s- early 1990s, an outbreak swept through the us and the whole world. although the disease its self had been around for years. over 70 million have been infected and 35 million have died from it since the beginning.
battle of the bulge
in the Ardennes region of Belgium was Adolf Hitler's last major offensive in World War II against the Western Front. also known as "the greatest American battle of the war"
little rock, arkansas
is the state's capital and largest city. The name is derived from La Petite Roche (the "little rock" in French), a small rock formation on the south bank of the Arkansas River that served as a navigational landmark by early river travelers. The rock formation can still be seen at Riverfront Park in downtown Little Rock. The formation was first noted and named by the French explorer, Bernard de la Harpe, in 1722
Baby Boom
large increase in the birhrate from the late 1940's through the early 1960's.
Rough Riders
member of 1st Volunteer Cavalry, in the Spanish-American War, member of a regiment of U.S. cavalry volunteers recruited by Theodore Roosevelt and composed of cowboys, miners, law-enforcement officials, and college athletes, among others.
Upton Sinclair
muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.
passive resistance
nonviolent action or opposition to authority, often in accord with religious or moral beliefs
the jungle
novel by Upton Sinclair portrays the harsh conditions and exploited lives of immigrants in the United States in Chicago and similar industrialized cities.
Black Codes
numerous laws enacted in the states of the former Confederacy after the American Civil War and intended to assure the continuance of white supremacy.
Haymarket Square Riot
occurred on May 4, 1886, when a labor protest rally near Chicago's turned into a riot after someone threw a bomb at police. At least eight people died as a result of the violence that day.
Old v. New Immigrants
old immigrants: early waves of settlers who came to establish their lives in America. These people came to the U.S. in the early 1800s, from European countries such as England, Ireland, Scotland, Germany, and Sweden―basically from places that were English territories. new immigrants: settlers arriving in America in the latter half of the 1800s. These people arrived in the period of rapid and dramatic industrial development post the Civil War.
Dawes Act
passed in 1887 under President Grover Cleveland, allowed the federal government to break up tribal lands.
war on drugs
phrase used to refer to a government-led initiative that aims to stop illegal drug use, distribution and trade by dramatically increasing prison sentences for both drug dealers and users. The movement started in the 1970s and is still evolving today.
Progressivism
political and social-reform movement that brought major changes to American politics and government during the first two decades of the 20th century.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. Provisions of this civil rights act forbade discrimination on the basis of sex, as well as, race in hiring, promoting, and firing.
What does the DREAMers Act and DACA do?
provided a pathway to U.S. citizenship to certain undocumented youth who go to college and/or serve in the military while maintaining a good record. DACA enables certain people who came to the U.S. as children and meet several key guidelines to request consideration for deferred action.
Watergate
prowlers were connected to President Richard Nixon's reelection campaign, and they had been caught wiretapping phones and stealing documents. Nixon took aggressive steps to cover up the crimes, but when Washington Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein revealed his role in the conspiracy, Nixon resigned on August 9, 1974.
13th Amendment
ratified in 1865 in the aftermath of the Civil War, abolished slavery in the United States. "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction."
14th Amendment
ratified in 1868, granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States—including former enslaved people—and guaranteed all citizens "equal protection of the laws."
Andrew Carnegie
scattish born, an American industrialist who amassed a fortune in the steel industry then became a major philanthropist.
force acts
series of four acts passed by Republican Reconstruction supporters in the Congress between May 31, 1870, and March 1, 1875, to protect the constitutional rights guaranteed to blacks by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments.
Levitown
seven large suburban housing developments created in the United States and one in Puerto Rico by William J. Levitt
Treaty of Versailles
signed in June 1919 at the Palace of Versailles in Paris at the end of World War I, codified peace terms between the victorious Allies and Germany. also held Germany responsible for starting the war and imposed harsh penalties in terms of loss of territory, massive reparations payments and demilitarization.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson, aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote as guaranteed under the 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
Rosa Parks
someone that wanted something to end in the Civil Rights Movement, whom the United States Congress.
Equal Rights Amendment
states that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex" and further that "the Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article."
Grandfather Clause
statutory or constitutional device enacted by seven Southern states between 1895 and 1910 to deny suffrage to African Americans.
kamikazes
suicide mission pilot to fly into enemy warships, brought great honor to japan.
Gilded Age
term used to describe the tumultuous years between the Civil War and the turn of the twentieth century.
William McKinley
the 25th president of the United States, serving from 1897 until his assassination in 1901. McKinley was president during the Spanish-American War of 1898, raised protective tariffs to boost American industry, and rejected the expansionary monetary policy of free silver, keeping the nation on the gold standard.
16th Amendment
the Constitution of the United States permitting a federal income tax. "lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defense and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States."
University of California v. Bakke
the Supreme Court ruled that a university's use of racial "quotas" in its admissions process was unconstitutional, but a school's use of "affirmative action" to accept more minority applicants was constitutional in some circumstances.
21st Amendment
the U.S. Constitution is ratified, repealing the 18th Amendment and bringing an end to the era of national prohibition of alcohol in America.
alphabet programs
the U.S. federal government agencies created as part of the New Deal of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Ocala Platform
the abolition of national banks, a graduated income tax, free and unlimited coinage of silver, the establishment of subtreasuries where farmers could obtain money at less than 2 percent on nonperishable products, and the election of U.S.
Evaluate the results of the Soviet Union's land blockade of West Berlin.
the allies ( US, Great britian, and france) of west berlin created the berlin airlift to haul many supplies to west berlin. this was the first major strategy to not cause conflict of the cold war. with the great legistics of the cold war, the soviet union backed down and allowed for west berlin to recieve supplies on may 12, 1949.
Black Power
the belief that blacks should fight back if attacked. it urged blacks to achieve economic independence by starting and supporting their own business.
Horizontal Integration
the business practice in the 19 th century that is known as "monopolizing."
Manhattan Project
the code name for the American-led effort to develop a functional atomic weapon during World War II.
Appeasement
the diplomatic tactic of offering concessions to aggressor nations in an attempt to avoid or delay war.
Great Depression
the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s worldwide economic downturn that began in 1929 and lasted until about 1939. It was the longest and most severe depression ever experienced by the industrialized Western world, sparking fundamental changes in economic institutions, macroeconomic policy, and economic theory.
Reaganomics
the economic policies of the former 40th president associated especially with the reduction of taxes and the promotion of unrestricted free-market activity.
Thurgood Marshall
the first African American to serve on the Supreme Court on which he served as Associate Justice from 1967-1991 after he was successfully nominated by President Johnson. retired from the bench in 1991 and passed away on January 24, 1993, in Washington DC at the age of 84
Pure Food and Drug Act
the first of a series of significant consumer protection laws which was enacted by Congress in the 20th century and led to the creation of the Food and Drug Administration.
Maine
the largest of the six New England states, lies at the northeastern corner of the country.
Clarence Thomas
the second African-American to serve on the Court, after Marshall. An associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was nominated by President George H. W. Bush to succeed Thurgood Marshall, and has served since 1991
Explain the results of the 1960 Paris summit conference.
there was hope for the soviets and the US to come to terms until may 1, 1960 when the soviets shot down a CIA plane which was being used to spy on the soviets. this made them mad causing the deal to pull back and there not being a negotiation between the two.
What was the Reagan Administration's response to the AIDS epidemic?
they joked about it during a press conference and then made a statement that it was known as the "gay plague".
Describe the Truman Doctrine of 1947.
they want to drive communism away from Greece that would lead to penetration of the Middle East. wanting to scare American people into supporting the fight of Communism, saying it was a global war of power.
Allied Powers
those countries allied in opposition to the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey) in World War I
Buffalo/ plains indians
thousand years after the West Coast culture took shape, around 6,000 BC, a plains culture formed around the buffalo. The buffalo supplied the
Berlin Wall
to keep so-called Western "fascists" from entering East Germany and undermining the socialist state, but it primarily served the objective of stemming mass defections from East to West. it stood until November 9, 1989, when the head of the East German Communist Party announced that citizens of the GDR could cross the border whenever they pleased.
18th Amendment
to the Constitution of the United States imposing the federal prohibition of alcohol. organized efforts of the temperance movement and Anti-Saloon League, which attributed to alcohol virtually all of society's ills and led campaigns at the local, state, and national levels to combat its manufacture, sale, distribution, and consumption.
20th Amendment
to the Constitution of the United States indicating the beginning and ending dates of presidential and congressional terms. Also known as "lame duck"
19th Amendment
to the Constitution of the United States that officially extended the right to vote to women
17th Amendment
to the Constitution of the United States that provided for the direct election of U.S. senators by the voters of the states. It altered the electoral mechanism
What were the main points of the Iran-Contra scandal?
traded missiles, used funds from the arms deal to support armed conflict in Nicaragua, The controversial deal—and the ensuing political scandal, and threatened to bring down the presidency of Ronald Reagan.
Pullman Strike
violent 1894 railway workers' strike which began outside of Chicago and spread nationwide. widespread railroad strike and boycott that severely disrupted rail traffic in the Midwest of the United States in June-July 1894.
Miranda v. Arizona
was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution restricts prosecutors from using a person's statements made in response to interrogation in police custody as evidence at their trial unless they can show that the person was informed of the right to consult with an attorney before and during questioning, and of the right against self-incrimination before police questioning, and that the defendant not only understood these rights, but voluntarily waived them
Atlanta Compromise
was an agreement struck in 1895 between Booker T. Washington, president of the Tuskegee Institute, other African-American leaders, and Southern white leaders
Strategic Defense Initiative
was first proposed by President Ronald Reagan in a nationwide television address on March 23, 1983. U.S. strategic defensive system against potential nuclear attacks—as originally conceived, from the Soviet Union.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
was the heir presumptive to the throne of Austria-Hungary.
Reagan Doctrine
was used to characterize the Reagan administration's (1981-1988) policy of supporting anti-Communist insurgents wherever they might be. "We must not break faith with those who are risking their lives--on every continent from Afghanistan to Nicaragua--to defy Soviet-supported aggression and secure rights which have been ours from birth."
Explain how 1968 is considered a "watershed" year.
watershead year- meaning when multiple changes happen. in 1968 martin luther king junior was assasianted, robert f. kennedy, JFK's younger brother was assasinated, richard nixon entered all the chaos with a pledge to restore law and order, end the war in Vietnam, and restore traditional American values.
Oklahoma City Bombing
when a truck packed with explosives was detonated on April 19, 1995, outside the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, killing 168 people and leaving hundreds more injured.
china
world's most populous country. with a population of 1.4 billion
Beatniks
young people in the late 1950s who rejected traditional ways of living, dressing, and behaving. People sometimes use the word beatnik to refer to anyone who lives in an unconventional way.
Dreamers
young undocumented immigrants who were brought to the United States as children, who have lived and gone to school here, and who in many cases identify as American.
Flappers
young women known for their energetic freedom, embracing a lifestyle viewed by many at the time as outrageous, immoral or downright dangerous.