history midterm
Little Bighorn
(1876) Battle during which the Sioux Tribe defeated the U.S. Army forces led by Colonel George A. Custer.
Treaty of Paris
(1898) treaty that ended the Spanish American war. Provided that Cuba be free from Spain.
Diaz, Huerta, Villa
- Diaz: Unpopular military dictator of Mexico overthrown by Madero. - Huerta: overthrew Madero w/ help of Taft (Taft made deal to help American business) - Pancho Villa: tempted to be leader of ME b/c deal w/ Wilson-> this falls through and Villa attacks US's borders; Wilson puts this uprising down.
Indian Wars
1850 to 1890; series of conflicts between the US Army / settlers and different Native American tribes
Homestead Act
1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.
Gilded Age
1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor
Garfield
1881
Pendleton Act
1883 law that created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons
Interstate Commerce Act
1887 law passed to regulate railroad and other interstate businesses
Dawes Act
1887 law that distributed reservation land to individual Native American owners
Homestead Strike
1892 steelworker strike near Pittsburgh against the Carnegie Steel Company. Ten workers were killed in a riot when "scab" labor was brought in to force an end to the strike.
Boxer Rebellion
1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.
Farmers Alliance
A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy
Haymarket Square
A May Day rally that turned violent when someone threw a bomb into the middle of the meeting, killing several dozen people. Eight anarchists were arrested for conspiracy contributing to the disorder, although evidence linking them to the bombing was thin. Four were executed, one committed suicide, and three were pardoned in 1893.
Princip
A black hand gang member, was the person who killed Franz Ferdinand and his wife
Tenement
A building in which several families rent rooms or apartments, often with little sanitation or safety
Corporation
A business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts
GW Plunkitt
A corrupt politician, leader of Tammany Hall. He defended "honest graft."
Stalwarts
A faction of the Republican party in the ends of the 1800s Supported the political machine and patronage. Conservatives who hated civil service reform.
Thomas Nast
A famous caricaturist and editorial cartoonist in the 19th century and is considered to be the father of American political cartooning. His artwork was primarily based on political corruption. He helped people realize the corruption of some politicians. Big part of taking down tamany hall and boss tweed.
AFL
A labor union formed in 1886 by Samuel Gompers in order to voice the working class (only highly skilled laborers). It fought against labor forces and debated work conditions for skilled workers. Utilized Strikes.
Monopoly
A market in which there are many buyers but only one seller.
Triple Entente
A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I.
Social Gospel
A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.
Self Made Man
A nineteenth-century ideal that celebrated men who rose to wealth or social prominence from humble origins through self-discipline, hard work, and temperate habits
Treaty of Versaillies
A peace treaty following wwl. Made Germany pay war reparations and made them the Weimar republic. Found germany to blame and made them get rid of the marines, reduce army, almost eliminate navy.
Red Scare
A period of general fear of communists
Open Door Policy
A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.
Mary Lease
A speaker for the Populist Party and the Farmer's Alliance. One of the founders of the Populist Party.
Socialism
A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.
Zimmerman Telegram
A telegram Germany Sent to Mexico to convince Mexico to attack the U.S.
Vaudeville
A type of inexpensive variety show that first appeared in the 1870s, often consisting of comic sketches, song-and-dance routines, and magic acts
Bessemer
A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.
Stumping
An act of a politician traveling through areas making campaign speeches
Molly Maguires
An active, militant Irish organization of farmers based in the Pennsylvania anthracite coal fields who are believed responsible for much violence
armistice
An agreement to stop fighting
ABC countries
Argentina, Brazil, and Chile; attempted to broker a deal between Mexico and USA
Central Powers
Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire
Battle of Verdun
Battle fought between French and German armies from February to December 1916; more than 700,000 people died - one of the most costly battles of the WWI.
Boss Rule
Bosses were powerful people/politicians who ruled cities. • They controlled jobs and demanded payoffs from businesses. • They were popular with the poor because the bosses provided jobs, loaned $. In return, immigrants would vote for the boss or the politician the boss supported.
Allies
Britain, France, and Russia- Later joined by Italy
- Explain the influence of William Jennings Bryan.
Bryan won election to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1890 and served until 1895, championing Populist causes such as the free coinage of silver, national income tax, and direct election of Senators.
Fr. John Ryan
Catholic social teacher who started the Salvation Army (Anglican) in the US; became too political but he's responsible for minimum wage.
Henry Clay Fricke
Chairman for Carnegie at his steel mill in Homestead, PA; made to do the dirty work; ended up putting down a strike.
Henry Cabot Lodge
Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations
Hayes
Compromise of 1877
The Birth of a Nation
Controversial but highly influential and innovative silent film directed by D.W. Griffith. It demonstrated the power of film propaganda and revived the KKK.
Big Stick Diplomacy
Diplomatic policy developed by T.R where the "big stick" symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them and was the basis of U.S. imperialistic foreign policy.
- The Wizard of Oz is often considered a political allegory. Explain.
Dorothy, the Kansas innocent, represents the nobility of middle (and Midwestern) America; the Tin Man is industry, the Scarecrow is agriculture.
Jacob Riis
Early 1900's social reformer and muckraker who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. with his novel "How The Other Half Lives"; exposed the poor conditions of the poor tenements in NYC and Hell's Kitchen
Herbert Spencer
English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies (1820-1903)
How did the concerns of the farmers influence the Populist platform?
Farmers wee making less and less profits every year due to the Republican and Democratic parties rejecting them. They used the Populist platform to speak up and to be a sponsor for farmer.
Half-Breeds
Favored tariff reform and social reform, major issues from the Democratic and Republican parties. They did not seem to be dedicated members of either party.
Battle of Manila Bay
First Battle of the Spanish-American War in the Philippines; decisive US victory under Commodore George Dewey (US steel ships vs. Spanish wooden ships)
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions
Dollar Diplomacy
Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Moral Diplomacy
Foreign policy proposed by President Wilson to condemn imperialism, spread democracy, and promote peace
Triple Alliance
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
Alfred Mahan
He believed that the future of military power lay in the navy. Wrote Influence of Seapower on History
Samuel Gompers
He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers.
Fredrick Jackson Turner
Historian during the 1890s who wrote the frontier thesis, which argued that the continuous existence of the American frontier had shaped the character of the nation, and the end of this frontier marked the end the first chapter in American history.
Dumbbell tenement
Houses that poor people lived in, located in cities Showed some atrocities of American industrial life.
How did political patronage shape presidencies at the end of the 19th century?
It gave more wealthy people a bigger advantage while running for a political position due to money being paid for votes.
Yellow Journalism
Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers
Great Railroad Strike
July, 1877 - A large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the rioting. The worst railroad violence was in Pittsburgh, with over 40 people killed by militia men.
Platt Amendment
Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble
Pinkertons
Members of the Chicago police force headed by Alan Pinkerton, they were often used as strike breakers.
City Beautiful Movement
Movement in environmental design that drew directly from the beaux arts school. Architects from this movement strove to impart order on hectic, industrial centers by creating urban spaces that conveyed a sense of morality and civic pride, which many feared was absent from the frenzied new industrial world.
William Tweed (Boss Tweed)
N.Y. political boss (did not hold a political office) controlled the Democratic political machine known as Tammany Hall; Stole $200 million form New York City. Popular among immigrants.
"Splendid Little War"
Nickname for Spanish American war coined by Hay, indicative of US attitude and cockiness
Wilson's 14 Points
President Woodrow Wilson proposed a 14-point program for world peace
McKinley
President during the Spanish-American War
Exclusion and Nativism
Protecting natives and trying to maintain racial purity supported segregation
Robber Barons
Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.
Roosevelt Corollary
Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force
Black Hand
Serbian nationalist/terrorist group responsible for the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand which resulted in the start of World War I.
Sioux
The Indian tribe that defeated Custer and put up the greatest resistance to U.S. domination was the:
Philippine War
The U.S. became involved in the fight between the Philippines and the Spanish. After the Spanish were defeated, U.S stays and occupies the Philippines.
Social Darwinism
The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.
Russian Revolution
The revolution against the Tsarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917.
- Explain the controversial historical reputation of the populists.
They did not include the poorer people and the immigrants and were more directed towards the wealthy business owners.
Gospel of Wealth
This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.
Salvation Army
This welfare organization came to the US from England in 1880 and sought to provide food, shelter, and employment to the urban poor while preaching temperance and morality.
Heart and Pulitzer
Two newspaper publishers that used yellow journalism to sell papers and start a war
Populist Party
U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies
Trusts/Holding Companies
Under an agreement, stockholders in individual corporations transferred their stocks to a small group of trustees in exchange for shared in the trust itself. Ones of the trust certificates often had no direct control over the decisions of the trustees; they simply received a share of the profits of the combination.
Louis Sullivan
United States architect known for his steel framed skyscrapers and for coining the phrase 'form follows function' (1856-1924)
Custer
United States general who was killed along with all his command by the Sioux at the battle of Little Bighorn (1839-1876)
Rough Riders
Volunteer regiment of US Cavalry led by Teddy Roosevelt during the Spanish American War
Tammany Hall
a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism
Ghost Dance
a religious dance of native Americans looking for communication with the dead
Venezuelan Border Dispute
british and Venezuelans always fought over the border between V. and British Guiana. The US stepped in on V.'s side because they thought it might be a violation of the Monroe Doctrine. But nothing ever happened because the problem was resolved without a war!
Olmstead
designed central park in nyc
Uriah Stephens
founded the Knights of Labor in 1869
Pullman Strike
in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing
Cartwright
invented the power loom
Knights of Labor
labor union that sought to organize all workers and focused on broad social reforms
Great Migration
movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920
Progressivism
movement that responded to the pressures of industrialization and urbanization by promoting reforms
Temperance
restraint or moderation, especially in regards to alcohol or food
Dime Novel
short works of fiction, popularized in the 19th century, serializing stories in an inexpensive paper binding
Queen Liliuokalani
the Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests
Graft
the acquisition of money in dishonest ways, as in bribing a politician
Archduke Frans Ferdinand
the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, wife is Sophia, visited Sarajevo, both assassinated (June 1914)
Assimilation
the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another
Taylor and Ford 1841
tried to use scientific thinking approach to the principles of management
MLB and College football
two early spectator sports. Pointed to a society that had free time for leisure activities for the first time
