History of Arch (Egypt)
Early Egyptians then began to build...which were... As these grew larger,...were incorporated to ...
...earth mound structures over the graves...then encased by sloping mud-brick walls ...small rooms...contain offerings of food and perhaps a chamber to contain a sculpture of the deceased
Because the larger Temple of Amon at Karnak became..., the...which was...
...exceedingly complex as it was enlarged...smalled Temple of Khonsu...integrated into the larger temple system was built by Ramses III in about 1170 BCE - illustrates more clearly the basis components of the `new Kingdom Temple
From the street, one entered through a...immediately to the left was a ... Within a walled...to... (Egyptian Villages and Houses)
...gate in a surrounding wall;...small gatekeeper's lodge. ...garden was a small temple...Aton, the new god
Predynastic burials had been made in ... Sometimes the... were ...
...graves scooped out of the sand. ...graves...covered with rough stone slabs
It was to be the...being attempted by... (Egyptian Villages and Houses)
...headquarters for the religious revolution...Akhenaton
The pyramid form was...
...immediately seized upon by successive rulers, who further modified it by fill-in in the steps to arrive at the familiar smooth angled surface.
In response, Egyptian architecture was one of... (An Architecture for Eternity)
...immovable, massive geometric forms, sharp-edged and crystalline
The present life, in all its security and comforts, was ..., but the next life,...
...lived to the full... stretching out to eternity
The engaged columns in Zoser's tomb have...
...lotus bud capitals (symbolic of Upper Egypt) and papyrus-plant capitals (typical of Lower Egypt's delta)
Ancient Egyptian society was one in which ..., and the ...became the divine symbol of ... (An Architecture for Eternity)
...man and nature were bound into a fixed pattern...pharaoh...that absolute and permanent man-nature relationship.
The sense of...began to ...after the end of the...(Late Egyptian Architecture)
...mass and timelessness...dissipate...Third-First Dynasty
Akhenaton attempted to introduce...
...monotheistic religion, focused solely on Aton and Aten, god of the sun
The entire ... is rooted in the... with the ...
...mortuary temple complex...axial and orthogonal traditions of Egyptian geometry and spatial organization. ...vertical lines of the colonnades echoing the vertical weathered grooves of the cliff faces
And yet, out of...for all their pragmatic science...(An Architecture for Eternity)
...obelisk, pylon, hypostyle hall, and all the other architectural elements, the Egyptians never fashioned an organic architecture...they speculated or theorized very little.
Proceeding along the axis along the colonnade,...a ...filled with...(Temple of Khonsu)
...one reached the hypostyle hall...roofed chamber...columns and lit by clerestory windows
Why Zoser should have...and why Imhotep should have...are...
...ordered this unprecedented change...should have devised it, are impossible to tell
The constant repetition of their sacred chants found a ... (An Architecture for Eternity)
...parallel in the repetition of pylon and column after columns in their temples.
One...that was enclosed by...(Temple of Khonsu)
...passed through the pylon into an open forecourt...massive colonnades
In comparison to Mesopotamia: Mesopotamia a general spirit of... prevailed, Egypt a general spirit of... was the norm
...pessimism...optimism
The once unquestioned and absolute authority of the...of the...was...
...pharaoh...Old Kingdom ... replaced by the increasing power...priests of Amon
When the waters receded they left a ...: the...
...precious gift... black soil carried down from Ethiopia
In part, this adherence to tradition arose out of the need for ... (An Architecture for Eternity)
...proper management of the Nile waters, which required continual social cooperation and strict discipline.
To advocate...whether...was to violate maat
...radiacal change...material, social, or religious...
These early tombs were...and resembled. the...and so came to be called... In subsequent decades, as burials extended to members of the royal family...
...rectangular and resembled the benches much later found outside Arab houses...mastabas("benches" in Arabic) ...clusters of mastabas would be built together
The dramatic changes in ... he initiated ...and were ...
...religion and art... did not survive his reign ... actively suppressed after his death
As a consequence, once the forms of Eqyptian...from the...through the ... they ...
...religion, literature, art, and architecture had been defined...predynastic period...Fourth Dynnasty...changed very little for almost three thousand years
The ideal world made at creation would...as long as all the...The ...
...remain fixed for eternity...necessary ceremonies were correctly performed...universe and human society were conceived as static
The Nile flowed in a ... and...that ...
...rhythm of rise and fall... replenishment ...never significantly varied.
Beyond this lay the ..., the ... focusing on a ...or...in which... (The temple of Amon at Karnak and other Egyptian temples)
...sekos,...sanctuary reserved for the priest...chamber containing the ceremonial boat...a barge...the statue of the god was moved during festivals
Around the temple itself were... a...more than a ...(The temple of Amon at Karnak and other Egyptian temples)
...smaller auxiliary temples ...sacred lake or pool, gardens, granaries, administrative buildings, schools, and other buildings in an enclosed compound...quarter of a mile square, or 160 acres
The Nile, then, was one cultural determinant, flowing..., from...to...
...south to north...the higher lands that the Egyptians called Upper Egypt...the flat delta, or Lower Egypt
Until relatively late in their history, the Egyptians kept no ...
...standing army
The...itself was started as a broad...with a tomb chamber The decision was made to transform the traditional ...into a...by ...
...stepped pyramid...mastaba... ...horizontal mastaba...vertical monument...placing four more mastabas on top of the original mastaba
With the return of ... during the ... in..., Egypt began to... This period is called the...and it lasted from...
...strong central government...Eighteenth Dynasty...1575BCE... extend its influence south into Nubia (the Sudan) and North through Palestine to the edge of Mesopotamia. ...New Kingdom or the Empire...1757BCE to 1087BCE
During the Twelfth Dynasty...lasting from...
...strong centralized government was restored and the Middle Kingdom began...2052BCE to 1786BCE
ONce perfected in the Middle and New Kingdoms the...(The temple of Amon at Karnak and other Egyptian temples)
...temple form was used for fifteen hundred years into the period of Roman annexation
Several additional...including ...dedicated to...were placed...
...temples...smalled temples...Montu, Mut, Ptah, and Khonsu...around the compound at Karnak
As a temple of Amon, it had been a sacred site since...but after the Tenth Dynast it...
...the Old Kingdom...steadily rose in prominence as the major sacred site in Egypt
The Egyptians never stepped back from..., never ... "..." (An Architecture for Eternity)
...the architectural object...studied it reflectively as an abstract thing, as E.B. Smith further observed,...they saw not the stone but the symbol
Egyptian architecture changed only in subtle ways during... .(An Architecture for Eternity)
...thirty one dynasties, over twenty seven hundred years
The river gave the ancient Egyptians their...beginning with...
...three seasons... 1- Inundation (flooding) from June through October 2- Emergence of the fields from the water: from November through February. (during which time the fields were planted and tended) 3- Drought: when there was harvest and threshing (separate the grain from the plant)
It was a minor tomb of a very minor pharaoh, and yet his was the only...
...tomb to survive virtually untouched by ancient grave robbers
after the disruption of the First Intermediate Period...as the major royal building enterprises
...tombs anf temples replaced pyramids...
There were occasional period of... but for century after century, life went on in ...
...turmoil...peaceful monotony
What are the two main tributaries (river flows) in which the Nile is formed?the Blue Nile which originates in the mountains of Ethiopia and the White Nile which flows from lake Victoria in equatorial Africa.
1) Blue Nile which originates in the mountains of Ethiopia 2)White Nile which flows from lake Victoria in equatorial Africa.
What were the twofolds of Imhoteps' innovations?
1) He substituted limestone throughout for the mud brick, bundled reeds, and wood that had been used in royal buildings up to that time. 2) He literally invented the pyramid
Talk about Khufu's pyramid arrangement.
At first, Khufu's pyramid was to cover a subterranean burial chamber cut deep into the rock of the plateau, but as the layers of blocks were put in place, this arrangement was changed to a slightly elevated burial chamber, and then there was a further change to an even more elevated chamber at almost the exact center of the pyramid's mass.
How did the Empire end?
By 1000 BCE, the Empire had ended, however, and Egypt began a slow decline in power until it was conquered bt the Persians in 525 BCE, made part of Alexander's empire in 332 BCE, and then annexed by the Romans in 30 BCE. Nonetheless, so great had been the power of the culture of Egypt that it took a thousand years for its influence to subside.
What was the goal of Egyptian culture and architecture that housed its institutions? (An Architecture for Eternity)
Continuity and order; this unending effort to thwart time, death, and decay bound the architect to the service of tradition.
What geographical features did Egypt possess that helped protect them?
Egypt was protected by desert to the east and west, by mountains and cataracts to the south, and by the Mediterranean to the north. Egypt was geographically isolated
...(also ...) is the Ancient Egyptian god of the... His name means..., and may relate to the...
Khonsu...Chonsu, Khensu, Khons, Chons, or Khonshu...moon..."traveller"...nightly travel of the moon across the sky
What god became more important later during the Middle Kingdom?
Later, during the Middle Kingdom and the Empire, Amon became chief among the gods. More of a pervasive spirit, he was shown as a human figure with a tall headdress shaped like two feathers. He was called the 'King of the Gods'
What did Menes/ Narmer do?
Menes/ Narmer established a new capital at Memphis, just south of the delta in Lower Egypt. There followed a near-thousand-year period of peace and prosperity known as the Old Kingdom, from around 3100 to 2000 BCE
What happened after the development of the two cultures?
Towns flourished, agriculture became organized, and writing was developed around 3250 BCE with pictorial imagery
What were the two cultures that developed in Egypt?
Two cultures (and, eventually, two kingdoms gradually developed, one in the harsher geography of the southern valley of Upper Egypt (upper because it is higher in elevation) and another in the more moderate climate of the flat, northern delta marshes of Lower Egypt. Forty provinces were defined (called Nomes)
If there was one successful and abrupt artistic-cultural revolution in Egyptian architecture, it was...
the architectural revolution created during the Third Dynasty by Pharaoh Zoser and his architect and chief minister, Imhotep, inn the construction of a tomb complex at Saqqara just south of the capital city Memphis
Predynastic burials were made with...
the bodies surrounded by tools and jars filled with provisions for the next life.
... was actively carried on with the rest of their known world
trade...
What was Egypts geography like?
- Egypt is the Nile - The Nile is arguably the longest river in the world. - The Nile is a major source of water. - Formed by two main tributaries )river flows): the Blue Nile which originates in the mountains of Ethiopia and the White Nile which flows from lake Victoria in equatorial Africa.
The unending fascination with the Giza pyramids is due to two factors, what are they?
- Their sheer size - The precision with which they were built
What was the concept of Maat?
- What served to reinforce the inherent conservatism of Egyptian religion - Maat, the right order of things created at the beginning of the world. - Maat: concept of truth, balance, order, law, morality, and justice
Temples were more than places of worship, they also:
- combined centers of learning and administration for the nation. - public building by the time, was far more than a church-as we might imagine. - it was the residence and training ground of the immense bureaucracy that ran the country - Priest taught writing and painting (to ensure that the images and inscriptions in the tombs were correct)
This pharaoh's original given name, Amenhotep, had meant... whereas the new name he created for himself, Akhenaton, meant...
... "Amen is satisfied with this person"..."He who is serviceable to Aton"
Most of the many gods represented...and their images incorporated...
... forces of nature...aspects and images of humans and animals.
By the end of the Sixth Dynasty...
...2200 BCE, this had led to a breakdown in the administration of the Old Kingdom and to the decentralization of power.
Around ... there was a substantial increase in...
...4000 BCE...population
At Karnak, the great temple of... gradually became the ...of the Egyptian Empire
...AMon...religious and administrative center...
After ...death, the city and its new temples were...by the...and the ...were... (Egyptian Villages and Houses)
...Akhenaton's...delierately pulled down...preists of Amon,...stones of the temple...reused in later buildings
The decentralization was known as the ... from around...
...First Intermediate Period...2200BCE to 2052BCE
The temple of Amon at...
...Karnak
Just to the north of... the... with the ...with the ...built of...
...Khafre's Valley Temple...king's sculptors took advantage of a rock outcropping and carved an enormous figure, the Sphinx...body of a crouching lion and the head of the pharaoh...forepaws...stone blocks
Like the Temple of...at..., it is entered through a ... beyond this is a...all parts are aligned on an... (Late Egyptian Architecture)
...Khonsu...Karnak...massive pylon forming the end of the entrance court...shallow hypostyle hall connecting with the inner sanctuary ...orthogonal grid, and everything is organized along a dominant axis.
The ancient Egyptian metropolises of...have...for they were built of... Under...a new...called...was built around...the virtual geographic...now called... (Egyptian Villages and Houses)
...Memphis and Thebes...disappeared,...adobe mud brick. ...Pharoah Akhenaton...capital city...Akhetaten (The Horizon of Aton)...1379-1362BCE at a site located in...center of ancient Egypt...Tel el Amarna
by the...the tombs of the pharaohs were...
...Middle Kingdom...carved deep below the cliffs of the Valley of Kings on the west side of the Nile
The easy and relatively carefree life made possible by the...was simply too good to end
...Nile...
Among the most active builders of the Empire was...the Egyptian landscape is...
...Ramses II (Ramses the Great), 1304-1237 BCE...dotted with temples he erected
Harsepshut gave her architect and chief administrator,..., the task of...
...Senmut...building a terraced mortuary chapel complex
The new ...,might pass, at first glance, for a ...of a... (Late Egyptian Architecture)
...Temple of Horus, at Edfu, 237-212 BCE,...temple...thousand years earlier.
The huge...follows this... The ...already of considerable site about...apparenlt survived from the...
...Temples pf Amonat Karnak...same pattern...core of the sanctuary...,about 81 by 52 m,...Middle Kingdom
As...the temples to...at...was...by...
...Thebes prospered...Amon...Karnak...enlarged...succeeding pharaohs
Among the vigorous rulers were...and...the only...
...Thutmose III...Hatshepsut...woman to rule as pharaoh in her own right
Deprived of the opportunity of spending a long reign preparing an elaborate tomb,...
...Tutankhamen was hastily buried in a small tomb cut in the cliffs of the Valley of the Kings
Akhenaton was succeeded by the young...whose short reign ended with...(it has been theorized that...
...Tutankhamen...his unexpected death at age eighteen..perhaps he was murdered by court officials who were intent on obliterating Akhenaton's influence)
The town was founded by... in about...to house this special... Now called..., it was placed in a ..., with a path leading down to ...just to the ... (Egyptian Villages and Houses)
...Tuthmose I...1530 BCE...corps of artists, craftsmen, and scribes. ...Deit el-Medina,...depression atop the cliffs...the desert Valley of the Kings...north
While...was sufficient for the houses of...only ...was proper for the houses of the...
...adobe brick...peasants, nobles, priests, and even the pharaoh and his family...carefully dresses stone...gods and the dead
An architecture of...reinforced with... ...this material was sufficiently...and some of these structures have been used for ...
...adobe bricks... straw emerged. Coated with a hard plaster,...durable in a climate with little rain...four thousand years.
Soon, the people developed the practice of...the body, preparing it for the ...
...artificially drying and wrapping...long afterlife
But most remarkable during this period was the...
...attempt at a most radical total social reform, with religious, administrative, and artistic transformation by Amenhotep IV, who changed his name to Akhenaton
The temple was approached long an...pierced by a ... Slots in the...accomodated...from which...(Temple of Khonsu)
...avenue marked by sphinxes and leading an entrance pylon...narrow door...pylom...flagpoles...brightyl colored banners hung
The Egyptians values ...a guarantee of unending...(An Architecture for Eternity)
...bigness, mass , and solidity as the expression of durability,...security and indestructible
The town's elevated position allowed ... (Egyptian Villages and Houses)
...breeze to reach it
The... of Mesopotamia had given ... to ..., and the history of that region is one of successive invasive peoples, each being ...by the...
...broad valley...easy access...successive invaders...modified ...culture they absorbed
Another...began in..., resulting in the...which lasted until...
...bureautic breakdown...1786BCE...Second Intermediate Period...1757BCE
For the most elaborate ... of the ..., several... were required for the many...observed by the...
...burials...pharaohs...months...rituals...priests
Yet fragments of...survive, permitting a ... (Egyptian Villages and Houses)
...capital city, called Akhentaten/ Tel el Amarna...reconstruction of one villa in a northern "suburb".
Pyramid building essentially...following the end of the... By the ... the pyramids had already been...
...ceased...Old Kingdom ...Middle Kingdom...penetrated by determined thieves and their treasures stolen and the tombs stripped bare.
The entire temple complex ...was in fact a formal representation of the...(The temple of Amon at Karnak and other Egyptian temples)
...connotation marsh vegetation and its sacred lake and pools..."the island of creation" when the world first appeared
The people perceived the ...not as ...but as... Why do you think this is so?
...cosmos...subject to the whims of the gods...an unchanging continuum They had developed a deeply conservative view of life as a result of that. To them, things were never as good as they had been at the time of creation. That had been the golden age, when the gods inhabited the earth. The Egyptians continually trued to recreate that perfect time
At the moment of..., a ...of a ...had been...a ...that was to be...by...
...creation...pattern...stable society...handed down to humankind...pattern...maintained eternally...kingship, law, religion, and ritual
The tomb of Hatshepsutat...
...deir el bahri
It is possible that through trade, Egyptians had learned of ...in...
...early ziggurat construction... Sumer
What did the ancient Egyptians desire? ( A world in which...)
A world in which things did not change, could not be allowed to change
What happened to the two kingdoms later on?
About 3100 BCE, the forty nomes of the two separate kingdoms were united by the legendary King Menes (known also as Narmer) The first of the pharaohs of the thirty subsequent dynasties
...was often associated and fused with other gods as well, particularly with the older..., resulting in...
Amon...Ra...Amon-Ra, who combined aspects of both
What did Egyptians call their country? What did it mean?
Kemet, meaning "the black land"
What is all too easy for modern observers to see in mummification?
Elaboratelydecorated tombs, and costly funeral stone architecture a morbid fixation with death on the part of ancient Egyptians. Their sensibility was in fact quite the reverse; the Egyptians held on to a fixation with life.
What was the cultivation farming villages began as?
Farminng villages began to appear along the Nile as early as 5500BCE, with the cultivation of domesticated barely and wheat and the raising of domesticated sheep and goats
What did governing such a far-flung nation require?
Governing such a far-flung nation required the pharaoh to give gradually more power to the regional monarchs.
Describe the artisan's houses. (Egyptian Villages and Houses)
One room wide and several rooms deep, have the same major parts as the larger Amarna villa. The dimensions range from 13 to 20 feet wide (4 to 6m) and 65 to 83 feet long (20 to 25 m) The front room, with a door to the narrow street, was a reception room with a small shrine to the household god Bas. Beyond the front room was a taller, larger room, presumed to have had clerestory lighting, with a bedroom behind it. To the rear was court with stairs to the roof and the kitchen open to the sky for ventilation. Ofter, a small storage cellar was excavated beneath the house.
What was deemed "not needed" to Egyptians? (Thing of Michael Wood's quote)
Progress, change, new questions, and new answers
...also lived reasonably well, for their...and the creation of... (Egyptian Villages and Houses)
Scribes and artisans... skills were crucial to the operation of temple services...inscriptions and painting in the temples and tombs
...laid out a ...opening to a ...leading to a ...
Sent...Valley Temple...long causeway lined with figures of sphinxes...broad forecourt lined with trees
What god was important during the Old Kingdom? (Third to the Sixth Dynasties)
Suprememly important during the Old Kingdom (Third to Sixth Dynasties) was Ra, the sun god, usually shown as a hawk headed human, with a sun disk resting on his head
What is the Giza trio? What did it represent? Who were they built for?
The Giza trio represented the culmination of pyramid building by the Egyptians. - The first pyramid constructed was the northernmost and the largest of the three; it was built for Khufu. - Next, to the south was built the pyramid for Khufu's son, Khafre. - Then, the last and smallest of the three pyramids was built by Khafre's son, Menkare.
What did the two axes of river and sun form?
The basis of the orthogonal grid of Egyptian fields and cities
What detail suggests its late period and a sense of experimentation among its designer? (Late Egyptian Architecture)
The columns of the court do not carry the lintels directly on their open palm capitals but instead tall blocks are inserted, lifting the lintels higher and seeming to deny the weight of the massive stone beams.
What distinguishes Egyptian architecture? (Late Egyptian Architecture)
The deliberate resistance to change, or rather the acceptance of only the most gradual modifications in architectural form over a span of almost twenty-seven hundred years. This persistence of form, especially in temple design, is well illustrated by structures built during the Ptolemaic period, after Egypt had been conquered by Alexander and was the administered by Greeks.
The... was believed to embody all these gods.
The pharaoh was believed to embody all these gods
What were the two perpendicular axes that dominated Egyptians life and architecture?
The river and the sun(the sun cycle)
...for indeed these temples were built not at the direction of...but by....(Late Egyptian Architecture)
The world was no longer viewed as changeless, following an endless recurring cycle...Egyptian pharaohs...Greek rulers placed on the throne by conquering Alexander
What to Zoser's tomb look like?
Zoser's tomb and pyramid complex were enclosed in a wall 10.4 m high. There were several false gates but only one true entrance, at the southeast corner. It is believed that this passage was a symbolic representation of the Nile, with the forty nomes along its banks and the broad delta at the end Beyond the entry hall was a large, open court, perhaps used in the Heb-Sed running and dancing ceremonies. (an ancient Egyptian ceremony that celebrated the continued rule of a pharaoh)
What does the the word Nile come from?
from the Greek Neilos, from an ancient root word meaning "river valley"
Egypt is the gift of the...
river
