History of India test 2

Joseph Francois Duplex

1741- took over the presidency of French Pondicherry - began new phase of euro. involvement in India - Madras- English trading center - offered title Nawab, declined (behind the scenes) - power broker in India - used Indian princes as puppets - 1754- called home - french declined further adventures in India for him - opened way for British

Sake Dean Mahomed (1759-1851)

A bengali-Indian traveler, surgeon and entepreneur, and one of the most notable early non-European immigrants to the Western World. He was a notable figure in development of Brighton's 19th century bathing industry. In the early 1800s, he established vapor bathhouse on the site that is now the Queen's Hotel Kings Road. Building on Brighton's existing penchant for water therapies, his baths used steam and exotic Indian oils. Sake Dean Mahomed called himself a shampooing surgeon and offered his clients a massage with Indian oils. Was also the first Asian to write a book in English

Aurengzeb and the EIC

Akbar's great-grandson. He practiced Muslim intolerance and put many restrictions on Hindus. Mughal power did not last long after his death. He did not well integrate his additions to territory which contributed to the empire's collapse. Child's War was a war between the English East India Company and the Mughal Empire of India which lasted from 1686 to 1690.

Lord Cornwallis

British General Charles Cornwallis, the Earl Cornwallis, was appointed in February 1786 to serve as both Commander-in-Chief of British India and Governor of the Presidency of Fort William, also known as the Bengal Presidency. He oversaw the consolidation of British control over much of peninsular India, setting the stage for the British Raj. He was also instrumental in enacting administrative and legal reforms that fundamentally altered civil administration and land management practices there. According to historian Jerry Dupont, Cornwallis was responsible for "laying the foundation for British rule throughout India and setting standards for the services, courts, and revenue collection that remained remarkably unaltered almost to the end of the British era."[1]

White Mughals or Nabobs (on test)

British people that would become Indian - speak, dress etc. An example is James Kirkpatrick who married Khair-un-Nissa-furror an interracial marriage. Name given to Britons who went to India to make fortunes through graft and exploitation; returned to Britain to live richly. The English use of nabob was for a person who become rapidly wealthy in a foreign country, typically India, and returned home with considerable power and influence.[9] In England, the name was applied to men who made fortunes working for the East India Company and, on their return home, used the wealth to purchase seats in Parliament.[10][11] A common fear was that these individuals - the nabobs, their agents, and those who took their bribes - would use their wealth and influence to corrupt Parliament. The collapse of the Company's finances in 1772 due to bad administration, both in India and Britain, aroused public indignation towards the Company's activities and the behaviour of the Company's employees

Richard Wellesley

British statesman who, as governor of Madras and governor general of Bengal, greatly enlarged the British Empire in India. British Statesman and colonial administrator. Favored William Pitt's foreign policy: Britain should acquire a great empire in India to compensate for the loss of the American colonies. Governor-General of India. He his reign as Governor-General of India was crucial in creating the British Empire.

Ram Mohan Roy

Father of modern India; he called for the construction of a society based on both modern Euorpean science and the Indian tradition of devotional Hindusim.

Edmund Burke

For years Burke pursued impeachment efforts against Warren Hastings, formerly Governor-General of Bengal, that resulted in the trial during 1786. His interaction with the British dominion of India began well before Hastings' impeachment trial. For two decades prior to the impeachment, Parliament had dealt with the Indian issue. This trial was the pinnacle of years of unrest and deliberation.[73] In 1781 Burke was first able to delve into the issues surrounding the East India Company when he was appointed Chairman of the Commons Select Committee on East Indian Affairs—from that point until the end of the trial; India was Burke's primary concern. Member of Parliament

James Kirkpatrick

Has an affair with a local Indian princess/ important women and he gets blackmailed and company suffers because of it was the British Resident at Hyderabad from 1798 to 1805. He also built the historic Koti Residency in Hyderabad, a landmark and major tourist attraction.

Lord Dalhousie (James Ramsay)

He introduced the infamous 'Doctrine of Lapse'. He also brought Railways and Telegraph to India. He is also known as the maker of modern India. To his supporters he stands out as the far-sighted Governor-General who consolidated East India Company rule in India, laid the foundations of its later administration, and by his sound policy enabled his successors to stem the tide of rebellion.[2] To his critics, he stands out as the destroyer of both the East India Company's financial and military position through reckless policies. His critics also hold that he laid the foundations of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and led the final transformation of profitable commercial operations in India into a money-losing colonial administration.

Permanent Settlement

Humans began building homes near their crops and villages developed in the most popular locations.

Liberalism and Utilitarianism

Liberalism- improvement through laws of nature to function on their own. Emphasizes progress, reform, and liberal attacked traditional nobles of power. Utlitarianism- is an offsheet of liberalism. is an ethical theory that states that the best action is the one that maximizes utility.

Pitt's India Act of 1784

Replaced the Regulation Act. Established a board of control to watch over East India Company. Put East India company under the control of parliament. The East India Company Act 1784, also known as Pitt's India Act, was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain intended to address the shortcomings of the Regulating Act of 1773 by bringing the East India Company's rule in India under the control of the British Government. Named for British prime minister William Pitt the Younger, the act provided for the appointment of a Board of Control, and provided for a joint government of British India by the Company and the Crown with the government holding the ultimate authority. A six member board of controllers was set up for political activities and Court of directors for financial activities.

Regulation III

The Bengal Regulation III of 1818, officially the Bengal State Prisoners Regulation,III of 1818, was a law for Preventive Detention enacted by the East India Company in what was the then the Presidency of Bengal in 1818.[1] The law empowered the administration to detain an individual indefinitely, on the basis of suspicion of criminal intent, and without having to commit the detenue to trial.[2] Similar laws were enacted in the Presidencies of Madras and Bombay.[3] The act, along with a similar law enacted in 1915 was put to significant implementation during World War I in British India and remained enforced until at least 1927. It was focus of much criticism amongst Indian members of regional Presidency councils because of the arbitrary and rampant use for detaining anybody suspected of nationalist sympathies during and after the war.

Sati

The Indian custom of a widow voluntarily throwing herself on the funeral pyre of her husband. The British East India Company initially tolerated the practice,

Ryotwari and Mahalwary Systems

The Ryotwari system was a land tenure system in British India, introduced by Sir Thomas Munro in 1820 based on system administered by Captain Alexander Read in the Baramahal district. It allowed the government to deal directly with the peasant (ryot) for revenue collection, and gave the peasant freedom to give up or acquire new land for cultivation. The peasant was assessed for only the lands he was cultivating.The Mahalwari system (Hindi: महलवारी) was a system introduced by Holt Mackenzie[citation needed] . The other two systems were the Permanent Settlement of Bengal in 1793 and the Ryotwari system in 1820. It covered the States of Punjab,Awadh and Agra, parts of Orissa and Madhya Pradesh. During the 1800s, the British tried to establish their control over the administrative machinery of India. The System of Land Revenue acted as a chief source of income of the British. Land was one of the most important source of income for the British. Thus, they used land to control the entire Revenue system, strengthening their economic condition in India.

The Fakir and Sannyasi Rebellion

The Sannyasi rebellion or Sannyasi Revolt (Bengali: সন্ন্যাসী বিদ্রোহ, The monks' rebellion) were the activities of sannyasis and fakirs (Hindu and Muslim ascetics, respectively) in Bengal against the East India Company rule in the late 18th century. It is also known as the Sannyasi rebellion (সন্ন্যাসী বিদ্রোহ) which took place around Murshidabad and Baikunthupur forests of Jalpaiguri. Historians have not only debated what events constitute the rebellion, but have also varied on the significance of the rebellion in Indian history. While some refer to it as an early war for India's independence from foreign rule, since the right to collect tax had been given to the British East India Company after the Battle of Buxar in 1764, others categorize it as acts of violent banditry following the depopulation of the province in the Bengal famine of 1770.[1]

Warren Hastings

The first British governor-general in India who increased British control over the region, yet did not want an English domination. an English statesman, was the first Governor of the Presidency of Fort William (Bengal), the head of the Supreme Council of Bengal, and thereby the first de facto Governor-General of India from 1773 to 1785. In 1787, he was accused of corruption and impeached, but after a long trial, he was acquitted in 1795. He was made a Privy Counsellor in 1814.

Robert Clive

This man was a British soldier who established the military and political supremacy of the East India Company in Southern India and Bengal. He is credited with securing India, and the wealth that followed, for the British crown.

Carnatic Wars

War between Indians and Europeans over controlling the Eastern coast of India. were a series of military conflicts in the middle of the 18th century in India. The conflicts involved numerous nominally independent rulers and their vassals, struggles for succession and territory, and included a diplomatic and military struggle between the French East India Company and the British East India Company. They were mainly fought on the territories in India which were dominated by the Nizam of Hyderabad up to the Godavari delta. As a result of these military contests, the British East India Company established its dominance among the European trading companies within India. The French company was pushed to a corner and was confined primarily to Pondichéry. The East India company's dominance eventually led to control by the British Company over most of India and eventually to the establishment of the British Raj.

Charles Grant

Was made a factor the company of east india. 1781 in charge of silk manufacturing. 1784 promoted to senior merchant in company. 1792 argued that it was british duty to bring Christianity to india. Was member of evangelicalism. Said that Christianity would improve India and modernized it.

Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act (1856)

also Act XV, 1856, enacted on 26 July 1856, legalised the remarriage of Hindu widows in all jurisdictions of India under East India Company rule.[1] To protect what it considered family honour and family property, upper-caste Hindu society had long disallowed the remarriage of widows, even child and adolescent ones, all of whom were expected to live a life of austerity and abnegation.[2] The Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act of 1856, enacted in response to the campaign of Pandit Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar,[3] provided legal safeguards against loss of certain forms of inheritance for remarrying a Hindu widow,[2] though, under the Act, the widow forsook any inheritance due her from her deceased husband.[4] Especially targeted in the act were Hindu child widows whose husbands had died before consummation of marriage.[5]

Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta (on test)

became the administrative centers of the three Provinces and presidencies that made up the bulk of the territory that Britain ruled in India.

Battle of Buxar

conflict at Buxar in northeastern India between the forces of the British East India Company, commanded by Major Hector Munro, and the combined army of an alliance of Indian states including Bengal, Awadh, and the Mughal Empire. This decisive battle confirmed British power over Bengal and Bihar after their initial success at the Battle of Plassey in 1757 and marked the end of the attempt to rule Bengal through a puppet nawab. Thenceforth the company took control. The British victory at Buxar resulted in a large area of the Indian subcontinent coming under British control.

Factors and factories

large forts where slaves were gathered for transport from Africa during the Atlantic Slave Trade.

Regulating Act of 1773

legislation passed by the British Parliament (brought on by Lord North) for the regulation of the British East India Company's Indian territories, mainly in Bengal. It was the first intervention by the British government in the company's territorial affairs and marked the beginning of a takeover process that was completed in 1858. (TB)

Faraizi Movement

movement started by haji shariatullah in bengal in the 18th century to revive islam and improve muslim conditions wanted to clear out hindu culture and practices that crept into the lives of muslims muslims were advised to perform religious obligations v seriously and strictly

Thugi

refers to the acts of Thugs, an organised gang of professional robbers and murderers.The Thugs were suppressed by the British rulers of India during the 1830s.[18] Earlier, both native and British rulers had been aware of the Thugs and their practices. But local rulers often tolerated Thugs in exchange for bribes and agreements to accost only those traveling through given regions while not slaying permanent residents. A few British leaders had been aware of robber gangs who murdered by strangulation from about 1810, but they were unaware of the vast scope of the problem. Thuggee were occasionally identified and punished, most commonly when captured with distinctive jewelry or other valuables they could not account for, but they were rarely pursued or sought out by authorities.

Orientalism and Sir William Jones

style, artefacts, or traits considered characteristic of the peoples and cultures of Asia. Jones studies sandscript, persian. Taguht himself sandscript. Tried to point out how sandscript was related to latin. He argued communality. That there was common roots between languages. Both goals were two fold, tried to restore ancient indian traditions, Linking india to classical world and England. Whole movement still serves Empire.

Dual System of Diarchy

system of double government introduced by the Government of India Act (1919) for the provinces of British India. It marked the first introduction of the democratic principle into the executive branch of the British administration of India. Though much-criticized, it signified a breakthrough in British Indian government and was the forerunner of India's full provincial autonomy (1935) and independence (1947). Dyarchy was introduced as a constitutional reform by Edwin Samuel Montagu (secretary of state for India, 1917-22) and Lord Chelmsford (viceroy of India, 1916-21).

Lascars

was a sailor or militiaman from the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia, the Arab world, and other territories located to the east of the Cape of Good Hope, who were employed on European ships from the 16th century until the middle of the 20th century. The Persian word lashkar (army) derives from al-askar, the Arabic word for a guard or soldier. The Portuguese adapted this term to "lascarin", meaning Asian militiamen or seamen, specifically from any area east of the Cape of Good Hope. This means that Indian, Malay, Chinese and Japanese crewmen were covered by the Portuguese definition. The British of the East India Company initially described Indian lascars as 'Black Portuguese' or 'Topazes', but later adopted the Portuguese name, calling them 'lascar'.[1] Lascars served on British ships under "lascar agreements". These agreements allowed shipowners more control than was the case in ordinary articles of agreement. The sailors could be transferred from one ship to another and retained in service for up to three years at one time. The name lascar was also used to refer to Indian servants, typically engaged by British military officers.[2]

Subsidiary Alliances

was basically a treaty between the British East India Company and the Indian princely states, by virtue of which the Indian kingdoms lost their sovereignty to the English. It also was a major process that led to the building of the British Empire in India. It was framed by Lord Wellesley, the Governor-General of India from 1798 to 1805. It was actually used for the first time by the French Governor-General Marquis Dupleix.

Battle of Plassey (on test)

was fought on 3 June 1757 between the armies of east India company , nawab of Bengal , siraj ud daula . In this battle Siraj Ud Daula was defeated and killed. The battle of Plassey was a turning point in history of India. The consequences are- The British became political master of Bengal, The east India company got free trading rights in the province of Bengal. The British did brisk trade and completely drained the wealth of Bengal. This Battle therefore, marked the beginning of the untold economic miseries and exploitation of the Indians