History of Photography

Capa believed that it was his job to get as close to the action as possible. What was the phrase he used to equate this with the quality of photojournalistic photographs? (119-121)

- "If it's not good enough, you're not close enough"

In what way did the camera "serve as a relief" for Margaret Bourke-White as she photographed at Buchenwald? (119-121)

- "It interposed a sight barrier between myself and the white horror in front of me"

What was the title of Dorothea Lange's picture that has become a symbol of the Great Depression? What was the primary subject's name? (119-121)

- "Migrant Mother" - Florence Owens Thompson

What was the name of the influential exhibition of landscape photographs curated by William Jenkins in 1975? What united the photographers involved in this exhibition? (79-81)

- "New Topographics: Photographs of a Man Altered Landscape" - Robert Adams

What did Ansel Adams name his working method which was founded in the idea that a photographer should know, before a picture was made, how that scene should appear as a black-and-white print? (79-81)

- "Pre-visualization" - Zone system: exposing the pic to ensure detail

How did Matthew Brady describe himself soon after gaining permission to photograph the Civil War? (119-121)

- "The Eye of History"

What was the title of the pictures Roger Fenton made of a field strewn with cannonballs? Why were these images controversial? (119-121)

- "The Valley of the Shadow of Death - 2 negatives, wet collodian process

What was the slogan that was so successfully used by George Eastman to market the first hand camera? (24-26)

- "You push the button, we do the rest"

What is a photo-essay? (119-121)

- A method of telling a story through pictures which were supported by short written captions and additional texts

James Ambrose Cutting invented a produced a one of a kind positive image on glass. What is the name of this process? (24-26)

- Ambrotypes

What was the nature of the work for which Michael Wolf won an honorable mention for the 2011 World Press Photo Award? (51-53)

- Angered many people because they were just images from google maps

On what grounds did some early critics of photography argue that photography could not compare with painting as a medium for artistic exposure? (79-81)

- Asked how photos could possibly convey the same feelings as paintings

Who invented the first color photographic process? What was the name of this process? (24-26)

- Auguste and Louise Lumiere - Autochrome

In 2003 the Los Angeles Times fired the photographer Brian Walski. What specifically did he do that caused him to lose his job? (119-121)

- Bad photo shop job - two people appeared twice (same person)

How does the critic Max Kozloff explain the remarkable power of images of the earth from space? (96-98)

- Being able to take a picture in space would have been historically unimaginable

What was the name of the photographer who produced a book titled Paris at Night? (51-53)

- Brassai

What did Susan Sontag mean she wrote, "Combat photographers cannot avoid participating in the lethal activity they record"? (119-121)

- By standing outside of events and making pictures, photographers are neglecting their responsibility as human beings to actually, physically help those in need

What was the name given to the images Talbot made with a camera? (24-26)

- Calotype

What was the primary difference between Daguerre's process and Fox-Talbot's? (24-26)

- Calotype produced a negative image on paper as opposed to Daguerre's unique image on metal - Multiple prints could be made from a single negative

The camera obscura was followed by an even more portable device. What was its Latin name and what do these words mean in English? (24-26)

- Camera lucia meaning "light room"

What do the two Latin words "camera obscura" mean in English? (24-26)

- Camera meaning room - Obscura meaning dark - "Dark room"

What was the name of the process invented by Adolphe Eugene Disderi? How many images were made on a single plate? (51-53)

- Carte de Visite (visiting card)

Why would Nadar's experience as a cartoonist have helped him as a portrait photographer? (51-53)

- Cartoonists need to be able to seize the essential features of their subjects and reduce them to the things that make them most recognizable - Reveal themselves

After returning to the U.D ., bringing Atget;s work with her, Berenice Abbot set about making an extended documentary study of New York City. What was the title of the book in which these works were eventually published? (51-53)

- Changing New York

What did Etienne Jules Marey call his process? (96-98)

- Chronotography

What was Eugene Atget's primary subject matter? (51-53)

- City of Paris - "Old Paris"

Why was Arthur Rothstein's series of photographs of a cow's skulls controversial? (119-121)

- Claimed photos were fake, and intended to create the impression of a drought in order to bolster support for Roosevelt and the New Deal (argued that could have been taken at any time of the year)

There are two primary reasons that some critics questioned Winogrand's reputation. What are they? (51-53)

- He didn't edit his own work - He was only doing half the job

Early photographic processes did not have enough latitude to expose for both deep shadows and high-lights. At the Cloister of St. Trophime, Edouard Baldus found a way around around this difficulty. What did he do? (51-53)

- He exposed 10 different negatives and combined them

Why did Edward Weston feel self-conscious about the image he titled "Shell and Rocks (Arrangement)"? (79-81)

- He moved the shell from the beach into the rocks - Had "altered" the world to make picture

Why did Alexander Gardner decide to stop working for Matthew Brady and form his own team of photographers? (119-121)

- He was disgruntal that Brady was taking credit for photos he did not take

Why did Edward Sheriff Curtis begin to photograph Native Americans? (140-142)

- He witnessed a Sun Dance ceremony and was so moved he decided to dedicate himself to the culture before it went extinct

Why did Lewis Baltz want his pictures to "conform to the conventions of ordinary seeing"? (79-81)

- He'd like his viewers to only consider the object of the picture and not the thoughts of the person making

What was the primary goal of Jacob Riis's photographic work? (140-142)

- Help the poor by devoting himself

How was Gustav Le Gray able to get around the fact that early photographic processes were unable to expose both deep shadows and highlights? (79-81)

- His solution was to make two exposures and combine them in the printing process

W. Eugene Smith often argued with his editors at Life and other magazines. Why did he think he, rather than an editor was better equipped to make critical decisions about what images to include in a story? (51-53)

- How can an editor put together a story when they had never even been at the scene?

What was the title of the book that Riis published in 1890? (140-142)

- How the Other Half Lives: Study Among the Tenentants of New York in 1890

How does the approach of a humanistic photographer differ from that of a photojournalist? (140-142)

- Humanism attaches importance to humans rather than supernatural matters - Adopts a subjective stance

Rebecca Solnit described Eadweard Muybridge's panorama of San Francisco as "an impossible sight"? What was it specifically made that made it so unusual? (96-98)

- It was a 360 of the city - All directions

What was the name of the person who made the first successful photograph? (24-26)

- Joseph Nicephore Niepce

What was Roman Vishnaic's primary subject matter? (119-121)

- Large Jewish populations

What did Edward Weston mean when he described one of his images as a "pepper but more than a pepper"? (79-81)

- Literal description of subject may also suggest other things - Imagination

Why are the photographs of Edouard Baldus largely empty of people? (51-53)

- Long exposure time -People walking through moved too quickly to leave an impression on the negative

Most of Muybridge's human subjects were nude or semi-nude, seen against a plain or dark background. Why did Muybridge choose to set up this way? (96-98)

- Made it easier to clearly see the muscles involved in activity

What was the reason behind Edward Weston's decision to use glossy paper to make his prints? (79-81)

- Made retouching possible

Why have some enthnologists criticized Curtis's approach? (140-142)

- Manipulating his images - He misrepresented the facts

In 1925, the first 35mm camera went on sale. What was the name of the company that manufactured it? (24-26)

- Manufactured in Germany by Leica

What was the primary inspiration for Marcel Duchamp's painting "Nude Descending a Staircase"? (96-98)

- Marey's work, cubism

Which photographer has been accused of pioneering what has become known as "invasive street photography"? (51-53)

- Mark Cohen

What is the name of the group of contemporary photographers who in 1977, located and photographed the sites of many early landscape pictures? (79-81)

- Mark Klett - Rephotographic Survey Project

Who took the portrait which Abraham Lincoln believed helped him ascent to the presidency? (51-53)

- Matthew Brady

What was the name of the French photographer who was commissioned by his government to travel to Egypt to make pictures of important monuments? Which photographic process did he use? (79-81)

- Maxime Du Camp - Calotypes

Which photographer was influenced by Stieglitz's cloud pictures and believed that photographs could be a means to transcend everyday reality and open the doors to mystical experience? (79-81)

- Minor White

Nadar argued that two essential skills required for photography could not be learned. One was the ability to size up a subject and find ways to make an intimate portrait. What was the other? (51-53)

- Must be able to get the subject to reveal herself

What was the name of the photo-agency formed by Robert Capa, Henri Cartier-Bresson and two other photographers? Why did they feel that it was important to form such an agency? (119-121)

- Named Magnum - Goal was to achieve freedom from editorial sanction (more control over their images)

What was the NCLC? What was it primary goal? (140-142)

- National Child Labor Committee - Set up to study and lobby for changes in child labor laws

Why did Eugene and Aileen Smith go to Minamata? Why did they hope to achieve with their photographs? (140-140)

- People were suffering from a disease - Wanted to bring the disease to attention

What was the name of that William Henry Fox-Talbot gave to his images of objects, such as twigs, made without the use of a camera? (24-26)

- Photogenic drawings

What was Lewis Hines relationship with the NCLC? (140-142)

- Photographed children who worked with in mines, factories, mills and delivering newspapers

What was the name of the international movement in photography that embraced soft-focus? (51-53)

- Pictorialist movement

Why is Robert Capa's photograph "Loyalist Militiaman at the Monument of Death" controversial? (119-121)

- Questioned on whether his image was staged or not

What was the name of the camera that could capture the first moments of an atomic explosion? (96-98)

- Rapatronic camera

Which African-American photographer spent much of his career recording black life in America, focusing on people's grace and dignity? (51-53)

- Roy De Canva

What were the primary goals of John Thompson and Adolphe Smith's project Street Life in London? How did the general public respond to these pictures? (140-142)

- Smith and Thompson wanted to describe the vast diversity of London's street life - Wanted work to arouse middle class sympathies for the poor and disadvantages

David Octavius Hill and Robert Adamson pioneered a form that is common today. What was the name we now use for this type of photography? (24-26)

- Social documentary photography

What did photographers do to get around this limitation? (79-81)

- Softened focus of photos - Pictoralists - Gum bichromate process - Soft focus filters + lenses

What was the name of the camera that Weegee used? What technical steps did she take to ensure he could quickly photograph moments in high drama? (119-121)

- Speed graphic camera preset at f16 and 1/20th of a second with flashbulbs and a focus distance preset at 10ft.

What are the primary tenets of humanism? (140-142)

- Stress the potential, value, and goodness of human beings - Humanism attaches importance to humans rather than supernatural matters

What replaced magazines such as Life as a primary method for people to get the news and learn about the world? (119-121)

- Televisions

Which photographic process proved to be the most commercially successful? Why? (24-26)

- The Daguerreotype proved to be the most popular - Anyone could make them - Produced a more sharper image (detailed)

What was the name of the organization established by the French government to document that country's rich agricultural heritage? (51-53)

- The Historic Monuments Comission

- What is the name of the telescope that was launched in 1990, enabling us to see deeper into outer space than ever before? (96-98)

- The Hubble telescope went into orbit

Why was the Vietnam War known as "the first media war"? (119-121)

- The government was very keen for photographers to cover the action - Images showed how the war was not going well (anti-war movement)

In what way do Tim Hetherington's photographs of sleeping Marine's contradict stereotypical images of war? (119-121)

- The soldiers appear beautiful, and innocent and we are left to wonder if in their dreams they were able to escape for a brief period

What was the name of the process that Frederick Scott Archer invented in 1851? (24-26)

- The wet collodion proccess

What was the name Alfred Steiglitz used to describe his cloud pictures, which he believed were metaphors for his inner state when the image was made? (79-81)

- Theory of the Equivalent

Who were the primary influences on Robert Adams and Lewis Baltz? (79-81)

- Timothy O'Sullivan and William Henry Jackson

Why did Robert Adams decide to include evidence if humans in every picture if his book From the Missouri West? (79-81)

- To show the damage and violence humans have done to our land (the world)

What is meant by the term "picturesque"? (79-81)

- Used to describe pictures of natural scenes, which intended to stir fine thoughts and feelings

In 1835 Louis Daguerre discovered latent development. How did this improve his photographic process? (24-26)

- Was able to stop his exposure before image appeared and then chemically develop it to make it visible.

Why is Alexander Gardner's picture "Home of a Rebel Sharpshooter" controversial? (119-121)

- Was very hard to tell if the images were even true

Henri Cartier-Bresson was an early enthusiast for the 35mm camera. What was the term he use to describe his belief that a picture should be made when the subject and the composition come together in perfect harmony? (24-26)

- "Decisive moment"

Etienne Jules Marey was a French physiologist who was inspired by Muybridge to make how own motion studies. While he initially used the same process as Muybridge he soon sought other methods. How did Marey's pictures differ from Muybridge's? (96-98)

- Ways to reduce exposure time - Completely realistic but also bizarre

What did John Szarkowski mean when he said, "Photographs describe everything and explain nothing"? (51-53)

- We know that something is unfolding, but have no idea what it is - Suggests a narrative but its different for everyone

How did Erich Salamon make his first big breakthrough? What was to become Salamon's primary subject matter? (119-121)

- When he was assigned to cover a court case for Berlin daily newspaper - Hid a camera lense in his hat - International Political conferences

What newly invented photographic process was used to argue that spirit photographs were real? What was the name of the person who invented this process? (96-98)

- Wilhem Rontgen, X-Rays

What was the name of the photographer whose exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art changed people's attitudes towards color photographs? (24-26)

- William Eggleston

Timothy O'Sullivan was one of many photographers who were employed by the U.S. Geological Survey. What was the purpose of the expeditions on which O'Sullivan and the others embarked? (79-81)

- William Henry Jackson

What was the name of the man who started the 19th century fad for the spirit photographs? Who was the subject of his most well-known photograph? (96-98)

- William Mumier - Mary Todd with the ghost of Abraham Lincoln

Why was Arthur Fellig given the name "Weegee"? (119-121)

- Would arrive before the police so he was given the name "Weegee" a photogenic transcription of the word "ouija" - Could mystically sense when something important had happened

What was the name of the hand-cranked projector that Muybridge used to try an turn his sequences into motion pictures? (96-98)

- Zoopraxiscope

What is the subject of Nicolas Nixon's series The Brown Sisters? (96-98)

- same order - shows the nature of time - 40 year old time laps, can be viewed at your own pace

Why did Aileen Smith return the copyright for the photograph "Tomoko in the Bath" to the Uemura family? Why did a number of photojournalists believe she could not have done this? (140-142)

- withdrew the image from circulation (image would have been nothing without Tomoko) - was being used against her and her family - many photojournalist would believe it was a dangerous trend

What was the name of the person who invented the stroboscope? (96-98)

- Harold "Doc" Edgerton

What was the name of the club of straight photographers of which Ansel Adams was a founding member? Why did they choose this name? (79-81)

- Group f64 "straight photography" - Number of like-mind individuals

How did people make extreme close-up photographs in the early years of photography? (96-98)

- Had to put their cameras to microscopes, same with telescopes

What is the name of the process that was announced in 1839 by Francois Arago at the Academy of Arts and Sciences in Paris? (24-26)

- Daguerreotype

Hippolyte Bayard's process of making direct positive prints on paper was suppressed by Francois Arago. In response he made "Self-portrait of the Photographer as a Drowned Man." Why was this image radical for its time? (24-26)

- Direct prints --> process positive - Radical move because it was the first instance of someone using the camera to suggest an idea or feeling, as opposed to showing what things looked like.

How were spirit photographs produced?

- Double exposures and dark room manipulation - No good evidence a photograph has ever been produced

What is the name of the photographer who in 1790, broke with prevailing attitudes and published a book of photographic sequences in which the pictures had been posed, set-up and directed? Why did this person choose to work in this manner? (96-98)

- Duane Michals, much like a film director - Driven by the desire to explore the crucial questions of life

How did Hiroshi Sugimoto achieve the effect of completely white screens in his pictures of movie theaters and drive-ins? (96-98)

- Due to the exposure from the length of the movie itself

Why was this process so appealing to photographers who sought recognition for photography as a medium capable of making art? (51-53)

- Each pair was different - Impossible to make twice - Pictorialism

At what time of the day did Ataget typically go out to make pictures? Why did he choose to work during these hours? (51-53)

- Early hours in the morning - He was able to avoid crowds + nice lighting

Why did early landscape photographers often include buildings and other man-made structures in their pictures? (79-81)

- Easier to deal with because they didn't move during the exposures and also represented the engineering

Where did Hine first photograph newly arrived immigrants to the US? (140-142)

- Ellis Island

How did Eadward Muybridge's eventually solve the problem of photographing a galloping horse? (96-98)

- Exposure time 1/25th of a second (enough to freeze motion) - Set up 12 cameras with trip wires

Why was it impossible to freeze motion in the early year after photography was invented? (96-98)

- Exposure times were very long

What technological invention made Jacob Riis's work possible? (140-142)

- Flash powder

Why did President Roosevelt form the Resettlement Administration? What was the new name given to the Resettlement Administration two years after it was formed? (119-121)

- Formed to help those who were living in drought stricken areas worst of the Great Depression

What was the name of the group formed in 1909 by disaffected Italian Youth? What role did they believe machines would play in changing the world? (96-98)

- Futurists (movement) poets, artists and composers - Wanted the world to be destroyed and rebuilt

Unlike Daguerre's process which used copper plates and Talbot's which used paper, Archer's used what material as a support for the emulsion? (24-26)

- Glass plates

What was Lewis Hine's main goal as a photographer? (140-142)

- Goal was to use photography to bring about change and to emphasize the value, goodness and beauty of human beings

1.

A SHORT HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAPHY

What was the name of the process that Edward Steichen used to make his picture of the Flatiron Building in New York? (51-53)

Gum-bi-chromate

6.

HUMANISM TO ACTIVISM

2.

PHOTOGRAPHY AND THE CITY

3.

PHOTOGRAPHY AND THE LANDSCAPE

5.

REPORTAGE AND DOCUMENTARY PHOTOGRAPHY

4.

SEEING THE UNSEEN