History Reconstruction CRAP

Enforcement Acts

1870 and 1871 laws, also known as the Ku Klux Klan Acts, that made it a federal offense to interfere with a citizen's right to vote

Klan members roamed the countryside, especially at night, burning homes, schools, and churches, and beating, maiming, or killing African Americans and their white allies. Dressed in white robes and hoods, mounted on horses with hooves thundering through the woods, these gangs aimed to scare freed people away from voting.

Founded in 1866, the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) extended into almost every southern state by 1870 and became a vehicle for white southern resistance to the Republican Party's Reconstruction-era policies aimed at establishing political and economic equality for blacks. Its members waged an underground campaign of intimidation and violence directed at white and black Republican leaders.

Booker T. Washington (1856-1915)

He encouraged African American citizens to accept segregation and to instead focus on improving themselves through education and economic opportunities.

How did Johnson's plan for Reconstruction compare to the plan of Radical Republicans?

Johnson's plan was more lenient with fewer protections for African Americans.

"Ten Percent Plan."

Lincoln proposed that as soon as ten percent of a state's voters took a loyalty oath to the Union, the state could set up a new government.

the South still faced many challenges.

Many southerners remained illiterate. The quality of medical care, housing, and economic production lagged far behind the North and, in some cases, behind the newly settled West.

Radical Republicans failed to convict

President Johnson

Rutherford B. Hayes

Rutherford B. Hayes (1822-1893) was the nineteenth president of the United States. His election in 1876 was disputed, and his victory was secured by a Congressional commission and the Compromise of 1877. Hayes oversaw the withdrawal of the remaining federal troops from the South, signalling the end of Reconstruction.

In the 1870s, in a series of landmark cases, the Supreme Court chipped away at African American freedoms.

Slaughterhouse Cases (1873), the Court restricted the scope of the Fourteenth Amendment. They said the federal government had no control over how a state chose to define rights for its citizens. The ruling also stated that the protection of civil rights did not include property rights of businesses

Congress impeached President Johnson for violating which law?

Tenure of Office Act

Few African American southerners owned land. Most worked others' land, without pay, and without hope of improving their lot. Reconstruction changed these things.

That number would grow slowly through the next decades.

1876 election

The 1876 election pitted Ohio Republican Rutherford B. Hayes against New York Democrat Samuel Tilden.

United States v. Cruikshank

The Court ruled that the due process and equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment protected citizens only from the action of the state and not from the action of other citizens.

Congress again passed legislation over Johnson's veto with the ratification of the Military Reconstruction Act of 1867.

The act divided the 10 southern states that had yet to be readmitted into the Union into five military districts governed by former Union generals.

most white southerners opposed programs to extend full citizenship to African Americans

They feared it would undermine their own power and status in society.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton, believed that women and African Americans should get the vote immediately.

They formed the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA). This group scored its first victory in 1869, when the Wyoming Territory became the first political unit to extend the vote to women.

Ida B. Wells (1862-1931)

What practice was Ida B. Wells focused on ending? lynching

Blanche K. Bruce

When the war began, Bruce left the plantation and moved to Missouri. in his mid-thirties, Bruce was elected to the U.S. Senate.

Lincoln Quote about reconstruction:

With malice toward none, and charity for all

Freedmen's Bureau

a federal agency designed to aid freed slaves and poor white farmers in the South after the Civil War. helped reunite families that had been separated by slavery and war. It negotiated fair labor contracts between former slaves and white landowners. By representing African Americans in the courts, the Bureau also established a precedent that African American citizens had legal rights. The Freedmen's Bureau continued its efforts until 1872. They opened schools for freed people. By 1866, there were as many as 150,000 African American students—adults and children—acquiring basic literacy. Three years later, that number had doubled. Tuition amounted to 10 percent of a laborer's wage, but attendance at Freedmen's schools represented a firm commitment to education.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

a law that banned discrimination in public facilities and transportation

Congress sought to overturn the black codes by passing the Civil Rights Act of 1866.

a law that established federal guarantees of civil rights for all citizens

Wade-Davis Bill (President Lincoln killed this plan with a "pocket veto")

a law that required a majority of prewar voters in Confederate states to swear loyalty to the Union before restoration could begin.

grandfather clause

a law to disqualify African American voters by allowing the vote only to men whose fathers and grandfathers had voted before 1866 or 1867

carpetbagger

a negative term for Northerners who moved to the South after the Civil War

scalawag

a negative term for a southern white who supported the Republican Party after the Civil War

Reconstruction

a program implemented by the federal government between 1865 and 1877 to repair damage to the South caused by the Civil War and to restore the southern states to the Union

literacy test

a reading and writing test formerly used in some southern states to prevent African Americans from voting

poll tax

a sum of money to be paid before a person could vote

The most independent arrangement for both farmer and landowner was a system known as tenant farming.

a system in which a farmer paid rent to a landowner for the use of the land

sharecropping

a system in which a farmer tends to a portion of a planter's land in return for a share of the crop. The landowner often bought these supplies on credit, at very high interest, from a supplier. The landlord passed on these costs to the sharecropper.

Redeemer

a term for white southern Democrats who returned to political power after 1870

Fourteenth Amendment

an 1868 constitutional amendment that defined citizenship and guaranteed citizens equal protections under the law

Compromise of 1877

an agreement by which Rutherford B. Hayes won the 1876 presidential election and in exchange agreed to remove all remaining federal troops from the South

"As long as the shadow of the great house falls across you, you ain't going to feel like no free man and no free woman."

by some minister

The Supreme Court rulings in the Slaughterhouse Cases weakened which of the following?

civil rights protections under the Fourteenth Amendment

Radical Republicans

congressmen who advocated full citizenship rights for African Americans along with a harsh Reconstruction policy toward the South

What did many African American men, women, and children gain in the newly freed South?

educational opportunities

What was one main achievement of the Freedmen's Bureau?

encouraging literacy in the South

Which of the following enabled poor white voters in the South to vote despite new monetary restrictions?

grandfather clauses

The Fifteenth Amendment

in 1870, prohibited state governments from denying someone the right to vote because of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude."

The Thirteenth Amendment freed African Americans from slavery, but

it did not grant them the privileges of full citizenship

Southern governments enacted various measures aimed at disenfranchising, or taking away the voting rights of, African Americans and enacted Jim Crow laws

kept African Americans and whites segregated

W.E.B. Du Bois (1868-1963)

known for his book The Souls of Black Folk. advocates for full civil rights for African Americans, founded NAACP

black codes

laws passed by Southern states in 1865 and 1866 in the United States after the American Civil War with the intent and the effect of restricting African Americans' freedom, and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt.

share-tenancy

much like sharecropping, except that the farmer chooses what crop to plant and buys the supplies

What did the Freedmen's Bureau do?

provide assistance to African American and white refugees in the South

Most public school systems in the South were

segregated by race.

General William Tecumseh Sherman proposed that millions of acres

should be given to former slaves. "Forty acres and a mule," he suggested, would be sufficient to support a family.

Which method of farming in the South offered poor white and African American farmers the most control of their labor and harvest?

tenant farming

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of Jim Crow laws.

no African American congressman was elected from the North until

the twentieth century.

southern Democrats devised a more subtle strategy for suppressing African American rights

they emphasized how Republican programs like schools and road-building resulted in higher taxes. They compromised with local Republicans by agreeing to African American suffrage.

What was one of the most important issues of Reconstruction?

to determine how the representatives of Southern states would return to Congress

What was an immediate goal of the Ku Klux Klan?

to prevent African Americans from voting

1,500 African American men

took on roles in state and local governments in the south

South Carolina going republican proved

voter fraud