History Review CHAPTER 3
What was Luther's view about women's role in society?
A woman belongs in the home, supporting her husband and family.
Why, according to Erasmus, other Christian humanists, and other critics, did the Church need reform?
According to Erasmus and other Christian humanists, Christianity needed to be reformed to show people how to lead good lives. It needed to recapture some of the simplicity it had during the early days of Christianity, before the Church made pilgrimages, fasts, and relics important. Other critics perceived a series of Renaissance popes as having failed to meet the spiritual needs of the people. They also viewed Church leaders as focusing on worldly interests, such as careers, wealth, and politics, rather than on spiritual needs. Ordinary parish priests also seemed corrupt or ignorant of their spiritual duties.
This declared the king as head of the Church of England:
Act of Supremacy
What role did Martin Luther and his ideas play in the Reformation?
At the beginning of his career, Luther's Ninety-five Theses served as a catalyst, starting the process of what would lead to the Reformation. His refusal to compromise on doctrinal issues with the Catholic Church or the Holy Roman Empire sustained the process.
Queen Mary was known as
Bloody Mary
What role did the Bible play in the Roman Catholic faith?
Catholics believed that both the Bible and church traditions were sources of truth and that priests were needed to interpret the Bible for believers.
Who was the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire?
Charles V
The best-known Christian humanist was?
Desiderius Erasmus
wanted to: educate people in the works of Christianity and worked to criticize the abuses in the Church. criticized: society's moral and religious state and called for a simpler, purer faith. sought: reform within the Catholic Church. His intention was: not to have people break away from it. His ideas: prepared the way for the Reformation.
Erasmus ideas and beliefs
Who hide Luther and protected him into hiding when he returned to Wittenberg at the beginning of 1522?
Frederick III, the elector (or prince) of Saxony.
To spread Lutheranism, Martin Luther gained the support of
German rulers.
Who was the founder of the society of Jesus or Jesuits?
Ignatius Loyola
Who was the founder of the Anglican Church?
King Henry VIII
What is the name of the first Protestant Faith?
Lutheranism
Explain the key difference between Luther and Erasmus:
Martin Luther believed that a person's will was a slave to sin while Erasmus believed in the concept of free will.
What role did the Bible play in Protestant faiths?
Protestants believed that the Bible was the only source of truth and that everyone could interpret the Bible for him- or herself.
Why does Teresa pray for God to give light to the Lutherans?
She believes that their beliefs are wrong and the Catholic Church is right.
Who promoted reform of the Carmelite order?
Teresa of Avila
What was the Council of Trent?
The Council of Trent was a meeting called by Pope Paul III. For 18 years, cardinals, archbishops, bishops, abbots, and theologians met in Trent to hammer out the doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church, which reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings as opposed to Protestant beliefs.
Why was the Holy Roman Empire forced to seek peace with the Lutheran princes?
The need for Charles V to keep the Holy Roman Empire unified and to protect it against external enemies forced him to make peace with the German Lutheran princes.
How were Zwingli and Luther alike?
They both accepted the supreme authority of the scriptures.
What impact did the publication of Calvin's writings have on the Protestant Reformation?
They established him as a new leader of Protestantism.
What is the Peace of Augsburg?
This agreement formally accepted the division of Christianity in Germany. The German states were now free to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism. Lutheran states would have the same legal rights as Catholic states.
What is the Ninety-five Theses?
a stunning attack on abuses in the sale of indulgences posted by Luther.
Another name for Frederick III was?
also known as Frederick the Wise, Luther's prince.
In which of the following did John Calvin believe?
an all-powerful God
Anabaptists believed that
church and state should be separate.
Martin Luther believed that salvation could be achieved through
faith alone.
The German rulers took control of the Catholic churches and
formed state churches.
Because of their religious beliefs, Anabaptists refused to
hold public office.
What is the Protestant Reformation?
is the name given to the religious reform movement that divided western Christianity into Catholic and Protestant groups.
John Calvin believed in
predestination
In what did Erasmus believed?
that Christianity should show people how to live good lives on a daily basis, not just provide beliefs that might help them be saved. He also thought that the Catholic Church needed to return to the simpler days of early Christianity.
What were the three key elements of the Catholic Reformation?
the Jesuits, reform of the papacy, and the Council of Tren
What ended officially the Christian unity in Europe?
the Peace of Augsburg
In what did the christian Humanists believed in?
the ability of human beings to reason and improve themselves.
Anabaptists were viewed as dangerous radicals because they believed that
the state should not have any role in church affairs.
Why did Ulrich Zwingli and Martin Luther form an alliance?
to defend themselves against Catholic authorities
What is an indulgence?
was a document sold by the Church and signed by the pope or another church official that released the bearer from all or part of the punishment for sin.
Who was Ulrich Zwingli?
was a leader in the Protestant Reformation.
What was the Modern Devotion?
was a popular mystical movement that concentrated on simply following the teachings of Jesus rather than getting caught up in the details of dogma that had accumulated during centuries of Christianity.
What was the major goal of the Christian Humanism?
was the reform of the Catholic Church.
Zwingli sought an alliance with German reformers, but they could not agree on
which Christian rites to use.
