History Review Midterm (taken from castle learning)

The Encounter occurred as a result of European explorers crossing the 1. Atlantic Ocean 2. Sahara Desert 3. Andes Mountains 4. Mediterranean Sea

1. Atlantic Ocean Reason: The Encounter is a term used to describe the movement of people, animals, plants and diseases across the Atlantic Ocean in the 1500s. Also known as the Columbian Exchange, the result was the linking of Europe, Africa and the Americas for the first time.

Asoka incorporated Buddhist ideas into the laws he had carved on rocks and pillars placed throughout the Mauryan Empire. Constantine made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire. Prince Vladimir required all Russians to become Eastern Orthodox Christians. Which generalization can be made based on these statements? 1. Leaders often use religion to unify an empire. 2. Many political leaders encourage religious toleration. 3. Leaders sometimes use religion as a reason to wage war. 4. Political leaders usually become the head of the church in their country.

1. Leaders often use religion to unify an empire. Reason: The list indicates that a leader may use a religion/belief system to pull his empire together. Asoka "incorporated Buddhist ideas," Constantine "made Christianity the official religion," and Prince Vladimir "required all Russians to become...Christians." These are three examples of a secular figure using religion as a way to create cohesion among his people.

What was a major cause for the shift in European trade from the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean during the late 1400s? 1. Ottoman Turks seized control of Constantinople. 2. The Ming dynasty authorized Zheng He to make long-distance voyages. 3. The Tokugawa shogunate adopted an isolationist policy. 4. Christian crusaders captured Jerusalem.

1. Ottoman Turks seized control of Constantinople. Reason: When the Turks (Ottomans) seized control of Constantinople in 1453, they succeeded in capturing the most western end of the Silk Road trade. Although Europeans could still receive goods from Asia and the Middle East through trade with the Ottomans, prices rose and availability lessened. To circumvent trade with the Ottomans and in hopes of greater profit, Europeans sought all-water routes to Asia. At first these routes extended around Africa. The idea to travel west in search of Asia led to the discovery of the Americas.

Which generalization is best supported by these images? 1. Potatoes have been a key source of food for diverse populations at various times. 2. The Inca produced more potatoes than any other civilization in history. 3. The only crop Irish women and children produced was potatoes. 4. Potatoes could only be grown in mountainous regions.

1. Potatoes have been a key source of food for diverse populations at various times Reason: From the Incas to the Irish, the potato has served to provide an inexpensive and nutritious food to millions. Since you are looking for a generalization supported by the images, this is the only choice that can be correct.

What was an effect of the trans-Atlantic slave trade on Africa between 1500 and 1800? 1. Power in West Africa shifted from kingdoms in the interior to coastal kingdoms. 2. Malaria was introduced to the tropical regions of Africa. 3. Islam became dominant in sub-Saharan regions. 4. Plantation agriculture was developed in the Great Rift Valley.

1. Power in West Africa shifted from kingdoms in the interior to coastal kingdoms. Reason: Coastal African kingdoms grew wealthy as they captured fellow Africans from the interior of the continent and sold them into slavery. Slaves were then transported to the New World to work in mining or agriculture.

The movement to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine is best known as 1. Zionism 2. multi-culturalism 3. Marxism 4. militarism

1. Zionism Reason: The movement to establish a Jewish state is known as Zionism. It was founded by Theodore Herzl in the late 1800s. The term is synonymous with Jewish nationalism.

The term mercantilism is best described as 1. an economic policy in which a colonial power controls trade 2. an international policy of laissez-faire economics 3. a network linking industrialized nations 4. an exchange of land between nobles

1. an economic policy in which a colonial power controls trade Reason: Mercantilism is characterized by the mother country's (colonial power) total control over the economy of the colony. The colonial power determined all colonial exports and imports while taking the natural resources for its own interests.

A key feature of European Renaissance culture was 1. an outlook emphasizing classicism, secularism, and individualism 2. a reliance on the Pope and his knights to maintain political stability 3. a shift in production from the domestic system to the factory system 4. a way of thinking stressing humility and Christian faith

1. an outlook emphasizing classicism, secularism, and individualism Reason: The Renaissance, which took place in Europe in the mid-14th through 16th centuries, included a return to the classical values held by the ancient Greeks and Romans. These values included a strong sense of individualism and interest in worldly pursuits/studies.

Louis XIV strengthened the power of the monarchy in France by 1. centralizing control 2. granting democratic reforms 3. practicing religious toleration 4. reducing the size of the bureaucracy

1. centralizing control Reason: Throughout his 72 year rule, Louis XIV stood by his motto "one king, one God, one law." He centralized control of France under his absolute leadership. He expanded the bureaucracy and appointed loyal officials from the rising middle class to collect taxes. He persecuted those who did not follow Catholicism.

One major effect of the Protestant Reformation on western Europe was the 1. decline in religious unity 2. increased power of the Catholic pope 3. reduction in religious wars 4. increase in the sale of indulgences by the Catholic Church

1. decline in religious unity Reason: Protestants argued that the organization of the Catholic Church had strayed from the original Christian teachings of Jesus. These protesters wanted to reform the church and decrease the power at the head of the Catholic Church. Their Protestant Reformation led to the development of several branches of Christianity and ultimately a decline in the religious unity of Europe.

One reason Spain sponsored the first voyage of Columbus to the west was to 1. find a more direct trade route to Asia 2. obtain military technology 3. make contact with the Empire of Benin 4. trade in established ports in the Americas

1. find a more direct trade route to Asia Reason: Desire for riches from the East spurred the Spanish to seek a shorter all water route, so they sponsored Columbus' explorations. Spain was in competition with Portugal, who had secured trading posts around the African and Indian coasts. The Spanish sought a shorter, more profitable direct route to Asia.

Which social change occurred during the Industrial Revolution? 1. growth of the working class 2. development of the extended family 3. expansion of privileges for the landed nobility 4. increased status for religious leaders

1. growth of the working class Reason: The rise of the factory system brought a shift in population to the urban centers. The term "working class" is misleading because people had always "worked." But work before the Industrial Revolution was mostly in agriculture where the worker was tied to a rural farming life. Part of the payment for farm workers was a share of the crop and housing. The new urban working class was totally dependent on wages, which were unpredictable.

Which philosophy that was developed during the Renaissance is associated with a shift in focus away from religious subjects toward more secular subjects? 1. humanism 2. absolutism 3. communism 4. scholasticism

1. humanism Reason: Humanism, as the term suggests, is associated with a focus on human experience. Renaissance men, though still very religious, began to shift attention to worldly life. The result was a change in art (more realistic) and renewed interest in science.

Toussaint L'Ouverture and José de San Martín are leaders best known for 1. leading independence movements 2. supporting religious reforms 3. promoting civil disobedience 4. opposing democracy

1. leading independence movements Reason: These men were leaders of independence movements who believed in nationalism. They wished to drive Europeans from their homelands. They did not promote civil, did not oppose democracy nor did they support religious reforms.

The primary purpose of the Magna Carta (1215) was to 1. limit the power of King John 2. install Oliver Cromwell as dictator 3. justify the Glorious Revolution 4. charter the British East India Company

1. limit the power of King John Reason: The Magna Carta, signed by King John in 1215, put limits on the British monarch's power. The document stated that the monarch must obey the law and that he could not raise taxes without the consent of Parliament. This was the first step towards England becoming a constitutional (or limited) monarchy.

Which situation was a direct challenge to the political and religious authority of the Catholic Church? 1. passage of the Act of Supremacy under Henry VIII 2. death sentence given to Joan of Arc 3. Reconquista of Spain conducted by Ferdinand and Isabella 4. establishment of the Jesuit order under Ignatius Loyola

1. passage of the Act of Supremacy under Henry VIII Reason: Henry VIII, in his desire to have a male heir, wanted to divorce his wife Catherine and marry a younger woman, Anne Boleyn. The Pope would not grant him a divorce so Henry proclaimed himself to be the head of the Church in England. This was a direct challenge to the Catholic Church which held that the Pope in Rome was the head of all religious and political entities in Europe.

Baron de Montesquieu believed that a separation of powers would 1. prevent tyranny by acting as a check on power 2. restore authority to the Roman Catholic Church 3. increase corruption of political authority 4. decrease the power of the middle class

1. prevent tyranny by acting as a check on power Reason: Montesquieu worried that if power was not shared/separated into different branches of government, a dictatorship could develop. His ideas were incorporated into the United States government.

The development of banking during the Commercial Revolution in western Europe was significant because it 1. provided capital resources to merchants for investment 2. allowed peasant farmers to finance the construction of new homes 3. enabled the proletariat to challenge the bourgeoisie 4. created pensions for retired workers

1. provided capital resources to merchants for investment Reason: The Commercial Revolution (1500-1600s) was a time of exploration as well as the opening of new trade routes and markets. During this era, banks provided available wealth (money to borrow) for merchants who wanted to finance new businesses.

During the 1800s, many Latin American countries were characterized by a 1. reliance on cash crops 2. transition to command economies 3. redistribution of land to the peasants 4. withdrawal from the world market

1. reliance on cash crops Reason: As Latin American colonies sought their independence from European colonial powers, these newly independent areas were left with their economic system based on agriculture. Thus there was a reliance on cash crops, crops grown solely for sale. Examples of cash crops are tobacco and sugar cane.

Copernicus' heliocentric model of the universe Newton's law of gravitation Descartes' belief in truth through reason This set of ideas from the Scientific Revolution gave Europeans a new way to 1. view humankind's place in the universe 2. support the core beliefs of the church 3. authenticate historical facts 4. verify civil liberties

1. view humankind's place in the universe Reason: Other scientists who could have been added to list are Galileo, Kepler and Bacon. All of them challenged the superstition of medieval thought AND the Renaissance blind acceptance of classical scientific heritage. The men of the Scientific Revolution saw mankind's place as part of a dynamic and changing universe.

One way in which Robespierre and Louis XVI of France are similar is that both 1. were removed from power during the French Revolution 2. adopted ideas of the Congress of Vienna 3. implemented policies of religious tolerance 4. decreased government control of the economy

1. were removed from power during the French Revolution Reason: Louis XVI, the King of France, was beheaded at the beginning of the French Revolution. Robespierre led the radical, extreme phase of the French Revolution known as the Reign of Terror. He, too, met his fate at the guillotine.

Which mountains were an obstacle to Simón Bolívar's efforts to unify Gran Colombia? 1. Alps 2. Andes 3. Zagros 4. Urals

2. Andes Reason: The Andes Mountains were an obstacle to Simón Bolívar's efforts to create Gran Colombia—a union of cultures in South America. The Alps are in Europe. The Zagros are in Iran. The Urals are in Russia.

Which historical event connects the activity shown in Image A to the activity shown in Image B? 1. opening of the Silk Road trade 2. Columbian exchange 3. formation of the Hanseatic League 4. establishment of trans-Saharan trade

2. Columbian exchange Reason: The potato was one of the foods brought to the Old World (Europe) from the New World (Americas). This exchange of foods, people, plants, animals and diseases is known as the Columbian Exchange.

Which statement best characterizes Europe during the early Middle Ages? 1. A centralized government provided law and order. 2. Manorialism developed to meet the people's economic needs. 3. People adopted humanism and questioned the Church. 4. A standardized currency promoted international trade.

2. Manorialism developed to meet the people's economic needs. Reason: In order to bring economic stability and maintain a basic food supply, manorialism was used in Europe during the early Middle Ages (500-1000). Using the laws of feudalism, people exchanged their labor for protection and a share of the harvest.

Base your answer to the question on the statement below and on your knowledge of social studies. ... I conclude, then, returning to being feared and loved, that since men love at their convenience and fear at the convenience of the prince, a wise prince should found himself on what is his, not on what is someone else's; he should only contrive to avoid hatred, as was said. This statement is taken from the written work of 1. John Locke 2. Niccolò Machiavelli 3. Adam Smith 4. Ignatius Loyola

2. Niccolò Machiavelli Reason: Machiavelli wrote The Prince, a Renaissance guide on how to obtain and hold onto power. He hoped that an Italian would read his book and use the advice to unify Italy.

Which statement is consistent with the ideas of Niccolò Machiavelli? 1. Democratic principles should be followed faithfully. 2. The law should be subject to the will of the leader. 3. Human rights should be respected in all countries. 4. Markets should operate with little governmental interference.

2. The law should be subject to the will of the leader. Reason: In his 16th century book, The Prince, Machiavelli stressed the actions a leader must take to secure and maintain political power. The holding of power, by whatever means, was the most important factor. Thus, law would be subject (be determined by) the will/needs of the leader.

One result of the Protestant Reformation was 1. fewer challenges to Church authority 2. a decline in religious unity in western Europe 3. the disbanding of the Jesuit order 4. a weakening of the Inquisition

2. a decline in religious unity in western Europe Reason: Prior to the Protestant Reformation there was just one form of Christianity in Western Europe: Catholicism. Although Europe remained a Christian area, there were many different forms of Christianity after the Reformation. Thus religious unity declined.

The writing of the Magna Carta was a reaction to the 1. economic restrictions under imperialism 2. abuse of power by monarchs 3. missionary work of clergy 4. threats of revolution from colonial governors

2. abuse of power by monarchs Reason: King John of England was forced to sign the Magna Carta in 1215. His nobles demanded the monarch stop raising taxes without first consulting them. In addition, the king was no longer allowed to imprison nobles without a just cause. This was the first instance that the absolute power of a king was restricted by his nobles.

Which technological development enabled European navigators to determine their location during the Age of Exploration? 1. lateen sail 2. astrolabe 3. cross bow 4. caravel

2. astrolabe Reason: The astrolabe helped sailors determine location by measuring the position of the stars

In colonial Spanish America, which system was developed by the Spanish to support plantation agriculture? 1. barter 2. encomienda 3. domestic 4. guild

2. encomienda Reason: The encomienda system was created by the Spanish government in the Americas to allow colonists to demand labor from Native Americans. As a result, the Spanish colonists made great profits from their plantations.

Supported reforms Believed in natural rights and religious toleration Viewed themselves as servants of their state In the 18th century, European leaders that fit these characteristics were best known as 1. theocratic monarchs 2. enlightened despots 3. totalitarian dictators 4. prime ministers

2. enlightened despots Reason: These are characteristics of the "enlightened despots" of the 18th century. These absolute rulers used their power to reform society. They stressed education, modern agricultural practices and religious tolerance.

The ideas of Enlightenment philosophers were based on 1. efforts to achieve salvation 2. faith in human reason 3. traditional practices 4. the inevitability of poverty

2. faith in human reason Reason: The writers of the Enlightenment (Locke, Voltaire, Rousseau. Beccaria, Smith) were filled with the Renaissance spirit of humanism—the philosophy that man was able to control his own destiny through his ability to reason.

One way in which the Justinian Code and the Napoleonic Code are similar is that both 1. made slavery unacceptable 2. gave people a set of rules to follow 3. treated all equally under the law 4. provided for religious freedom

2. gave people a set of rules to follow Reason: Both the Justinian Code (Byzantine Empire) and the Napoleonic Code (France) were important because they brought order to their societies by establishing a written law.

Which term is defined as a Renaissance movement characterized by independent thought and a renewed interest in classical Greek and Roman culture? 1. multiculturalism 2. humanism 3. nationalism 4. monasticism

2. humanism Reason: Humanism is a celebration of mankind's beauty and capabilities. The Renaissance brought renewed interest in Greek and Roman culture through a revival of art and scientific pursuits. The recognition of individual human thought was prevalent.

One way in which Toussaint L'Ouverture, Simón Bolívar, and José de San Martín are similar is that they all were 1. supporters of mercantile policies 2. leaders of independence movements 3. democratically elected leaders 4. industrial labor reformers

2. leaders of independence movements Reason: All three of these leaders led independence movements in South American during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Toussaint L'Ouverture, a former slave, led a revolt against the French control of Haiti. Simon Bolivar, also known as "the Liberator," led a 12 year struggle and won independence for Venezuela, Columbia, Peru and Bolivia. Jose de San Martin worked to liberate Argentina.

Laissez-faire practices are most closely associated with a 1. traditional economy 2. market economy 3. command economy 4. mixed economy

2. market economy Reason: A market economy is based on laissez-faire practices, where the government keeps its "hands off" businesses. Supply and demand determine economic decisions.

Adam Smith's laissez-faire theories are most closely associated with 1. the separation of church and state 2. minimal government regulation of the economy 3. a command economy 4. high tariffs to protect domestic businesses

2. minimal government regulation of the economy Reasons: Smith felt that an economy would prosper most if the forces of supply and demand were allowed to act freely. He opposed government interference in the economy. He was against the practice of mercantilism, an economic policy where a government controls the imports, exports and manufacturing specifications of its colonies.

Historians frequently portray Louis XIV's construction of the palace of Versailles and Peter the Great's building of the city of Saint Petersburg as 1. shrines to religious beliefs 2. monuments to personal rule 3. examples of colonial architectural influences 4. efforts to isolate and protect the ruler

2. monuments to personal rule Reason: The construction of these palaces and cities was done to awe the subjects. Both Louis and Peter held fears from childhood that there were nobles who wished to unseat them. The massive, extravagant building projects were created to display the absolute power of these monarchs.

Based on this passage, what did the Third Estate want? 1. independence from France 2. more influence in the political system 3. removal of the monarchy 4. freedom of religion in France

2. more influence in the political system Reason: The Third Estate made up 97% of France yet under the Old Regime it was blocked out of government and opportunity for advancement. Abbe Sieyes' pamphlet asks that this majority be given "something"—that is, more influence in the political system.

Which geographic feature most aided England during the Industrial Revolution? 1. desert climate 2. natural harbors 3. mountainous terrain 4. monsoon winds

2. natural harbors Reason: The many natural harbors of England allowed for easy trade with other nations. The goods they produced as a result of industrialization had the ability to reach a world market.

"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" and "Peace, Land, and Bread" are slogans used by revolutionaries to represent 1. frameworks for economic stability 2. political and economic ideals 3. plans for maintaining the social hierarchy 4. methods of political reform

2. political and economic ideals Reason: Both slogans were used to push for change in politics and economics. "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" was the slogan for the French Revolution (1789). "Peace, Land, and Bread" was the slogan for the communist Russian Revolution (1917).

The impact of the printing press, astrolabe, and caravel on 16th-century Europe demonstrates the ability of technology to 1. limit which ideas can be transmitted 2. redefine human understanding of the world 3. reinforce established traditional beliefs 4. exploit new sources of energy

2. redefine human understanding of the world Reason: The printing press spread learning. It ultimately helped create agitation against the Catholic Church, which led to the Protestant Reformation. The astrolabe and caravel made it possible to travel by sea further than ever before. Thus, Europeans began to experience new foods and peoples. Overall, Europe was transformed by these inventions.

One way in which the caste system in traditional India and the Estates system of pre-revolutionary France are similar is that 1. occupations were attained by merit 2. social mobility was very limited 3. status was determined by education 4. impact on the daily lives of people was minimal

2. social mobility was very limited Reason: Pre-Revolutionary France (before 1789) was divided into three estates (1st= clergy, 2nd= Nobility and 3rd= Everyone else). In India the Hindu faith organized society into castes (social groups that determined a person's political and economic status). Both of these systems was based on one's birth and blocked social mobility.

One way in which Peter the Great, Louis XIV, and Philip II are similar is that each 1. supported missionary efforts of the Roman Catholic Church 2. sought to centralize power by limiting the power of the nobility 3. fought to block the establishment of British colonies in the Western Hemisphere 4. challenged feudal practices by emancipating serfs

2. sought to centralize power by limiting the power of the nobility Reason: In order to gain authority throughout their nations, each of these leaders needed to weaken local princes and nobles. In addition, all three built grand palaces to display their great power.

Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations stressed the importance of 1. tradition 2. supply and demand 3. large corporations 4. government ownership

2. supply and demand Reason: Adam Smith wrote about and promoted capitalism, the economic system which stressed supply and demand. This requires a free market atmosphere where sellers and buyers find a price to which both sides will agree. Smith disliked the mercantilist system where the government controlled the economy.

Increases in trade and commerce that occurred during the late Middle Ages in Europe resulted in 1. lower living standards for guild members 2. the development of more towns and cities 3. a decline in rivalries between kings 4. an increase in the number of self-sufficient manors

2. the development of more towns and cities Reason: Increase trade is always accompanied by an increase in urban areas (towns and cities). It is in these towns and cities that goods are exchanged.

In the late 1700s, which situation in France is considered a cause of the other three? 1. meeting of the Estates General 2. unfair policies of taxation 3. execution of the king 4. storming of the Bastille

2. unfair policies of taxation Reason: At the root of the French Revolution was inequality. The unfair policies of taxation were especially offensive. The Third Estate (non-noble and non-clergy), who made up 97% of the population, paid most of the taxes and lacked any real say in government.

As the Black Death spread in the mid-14th century, which region tended to experience the greatest loss of life? 1. rural farms 2. urban areas 3. remote villages 4. mountainous areas

2. urban areas Reason: Urban (city) areas were most affected by the Black Death, or plague, because people lived in close proximity; sanitation was poor; and exposure to foreigners who carried the goods infected with the disease was more common.

What was one reason the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain? 1. The government of Great Britain implemented a series of five-year plans. 2. Great Britain had alliances with most European countries. 3. Abundant natural resources were available in Great Britain. 4. The practice of serfdom in Great Britain provided an abundance of laborers.

3. Abundant natural resources were available in Great Britain Reason: In addition to a sound economy, an inventive spirit and available skilled and unskilled labor, Great Britain possessed many natural resources (coal, iron ore, water power). These natural factors positioned Great Britain to take the lead in the Industrial Revolution.

Which sequence places these laws in the correct chronological order? 1. Code of Hammurabi → Justinian Code → Napoleonic Code → Twelve Tables 2. Justinian Code → Twelve Tables → Napoleonic Code → Code of Hammurabi 3. Code of Hammurabi → Twelve Tables → Justinian Code → Napoleonic Code 4. Twelve Tables → Napoleonic Code → Code of Hammurabi → Justinian Code

3. Code of Hammurabi → Twelve Tables → Justinian Code → Napoleonic Code Reason: The Code of Hammurabi (1772 BC) brought law to the ancient Babylonians. The Twelve Tables (450 BC) in Rome gave protection to the lower class. The Justinian Code (534 AD) brought together both eastern and western Roman law codes. Napoleon's Code of laws (1804) provided a structure for European law.

Which scientist is most directly associated with formulating this view of the solar system? 1. Ptolemy 2. Descartes 3. Copernicus 4. Newton

3. Copernicus Reason: Nicolaus Copernicus developed this heliocentric (sun-centered) view of the universe. His work was in direct opposition to the Catholic Church's teaching of a geocentric (earth centered) view.

Why is the Enlightenment considered a turning point in world history? 1. The factory system was used to mass-produce goods. 2. Martin Luther broke away from the Roman Catholic Church. 3. Europeans changed their thinking about the role of government. 4. The Columbian exchange occurred.

3. Europeans changed their thinking about the role of government. Reason: The Enlightenment was a cultural movement that began in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries. Philosophers and writers began to question existing traditions and faith. Thinkers such as Locke, Rousseau and Montesquieu questioned the nature of government. Their theories on government influenced the creators of the United States government.

Charlemagne's 9th century empire covered territory which today would include the countries of 1. Poland and Russia 2. Spain and Portugal 3. France and Germany 4. Ireland and the United Kingdom

3. France and Germany Reason: Charlemagne's empire extended over what is today's France and Germany, plus Belgium, Luxemburg, the Netherlands and parts of Italy.

Mauryan Emperor Asoka incorporates Buddhist ideas into his laws. Constantine legalizes Christianity throughout his empire. Prince Vladimir forces Russians to become Eastern Orthodox Christians. Which generalization can be made based on these statements? 1. Religions have had little impact on the development of empires. 2. Many political leaders discouraged religious toleration. 3. Leaders are often influenced by cultural belief systems. 4. Christianity has been a dominant force in Europe and India.

3. Leaders are often influenced by cultural belief systems. Reasons: Each of these leaders took a specific action to include, protect and/or demand a particular belief system. It is obvious that they felt strongly and were influenced by these religions.

Base your answer to the question on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies. ... I, John of Toul, make known that I am the liege man of the lady Beatrice, countess of Troyes, and of her son, Theobald, count of Champagne, against every creature, living or dead, saving my allegiance to lord Enjorand of Coucy, lord John of Arcis, and the count of Grandpré. If it should happen that the count of Grandpré should be at war with the countess and count of Champagne on his own quarrel, I will aid the count of Grandpré in my own person, and will send to the count and the countess of Champagne the knights whose service I owe to them for the fief which I hold of them. But if the count of Grandpré shall make war on the countess and the count of Champagne on behalf of his friends and not in his own quarrel, I will aid in my own person the countess and count of Champagne, and will send one knight to the count of Grandpré for the service which I owe him for the fief which I hold of him, but I will not go myself into the territory of the count of Grandpré to make war on him.... In which period of western European history was the relationship described in this passage most common? 1. Neolithic 2. Classical 3. Medieval 4. Napoleonic

3. Medieval Reason: The key words of liege, lord, count, countess, knights and fief indicate that the time period is Medieval. This medieval period was marked by such an exchange of service for land, sometimes for protection. John of Toul is promising his service in return for land. This exchange was the basis of the political and economic system of feudalism during the Middle Ages.

Why is Ferdinand Magellan's voyage considered a turning point in world history? 1. Portugal's claims to southern Africa were established. 2. His ship was the first to land in the Americas. 3. One of his ships was the first to circumnavigate Earth. 4. Britain's control of the seas ended.

3. One of his ships was the first to circumnavigate Earth. Reason: Magellan's crew was the first to circumnavigate (circle) the Earth. This event was a turning point as it finally disproved the theory that the earth was flat.

Which statement best expresses the philosophy of Humanism? 1. God selects those to be saved. 2. The pope expresses the ultimate word of God. 3. People have potential and can improve themselves by learning. 4. A person's life on Earth is merely preparation for the afterlife.

3. People have potential and can improve themselves by learning. Reasons: Humanism was the belief that individual humans have the ability to improve and create based on reason. This was a popular belief during the Renaissance.

Johannes Gutenberg King Henry VIII John Calvin Which event in European history was most directly influenced by these individuals? 1. Reconquista 2. Glorious Revolution 3. Protestant Reformation 4. trans-Atlantic slave trade

3. Protestant Reformation Reason: All three of these men influenced the Protestant Reformation, a 16th century break from the abuses of the Catholic Church. Gutenberg's printing press made more Bibles available in many languages. Henry VIII broke from the Catholic Church in order to ensure his family's power in England. Calvin was a Christian leader in Geneva who reinterpreted the Bible and preached about the road to salvation (predestination).

Development and expansion of banking, insurance companies, and stock exchanges were essential to the system of 1. feudalism 2. tribute 3. capitalism 4. bartering

3. capitalism Reason: The items listed are all elements of early capitalism, an economic system rooted in the 16th century which stresses individual initiative and risk-taking. Capitalism is based on private ownership of property and its goal is to make a profit

One way in which the rule of Peter the Great in Russia and the rule of Emperor Meiji in Japan are similar is that both leaders 1. emancipated serfs 2. granted equality to women 3. encouraged modernization 4. ruled according to a constitution

3. encouraged modernization Reason: Both leaders are well-known for encouraging modernization in their countries. Peter the Great (1672-1725) modeled his new city, St Petersburg, on the grand capitals of western Europe. He forced his nobles to wear western style clothing and encouraged the introduction of the potato into Russian diets. Emperor Meiji (Meiji Restoration 1852-1912) encouraged Japan to model Western culture so that Japan could industrialize. Both leaders favored modernization of their nations and that meant adoption of Western foods, clothing, culture, technology and industrialization.

Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Henry VIII all played a key role in the 1. attempts made to reclaim the Holy Land 2. fall of the Ottoman Empire 3. end of religious unity in Europe 4. establishment of parliamentary democracy in Britain

3. end of religious unity in Europe Reason: All three men were key to the Protestant Reformation, which attacked the activities, teachings and political power of the Catholic Church. Each of these "protesters" helped end the religious unity in Europe by fostering other Christian religions.

In general, in which direction did the Black Death spread during the 14th century? 1. from Europe to the Americas 2. from Africa to Southeast Asia 3. from Asia to Europe 4. from the Americas to Asia

3. from Asia to Europe Reason: One of the earliest cases of the Black Death was reported in China in the early 1300s. By mid-century, the Black Death was carried along the Silk Road. Then, rats who were infested with fleas brought the disease aboard ships traveling to Europe. When the ships landed in Italian harbors, the plague followed land trade routes throughout western Europe. One-third of Europe's population perished as a result of this epidemic.

A reason the Renaissance began in the Italian city-states was that they 1. rejected the power of the papacy 2. were unified by Garibaldi 3. had wealth gained from trade with Constantinople 4. prevented guilds from functioning

3. had wealth gained from trade with Constantinople Reason: The Renaissance was a rebirth of art and an appreciation of classical thought. This rebirth required both wealth and leisure time to enjoy the art and writings. The wealth of the Italian city-states (Florence, Milan, and Venice) was a result of the Crusades and the subsequent trade with Constantinople.

Which course of action does the theory of laissez-faire suggest a government should follow? 1. providing help for people in need 2. establishing businesses to create jobs 3. letting natural laws regulate the economy 4. controlling the mineral resources of a country

3. letting natural laws regulate the economy Reason: Roughly translated, laissez-faire means "hands off." According to laissez-faire economic theory, a government should allow the natural laws of supply and demand to regulate business. If people demand a product, producers will supply it at a price that consumers are willing to pay. A government who provides help, creates jobs and controls resources would not be part of the laissez-faire vision.

Which policy is a country using when it regulates its colonies' imports and exports to produce a favorable balance of trade? 1. embargo 2. outsourcing 3. mercantilism 4. transmigration

3. mercantilism Reason: Mercantilism is an economic theory that parallels the political theory of absolutism just as laissez-faire parallels democracy/constitutionalism. Under mercantilism the government of a nation plays a major role in structuring the trade that takes place within a nation and with foreign trade. This control is especially evident with the mother country's regulation of imports and exports involving the colonies.

Mass starvation in Ireland in the 1840s led directly to the 1. formation of communes 2. granting of independence 3. migration of people overseas 4. usage of petrochemical fertilizers

3. migration of people overseas Reason: The search for food is a common reason for the movement of people. When blight destroyed the potato crop in Ireland, many starved to death. Those who could leave migrated out of Ireland. Many came to North America, especially to the cities of the United States where they found work in the newly established factories.

One way in which the contributions of Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton are similar is that each 1. challenged the heliocentric theory of the universe 2. based his work on Enlightenment principles of social contract 3. practiced observation and experimentation in his work 4. supported the work of the Inquisition

3. practiced observation and experimentation in his work Reason: These three famous scientists employed the scientific method in their work. They approached their work by defining a problem, collecting data, forming a hypothesis, analyzing data and stating a conclusion.

Which traits characterize a laissez-faire capitalist economic system? 1. slash-and-burn agriculture and animal powered technology 2. central planning and government quotas 3. private property and profit incentive 4. national health care and social security

3. private property and profit incentive Reason: A laissez-faire system is one in which the government is "hands off," or not involved in any economic decisions. Individuals independently decide what, how and for whom goods are produced. The incentive to make a profit guides economic decisions.

One way in which the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment are similar is that both 1. led to increased power for royal families in Europe 2. sought to reconcile Christian beliefs and science 3. questioned traditional values and past practices 4. promoted nationalistic revolutions in eastern Europe

3. questioned traditional values and past practices Reason: The Scientific Revolution preceded the Enlightenment. The Scientific Revolution questioned the methods and theories of ancient and medieval science. The Enlightenment followed with its challenge to absolutism and divine-right government.

Base your answer to the question on the speakers' statements below and on your knowledge of social studies. Speaker A: The British East India Company does not respect my beliefs. I cannot follow dharma and remain their soldier. I will return to my family in a Tamil village. Speaker B: My rebellious countrymen cannot accept my new religion and so they hate me and my "foreign devil" friends. The missionaries leave Beijing tomorrow for England. I must join them before the church compound is surrounded. Speaker C: The czar's soldiers came again today, looted our village, drove off our livestock, and trampled anyone in their way. They even burned our synagogue. Our way of life is gone. It is time to emigrate to Palestine. What is the primary focus of these speakers? 1. civil war 2. economic reforms 3. religious persecution 4. colonial oppression

3. religious persecution Reason: All three speakers have faced religious persecution. None of the speakers are safe in their current environments because of their religious beliefs and practices.

Between 1500 and 1750, which commercial products were produced on Latin American plantations using enslaved laborers? 1. corn and squash 2. bananas and tea 3. sugar and tobacco 4. potatoes and wool

3. sugar and tobacco Reason: The demand for the addictive sugar and tobacco fueled the need for larger plantations with more and more labor. Both crops are highly labor intensive. Slavery proved to be the most profitable source of labor.

Which key factor fueled competition between European countries for colonies in the Americas? 1. a European shortage of pepper and nutmeg 2. a mandate from the papacy 3. the desire to control sources of gold and silver 4. the need to secure laborers for factories in Europe

3. the desire to control sources of gold and silver Reason: Europeans sought the gold and silver of the New World (Americas). Finding these valuable substances was the initial goal in exploration and colonization. Later, colonies would provide raw materials such as tobacco, cotton and sugar.

Which pair correctly links the region where Enlightenment ideas first developed to a region to which those ideas spread? 1. Asia → eastern Europe 2. Africa → southeastern Asia 3. western Europe → the Americas 4. eastern Africa → India

3. western Europe → the Americas Reason: The writers of the Enlightenment (Locke, Voltaire, Montesquieu and Rousseau) influenced the founders of the United States government. These ideas provoked wars of independence in both North and South America in the 18th and early 19th centuries.

Abundant coal resources Development of steam power Building of an extensive canal system In the late 1700s, these conditions allowed the Industrial Revolution to begin in 1. Japan 2. Germany 3. Russia 4. England

4. England Reason: England was the first nation to industrialize because of the favorable conditions listed in this question. In addition, it had a strong banking system, a pro-business government and a large merchant fleet. Its colonies throughout the world (including the 13 in North America) provided raw materials and markets for finished goods.

Which heading best completes the partial outline on British history below? 1. Rise of Absolutism 2. Beginning of Socialism 3. Challenges to Papal Power 4. Evolution of Parliamentary Democracy

4. Evolution of Parliamentary Democracy Reason: These were all steps in England's evolutionary process towards parliamentary democracy. Each of these events and documents took power from the absolute monarchs and gave it to Parliament, the representative government.

Which writer opposed political absolutism? 1. Niccolò Machiavelli 2. James I 3. Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet 4. John Locke

4. John Locke Reason: John Locke believed that all people possessed natural rights: life, liberty and property. He believed that people form a government to protect these rights and if the government failed to protect these rights, it was the duty of the people to abolish the government. This belief in natural rights was the complete opposite of the acceptance of absolute rule based on divine right.

What happened in Russia as a result of actions taken by Peter the Great? 1. Russia was weakened by French invasions. 2. Catholicism was adopted as the state religion. 3. The Duma was reformed and the serfs were freed. 4. Russia borrowed Western ideas and expanded its territories.

4. Russia borrowed Western ideas and expanded its territories. Reason: Peter was interested in westernizing Russia, which meant he wanted to modernize Russia and copy many of the cultural features of Europe. He built his city, St Petersburg, as a model of the European cities he admired. He required his nobles to dress in the western fashion and to shave their traditional beards. He developed mining and textile industries throughout the Russian empire.

Which country is responsible for the extensive colonial use of the encomienda labor system? 1. England 2. France 3. the Netherlands 4. Spain

4. Spain Reason: The Spanish used the encomienda system in their South American colonies. The encomienda system allowed Spanish colonists to demand labor or tribute from Native Americans.

One way in which Karl Marx, Vladimir Lenin, and Fidel Castro are similar is that each believed in 1. supporting a capitalist system 2. preserving a rigid social system 3. spreading the teachings of Christianity 4. achieving change through revolution

4. achieving change through revolution Reason: Karl Marx wrote the Communist Manifest in 1848. In it he preached that change to the capitalist system would only come through violent revolution. In 1917 Lenin led a violent communist revolution in Russia and in 1959, Castro followed in Cuba.

One way in which Akbar the Great, Suleiman the Magnificent, and Philip II are similar is that they 1. attempted to colonize the Americas 2. supported democratic reforms in their countries 3. tried to make Christianity the dominant religion of Asia 4. controlled large empires at the height of their power

4. controlled large empires at the height of their power Reason: Each of these rulers held vast empires: Akbar in India, Suleiman in the Middle East and Phillip in Europe and the New World.

Signing of the Magna Carta Signing of the Petition of Right Passage of the English Bill of Rights In England, these events were instrumental in 1. supporting a disarmament policy 2. promoting government control of the economy 3. justifying the acquisition of territory in foreign lands 4. developing parliamentary democracy

4. developing parliamentary democracy Reason: Beginning with the Magna Carta (1215), royal power was limited. The Petition of Right (1628) and the English Bill of Rights (1689) continued to reduce absolutism while giving more power to Parliament (England's representative body).

In the 17th and 18th centuries, the primary goal of mercantilism as practiced by European countries was to 1. glorify the power and aggressiveness of the military 2. create laws which guaranteed individual freedoms 3. teach the natives Christianity and offer them protection in exchange for labor 4. increase their supply of gold and silver through a favorable balance of trade

4. increase their supply of gold and silver through a favorable balance of trade Reason: Mercantilism was a popular economic theory that went hand in hand with the absolute governments of 17th and 18th century Europe. The system was based on making the mother country as wealthy and self-sufficient as possible. This was done at the expense of its own colonies, who provided cheap raw materials.

During the 1800s, the writings of Marx, Engels, and Dickens focused attention on the problems faced by 1. factory owners 2. investment bankers 3. farm laborers 4. industrial workers

4. industrial workers Reason: All three of these writers were very concerned about the societal conditions produced by the Industrial Revolution. They were appalled by the inequality in wealth, and horrified by the working and living environments of workers.

During the rise of capitalism in Europe, merchants and bankers began to establish 1. systems based on bartering 2. rules that forbid loans to the wealthy 3. quotas to control production 4. insurance companies and joint stock companies

4. insurance companies and joint stock companies Reason: Joint stock companies are similar to today's corporations where many individuals own a business. Therefore a business' success and failures are shared across a number of individuals. Insurance companies rose with the increase in capitalism. Since capitalism is profit based, there is a strong desire to protect businesses from loss due to theft or physical damage.

Which technological development contributed most directly to the success of the Protestant Reformation? 1. astrolabe 2. compass 3. wheel 4. printing press

4. printing press Reason: It is not surprising that the first book to be printed by Gutenberg was the Bible. People of Western Europe were very religious in the late Middle Ages. It would have been the book in most demand. Once bibles were more common, more people had access to them and thus could read for themselves and not rely on the Catholic Church to interpret for them. Most of the new Protestant religions encouraged people to learn to read so that they could find individual spiritual guidance.

One similarity in the rule of Akbar the Great and the rule of Elizabeth I is that both leaders implemented policies that encouraged 1. compulsory education 2. military disarmament 3. voter participation 4. religious toleration

4. religious toleration Reason: Both Akbar the Great (who ruled over a diverse Mughal Empire in India) and Elizabeth I (who ruled England during the religious conflicts of the 16th century), practiced religious tolerance. Both leaders knew that hard-line, intolerant religious views would only cause conflict within their territories. Thus, they chose allegiance to the state instead forcing allegiance to a particular belief system.

A primary goal of European Crusaders fighting in the Middle East was to 1. establish markets for Italian merchants 2. rescue Pope Urban II from the Byzantines 3. halt the advance of Mongol armies in the Asian steppes 4. secure access to Christian holy sites in Jerusalem

4. secure access to Christian holy sites in Jerusalem Reason: The Europeans were angry that Muslims blocked access to Christian holy sites in Jerusalem. European Christians saw Jerusalem as their city and believed the Muslims who controlled their Holy Land were the "invaders."

The early eastern European Slavic civilization at Kiev adopted the Eastern Orthodox religion, the Cyrillic alphabet, and certain styles of art and architecture as a result of 1. wars with Japan 2. conquests by Mongol invaders 3. visits to western European countries 4. trade with the Byzantine Empire

4. trade with the Byzantine Empire Reason: Byzantine traders and Orthodox Christian missionaries carried language and religion north into Russia. Domed architecture and mosaic art was also brought from the Byzantine Empire (eastern Roman Empire) to north eastern Europe.