History Terms
Second great awakening
early 19th century, passed peak by late 1850s. o People come to religious meetings, come in from countryside, go for days and days of preaching, sometimes meetings included slaves, growth of Methodist and Baptist denominations. Appeal for camp meetings and revival are several There is an equality in souls (enslaved people really embrace experience), conversion experience very public, women and enslaved people have public conversions and given platform to speak and share their testimony, very emotional, lots of weeping, people who feel the holy ghost, do not need formal training to be a preacher in this revivlalist movement, just have to feel called by God to preach Lot of soldiers shaped like this in 1830s and then translate this onto the battle field during the Civil War. Arising in the 1800s, it was one of the most significant occurrences in the history of American religion. Countless people were converted and many churches were changed and revived. Not only affecting religion, the movement influenced many other aspects such as prison reform, the women's rights movement, abolishment of slavery, advancements in literature, and reform in education. Women's roles in the church were greatly affected and they deeply encouraged the religious revival, setting up many organizations and charities.
Peculiar Institution
antebellum, first half of 19th century, used as a euphemism for slavery and its economic ramifications in the American South. Southern slave holders used this term as a more polite way to speak about slavery.
Draft riots
July 13-16, 1863 were violent disturbances in Lower Manhattan, widely regarded as the culmination of working-class discontent with new laws passed by Congress that year to draft men to fight in the ongoing American Civil War. Mostly Irish immigrants committing harsh crimes against African Americans, lynchings and murder, burning down of black orphanage because of draft
Black gold
term in Antebellum period that referred to slaves
Middle passage
1440-1640. was the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of Africans[1] were shipped to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade. The "Middle Passage" was considered a time of in-betweenness for those being traded from Africa to America. The close quarters and intentional division of pre-established African communities by the ship crew motivated captive Africans to forge bonds of kinship which then created forced transatlantic communities
Nat Turner Rebellion
1831, s a slave rebellion that took place in Southampton County, Virginia, during August 1831. Led by Nat Turner, rebel slaves killed from 55 to 65 people, the highest number of fatalities caused by any slave uprising in the Southern United States. ves wanted freedom; Nat Turner saw "vision" and attacked whites in Southampton County, VA;Turner, 70 slaves, & 55 whites killed; Turner caught; he was executed & hundreds of slaves were punished; Frightened South; Tightened slave codes; Restricted freedom for all blacks in South; South began to aggressively defend slavery as "positive good"
Uncle Tom's Cabin
1852, published by Harriet Beecher Stowe, anti-slavery novel that helped lay groundwork for Civil War, Lincoln calls Beecher Stowe the little lady who caused the big war, makes people very sympathetic to plight of slaves, slavery perverts familial relationships, best selling novel in antebellum period
Kansas Nebraska Act
1854, allowed people in territories of Kansas Nebraska to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery within their borders.Bleeding Kansas, Steven Douglas senator from Illinois, wants to build transcontinental railroad, needs to get people to be into taking away land from Indians so can build it, needs to get support, things can get Southern support, ignore Missouri Compromise, will have popular sovereignty, will vote if slave or free, Kansas (some say free, some say slave Mini Civil War) after Kansas Nebraska Act Howard challenges south
Dred Scott
1857, taken to Illinois by owner, owner dies, was in free place, taken back to Missouri, sued for freedom, do not rule if whether freed or enslaved, not U.S. citizen, cannot say if rights have been violated, beings of inferior order, descendants are still in Missouri. Unsuccessfully sued for freedom and freedom of wife and two daughters. They lived in free state for two years, and owner freed him after death. However court decided that he could not claim citizenship in the United States and neither could any person of African American descent.
Harpers Ferry
1859, United States arsenal, armed abolitionist tried to initiate an armed slave revolt by taking over arsenal at Harpers, failed miserably and electrified feelings in South. • John Brown- abolitionist, worked on Underground Railroad, two of sons killed during Bleeding Kansas, admits to having killed people as a part of Bleeding Kansas, travels around north talking about abolitionist movements, supposed to make slaves in other states move to freedom, Harper's Ferry, attack federal arsenal, very radical and crazy, federal and state authorities respond immediately, kill 2 more of his sons, like other slave revolts electrified south, Southerners found this particularly alarming because he is white and led a rebellion. John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged
Camp Fever
1861-1865 Typhus fever was also a significant killer during the American Civil War, although typhoid fever was the more prevalent cause of US Civil War "camp fever." Typhoid is a completely different disease from typhus
Confederate womanhood
1861-1865, an ideal that not only demanded sacrifice from its women but also required them to uphold morale, drew upon notions of femininity and family honor, self-sacrifice, forced women to honor their men through embodying the femininity required of women but also maintaining Confederate morale, redefined gender roles caused them to find a balance
Confederate Belle
1861-1865, at first Confederate women wanted their men to leave as quickly as possibly and cheered on the possibility of war, these women embodied femininity and womanhood, they went to courthouses to cheer on secession, not every white woman had this Scarlett O'Hara experience, as war progressed these women began to beg their men to come home, very difficult to keep up with plantations and slaves, some of them were starving to death, lost morale and faith
Fatigue duty
1861-1865, black soldiers assigned to fatigue duty because they were thought of as the inferior race, hard labor duty. African Americans understood that only on the battlefield could they challenge racial stereotypes and win true equality in the postwar world. They willingly undertook their fair share of labor, but when the practice deprived them of time to drill for weeks or months on end and kept them out of combat time after time, they voiced their protests. Fatigue duty is the labor assigned to military men that does not require the use of armament.
Domestic patriotism
1861-1865, both Confederate and Union women were committed to helping their soldiers by knitting socks, joining sewing societies and undertaking countless hours of work for their soldiers. Many women held fundraisers and were committed to the cause
Black confederate
1861-1865, no clear numbers of black confederates in army because there were not many; many were coerced into joining or threatened by masters. Some were enticed by food and alcohol and were threatened with death
Nurse
1861-1865, o Nurses tend to people, 1864, selling stuff at fairs o Female nurses were supposed to be over 30 o Dorothea Dix- all nurses required to be plain looking women, dressed in plain looking clothes (black or brown dresses with no ornamentation), if over 30 past prime child bearing age, plain= not a distraction, you are not there to find a spouse o Don't want cute nurses because soldiers will want to be hurt all the time so they can see them o Concern that nurses will be prostitutes o If they're wearing cute outfits won't want to get dirty/ big dresses would make it difficult to move around o Worry that soldiers would fight against each other vying for women o Catholic sisters of charity can be nurses because are not looking for spouse/ not undercover prostitutes lots of nurses were officers wives, title nurse reserved for middle class
Butternut pin
1861-1865, pin worn that looked like a heart connecting the Union and Confederacy
Matron
1861-1865, term Confederacy used instead of nurse, women were nurses, did laundry, cooked. In Union hospitals, the term matron referred to the woman who had the responsibility of supervising the wards in general hospitals - large military facilities in Northern cities, far away from the battlefields title reserved for wealthy women
Rage militaire
1861-1865, term meaning passion of arms, soldiers willing to die and fight for country even though they knew they wold most likely die. ommunity pressure, the promise of adventure, and a chance to earn glory on the battlefield numbered among soldiers' many reasons for enlistment. Supported by patriotic élan, these men were by and large eager for action. A quick, decisive contest, a chance to prove their mettle, and a victorious return to civilian life characterized the typical volunteer's understanding of how the war would play out.
54th Massachusetts Regiment
1863-1865. was an infantry regiment that saw extensive service in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was one of the first official African-American units in the United States during the Civil War. The 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment was one of the first official black units in the U.S. armed forces. Their courageous assault on Fort Wagner played a key role in bringing about an end to slavery. Also protested wages until were paid equally
Special Field Order #15
1865, 40 acres in a field tied to Freedmen's Bureau created by General Sherman as marching way across South, burning way too Atlanta then the sea, slaves that start to follow Sherman's troops, convinced he will emancipate them, Sherman faced with problem, barely provision his own troops, slaves following him and can't have them starving, Sherman sets aside confiscated land and issues this order uses land in Florida, Georgia and South Carolina and divides it into 40 acre plots and gets slaves who followed them to grow themselves food, lets them borrow army mule teams to plow the field slaves and whites misunderstand this and think government will provide all ex-slaves with mules and 40 acres
Dawes Act
1887 definition. A federal law intended to turn Native Americans into farmers and landowners by providing cooperating families with 160 acres of reservation land for farming or 320 acres for grazing. A head of family would receive a grant of 160 acres (650,000 m2), a single person or orphan over 18 years of age would receive a grant of 80 acres (320,000 m2), and persons under the age of 18 would receive 40 acres (160,000 m2) each; the allotments would be held in trust by the U.S. Government for 25 years; Eligible Indians had four years to select their land; afterward the selection would be made for them by the Secretary of the Interior. authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians. Those who accepted allotments and lived separately from the tribe would be granted United States citizenship
Honor
Antebellum and Civil War, strong feelings that prompted soldiers on both the North and the South to fight and not run away from responsibilities. Honor led many men to enlist and was a driving factor in morale.Each side used the founding fathers to justify going to war with the other. Confederates talked of their honor, but so did northern soldiers.
Commercial slaveholding
Antebellum and throughout Civil War. One example • William Ellison- from South Carolina, cotton gin maker and repairman, he is mulatto, would not identify self as black at time, one of wealthiest free people of South and wealthier than 90% of whites, owns large cotton plantation, owns greatest number of slaves for black slaveholder in South outside Louisiana Practice of owning slaves and using them for a profit, harsh treatment, more than 3 of them, very hard to free them
Abolition
Antebellum both 1807 and 1833, the ending of slavery, abolitionists were against slavery not necessarily pro black and advocated against this unlawful institution until the end of Civil War
Plantation system
Antebellum, 17th century until end of Civil War. Three elements in this context large piece of land, forced labor of enslaved people and sell crop to distant location
Indigenous slavery
Antebellum, among native population- condition isn't lifetime, not inherited, not race-based, slaves are not property that you can buy and exchange, usually captives in mourning wars, captives tend to be women and children, adult males would be ritually tortured and killed, tortured by women because women in charge of torture, women and children slaves who do domestic labor, household labor, condition is often temporary, women and children adopted into family to replace lost loved one, while you're still a slave have no rights, matrilineal organized, Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas took many forms throughout North and South America. Slavery was a common institution among various Pre-Columbian indigenous peoples of the Americas; • 5 "civilized" tribes- slaveholders Cherokees print newspaper, create governments that look more like federal, write constitutions o Creek o Cherokee o Chickasaw o Choctaw o Seminole
See the elephant
Antebellum, and Civil war term. Gaining experience of the world at a significant cost. These young men who had been in a bubble of innocence experienced real world horror and trauma through combat and the tragedy of the Civil War.
Benevolent slaveholding
Antebellum, black slave holders who bought their slaves and treated them very differently form commercial slave holders. slaveholding in order to gain possession over family member less harsh conditions under 3 slaves power play lot of complications what if die what if will isn't established
Good Death
Antebellum, o Profess faith o old o conscious o accept God o have family around o peaceful o last words o accept death during civil war this had to change because young soldiers were dying all over the place, Civil War redefines good death, other people can stand in for family, look at facial expressions
Popular sovereignty
Antebellum, people in the territory or state would vote directly on issues, particularly slavery, rather than having their elected representatives decide. Prior to Civil War new states would vote if they wanted to maintain the institution of slavery or outlaw it.
Ordinary Death
Antebellum, quick death, did not have time to profess faith, young, not conscious, did not get opportunity to have family around, or have last words, or accept death
Primary group cohesion
Civil War 1861-1865, Another characteristic that Union and Confederate soldiers shared with soldiers in all wars was dedication to something called primary group cohesion. Soldiers become very close to their comrades in the same squad or platoon. Sometimes they put loyalty to such primary groups ahead of loyalty to nation or patriotic cause.
Confiscation Act
First one passed on 1861. Laws passed by the United States government during the Civil War with the intention of freeing the slaves still held by the Confederate forces in the South. Union General Benjamin Butler refused to return captured slaves to their Confederate owners, arguing that they were "contraband of war." 1861-1865
Impressment
In 1863 the Confederate Congress passed this Act which authorized army officers to take food from farmers at prescribed rates. It also empowered agents to impress slaves into labor for the army.
Impressment
In 1863 the Confederate Congress passed this Act which authorized army officers to take food from farmers at prescribed rates. It also empowered agents to impress slaves into labor for the army. Impressment was the informal and then, beginning in March 1863, the legislated policy of the Confederate government to seize food, fuel, slaves, and other commodities to support armies in the field during the American Civil War (1861-1865). The tax-in-kind law, passed a month later, allowed the government to impress crops from farmers at a negotiated price. Combined with inflationary prices and plummeting morale following military defeats, impressment sparked vocal protests across the South.
Border States
In context of Civil War, 1861 nineteen states were free and fifteen were slave states, four states never declared secession: Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, West Virginia- kind of. Slave states that did not want to leave Union. Keeping control of border states played an important role in victory for Union
Emancipation Proclamation
Lincoln issued it in 1862 and stated that if the South did not cease their rebellion by 1863 it would go into effect, doesn't have ability to free people but shocks people, its black soldiers on the table as possibility. Creates a lot of confusion in South, many southerners ignore federal government, but slaves insist their freedom English and European laborers rally to Northern American abolitionist movement, anti-slavery different from being pro-black. issued by Lincoln as a way to broaden the goals of the war and achieve a moral victory, but through its principles it freed absolutely no slaves on the day it was given; changed the purpose of the war and caused Europeans to withdraw from supporting south. After victory of Antietam, Lincoln announces slaves in rebelling states would be free aimed to injure confederacy and threaten its property, heighten dread, hurt morale. Many Union soldiers were unhappy though because now Civil War about slavery, this was not what they wanted
Enrollment Act
The Enrollment Act, 12 Stat. 731, enacted March 3, 1863, also known as the Civil War Military Draft Act,[1] was a legislation passed by the United States Congress during the American Civil War to provide fresh manpower for the Union Army. A form of conscription, the controversial act required the enrollment of every male citizen and those immigrants who had filed for citizenship between ages twenty and forty-five. Federal agents established a quota of new troops due from each congressional district. In some cities, particularly New York City, enforcement of the act sparked civil unrest as the war dragged on, leading to the New York Draft Riots on July 13-16. It replaced the previous Militia Act of 1862.
1862 Militia Act
The Militia Act of 1862, 12 Stat. 597, enacted July 17, 1862, was legislation enacted by the 37th United States Congress during the American Civil War that allowed African-Americans to participate as war laborers and soldiers for the first time since the Militia Act of 1792.
Second Confiscation Act
The second Confiscation Act, passed July 17, 1862, was virtually an emancipation proclamation. It said that slaves of civilian and military Confederate officials "shall be forever free," but it was enforceable only in areas of the South occupied by the Union Army. Lincoln was again concerned about the effect of an antislavery measure on the border states and again urged these states to begin gradual compensated emancipation.
Underground Railroad
established early to mid 19th century, used by African American slaves to escape into free states and Canada with the aid of abolitionists and allies who were sympathetic to the cause. Various other routes led to Mexico or overseas. Both black and white, free and enslaved, who aided fugitives. At peak nearly 1,000 slaves per year escaped
Anglo-Atlantic World
interactions among people and empires bordering Atlantic Ocean (England and America in this sense) Antebellum
First Confiscation Act
passed on Aug. 6, 1861, authorized Union seizure of rebel property, and it stated that all slaves who fought with or worked for the Confederate military services were freed of further obligations to their masters. President Abraham Lincoln objected to the act on the basis that it might push border states, especially Kentucky and Missouri, into secession in order to protect slavery within their boundaries. He later convinced Congress to pass a resolution providing compensation to states that initiated a system of gradual emancipation, but the border states failed to support this plan.
Pliny
pseudonym that Hammond went under as he published pro-slavery essays that asserted the moral superiority of southern slavery compared to British.
Laundress
their jobs were to wash and clean soldiers, made between 6 and 10 dollars a month 1861-1865, usually title given to black women, did serving work of nurses
Native Guard
was a Confederate Louisianan militia that consisted of free persons of color. Formed in 1861 in New Orleans, Louisiana, it was disbanded on April 25, 1862. Some of the unit's members joined the Union Army's 1st Louisiana Native Guard, which later became the 73rd Regiment Infantry of the United States Colored Troops.
Sioux War
• Minnesota, 1862 • Sioux Indians killing men women and children, Sioux uprisings or Dakota wars, 4 Dakota men accused of killing 5 white settlers (women and children involved), what precipitates the murders • One theory was young men were robbing settlers of food then ran back to reservation for protection then a pre-empted war was initiated • Another theory was it has to do with broken trees series, need food federal government not bringing rations, people starving, beg for food, denied • 6 weeks "war" • 393 cases 323 convictions • 303 sentenced to death by hanging • Lincoln reduces hanging number to 39 because of unreliable testimony • Execution of 38 largest mass execution at Mankato Minnesota in U.S. History • Native Americans stayed away from Civil War did not support Union after this thought of it as in group problem
Freedmen's Bureau
♣ Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned land ♣ Officials in each of Southern states ♣ Help former slaves and white refugees displaced by war ♣ Very short lived ♣ 1865-1869, Bureau gives 21 million food rations, 5 million go to whites ♣ 46 hospitals under its authority by 1867 ♣ decline in mortality rates of slaves due to actual treatment ♣ resettles more than 40,000 ex slaves ♣ settles court cases with freedmen (implies equality), not citizens yet ♣ 14th amendment not ratified until 1868, do not have normal standing to bring or take charges, stuck in limbo ♣ set up and supervise a lot of schools day schools, night schools, Sunday schools, vocational schools, fund colleges such as Howard, Atlanta, Hampton ♣ by the time stop work in 1870 quarter of million of African Americans in school as a U.S. federal government agency established in 1865 to aid freedmen (freed slaves) in the South during the Reconstruction era of the United States, which attempted to change society in the former Confederate States. The Freedmen's Bureau Bill, which established the Freedmen's Bureau on March 3, 1865, was initiated by President Abraham Lincoln and was intended to last for one year after the end of the Civil War. The Freedmen's Bureau was an important agency of early Reconstruction, assisting freedmen in the South.
