History Test ch. 19+20

GREAT NORTHERN WAR

(1700-1721) -between Russia and Sweden -ended by Peace of Nystad in 1721 -gave Russia ice-free ports an da permanent influence of European affairs

ISFAHAN

-Grand capital built by Shah Abbas I. Exquisite tile work. -The capital symbolized Iran's prosperity and the Safavids grandeur

SUNNI/SHIA MUSLIMS

-Sunni believe that an honorable sinless person should be caliphate -Shia think that the caliphate can only be a blood descendent of the prophet. -Sunni is the majority

CONFLICT WITH OTTOMANS

-The Ottomans didn't want the Safavids to spread their Shi'ite monarchy.

HUSAYN/KARBOLA

-The Safavids discouraged trips to mecca -Instead they encouraged trips to the shrine of Muhammeds grandson.

SIKHS

-Trace origins back to teachings Guru Nanak oOwn scripture oRitual oMoralistic and reformist ideals -Distinctive religious movement -Repeated uprising hurt Awrangzeb and following rulers

TIME OF TROUBLES

-times of uncertainty and political turmoil following Ivan IV (the terrible)'s death

WILLIAM LAUD

Arch Bishop of Canterbury. Other than if the monarch became involved, (which wasn't often) he had control over the Anglican Church

EARLY SIEGE OF VIENNA (1520s)

Because of their vast amount of concurred and, the ottomans claimed the title of Abbisid (Hungry) and Caliph of all muslims.

RAJPUTS

Confederacy defeated by Babur

Impact of steam engine

Dependable power. Version made by Watt was widely used.

THE SOLDIER KING

Fredrick William I created one of the largest armies in europe at the time despite Prussia's small size. -He loved the look of the army, and created a perfectly polished army, but he never sent them to war.

Urbanization

From 5-9% of population in cities from 1500-1800. Urban concentration shifted from southern Med to north.

ISSUE OF "POPERY"

The Idea that the Anglican Church is being Catholisized

THE GREAT ELECTOR

the name given to Frederick William who was on the greatest Hohenzollerns. He reorganized the armies into one strong force and improved tax and encouraged agriculture, industry, and transportation in Prussia.

Cottage industry/"putting out" system

wool was spun into thread in individual houses, then bought by urban textile merchants. Most work performed by peasants in off season.

SULEYMAN THE MAGNIFICENT

- (r.1520-1566) -took control of Kurdistan, Georgia, Mesopotamia, and Iraq -advanced Ottoman borders in Eastern Europe -able to battle and treaty to bring almost all of Hungary under direct rule in the 1540s -Ottoman ruler could now claim to be the Abbsid heir and caliph for all Muslims -given title "Protector of the Sacred Places (Mecca and Medina) -Ottoman military=unmatched globally (except maybe China)

WILLIAM AND MARY

- Mary (r. 1689-1694) -recognized a Bill of Rights and the Toleration Act -reign marked important new departures for Britain including: policies favoring more modern economic activity resembling that of the Netherlands; redirection of foreign policy toward direct opposition to France

DEVSHIRME

- system under the Ottoman Empire that required each province (normally Balkin) to furnish a levy of Christian boys who were raised as Muslims and became soldiers in the Ottoman army

MEHMED II

-"the Conqueror" -conquered Constantinople in 1453-it became the Ottoman capital

THOMAS HOBBES (pg 490)

-(1588-1679) -most original political philosopher of 17th century -never broke with church of england but shared basic Calvinist beliefs -low view of human nature -idea of a commonwealth based on a covenant -designation of natural law rather than common law--ex custom or precedent-- as basis of all pos law -defense of a representative theory of absolute authority against the theory of the divine right of kings

OLIVER CROMWELL'S INTERREGNUM

-(1599-1658) -OC=victorious general in the civil war -became the leader of the Puritan republic -had difficulties with Parliament and from 1653 on governed as a military dictator -died 1658

JOHN LOCKE (pg 490 and 581)

-(1632-1704) -most important English philosopher of the late seventeenth century -defended limitations on gov and rooted political authority in the consent of the governed -absolute monarchy citizens must submit to an authority from which they can make no appeal -consequently=necessary conflict between citizens and the absolute monarchy

WAR FO THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION

-(1740-1748) -Frederick II ignored the Pragmatic Sanction and seized the Austrian province of Silesia -Maria Theresa realized Hungary as the most important of her crowns and promised the Magyars a lot of local autonomy -preserved Habsburg state but big cost to power of the central monarchy ***war Austrian succession and British-spanish commercial conflict brought together by France aiding Prussia against Austria which made a new powerful German state that endangered France later;also French move brought Britain into Continental war against France and Prussia in attempt to ensure Belgium remained in hands of Austria***

THE SEVEN-YEARS WAR (FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR)

-(1756-1763) -Frederick II invaded Saxony=started it -William Pitt the Elder was secretary of state in charge of the war in 1757 and put largeeee amounts of resources into overseas colonial conflict -wanted everything east of Mississippi R to be Britain's -French couldn't direct similar resources agains English in America -British took Quebec City and Montreal fell -end of French Empire in Canada

SELIM

-(r. 1512-1520) -subjugated the Egyptian Mamluks (1517) -annexed Syria-Palestine, most of North African, Yemen, and Mecca and Medina -nullified the Shiite threats from Iran

JAMES I

-(r. 1603-1625) -son of Mary Queen of Scots (bloody mary) -first of the Stuart Dynasty -attempted to rule as much as possible w/o Parliament -resisted the Puritan demands -favored peaceful relations with the Roman Catholic powers Spain and France -faced a combined political and religious opposition to their efforts to make the English monarchy the supreme power

CHARLES I

-(r. 1625-1649) -son of James I -attempted to rule as much as possible w/o Parliament -resisted the Puritan demands -favored peaceful relations with the Roman Catholic powers Spain and France -faced a combined political and religious opposition to their efforts to make the English monarchy the supreme power -1642-conflict between Charles and Parliament over religion and arbitrary taxations erupted civil war -1645-Parliament and Puritan forces won -conflict continued till 1649 where any ***-Parliament abolished monarchy and the House of Lords and established the Church of England

CHARLES II

-(r. 1660-1685) -restored Stuart monarchy -1670 entered secret treaty with with Louis XIV of France to oppose the Dutch -result of treaty Charles again attempted to extend religious tolerations -Parliament resisted by passing a Test Act

JAMES II

-(r. 1685-1688) -Charles II's brother -Roman Catholic -imprisoned 7 Anglican bishops who had refused to publicized his suspension of laws against Catholics -under guise of a policy of enlightened tolerations, James actually seeking to subject all English institutions to the power of the monarchy -fled to France when England invaded by William of Orange **English political classes hoped James II would be succeeded by Mary (eldest daughter married to William of Orange) but James' 2nd wife gave birth to son ***Parliamentary opposition invited William to invade England to preserve its "traditional liberties" aka the Protestant Church of England and parliamentary gov

HANOVERIAN ENGLAND

--What started it-- -The Act of Settlement in 1701 provided the English Crown to go to the Protestant House of Hanover in Germany (if Anne 2nd daughter of James II and heir to William III died w/o issue) -Anne died in 1714 and the Elecor of Hanover became King George I of England (r. 1714-1727) -Britain achieved political stability and economic prosperity- 1st quarter of 18th century

DUTCH INNOVATIONS

-16th and 17th centuries -dutch landlords and farmers devised new and better ways to build dykes and to drain land so the could farm more land -experimented w/ new crops like clover and turnips that increased animal food and replenished the soil -adopted in England in early 18th century

REVERSAL OF ALLIANCES

-1756 PRussia and Great Britain signed the Convention of Westminster a defensive alliance aimed at preventing the entry of foreign troops into the Germanies -Great Britain normally ally with Austria -Austria alliance w/ France

TREATY OF PARIS

-1763 -George III (r. 1760-1820) of England replaced Pitt w/ new prime minister -Britain received: all of Canada, Ohio River valley, the eastern half of the Mississippi River valley -France retained footholds in India at Pondicherry and Chandernagore and regained the West Indies sugar islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique

RELIGIOUS TOLERATION

-Akbar oVery interested in other religions - Often brought together many different ppl of different religions and debated religion -Debated in a special hall in his palace at Fatehpur-Sikri oTolerance of all faiths

FATEHPUR-SIKRI

-Akbar had a palace there were he would bring ppl of different religions together to debate religion -Outside of capital city, Agra

ARRIVAL OF BRITISH

-British won over Bengali forces at Plassey in Bengal 1757 oHelp led to downfall of Mughal empire -Dominance of British East India Company eclipsed Mughal (and Maratha) oAnd almost all regional Indian power **Mughals didn't officially end till 1858

TAJ MAHAL

-Built by Shah Jahan -Tomb for his beloved consort Mumtaz -Built 1632-1653 -Persian-style dome

PRISCILLA WAKEFIELD- pg 598

-English writer who demanded a wider life for women -concerned women found themselves only able to pursue occupations that paid poorly or were excluded from work on the grounds of their alleged physical weakness -believed women should receive = wages for = work

BABUR

-Founder of the Mughal Dynasty -Marched on India, dethroned last Deli sultanate, defeats a Rajput confederacy

JUNKERS

-German lords who received the right to demand obedience form their serfs for their obedience to the Hohenzollerns -increasingly dominated the army officer corps and this dominance became even more pronounced int he 18th century -all officials took oath of loyalty directly to the Hohenzollern rulers -laws, customs, and royal attentions made officer corps the highest social class of the state -attracted sons of Jenkers

PRAGMATIC SANCTION

-Habsburg emperor Charles VI (r. 1711-1740) had a weak heir and he worried about Austrian Habsburg falling to surrounding powers -devoted most of his reign to seeking the approval of his family, the estates of his realms, and the major foreign powers for document=Pragmatic Sanction -provided legal basis for a single line of inheritance within the Habsburg Dynasty thru Charles VI's daughter Maria Theresa -failed to give Maria a strong army or a treasury to fight for her inheritance

TOPKAPI PALACE

-Included the Sultan, his harem, his ministers and his servants.

SHARI'A

-Islamic religious law/lawbook -interpreted by the Ulama

SIEGE OF VIENNA (1683)

-Leopold I -resisted the advances of the Turks into central Europe which included siege of vienna

THE FRONDE

-Louis XIV's chief minister Cardinal Mazarin tried to impose direct royal administration on France -started series of widespread rebellions among French nobles between 1649-1652

TREATY OF KARLOWITZ

-Ottomans cede Hungary back to Habsburgs. Start of long retreat by Ottomans out of Europe.

ENGLISH CIVIL WAR (1640s): ROUNDHEADS AND CAVALIERS

-Parliament overthrew the monarchy, the church of england was established. -Roundheads were Cromwell's forces and Cavaliers were the Loyalists.

CHANGED POLICY TOWARDS HINDUS

-Persecuted non-Muslims -Destroyed Hindu temple -Restarted poll tax 1679 -Alienated Rajput leaders

PETER THE GREAT

-Peter I -ascended to the throne at 10 yrs old -(r.1682-1725) -dangers and turmoil of his youth convinced Peter 2 things: -power of the tsar must be made secure from the jealousy of the boyars and the greed of the streltsy -military power of Russia must be increased -fascinated by military resources of the maritime powers -visited western Europe in disguise to learn about shipyards, docks, and the manufacture of military hardware in England and the Netherlands

DIVIDED PRUSSIA

-Prussia began as geographically divided states that were inherited and taxed by the Hohenzollerns.

AKBAR THE GREAT

-R. 1556-1605 -Greatest Indian ruler since Ashoka -Achievements: o-Added North India and Northern Deccan to Mughal empire o-Reorganized central and provincial gov o-Rationalized tax system § Cancellation of the poll tax on non-Muslims o-Married Rajput princesses and appointed Hindus to positions of power § Helped Hindu-Muslim relations o-Efforts to reduce the power of the more literalist ulama -Very interested in other religions

SHAH JAHAN

-R. 1628-1658 -Brought Deccan completely under Mughal control -Lost Oandahar to Safavid forces-1648 oWars strained economy -Elaborate building projects oLike Taj Mahal oHard on treasury

AWRANGZEB

-Son of Shah Jahan -Religious conservative -Reversed Akbar's earlier policies oPersecuted non-Muslims oDestroyed Hindu temple oRestarted poll tax 1679 oAlienated Rajput leaders

MUGHALS

-Started in the early 16th c as Changatay Turks -Founded by Babur -invaded the Indian peninsula and ended the political fragmentation in the early 16th century

THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION

-William of Orange arrived in Nov 1688 with little opposition -1689- Parliament declared William III and Mary II the new monarchs -bloodless except for in Ireland and Scotland where there was a lot of resistance

WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION

-back story: -Charles II died w/o heir and successor=Philip of Anjou -Louis XIV's grandson -Louis XIV wants to control Spain -England Holland and HRE in sept. 1701 form Grand Alliance -secure Flanders and gain emperor his fair share of the Spanish inheritance -(1702-1714) -enveloped western Europe -france finally made peace with England at Utrecht in july 1713 and Holland and HRE at Rastadt in march 1714

BOYARS AND STRELTSY: POLICIES TOWARDS

-backstory: -1698 streltsy rebelled before Peter returned from abroad -Peter brutally suppressed reboots with tortures and public executions -Peter made new military establishment that would serve the tsar and not itself -draft -drafted 130,000 soldiers -sustained attack on boyars by shaving their beards and cutting off their long shirt sleeves -Peter became good at balancing groups against one another without leaving one out

DECLINE/END OF JANISSARIES

-became corrupt, messed with politics, sacked towns and revolted during peacetime because of unemployment. Become part of rule, rather than arm of military.

SAFAVIDS

-began in the 14th century -Shi'ite -Originally turkish spiritual leaders who evolved into a militant Sufi

PALACE OF VERSAILLES: NATURE OF; USES OF

-built between 1676-1708 and Louis XIV permanent residence -temple to royalty; architecturally designed and artistically decorated to porcelain the glory of the Sun King -magnificent fountains and gardens -housed thousands of important nobles, royal officials, and servants

SEIZURE OF SILESIA

-by Fredrick the Great, caused the Hapsburg's to go to war with Prussia. -The Prussian invasion caused Brittan/Spain to take sides, this magnified their conflict.

HABSBURG EMPIRE: CORE LANDS; WEAKNESS OF

-core lands: -firm hold on Holy Roman Emperor -german units: Saxony, Hanover, Bavaria, and Brandenburg -Crown of Saint Wenelas: kingdom of Bohemia and duchies Moravia and Silesia -Crown of Saint Stephen: Hungary, Croatia, and Transylvania -ruled by virtue of a different title and need ooperation of the local nobility -not always easy -always bargaining with nobles in one part of europe to maintain position in another

MARIA THERESA

-daughter of emperor Charles VI -his heir -heir secured thru Pragmatic Sanction -still had to fight for inheritance when FrederickII of Prussia invaded Habsburg province of Silesia

THE RESTORATION

-done by Charles II -extended very considerable religious toleration restored Parlilaent dominated by conservative members of the Church of England that imposed a restrictive religious code on the land -Church of England opposed by both Protestant Non-conformists and Roman Catholics

REVOCATION OF EDICT OF NANTES

-done by Louis XIV in 1685 in October -protestant churches and schools closed -protestant ministers exiled -non converting laity forced to be galley slaves -protestant children ceremoniously baptized by Catholic priests -prompted emigration of more than a quarter of a mil ppl who formed new communities and joined the resistance to France in England, Germany, Holland, and the New World

EXPANSION OF EMPIRE (Hungary)

-done by Suleyman the Magnificent -able to battle and treaty to bring almost all of Hungary under direct rule in the 1540s

JANISSARIES

-elite Ottoman troops who were recruited through the devshirme -They were paid very well, loyal to only the sultan and not allowed to marry til the mid 16th century

TREATY OF UTRECHT

-ended wat of the Spanish Succession -Philip V remained king of Spain -England got Gibraltar -southern tip of Spain -now Mediterranean power -Louis XIV formally recognized right of the HOuse of Hanover to accede to the Englsih throne -France economically and politically exhausted -established the boundaries of empire during the 1st half of 18th century -gave British a 30-yr contract to furnish slaves to the Spanish Empire and right to send 1 ship per year to the trading fair at Portobello (now Panama) -caused friction

ENCLOSURE ACTS IN ENGLAND

-fencing of common lands and the reclamation of previously untilled waste -transformation of strips into block fields -disrupted economic and social life of the countryside -many riots -landlords had to resort to parliamentary acts to legalized the enclosures -landlords=parliament -easily passed -1761-1792=500,000 acres of land enclosed -1801- general enclosure act -controversial -permitted the extension of both farming and innovation -increase food production on larger agri units -disrupted small traditional communities -forced some independent farmers off the land (who need common pasturage) -forced some very poor cottagers (lived on the reclaimed waste land)

OTTOMAN TURKS

-first western Turks to have founded a lasting state -exchanged grants of revenue-producing conquered land for military service -built formidable army and loyal military aristocracy by the 1400s -allowed Christians to worship in their cities.... especially during the fall of Constantinople in 1453

STRELTSY

-guards of the Moscow garrison -posed the danger of mutiny

HOHENZOLLERN COMPROMISE WITH JUNKERS

-in exchange for obedience to the Hahenzollerns junkers received right to demand obedience from their serfs -taxes fell heavier on peasants and urban classes

MILITARIZATION OF PRUSSIAN POLITICAL CULTURE

-laws, customs, and royal attentions made officer corps the highest social class of the state -attracted sons of Jenkers

BISHOP BOSSUET (DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS)

-leader of the French Catholicism in the 2nd half of the 17th century -court preacher and tutor to Louis XIV's son -DEFENDS divine and absolute power of kings -depicts kings as embracing in their person the whole body of the state and the will of the people they govern and being immune from judgment by and mere mortal

ULAMA

-legal-religious and educational intellectual roles of the religious scholars, put into the service of the state but given the job of translating the religious law and lots of money. They, unlike the Ulama in in other islamic states didn't conflict with the administration. -"persons with correct knowledge." -the Islamic scholarly elite who served a social function similar to the Christian clergy

ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS

-limited the powers of the monarchy and guaranteed the civil liberties of the English privileged classes -England's monarchs would be subject to law and would rule by the consent of Parliament--called into session every 3 years -prohibited Roman Catholics from occupying the English throne

ROLE(S) OF WOMEN

-marriage: institution of economic necessity as well as one that fulfilled sexual and psychological needs -woman outside a household=very vulnerable -unless aristocrat or member of a religious order -life devoted to aiding the maintenance of her parent's household then getting her own household to take care of as an adult -by age 7 expected to begin contributing to household work -farm: -young: look after chickens and take food to ppl working in the fields and water animals -leave home by 12 or 14 to work away from home -not more than 30 miles away and normally servant in some1s home -not needed so much -married: plowing planting harvesting, whatever else her husband asked her to do -artist or merchant: -young: some light work like cleaning or carrying -sewing and weaving -always learning new skills from parents -married: business manager -manage household finances and participate in the trade or business -might take over business if husband dies -young woman: -chief goal= earn a dowry -could take up to 10 yrs! -didn't normally marry til mid or late 20s -wife expected to make immediate contribution of capital for the establishment of the household -in an economic disaster (bankruptcy) wife sent family members out in search of work -led active decisive roles

CONQUEST OF BALTIC STATES

-mid-1690s constructed ships to protect Peter's interests in the Black Sea -1695 began war with Ottomans -built Baltic fleet on Finnish Coast -Great Northern War

SULTAN

-name for the military and political leader of the Ottoman Empire -rulers who have almost complete sovereignty over a certain domain without claiming the title of caliph

SOCIAL STRUCTURE: LAND-BASED WEALTH

-nobility=1-5% of every European state -wealthiest sector of the population -land=largest source of aristocracy's income

BOYARS

-old nobility -controlled bureaucracy

BUILDING OF ST. PETERSBURG

-on Gulf of Finland -new capitol city= St. Petersburg in 1703 -built gov structures and forced boyars to construct town houses -imitated European monarchs who made smaller versions of Versailles -went beyond establishing a central imperial courts -symbolized a new western orientation of Russian and Peter's determination to hold his position on the Baltic coast

TAX BURDEN ON PEASANTRY

-peasants: english tenants, french cultivators -many peasants, serfs, and other agri laborers were forced to do extra work to pay the tax collector -landlords able to escape tax thru diff privileges and power to demand more concessions ***all cases class that owned the land also controlled local gov and courts ****move from west to east the landlord power increases

FAMILY ECONOMIES

-preindustrial England household=basic unit of production and consumption -ppl thought and worked in terms of sustaining the economic life of the family -family members worked together in interdependent manner ***ordinary ppl could rarely support themselves independently **if u lived outside a household u were viewed suspiciously -every1 had to work -same everywhere whether artist or farmer -farmers often didn't have enough land to support the whole family so 1 or more family members would be sent away from home to send home wages -craftsman- father= chief craftsman and would have 1 or more servants to help then expect children to take up the same job

TABLE OF RANKS

-published by Peter in 1722 -intended to draw the nobility into state service -equalled a person's social positions and privileges with his rank in the bureaucracy or the military -rather than his lineage among the traditional landed nobility -making social standing of individual boyars a function of their willingness to serve the central state

SHAH ABBAS I

-r. 1588-1629 -brought real leadership to Safavid Iran -regained provincial land for the state and used the revenue to support new troops -allied with the european enemies of the ottomans -ended Portugese trade monopoly

LOUIS XIV/THE "SUN KING"

-r. 1643-1715 -chief minister Cardinal Mazarin tried to impose direct royal administration on France -caused The Fronde -chose to appoint no prime minister so rebellious nobles would be challenging the king directly -concentrated excessively in monarchy but carefully didn't intrude excessively in social and political institutions -used physical setting of his court to exert political control -important source of concept of royal authority was Bossuet who defended the "divine right of kings" -"I am the state" -determined to unify France religiously -1685 revoked Edict of Nantes

HOHENZOLLERN DYNASTY OF PRUSSIA

-ruled scattered territories throughout Holy Roman Empire since 1417 -mid-17th century forged geographically separate holdings into powerful state -by collecting taxes on their own authority an building an army to back it up

SERFDOM

-serfs: germany, austria, russia -legally bound to the land and a lord -worst in Russia -wealth decided by number of owned "souls" aka male serfs rather than by size of estate -regarded as economic commodities -attached to individual lord -lord could demand 6 days a week of labor -could punish them or exile them to Siberia -marriage=legally recognized -lord couldn't break up family

OPEN-FIELD FARMING

-small cultivators(lived in villages) farmed most the land -each farmer tilled an assortment of unconnected strips -field rotating left a lot of the land fallow and unproductive each year -decisions about where each crop was planted were made communally -discouraged improvement and favored the poorer farmers who need the common land and stubble fields for their animals -impossible to increase pasture land and size of herds and production of manure for fertilizer -produced steady supply of food (not growing)

STUART DYNASTY (Scotland, England):

-started by James VI of Scotland who became James I of England after Elizabeth died in 1603 -in pursuit of good income, Stuart monarchs of 17th century England threatened the local political interests and economic well-being of the nobility and the landed and commercial elites represented in Parliament -these groups then over time made traditional English liberties to successfully resist the monarchs

ROMANOV DYNASTY OF RUSSIA

-started by Michael Romanov (r. 1613-1645) -elected by assembly of nobles as tsar in 1613 -dynasty that ruled til 1917

LAND-BASIS OF MILITARY POWER

-state held all captured agricultural lands, granting use to peasants/army as a form of payment

RISING BREAD PRICES

-steadily rose as popul increased -put pressure on the poor but helped the nobility and wealthier peasants

SUFIS

-sufism is a mystic tradition within Islam that encompasses a diverse range of beliefs and practices dedicated to Divine love and the cultivation of the elements of the Divine within the individual human being (from glossary sounds weird tho) -chief aim of all Sufis is to let go of all notions of duality, including a conception of an individual self and to realize the Divine unity

THE ANCIEN REGIME

-term used to refer to old patterns of social, political, and economic relationships that existed in France before 1789 -also applied to social life and institutions of all pre-Revolutionary Continental Europe -theoretically absolute monarchs and aristocratically led armies, etc. -Economically: food shortages, predominance of agri, slow transport, a low level of iron production, unsophisticated financial institutions, competitive commercial overseas empires -Socially: people less individuals and more members of distinct corporate bodies that had certain privileges or rights as a group AKA racism started

ABSOLUTISM

-the principle or the exercise of complete and unrestricted power in gov

HAREM

-wives, concubines, female relatives, and servants in a Muslim household--usually confined to a section of a house or palace

BOURBON DYNASTY

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COMETITION/CONFLICT WITH SAFAVID EMPIRE

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COMMERCIALIZED FARMING IN ENGLAND

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DEFEAT OF MAMLUK SULTANATE (Syria, Egypt, Mecca, Medina)

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MERITOCRACY

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BATTLE OF MANZIKERT

11th. Seljuks gain foothold in Anatolia (Turkey)

Ascendancy of the bourgeoisie

19th Middle class, prosperous but not immensely wealthy. Merchants, tradesmen, bankers, professional people. Income not tied to land. Supported reform, change, economic growth. Frequently collided with aristocracy: middle class imitated lifestyle of nobles, nobles like commercial spirit of middle class, middle class began to resent aristocracy because it kept strong control over power even when middle class grew larger and wealthier. Feared lower class: potentially violent element in society, threat to property, drain on natural resources. Stereotype: male works out in very competitive business world, comes home to wife and children. Woman takes control of home, which is private and secure, rest from world. Kids have to be cared and prepared for world. Sexually reserved. In future lead into capitalistic ideas.

Distribution of Jewish populations

Eastern. 3 million in Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine, 150,000 in Habsburg lands, few in western Europe. Jews got fewer rights and lived apart in ghettos (district in city) or separate village. Could not mix with mainstream society except in England. Except for Court Jews, most lived in poverty. Accepted if converted to Christianity.

TREATMENT OF IRELAND

Entire towns in Scotland and Ireland were killed.

Textile industry: innovations

Flying shuttle increased productivity of weavers. Spinning jenny eliminated bottleneck of spinners, but machines were still in individual households. Water frame produced purely cotton fabric without linen.

"FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM"

Give to poor (zakat), pray five times a day, declaration of faith (to Allah), commitment to pilgrimage to Mecca, fasting during holy month of Ramadan.

Conditions favoring England's launching the industrial revolution

Largest free trade area (no tolls and good roads), rich deposits of coal and iron ore, property and property rights were secure, politically stable, sound banking and public credit created good investment climate, heavy (but parliament sanctioned) taxes collected fairly and efficiently, demand for goods from North America, mobility in social classes,

Idea of an industrial "revolution"

Previously a return to an earlier point (revolving); then turn in a corner, change in production and manufacturing. Term revolution in reference to British technological advances coined only after French Revolution. Rather slow process. Overcame scarcity and increased quality of life. Increased wealth led to social and political reforms. Required large labor force with new skills. Large amounts of manufactured goods led to international trade and wealth. Other countries supplied raw materials and became dependent economies. Iron and new technologies led to strong military, especially navy, of industrialized countries.

Nature of pre-modern anti-Semitism

Religiously, rather than racially, based

Ghettos

Small, confined area, typically overcrowded and dirty. Discriminatory. Jews treated equally in England.

Factory system: institutional nature

Textile industry is only first phase in industrial revolution (limit in amount of clothes needed). Cotton from colonies and India provide cheaper alternative to wool. Railroad (uses iron, coal, steam power) is where industrial revolution really takes off.

MONARCHICAL ABUSE OF PARLIAMENT AND RIGHTS/PRIVILEGES

The taxation and abuse of Parliament by the stuart dynasty lead to a civil war and an interregnum.

Change from organic to mechanical rhythms

Work, particularly weaving, is dictated by other needs-food, family, sun, farming. Then work went by time, dictated by the machine. Women can be hired for less.

Factory towns

factories cluster and form towns. Social castes are replaced by social classes based on money. Working class gets separated from upper class, while serfs and nobles interacted in festivals and the like in medieval times.

GHAZIS

group that pushed frontier of Ottoman Empire, originated from central Asian steppes.

INCREASING POPULATION

increase in bread prices because of increase in population.

FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE (1453)

last Christian stronghold. Became Ottoman capital. Patriarch of Eastern church allowed to stay. -fell under the rule of Sultan Mehmed II