History Test Ch 9-12

What was the culture and organization of the Seminole and Creek?

-Seminole was the smallest of the 5 tribes Seminoles reacted to pressure from the white settles with resistance rather than accommodation unlike the Cherokee -Seminoles were in Florida and was made of people from different roots from Africa and the new world -Seminoles were formed by Creek Indians of war and disease from Georgia and Alabama with remnants of Floridians -"maroon communities," runaway slaves from the Carolinas, allied with Seminoles to ward off slave catchers. (this intermingling later was called "seminole negros" or "estelusti") -Seminoles adopted African slavery; slaves lived in separate towns, planted fields, hardened livestock, and paid owners annual tribute -Seminoles were allies in war with Americans until the treaty of Moultrie Creek which caused strain by removing the tribe out of their land, requiring the Seminoles to reurn runaway slaves and turn away future runaway slaves -2nd Seminole War was fought to resist ^this removal

Describe the origins of the American market economy. What factors made it possible?

-Started because of the desire to reduce the cost and increase the speed of shipping heavy freight over long distances Factors that made it possible: 1. Agricultural output increased at an annual rate of 3% 2. Growing portion of output consisted of commodities grown for sale rather than for home consumption 3. technological advances: iron and steel plows, grain cadle, better strains of crops, grasses, and livestock 4. Availability of good land and revolution in marketing 5. Transportation made distant markets available

Describe the rise of the Whig party.

-Started fro the coalition that passed the censure resolution in the Senate -Leadership/ support came from National Republicans associated with Clay, and ex-federalists -Upset southerners from Jackson's abuse of power also supported the Whigs -Gradually absorbed the Anti-Masonic Party that capitalized on hysteria on the murder of a New Yorker -Believe government should restrict behavior of drinking, gambling, and breaking Sabbath

Explain the origins and ends of the Canal Age?

-Starting problem: the rivers and roads systems did not provide an economical way to ship western farm produce directly east to ports engaged in the transatlantic trade or seaboard states -Erie Canal: opened in 1825; linked Lake Erie to Buffalo, NY and went on to inspire numerous other canal projects in other states -Canal age ended when water ways became apparently unprofitable, state credit overextended, and panic and depression forced retrenchment -Railroads were competing for the same traffic-- contributed to the new nation's economic development

Explain why South Carolina opposed the tariffs of 1828 and 1832.

-Tariff of Abominations passed in 1828: a protective tariff, or tax on imports, that angered southern free traders -SC took their stand in favor of states' power to veto federal actions they viewed as contrary to their interests; wanted to hold their right to veto -Nullification: the supposed right of any state to declare federal law inoperative within its boundaries in 1832; SC nullified the federal tariff -SC wanted to keep slavery out of the political limelight. They also became fearful of federal encroachment, federal power to strike at the "peculiar institution"

Name the president associated with the Era of Good Feelings.

James Monroe -Era of Good Feelings: period in the U.S. marked by nationalism, decrease in bitterness, and partisan politics. This began at the end of the War of 1812, in 1815, and ended in 1825

Name the leader of the southern states' rights movement.

John Calhoun -leader of the states' rights insurgency in South Carolina, abandoning his earlier support of nationalism and the American system

In Dartmouth College v. Woodward:

-Court accepted Webster's argument -Marshall determined the CCC protected any charter a state granted to a private corporation (they can hold on to any privileges of their original charters)

Describe the growth of the early textile industry.

-Before the textile industry was the "putting out system," where merchants provided raw materials to people in their homes, picked up finished/semi-finished products,, paid workers, and took charge of the distribution -After a while, shops grew bigger, masters became entrepreneurs rather than artisans, and journeymen became wage earners rather than masters -The 1st fully developed factory emerged in textile manufacturing: Cotton mills utilized the power loom and spinning machinery. Due to 3 men: Lowell, Appleton, and Patrick Jackson who found a site with water power, they started the Boston Manufacturing Company (BMC) -BMC started in Waltham, then to Lowell, Massachusetts, and then Chicopee. Unmarried, young women would work in dorms in Lowell. Things went South when owners wanted more work for less pay and women became militant labor activists (Sarah Bagley) -The putting out system declined as textile industry increased -Major source of capital: Lucrative China Trade which shifted capital from oceanic trade to manufacturing

What was the culture and organization of the Chickasaw and Chocktaw?

(barely any information about them in the book) -Chickasaw tribe were indigenous people of the Southeast Native American culture group, found in Mississippi, Alabama, & Tennessee, and spoke Muskogean language -Chocktaw tribe was of European-American influence, also spoke Muskogean, and was from Southeast U.S. around the Mississippi River Valley

Describe events of the Bank War of 1832. How did Jackson attack the bank?

-Bank War of 1832: 1832-36, Andrew Jackson used his presidential power to fight and ultimately destroy the 2nd bank of the U.S. -Jackson won 1832 election, now he would attack the bank by removing federal depositions from Biddle's vaults by overcoming resistance in his own cabinet, causing extension of credit and increased the power money in circulation -Bank counteracted by calling in loans and instituting a policy of credit that helped bring on a recession; Jacksonians accused Biddle of unnecessary distress -Bank never regained its charter

Describe Jackson's Indian Policy and the removal of the 5 civilized tribes. How were they removed west? Discuss the role of the states, Supreme Court, and president in the removal process.

-Jackson (president) wanted to rapidly remove the Native Americans. He asserted the primacy of states' rights over Indian rights and called for the speedy and thorough removal of all eastern Indians to designated areas beyond the Mississippi -Indian Removal Act was passed with strong support from the South and Western boarder states -Led to the Trails of Tears: Winter of 1838/39, the Cherokee were forced to evacuate their lands in Georgia and travel under military guard to present-day Oklahoma. Exposure and disease killed roughly 1/4 of the 16,000 forced migrants en route -The final chapter of Indian Removal was the 2nd Seminole War (1834-1841). Although the government had convinced some Seminoles to sign a treaty in 1834 agreeing to the removal, most Seminoles renounced it for years, making the bloody conflict the most expensive Indian War in U.S. history. -State officials ordered Georgia militia to use violence against Cherokee to make them leave, move WEST, and declared state control over tribe -Legislature gave federal government exclusive jurisdiction and specific treaties

What was the "corrupt bargain" of 1824?

-Jackson supporters believed that Adams had unfairly defeated Andrew Jackson -Two of these involved the resolution of indeterminate or disputed electoral votes from the United States presidential election process, and the third involved the disputed use of a presidential pardon

Describe the basic aspects of the "spoils system."

-Jackson's presidency commenced with his open endorsement of the rotation of officeholders, what critics called, "the spoils system" -He did not actually replace many more federal officeholders with his supporters than his predecessors had -1st president to defend this practice openly as a legitimate democratic doctrine

Discuss the basic beliefs of Chief Justice Marshal. What were the results of his important decisions?

-Justic Marshal was a Virginian, federalist, disciple of George Washington, and served from 1801-1835 -He placed protection on individual liberty, especially the right to acquire property, above the attainment of political, social, or economic equality -He was a nationalist, believed the strength, security, and happiness of American people depended mainly on economic growth and the creation of new wealth -to limit state action, he cited the Contracts Clause of the Constitution (CCC) which prohibited a state from passing a law "impairing the obligation of contracts," and could also approve a liberal grant of power for the federal government by encouraging economic growth and prosperity -Marshall's court enhanced judicial power, limited state legislature, and strengthened federal gov.

-In Gibbons v. Ogden:

-Marshall court ruled the NY grant was unconstitutional because the state interfered with Congress -Supreme Court expanded the power of the federal government to regulate interstate commerce -encouraged growth of national market economy

In McCulloch v. Maryland:

-Marshall ruled that the Maryland tax was unconstitutional -He set forth implied powers, where federal power had supremacy over state power -The Constitution could be broadly interpreted

Describe the issues involved in the Missouri Compromise.

-Missouri wanted to become a state; they had 2-3,000 slaves and it was up to congress whether they would be a free or slave state -Many southerners resented southern control of the presidency and the fact that the 3/5ths clause of the Constitution gave the South is free population added weight in the House of Representatives and the electoral college -The South feared for the preservation of balance in the North and South states, there were 11 of each, and if Missouri became a Northern state, the north would have majority -Tallmadge's idea banned any new slaves in Missouri and required them to gradually abolish slavery (this was approved by HoR, but not by Senate) -Rufus King said that Congress has a right to restrict slavery in Missouri, before it becomes state. However, Southerners said that was an attack on their freedom -South was also afraid of the future of African American slavery and white racial privileged that would come with it Missouri Compromise: 1820; admitted Missouri to Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state; banned slavery in remainder of Louisiana Purchase states above latitude of 36' 30

Describe the most serious problems facing Martinn Van Buren's administration.

-Panic of 1837: a financial depression that lasted until the 1840s, reflected international complex changed in the world economy that American play makers could not control -The economy doomed Van Buren's chanced for reelection in 1840

What was the culture and organization of the Cherokee?

-largest of the 5 -hunting done by men, farming done by women -19th century, they moved from agrarian to patriarchal economy where the father was head of household and property was moved down from father to son -shift to agriculture brought American style slavery and adoption of white attitudes towards blacks -in efforts to head off encroachment by southern states, they attempted a republic government to centralize power -laws created between 1820-1823 caused the National Council to create a bicameral legislature which then lead to a formal constitution in 1827 -Sequoyah invented their written language in 1822; each syllable was represented by a symbol (phonetic system) that had 86 letters, called "Sequoyan." This gave them identity and self expression -started creating a "American style civilization"

Describe the basic tenets of the Monroe Doctrine.

-written mainly by Adams -Declared that the U.S. opposed further colonization in the Americas or any effort by European nations to extend their political systems outside their own hemisphere; that the old and new world had separate systems and must remain distinct spheres Four points: 1. The U.S. would not interfere in the internal affairs or the wars between European powers 2. The U.S. recognized and would not interfere with existing colonies and dependencies in the western Hemisphere 3. The western Hemisphere was closed to future colonization 4. Any attempt by European power to control any nation in Western Hemisphere would be viewed as a hostile act against the U.S

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How did the U.S. acquire Florida?

1. Adams reduced Spain's claims west & east of the Mississippi & waited for his opportunity 2. His opportunity came in 1816: U.S. troops crossed into east Florida in pursuit of hostile Indians which caused Jackson to go beyond his orders and occupy east Florida (became known as First Seminole War) 3. Nov 1818: Adams informed Spain that the U.S. had acted in self-defense & that further conflict would be avoided only if it ceded east Florida to the U.S. in which they could not resist 4. Adams-Onis treaty: signed in Feb. 1819; Spain relinquished & U.S. assumed $5 million of the financial claims of American citizens against Spain

How did American attempt to improve the transportation network in early 1800s?

1. Built the national road between Cumberland, Maryland, on the Pontiac, and Wheeling, Virginia 2. The Ohio-Mississippi system provided ready access to the rich agricultural interior and a natural outlet for its products 3. Flatboats made 2,000 mile trip from Pittsburgh to New Orleans 4. Steamboat that could go up river 5. Transportation system was based solely off rivers and roads 6. The canal system

Identify 5 factors which contributed to the development of the "cotton kingdom" in the South.

1. The great demand generated by the rise of the textile manufacturing in England, and to the lesser extent, new England 2. The cotton gin, invented by Eli Whitney 3. The large expanse of prime agricultural land in the Southeast that white settlers claimed as they pushed Indian tribes out 4. Slavery, which provided a flexible system of forced labor 5. The south's splendid natural transportation system, in which networks extended into Charleston, Savannah, Mobile, and New Orleans

Discuss the formation of the Democratic Party. Who did they initially want to elect as president?

1828 election: -VP Calhoun: militant states' rights sentiment of the South -Van Buren: dominated New York politics through the political machine, "Albany Regency" -Francis P. Blair & Amos Kendall: mobilized opposition in the west to Henry Clay and his "American system" (advocated for government encouragement of economic development through protection tariffs and federally funded internal improvements) -These leaders and followers laid the foundation for 1st modern American political party- the Democrats; founded to promote the cause of a particular presidential candidate revealed a central characteristic of the emerging 2-party system -Initially wanted Andrew Jackson as president

5. Explain how education was extended in the 19th century.

19th Century = "century of the child" b/c childhood was seen as a distinct stage of life requiring the special and sustained attendtion of adults Middle-class family became "child-centered" New parenting styles focused on guilt and repentance over punishment Smaller family sizes due to birth control Society saw a reason to educate/school their children 1820s-1850s - Number of free public schools grew Artisans saw it as a way to close wealth gap Affluent tax payers sent their kids to private schools Middle-class jumped on free schooling initiative Horance Mann - education reformer Fought to... Establish a state board of education Create tax support for local schools Believed teachers could mold children into perfect beings

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9. Describe the Women's Rights Movement in the mid 19th century. What did they call for at the Seneca Falls Convention?

Abolitionism was a catalyst for women's rights movement Women had articipated in the abolitionist crusade Demanded equal role in leadership Sarah and Angelina Grimke Daughters of South Carolina slaveholder Outrage of speaking to mixed audiences of men and women Garrison defended them Bridge between blacks and women fighting for equality Women aware of male-dominant oppression Liberation of slaves = women's emancipation to Seneca Falls Convention of New York Lead by women's rights activists Susan B Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Lucretia Mott Drafted Declaration of Independence Demanded women be given right to vote Married women be freed to unjust laws (such as men controlling property, persons, and children)

7. Describe the Abolitionist movement in the north. Who were the most prominent leaders? Where did the movement have its greatest successes?

Abolitionist movement - reform movement dedicated to the immediate and unconditional end of slavery in the US Free blacks in the north adopted a more militant stand against slavery Prominent Leaders Revered Nathanial Paul - exhorted blacks to end slavery David Walker - Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World William Lloyd Garrison - Liberator Immediate emancipation without emigration Theodore Dwight Weld Lewis and Arthur Tappan Brothers who used wealth to finance antislavery activities Elijah Lovejoy Frederick Douglass Black abolitionists included... Charles Remond Sojourner Truth William Wells Brown Frances Harper Robert Purvis Henry Highland Garnet Ex-slaves... Harriett Tubman Josiah Henson Free blacks organized "vigilance committees" Used force to rescue recaptured fugitives Caused a lot of chaos and unrest Abolitionist movement of 1830s failed to convince most Americans that slavery was sinful and should be abolished Did make the public conscious of slavery issues Racism caused anti-abolitionist violence in the north Fear over interracial marriage Fear over economic and social competition with blacks "Gentleman of property and standing" dominated many mobs Citizens resorted to violence Abolitionists refused to compromise Garrison started to adopt extreme tactics "No government philosophy" Wanted women to be equal partners in crusade

3. Describe the sociological relationships of the slave family.

African American family prevented slavery from becoming utterly demoralizing Strong and abiding sense of family and kinship Nature of households varied with circumstances On large plantations most slave children lived in two-parent households Most marriages lasted for 20-30 years Parents and childrens were bonded closely and parents shared children responsibilities In areas with farms or small populations a different pattern prevailed Families were often spread out Marriages looser and more fragile Female-headed households were the norm Anguish following the breaking up of families indicated the depth of kinship feelings Obligation extended beyond the primary family Family ties not limited to blood relations Family culture Helped transmit African American folk traditions from one generation to the next

1. Describe the nature and results of Nat Turner's rebellion.

August 22, 1831 Southampton County, Virginia Nat Turner was a preacher and prophet who believed God had given him a sign that the time was ripe to strike for freedom A vision of black and white angels wrestling in the sky convinced him that divine wrath was about to be visited upon the white oppressor Went from plantation to plantation gaining ralliers, killing nearly 60 whites Short-lived rebellion (only 48 hours) Rebels rounded up and executed Turner was the last to be captured, at the gallows he was convinced he had acted in accordance with God's will This was southern slaveholders' worst nightmare Initial panic and rumors of a wider insurrection spread → white southerners motivated to ensure this would never happen again Emergence of a more militant northern abolitionism strengthened their anxiety and determination Southerners saw northern progressivism as attacks to the southern ways of life Consequently, they launched a massive campaign to quarantine the slaves from exposure to antislavery ideas and attitudes New laws restricted what slaves could do, southern whites united behind the defense of slavery More militant sectionalism Between this time and the Civil War no more uprisings came against southern whites Slaves recognized it was futile to directly confront white power so instead their asserted their humanity and maintained self esteem in other ways → gave rise to lasting African American culture

Describe the causes and results of the Nullification crisis of 1832. Who resolved it? How? What was the underlying fear that South Carolina has about the power of the national government?

Cause: -SC wanted to nullify protective tariffs -Second party system (historian term for the national 2 party rivalry between Democrats and Whigs) Results: -The 2 party pattern became a norm in electoral politics and allegiance to one party or the other became a source of personal identity for many Americans, increasing their political interests -Both parties formed clear policy agendas that were consistent with the wants and needs of their bases -Compromise tariff of 1833: intent was to lower tariffs, faced with Jackson's intention to use force and appeased by the lower tariff, SC suspended the nullification ordinance in Jan. 1833 and repealed it in March, after the new tariff had not conceded their constitutional position, however, the convention delegates, also nullified the force Bill -The nullification crisis revealed that SC would not tolerate federal acts that seemed contrary to their interests or interfered with slavery -Henry Clay created the Compromise tariff

2. Describe the Second Great Awakening in the North. Who were the most prominent advocates? What was the spark that started the movement? What were the main messages?

Congregationalists and Presbyterians Used less emotional appeal Reform much more evident Devoted to redeeming the human race and American society Lived closer together, cities and towns Reverend Timothy Dwight Calvinist President of Yale College Defend Calvinism against the liberal views fostered by the Enlightenment Calvinists (Dwight) all-powerful, mysterious God Harsh and orthodox "Dead in sin" predestination Unitarians (liberal) Rationalization benevolent master architect of a rational universe deny divinity of Jesus and doctrine of Holy Trinity Captured attention of sophisticated New England congregations Control of Harvard divinity school New England Puritanism Reshaped by younger congressional ministers Preach to people who shared prevailing optimism about human capabilities New evangelical Calvinist = Lyman Beecher Encouraged people to acknowledge sinfulness and surrender to God Radical form of Revivalism Western New York Consisted of close-knit villagers and churchgoers who had moved Puritan Rapid economic changes and social dislocation → new faith + fresh moral direction Charles G Finney - Evangelical Worked with Congresional and Presbyterian churches Indifferent to theological issues Favored emotion & heart over doctrine and reason Wanted people to feel power of Christ Eventually adopted extreme view of perfectionism Redeeming Christians could become free of sin Lead to moral-reform movements Sought instantaneous converts Hold multi-day and night long meetings "Anxious bench" in front of congregation Allowed women to pray out loud Horrified Breecher

13. Name the major cash crop in coastal South Carolina & Georgia.

Cotton

Describe the rise of the 2nd 2 party system and the presidential campaign of 1840. Who were the parties in this election? What were the main issues?

Election of 1840 -William H Harrison: Whig -Martin Van Buren: Democratic -Harrison won, and both houses of Congress were voted Whig 2nd 2-party system -Started by the election of 1840 between Whigs and Democrats -Increased interest and participation in politics -Parties offered the voters the right for government to protect enterprises that could contribute to general prosperity and economic growth Economic issues -Whig: industrialists, merchants, farmers -Democrats: smaller farmers, those who were excluded from Whig -pitted the rich and poor against each other Lifestyle/ Ethnicity/ Religious issues: -Whig: protestant -Democrat: Catholic, Lutheran, Episcopalian National Economic Party: -Whig: loose construction of constitution -Democrat: strict construction of constitution

8. Who were the large planters in the South? Describe their role in the economy, culture and politics of the Old South.

Few in number but had a disproportionate influence on southern life Set the tone and the less wealthy slave owners wanted to imitate their style of living Many large planters were too involved in their own plantations to become openly involved in politics → BUT, many did hold high offices and exerted decisive influence on public policy In plantation agriculture regions they were a ruling class Most of them were self-made Many of them began as hard-driving businessmen who built up capital form commerce, land speculation, banking, or even slave trading Sharp dealing and business skills were more important than genealogy Had to be a shrewd entrepreneur to be successful Big houses, elegant carriages, fancy-dress balls, and multitudes of house servants all reflected aristocratic aspirations Dueling was the way gentlemen settled disputes

16. Explain the rise of the Cotton Kingdom in the South. Discuss the profitability issue concerning slavery.

First major regions were inland areas of Georgia and South Carolina, but the center of production shifted rapidly west Rise in production that accompanied this expansion was phenomenal Most of the cotton was exported to the booming British textile industry South became the world's major cotton producing area and its slave labor because the linchpin of a new system of world capitalism South was also the epicenter of transatlantic trade networks in which cotton flowed from the United States to Europe, and capital flowed from Europe tot eh United States, much of it secured by mortgages on slaves In ways, US slavery became the foundation of the world economy Despite insecurities about consistency of slavery and in the south, cotton production represented the Old South's best chance for profitable investment. Hence planters had little incentive to seek alterna-tives to slavery, the plantation, and dependence on a single cash crop.

4. Name the major American slave revolts.

Gabriel's Army (1800) Slave march in New Orleans (1811) Vesey Conspiracy (1822) Nat Turner Insurrection (1831)

7. Explain the relationship of antebellum white society with slavery.

Great houses/plantations still standing in Virginia, low country of South Carolina, Lower Mississippi Valley Some wealthy slaveholders' lifestyle was as aristocratic has any ever seen in the US Census returns however indicate that aristocracy was only a tiny percentage in the south In 1860 only ¼ of all white southerners belonged to slave-owning families Even in the Cotton Belt, only about 40% of whites were slaveholders even at the point of the Civil War Planters were just 4% Large planters (owned at least 50 slaves) were less than 1% of all whites Those who didn't own slaves were yeoman farmers or artisans Even those who didn't own slaves depended on slavery (either economically or psychologially (degraded class of blacks to make them feel better about themselves))

6. Explain the role of Free Blacks in the Old South.

Had a precarious position Whites were fearful of them inciting slave revolts Led them to defent slavery as a positive good (rather than a necessary evil) was was a racist defense Portrayed free blacks as savages Laws forced them to register or have white guardians who were responsible for their behavior Had to carry papers proving their status Licensing laws excluded them from several occupations Vagrancy and aprenticeship forced them into economic dependency (barely distinguishable form outright slavery) Most identified with the suffering of the slaves When they could they protested against the institution and worked for its abolition Could do little work against slavery in the south Survival for most depended on creating the impression of loyalty to the planter regime Some were persuaded that it was their duty to keep the status quo Slowly southerners sought to make a distinction that other whites could really be considered free State legislatures went as far as proposing forcing people of color choosing to leave the state or be enslaved

4. Discuss the development and consequences of the "Cult of Domesticity" or "Cult of True Womanhood."

Ideology of "separate spheres" influences family structures in the 1820s and 1830s Women belonged in the home Child-rearing was seen as essential preparation for self-disciplined Christian life Guardians of virtue and spiritual heads of home Lead to the "cult of domesticity" or the "cult of true womanhood" At home and on a pedastal "Angel of the house" Men belonged in the public sphere Cult of Domesticity - characterized the dominant gender role for white women in the antebellum period Stressed the virtue of women as guardians of the home, which was considered their proper sphere Consequences: Growing division between working lives of middle-class men and women 18th Centruy - men and women worked together in common enterprise Cult of Domesticity - virtue of the fact that men were solely responsible for building the economy New conception of gender roles Writings sentimentalized the stay at home mom Women took on tiring, low-income, in-home work (such as washing) African American women were freed but often not married Had to work for white families

10. Describe the economic and social characteristics of the yeoman whites in the Old South. What did they do for a living? Describe their relationship with the institution of slavery. Describe their relationship with other Southern whites. Who did they support politically?

Majority of southern whites did not own slaves The majority where yeoman farmers Owned the land they worked themselves Mostly concentrated in the backcountry (where slaves and plantations were rare) The foothills or interior valleys of the Appalachians and Ozarks offered good soil for mixed farming Long stretches of piney barrens along the Gulf Coast were suitable for raising livestock They were concentrated which gave rise to the "white counties" --> complicated southern politics Women participated in every dimension of household labor Raised much larger families than wealthy whites (children were a valuable labor pool for the family farm) More accepting in these communities for women to not live in male-headed households (more acceptance and sympathy towards illegitimate children, women abandoned by husbands, etc) Although they did not directly benefit from slavery many strongly opposed abolition Most were staunch Jacksonians who resented aristocratic pretensions and feared concentrations of power and wealth in the hands of the few This disdained "cotton snobs" and rich planters In state and local politics, they sometimes voted against planted interests on issues involving representation, banking, and internal improvements Some didn't oppose slavery because they wanted to get ahead and to do so in the south meant to own slaves Viewed black servitude as providing a guarantee of their own liberty and independence

1. Describe the Second Great Awakening on the southern frontier. What was the message? How was it spread?

Methodist and Baptist held emotional camp meetings (spontaneous religious gatherings) Difficult to sustain local churches w/ regular ministers Southerns lived on spread out farms; rural Camp meetings (large gatherings)→ "protracted meetings" (local gatherings) Spread by Methodist circuit riders and newly trained Baptist farmers Message = Improve morals, encourage temperance, and discourage temperance Shield away from social reform Otherwise would force members to question slavery

5. How did slaves express their discontent?

Most knew consequences of organized acts of violence to instead they resisted white dominance in safer, more ingenious ways Some ran away Underground Railroad Indirect or passive resistance Worked slowly or inefficiently Stole provisions Feigned illness or injury Acts of sabotage Poisoning the master's food Slave religion gave African Americans a chance to create their own world

9. Discuss the role of the small slaveholders (those with less than 20 slaves) in the Old South. Who were they and what did they do for a living? Describe their relationships with their slaves.

Most were slaveholders were not great planters → 88% of all slaveholders in 1860 had less than 20 slaves Some were urban merchants or professional men whose slaves worked as domestic servants More typical were farmers who owned one or two slave families to ease the burden of their own labor These farmers left few records We do know that life was spartan: they lived in log cabins or small frame cottages The people they enslaved lived in lofts or sheds that were even more basic For better or worse, their relationships with their slaves were more intimate Often worked in the fields alongside their slaves and sometime ate at the same table or slept under the same roof Such closeness did not necessarily entail better treatment Slave testimony reveals that the best and worst of slavery could be found on these farms, depending on the character and disposition of the famrers

Name the president of the 2nd national bank.

Nicholas Biddle

3. Explain how the northern wing of the Second Great Awakening inspired social reform.

Northern wing inspired social reform Converts were organized into voluntary associations whose goal was to get rid of sin and social evil Mostly... Middle-class citizens Active in their communities Seeking to adjust to the bustling work of market revolution Without violating traditional and moral values Breecher + evangelical associates established a network of missionary and benevolent societies Benevolent empire - collection of missionary and reform societies that sought to stamp out social evils in American society in the 1820s to 1830s Founded groups such as... The Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions American-Bible Society American Tract Society To reach groups beyond the reach of regular churches (seamen, NA, urban poor) "A great mass of people beyond the restraints of religion" Moral-reform societies Stamp out dueling, gambling, and prostitution Targetted the social evil of drinking and called for total abstinence Saw drinking as a threat to public morality Temperance movement - Moderation or abstention in the consumption of fo alcoholic beverages

Who invented the Steamboat?

Robert Fulton (with the help of Robert Livingston)

8. Describe the South's reaction to the abolitionist movement.

South helped inspire a more militant defense of slavery Responded hysterically to abolitionism Southern congressman forced "gag rule" Abolitionist petitions must be tabled and not read out loud Post offices would not deliver anti-slavery literature

15. Explain the role of short staple cotton in the southern economy.

Strengthened the hold of slavery and the plantation on the southern economy Differed from long-staple variety in 2 ways: its bolls contained seeds that were much more difficult to extract by hand, and it could be grown almost anywhere south of Virginia and Kentucky Invention of the cotton gin allowed for the spread and increase of short staple cotton Perfect crop for large plantations

14. Name the major cash crop in southern Louisiana.

Sugar

12. Describe the internal slave trade. Where was the greatest demand for slaves? Where did the demand for slaves decline? As the profitability of slavery changed in different areas, how did it affect the public's attitude toward slavery in those areas?

Tobacco was the principle slave-cultivated commodity but markets were often depressed and profitable cultivation was hard to sustain for long in one place because the crop depleted the soil Slave prices rose because of the high demand in the Lower South, but demand in the Upper South fell, so the "internal" slave trade took off Slaveholders in Virginia, Kentucky, Maryland, and the Carolinas were selling "surplus slaves from the Upper South to the Deep South (where the staple crop was more profitable) Sent 600,000-700,000 in a southwesterly direction between 1815 and 1860 Not only split families but made it likely that slaves sold would never see their loved ones again Provided crucial capital in a period of transition and innovation in the Upper South However, declination of slave labor in the Upper South led to a weaker hold on public loyalty there than in cotton states The region was becoming more industrialized and urbanized and this made the public in the Upper South more divided on staying with the Depp South's roots or joining the flourishing future of the north

Describe the consequences of the creation of a democratic culture.

The democratic culture... 1. Caused openings of national hotels 2. Revealed limitations of the new democratic era such as the discrimination and the denial of the right to vote for African Americans, Native Americans, and women 3. Growing inequality was based on wealth rather than inherited status causing a large gap between the classes 4. reflected emergence of democratic politics 5. Almost all white men had the right to vote 6. "self-made men" of lowly origins could acquire power and influence which provoked hostility 7. Creation of a competitive capitalist society

11. How did Southerns defend the institution of slavery?

The ruling elite were very fearful of abolitionist ideas spreading in the south (to both slaves and yeoman) and in the 1830s they tightened the scores of slavery and used their control of government and communications to create a mood of impending catastrophe to ensure that all southern whites were of one mind on the slavery issue Apologists viewed it as a "necessary evil" -->others tried to present it as a "positive good" Used books, pamphlets, and newspaper editorials to present that it was not inherently sinful (to gain anti-abolitionists sentiment from the north) Said enslavement was the natural and proper status for people of African descent Biased scientific and historical evidence supported the claim that blacks were innately inferior to whites and suited only for slavery the Bible and Christianity were sad to sanction slavery Efforts made to show that slavery was constant with the humanitarian spirit of the nineteenth century Premise that Blacks were naturally dependent so needed "family government" --> plantation allegedly provided that environment Tried to seal off region from antislavery influences

2. Describe the daily life of the average slave.

Varied with region and type of plantation or farm In cotton belt, most slaves worked in "gangs" under a white overseer Worked from sunup to sundown, six days a week Enslaved women and children also worked in the fields Older children worked in "trash gangs", weeding and yard cleaning Life on sugar plantations of Louisiana was much harsher Slaves had to work into the night during harvest season, and mortality rates were high Not all slaves in agriculture worked in gangs In the low country South Carolina and Georgia slaves cultivated rice under a "task system" that gave them more control over the pace of labor With less supervision they could complete their tasks within an eight-hour day Slaves on small farms often worked side by side with their masters rather than in slave gangs About ¾ were field workers Enslaved people performed many other kinds of labor They dug ditches, built houses, worked on boats, and in mills, and worked in the house Some urban slaves even lived apart from their masters and hired out their own time Most enslaved people kept gardens or small farm plots for themselves to supplement their diets Many slaves worked "overtime" on Sundays or holidays

Describe the candidates and controversies in the 1824 presidential election.

candidates: -Adams: Republican -Andrew Jackson: Populist -William Crawford: Georgian who favored limited government -Henry Clay -HoR elected Adams Election of 1824: -Jackson won a plurality of electoral votes, but not the majority -When Adams appointed Clay Secretary of State, who supported Adams in the campaign, Jacksonians charged that a "corrupt bargain" had cost their favorite candidate the presidency -Adams won and went into office under a "cloud of suspicion"

What was the most important political breakthrough in the 1820s-1830s?

loyal opposition -made it ready to capitalize politically on the mistakes or excesses of the "ins" without denying their right to act the same way when they became the "outs" -created a 2 party system in 1840, 2 parties campaigned