History Test II
Wilson point XIV
A general association of nation must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.
Wilson point II
Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants.
George Washington Williams, "Open Letter to King Leopold" (1890)
African-American reformer, George Washington Williams (1849 - 1891), provided further evidence of King Leopold's atrocities against the Congolese people in a letter written directly to the sovereign during a fact finding mission to the Congo in 1890. o New Imperialism questioned · Violence exposed o Morel- Congo Reform Association, accuses King Leopold of "destroying the population of Central Africa" (Page 201) · Humanitarians question civilizing mission o George Washington Williams "Open Letter to King Leopold" (1890) "Your Majesty's Government has sequestered their land, burned their towns, stolen their property, enslaved their women and children" and "has never spent one franc for educational purposes, not instituted any practical system of industrialism." (Page 206)
Quinine
An agent that proved effective in controlling attacks of malaria, which had previously decimated Europeans in the tropics. Scramble of Africa, Why expand in 1870s? § Easier to get to interior § Discovery of quinine § Built Roads, RR, and boats/ships § New agreements with African leaders.
Wilson point XIII
An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenant.
Kingdom of Abyssinia
Ancient name for Ethiopian Empire where Muhammad Escaped to after Abu Talib died and his umbrella of protection disappeared. Muhammad knew the Ethiopians had a history of monotheism and would be accepting of the teachings of Islam.
Russia, France, and Great Britain
At the start of this war, these three countries entered the war as The Allied Powers, having previously formed the Triple Entente.
Africa
Before European colonization in the 19th century, this continent had many empires and kingdoms.
1860s, Gold & Diamonds discovered by
De Beer Brothers
World War I (1914-1919)
End of New Imperialism · 1900s: Scramble for Africa complete · Civilizing mission questioned · Redrawn borders lead to conflicts o Fashoda Crisis o Boer war. World War I (It was originally called the Great War) · Challenges New Imperialism · WWI: 1914 - 1918 o Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire. o Entente: Britain, France, Russia § Later: Japan, U.S. Outbreak · Assassination: Archduke Ferdinand, June 28, 1914 · August, 1914 War Declarations o In August 1914, units from all participating countries were mobilized for war. Everyone was excited to fight. This became known as "The Guns of August." · War of attrition fought in Europe o The war lasted for four years. Because it took so long, it wore people down, making everyone tired and desperate. This became the War of Attrition, because it took a toll on all of the soldiers. · Entente wins but at great cost World War I Results · 37.5 million killed, injured, disappeared o 8 million dead from combat § U.S. casualties: 115,000 · Shift in world power o Europe irreparably weakened o U.S. & Japan = main beneficiaries End of Empire · 3 Eurasian land empires destroyed o Ottoman o Austria-Hungarian o Russian · Russian empire reconstructed as The Soviet Union (USSR) o USSR: · Germany loses colonies to British and France Decolonization begins · Why? o World War I weakens Europe o Rise of: § Democracy § Nationalism § Marxism World War I paradox · British and French Empires bigger than ever · Yet, empire's under threat o Europe's hold on colonies slips o Germany owes $33 billion to Entente § They owe $33 billion to British and France to their support during World War I, because of the verisite treaty. § Germany borrows money from the United States. o British and France are struggling under war debt. Imperial War · European War with non-European participants o Japan, U.S., China, Ottomans, Liberia · Fighting outside Europeans o Caucasus, Far East/Pacific, Africa, Mid East "Total War" · More than a European military conflict · Draws in: o Colonies o Civilian populations Colonial soldiers · 4 million non-white soldiers enlisted on Allied side · Experience discrimination · "Fighting for (whose) freedom?" A video of "The White Man's War" Civilian populations · End of Ottoman Empire o Sides with Germany in World War I · Rise of nationalism o Problem of Ottoman minorities o 1915 Armenian Genocide. Empire questioned · Anti-imperial rhetoric grows during/after World War I · Why? o Idealistic view of War's purpose o Goals: § Democracy § National self-determination § Protect "small minorities" Wilson's "14 points" · Proposed January. 1918 · Calls for: o "impartial adjustment of all colonial claims" o "equal weight" for concerns of population o Issue of international control · League of Nations founded after World War I · (If the British Empire declines, the United States will receive benefits) Leninist critique · Call for: o Minority rights o Self-determination for colonized · Condemn imperialism Result · Imperialists cannot ignore resistance · World War I puts pressure on European empires End of World War I · Treaty of Versailles, June 28, 1919 · "Mandates" = German/Ottoman colonies o European powers report to league of Nations o Secures "international control" · Mandate system = new colonialism o But: implies future independence.
Ideology
Ideas that govern actions and principles of a society
Egypt
In order to protect their interests in the Suez Canal, the British Empire got involved with this country
1870
In what year did New Imperialism begin?
Berlin Conference (1885)
Laid down the rules for the conquest of Africa: 1) European countries holding a coast inland. 2) Occupation must be with real troops 3) Must give notice of which countries were occupied. 4) Started the scramble for Africa. o Defines borders of Congo o Ensures free trade o Abolition of slave trade.
Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)
Rhodes gets mining rights form King Lobengula § Self-governing British colony, 1922 § Apartheid-like system instituted § Conflicts with Dutch settlers: Boers. Royal Niger Company: o Northwest Africa § Gold Coast/Nigeria § Populous region with lots of resources § Missionary activity high § Lord Salisbury, 1890: "The interests of the country are the interests of the Royal Niger Company" o Britain & Nigeria § 1880: Royal Niger company acquires land § 1880 -1887: Protectorate formed § 1898: War waged to protect company, set boundaries § 1900: Made crown colony § Chamberlin buys out the company § 1914: 2 protectorates join to create Nigeria.
Wilson point XI
Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated
CHRONOLOGY #1
Suez Canal opened
Wilson point XII
The Turkish portions of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of autonomous development, and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships and commerce of all nations under international guarantees.
King Leopold II of Belgium
The king of Belgium who colonized the Congo and sent expeditions into central Africa King Leopold the second, of Belgium, Europe, wanted to obtain control of Congo in Central Africa. He established the International African Association. He claimed its objective was: "the exploration of the country and the founding of stations which should be rest-houses for travellers and centres of civilization" (Doyle, 188). Afterwards, the association recruited Henry Stanley to open up the Congo for trade. Stanley then delivered 450 alleged treaties, which transferred Congo land to the association. With the treaties in his possession, King Leopold requested that the state which he was forming on Congo should receive recognized status among other nations. It was revealed that the state of Congo became an international colony under King Leopold's rule. King Leopold wanted to exploit, and obtain complete control of, Congo from Central Africa. Scramble of Africa Lecture notes o "Land of adventure" § 1871: Stanley looks for Livingstone § "prosaic newspaper stunt" (Conrad, 213) § 1878: Agent for Leopold (Doyle, 188) § King Leopold of Belgium, a tyrant king who sent Stanley to issue trade in Congo. This allowed Leopold to slowly conquer Congo with resources and land deeds. o "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" § Cartoon image of two groups of people meeting each other. § The right group showed people in robes and shaman hats. § The left groups shows an army. o "Carving up" Africa - was it legal? § Brussels Conference (1876) § King Leopold II founds International African Association (IAA) for "humanitarian" reasons § Founding Congo Free State (Doyle, 188-89) § 1878 - King Leopold uses Stanley to "open up the Congo for trade" § Makes 450 "alleged treaties" that transfer land to IAA o Belgian Congo § Berlin Conference (1885) § Defines borders of Congo § Ensures free trade § Abolition of slave trade. o Treaty of Berlin (1885) § "All the powers bind themselves to watch over the preservation of the native tribes, and to care for the improvement of the condition of their moral and material well being and to help in suppressing slavery, and especially the Slave Trade. They shall without distinction of creed or nation, protect... (Page 192) o Belgian Congo (Cont.) § Congo given to King Leopold II in "Trusteeship" § Leopold subverts conference dictates § Claims whole region as personal property. o "Sacred Mission" 1898 § King Leopold "Our refunded society attaches to human life a value unknown to barbarous communities. When our directing will is implanted among them its aim is to triumph over all obstacles, and results, which could not be attained by lengthy... (Page 193) o Result of King Leopold's "Land Grab" § Reform movement sparked § E.D. Morel campaigns for African land rights (page 179) § Doyle blames King Leopold: "direct personal responsibility" for crimes committed in Africa (Page 189) § King Leopold made $1.1 billion § Congolese population fell form 20 - 8 million § 1909, Belgian government takes over Congo. o Who cared? (Critics will be on Exam) § E.D. Morel, "Black Man's Burden" (Page 185) § London Times: exposes King Leopold's crimes § June 17, 1905: "The reforms sanctioned by the sovereign king, far from giving satisfaction to the reform party, may be considered as a challenge to the civilized world." (Page 201) § Arthur Conan Doyle, "Crime of the Congo," 1909 § "disgrace" to Europe who "enacted one long horrible tragedy, vouched for by priests and missionaries, traders, travelers an consuls, all corroborated by a Belgian commission of inquiry." (Page 199). o Civilizing Mission? § Joseph Conrad § Novelist/critic of New Imperialism § Seeks adventure § "It was in 1868, when nine years old or thereabouts, that while looking at a map of Africa of the time and putting my finger on the blank space then representing the unsolved mystery of that continent, I said to myself with absolute assurance and an amazing audacity which are no longer in my character now: When I grow up I shall... (Page 212) o Conrad § Finds corrupted "civilizing mission" § Calls Scramble for Africa: § "The vilest scramble for loot that ever disfigured the history of human conscience and geographical exploration." (Page 224) o Assessment § Little accountability § "Otherness" § Geographically different than Europe § Customs different § Religious differences o "Scramble for Africa" § Part of the New Imperialism § Africa divided between Europeans after 1875 o New Imperialism § Characteristics § "Civilizing mission" § Trade § Competition § Racial inequality o Result: § Rise of Global economic system § "New Slaveries" § System of unfree labor in colonial Africa § Belgian Congo example o Map redrawn o Map of Africa (MAP QUIZ I) o New Imperialism questioned § Violence exposed § Morel: Congo Reform Association, accuses King Leopold of "destroying the population of Central Africa" (Page 201) § Humanitarians question civilizing mission § GWW "Open Letter to King Leopold" (1890): "Your Majesty's Government has sequestered their land, burned their towns, stolen their property, enslaved their women and children" and "has never spent one franc for educational purposes, not instituted any practical system of industrialism." (Page 206) o Why listen? § Humanitarians use media (Times, 198 - 203) § Economic benefits doubted (Hobson, 165 - 66) o Results § War/conflicts with African powers § Suez crisis § Nigeria § War/Conflicts between Europeans § Fashoda crisis (1899) § Boer War (1899 - 1902)
World War I
The mandate system was created by what major global event?
Wilson point X
The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity of autonomous development.
Wilson point III
The removal of all economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance.
British, Opium war
This empire legalized the trade and sale of drugs during these wars
International African Association
This organization allowed King Leopold to plunder the Congo
"Little Englanders"
This was the nickname for British anti-expansionists, who were persuaded that the Columbia River was not after all the Saint Lawrence of the west and that the turbulent Americans might one day seize the Oregon Country. o Politics of Empire § Britain § 1830s: "Little Englanders" vs. pro-imperialists § 1870s: pro-empire wins § France § 1790s - 1820s: Slave revolts § In the 1870s, France believed their empire would not be sustainable. § 1871: Franco - Prussian War § They are worried that Germany would overpower them, so France fought back to demonstrate, and balance, their power. § Germany § 1870s: Bismarck concentrating on Europe § Takes Alsace - Lorraine from France, not colonies.
CHRONOLOGY #4
WWI
Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)
War between Japan and Russia over Manchurian territory; resulted in the defeat of Russia by the Japanese navy
Doyle
What author accused King Leopold of committing crimes against humanity?
Armenian genocide
World War I lecture notes § Civilian populations § End of Ottoman Empire § Sides with Germany in World War I § Rise of nationalism § Problem of Ottoman minorities § 1915 Armenian Genocide. How are the Armenian massacres described? Michelle Tusan stated that during the war, more than 1 million Armenian, Assyrian, and Greek civilians were killed by the ottoman empire. Also, she explained that more than 200 Armenian intellectuals and religious leaders were arrested by the Ottoman government with no officially named charges against them. Viscount Bryce was an Armenian Refugee and eye-witness of the Ottoman frontier in Cilicia. He explained that more than 10,000 widowed women and children, at age 10 or less, were deported. They were forced to walk on the road naked and starving for three to five months. Out of 1,000 people, only 400 reached the end. Out of 600 accounted for, 380 of men, and boys above the age of eleven, and 85 of women were massacred or drowned. 120 youg women, and girls, and 40 boys were carried off. 60% of the survivors were sick and were sentenced to death. In Diyarbekir, 1,600 Armenians had their throats cut in the prisons. The massacres in Beniani, Adiaman, and Selefka were carried out diabolically. There was no man, above the age of thirteen, left, and the women outraged mercilessly. They had their corpses tied together in batches, of four, eight, or ten, and were cast into the Euphrates. Tusan and Bryce described the harsh actions the Ottoman Empire used against the Armenians, with the deaths and/or suffering of over 10,000 people.
Imperialism
actions & attitudes that uphold empire
New Slaveries
o "Scramble for Africa" § Part of the New Imperialism § Africa divided between Europeans after 1875 § New Imperialism o Characteristics § "Civilizing mission" § Trade § Competition § Racial inequality o Result: § Rise of Global economic system § "New Slaveries" § System of unfree labor in colonial Africa § Belgian Congo example § Map redrawn
African geography
o (Notes of both maps of Africa and Bantu Kingdom) § Sahara desert divides North from South Africa § North - desert § South - temperate climates § Easy place for Europeans to settle § West Africa and Congo - rainforests. o North Africa § Heavily Islamic § Rome had empire here § Settled by Arab descendants in 7th Century § Egypt - ancient civilization. o Map of Africa § Green highlight on northern section - Desert, Islamic. o "Savanna Belt" (South of Sahara) § Great region of trade § Mixed civilizations § Native African § Arab influences § Indigenous Africans majority in South. o Northwest Africa § Gold Coast/Nigeria § Populous region with lots of resources § Missionary activity high § Lord Salisbury, 1890: "The interests of the country are the interests of the Royal Niger Company"
Woodrow Wilson, "14 points"
o American president Woodrow Wilson proposed the 14 points in part as a direct challenge to European imperialism after World War I. Although the United States ultimately rejected the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations, Wilsonian ideals guided the final peace. o Calls for: § "impartial adjustment of all colonial claims" § "equal weight" for concerns of population § Issue of international control o League of Nations founded after World War I o (If the British Empire declines, the United States will receive benefits)
Arthur Conan Doyle (1859 - 1930)
o Best known for his Sherlock Holmes detective novels, this Arthur also took on the campaign to expose the exploitation of the people and resources of Central Africa. In the Crime of the Congo, he criticizes explorer Henry Stanley and indicts King Leopold II of Belgium for what today would be considered crimes against humanity.
Suez Canal
o Britain gets what it wants at a price § Looks like a bully in the eyes of the world o Stretches resources in Africa § British occupation lasts until 1922
Puerto Rico
o During the Spanish War, the United States empire built the Panama Canal, annexed Puerto Rico, and established a protectorate over Cuba. - Spanish War, United States o Spanish American War 1898 § 1880s: Spain's Caribbean colonies rebel § United States supports Cuba § United States Battleship explodes § War declared in April. § Results § Treaty of Paris enforces MD § Puerto Rico, Philippines, Guam made US § Cuba made US Protectorate § Protects US investments § US builds Panama Canal § 48 mile "Canal Zone" = US Territory.
Ceylon
o Motivations (THESE REASONS WILL BE ON EXAM) § Political § Competition § Economic § Search for profits § Empire a source of employment § Cultural § Missionary ambition § In short: "Civilization, Commerce and Christianity" o Case of Britain § Biggest expansion: 1874 - 1902 § Added to Empire § 4.75 m. miles § 90 m. people o British Expansion § Ideological § Civilizing mission § Cultural § "Smallness" § Legacy of American Revolution o Motivations § Economic § Looking for profits § Case of Ceylon: § 1830s: Invest in coffee/tea plantations § Bring 70,000 Tamil laborers § 1870s: Coffee blight leads to tea planting § Invest 10m pounds o Result § Britain invested in cultivation not just trade § Empire based only on trade impossible § Invest in administration and security
Panama Canal
o Spanish-American War, 1898 § 1880s: Spain's Caribbean colonies rebel § United States supports Cuba § United States Battleship explodes § War declared in April. o Results § Treaty of Paris enforces MD § Puerto Rico, Philippines, Guam made US § Cuba made US Protectorate § Protects US investments § US builds Panama Canal § 48 mile "Canal Zone" = US Territory.
Jefferson and slavery
o Thomas Jefferson was against slavery o He wrote the declaration of independence, and decreed that all men are created equal. o Video notes § June 7, 1776: declared that all united colonists out to be free, independent states. § Established a committee to create the declaration of independence, where 19 colonists would establish their independency. § 3 reasons why Jefferson to write the Declaration of Independence. § Virginian § Jefferson is a better writer. § It took Jefferson a few days to write the declaration of independence. § All men are created equal. § Life, Liberty, and Pursuit of Happiness. § July 2nd: Congress approved Jefferson's document concerning America's independence. § When Jefferson wrote the Declaration, Martha was depressed after losing another baby § They lost a son, more than one daughters, and she couldn't take it § Jefferson wanted to see Martha as soon as possible. § When the declaration was written 1/5 of the American population still owned slaves § Jefferson blamed the king of England, King George the Third § War took place in the Revolution § Jefferson is a new member of the house of delegates. § Catholics and Jews were forbidden to have any gathering. § James Madison § 1779 Jefferson was elected war government of Virginia. His worst nightmare came true: He couldn't control the situation. § Jefferson's house was invaded, and Jefferson and his family barely escaped. § House of Deligates eventually removed him § Martha has gave birth to Lucy Elizabeth, She had already given birth to 9 children (6 alive, and 3 died). However, Martha has fallen ill, and is slowly dying. § Jefferson kept a paper representing his wife's death, and kept a lock of hair. § Martha wouldn't die happy if there was a step-mother for the children, with that, Jefferson never married again § Martha died, and Jefferson fainted when she closed her eyes. Jefferson was devastated, and his daughter Martha, comforted him § Jefferson walks among the African-Americas, what is going on his head: we don't know. § Jefferson didn't write enough information or documents expressing his concerns on Slavery. § Jefferson was a very special man. § A man must be a prodigy, whose morals are incorruptible.
W.E.B. Dubois, "The Color Line Belts the World" (1906)
o W.E.B. Dubois § Biography § African-American critic of racism § Anti-imperialist o Dubois' response § "The Color Line Belts the World" (1906) § Compares United States segregation & imperialism in Africa § Problem: "the Negro problem in America is but a local phase of the world problem. 'The problem of the 20th century is the problem of the color line.'" (Page 182) § Solution: "Force and Fear have hitherto marked the white attitude toward darker races shall this continue or be replaced by Freedom and Friendship?" (Page 182) o African-American civil rights activist, W.E.B. DuBois (1868 - 1963), criticized imperialism as a part of a larger worldwide system of racial injustice.
"Mandates"
terms set by the national government that states must meet whether or not they accept federal grants o German/Ottoman colonies § European powers report to league of Nations § Secures "international control" o Mandate system = new colonialism § But: implies future independence.
What is Marxism?
the political and economic theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, later developed by their followers to form the basis for the theory and practice of communism. § Economic explanation of history § Three stage historical development · Feudalism - Capitalism - Socialism § History as class struggle · Struggles create conditions for revolution.
Humanitarianism
the promotion of human welfare Scramble for Africa § "Land of adventure" § 1871: Stanley looks for Livingstone § "prosaic newspaper stunt" (Conrad, 213) § 1878: Agent for Leopold (Doyle, 188) § King Leopold of Belgium, a tyrant king who sent Stanley to issue trade in Congo. This allowed Leopold to slowly conquer Congo with resources and land deeds. § (Dr. Livingstone) § "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" § Cartoon image of two groups of people meeting each other. § The right group showed people in robes and shaman hats. § The left groups shows an army. § "Carving up" Africa - was it legal? § Brussels Conference (1876) § King Leopold II founds International African Association (IAA) for "humanitarian" reasons § Founding Congo Free State (Doyle, 188-89) § 1878 - King Leopold uses Stanley to "open up the Congo for trade" § Makes 450 "alleged treaties" that transfer land to IAA
Scramble for Africa, European Powers
§ Britain § France § Belgium § Germany § Italy § Portugal § Spain.
New Imperialism, Case of the United States
§ Expanding westward § New states · Oklahoma (1907) · New Mexico (1912) · Arizona (1912) · Hawaii and Alaska (1959) § The Spanish Empire is controlling the west. § The US is embracing its own survival.
Jameson Raid
1895, British raid into Transvaal led by Dr. Jameson, supported by Cecil Rhodes. Defeated by Afrikaners. o Boers vs. British § 1899: Jameson Raid starts war § Guerilla war waged by Boers § British response: § Sweep Boer villages § Concentration camps o Boer Soldiers and British Army photos § Boers burn British farms and move the women and children to concentration camps. o French critique of camps § French do not approve the war. o End of War § Treaty of Vereeniging, 1902 § Amnesty for fighters who take oath § English made official language § 3 million pounds for rebuilding farms § Union of South Africa, 1910 § Self-governed British colony o Results § Victory comes at a price § 4,000 Boer women
Wilson's point V
A free, open minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined.
Wilson point IX
A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of rationality.
Imperialism
Actions and attitudes that uphold empire.
Wilson point IV
Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety.
Wilson point VIII
All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done to france by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the peace of the world for nearly fifty years, should be righted in order that peace may once more be made secure in the interest of all.
Treaty of Berlin, Article VI
All the powers bind themselves to watch over the preservation of the native tribes, and to care for the improvement of the condition of their moral and material well being and to help in suppressing slavery, and especially the Slave Trade. They shall without distinction of creed or nation, protect and favor all religious, scientific or charitable institutions and undertaking created and organized for the above ends, or which aim at instructing the natives and bringing home to them the blessing of civilization.
Wilson point VII
Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored, without any attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common with all other free nations. No other single act will serve as this will serve to restore confidence among the nations in the laws which they have themselves set and determined for the government of their relations with one another. Without this healing act the whole structure and validity of international law is forever impaired.
CHRONOLOGY #2
Berlin Treaty
CHRONOLOGY #3
Boer War
Cecil Rhodes
British entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa. The colonies of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) were named after him. (p. 736) o Mines produced ¼ global gold supply o Rhodesia formed in 1889 o Run under company charter o Land administered as part of British Empire
Otto Von Bismarck
Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714) o New Imperialism & Politics § Nationalism § German unification (1871) § Chancellor: Otto von Bismarck § Driven by competition with other European powers § Prestige § Want colonies for status § Britain and India § Queen Victoria: "Empress of India."Maxi
Spanish War, United States
During this war, this empire built the Panama Canal, annexed Puerto Rico, and established a protectorate over Cuba.
Belgian Congo
Exploited by Leopold II at Belgium under the Berlin Act, Leopold was supposed to act as a trustee. He violated the agreement and stripped the country of its resources. o Berlin Conference (1885) § Defines borders of Congo § Ensures free trade § Abolition of slave trade. o Congo given to King Leopold II in "Trusteeship" § Leopold subverts conference dictates § Claims whole region as personal property.
New Slavery/Unfree labor
Forced labor in Africa post 1875 was referred to as
New Imperialism
Historians' term for the late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century wave of conquests by European powers, the United States, and Japan, which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories. § Late 19th C Empire building § New wave of overseas expansion after 1870 § Main players - Britain, France, Netherlands, Germany, Belgium § Africa at center.
Fashoda Crisis
Military confrontation between Great Britain and France in the Sudan in 1898 o British Empire in Nigeria threatens French Empire in Northwest Africa o 1899: Forces meet at Fashoda in Sudan § War narrowly avoided o 1904: agreement creates "Right of Conquest"
Congo Reform Association
New Imperialism questioned § Violence exposed § Morel: Congo Reform Association, accuses King Leopold of "destroying the population of Central Africa" (Page 201) § Humanitarians question civilizing mission § GWW "Open Letter to King Leopold" (1890): "Your Majesty's Government has sequestered their land, burned their towns, stolen their property, enslaved their women and children" and "has never spent one franc for educational purposes, not instituted any practical system of industrialism." (Page 206)
J.S. Mill "Ladder of Civilization"
One of the most important theorists of liberalism and limited government of the nineteenth century, J.S. Mill (1806-1873), introduces the idea of a "ladder of civilization" in this excerpt as a hierarchical system where nations evolve to reap the benefits of representative systems of government over time.
Wilson point I
Open covenants of peace, after which there shall be no private international understanding of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in public view.
Treaty of Berlin, Article IX
Seeing that trading in slaves is forbidden in conformity with the principles of international law as recognized by the signatory powers, and seeing to be regarded as forbidden, the Powers which do or shall exercise sovereign rights or influence in the territories forming the Conventional basin of the Congo declare that these territories may not serve as a market or means of transit for the trade in slaves, of whatever race they may be. Each of the Powers binds itself to employ all the means at its disposal for putting an end to this trade and for punishing those who engage in it.
Philippines
Spanish American War 1898 § Results § Treaty of Paris enforces MD § Puerto Rico, Philippines, Guam made US § Cuba made US Protectorate § Protects US investments § US builds Panama Canal § 48 mile "Canal Zone" = US Territory. o Rudyard Kipling, "White Man's Burden" (1899) § This poem was written by well-known British author Rudyard Kipling (1865 - 1936) and published in a popular magazine in the United States to convince American readers to take up the civilizing mission as part of its imperial and foreign policy on the eve of the invasion of the Philippines. o North America § United States expanding § European threats eliminated § 1803: Louisiana Purchase § 1898: Spanish-American War § New states and territories claimed § Puerto Rico, Philippines § Native populations removed.
Henry Stanley
The Crime of Congo was the exploitation of the people and resources of Central Africa in Congo. King Leopold the second of Belgium, Europe wanted to obtain control of Congo and it's resources. Leopold established the International African Association and recruited Henry Stanley to open up Congo for trade. Stanley's efforts lowered populations in Bolobo by 33,000 and Irebu to 50. Stanley acquired and sent 450 alleged treaties of transferred land to the association. With the treaties in his possession, King Leopard gained complete control over Congo as an international colony. Leopold and Stanley's took control of Congo's population, land, and resources for their own personal benefit. Doyle criticized Stanley and indicted Leopold for their actions, and considered them as crimes against humanity. Leopold and Stanley's obtaining control of Congo was known as the "Crime of the Congo."
What was the "crime of the Congo," according to Doyle?
The Crime of Congo was the exploitation of the people and resources of Central Africa in Congo. King Leopold the second of Belgium, Europe wanted to obtain control of Congo and it's resources. Leopold established the International African Association and recruited Henry Stanley to open up Congo for trade. Stanley's efforts lowered populations in Bolobo by 33,000 and Irebu to 50. Stanley acquired and sent 450 alleged treaties of transferred land to the association. With the treaties in his possession, King Leopard gained complete control over Congo as an international colony. Leopold and Stanley's took control of Congo's population, land, and resources for their own personal benefit. Doyle criticized Stanley and indicted Leopold for their actions, and considered them as crimes against humanity. Leopold and Stanley's obtaining control of Congo was known as the "Crime of the Congo."
Spanish American War 1898
The Maine mysteriously blew up in the Havana harbor from internal explosion. Yellow journalists like Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst sensationalistically influence public opinion in newspapers ("Remember the Maine, to Hell with Spain"). Americans declare war on Spain. The War was also caused by Americans' desire to expand as well as the harsh treatment that the Spanish had over the Cubans; the U.S. also wanted to help Cubans gain independence from Spain. The war resulted in the U.S. gaining Guam and Puerto Rico as well as control over the Philippines. o 1880s: Spain's Caribbean colonies rebel o United States supports Cuba § United States Battleship explodes o War declared in April. o Results § Treaty of Paris enforces MD § Puerto Rico, Philippines, Guam made US § Cuba made US Protectorate § Protects US investments § US builds Panama Canal § 48 mile "Canal Zone" = US Territory. o Responses to War § "White Man's Burden" § Written by Rudyard Kipling (1865 - 1936) § Published in February, 1899 § US-Philippine war breaks out that month § Popular voice of pro-imperialism § Pro-American expansion.
Wilson point VI
The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions affecting Russia as will secure the best and freest cooperation of the other nations of the world in obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the independent determination of her own political development and national policy and assure her a sincere welcome into the society of free nations under institutions of her own choosing
Journalists
These often persecuted writers shaped the movement against the slave trade in the Congo
Henry Stanley and Dr. Livingstone
These two men and their stories drew European attention to the interior of Africa for the first time
George Washington Wilson
This African American reformer wrote an open letter to King Leopold regarding atrocities in the Congo.
Ottoman, World War I
This European land based empire committed genocide in the midst of this war
King Leopold II
This European monarch was responsible for the atrocities committed in the Congo
Treaty of Berlin
This agreement promised to enforce the ban on the slave trade, permit missionary work and observe religious tolerance, and protect scientists and explorers in Africa
Germany
This country initially wanted to focus on European expansion rather than colonizing Africa or Asia
Ethiopia
This country resisted colonial rule in the 19th century
J.A. Hobson, Imperialism, (1902)
This excerpt from Hobson's book is an indictment of the economic justifications for New Imperialism. Hobson was a well-known journalist who became a liberal critic of the British imperial project while reporting on the Boer War in southern Africa in 1899. Hobson (1858 - 1940) believe that imperialism as it was practiced in the nineteenth century by Europeans was a bad system that could be fixed. o J.A. Hobson § Liberal capitalist critique § This person believed new imperialism is broken and it needs to be fixed. § Journalist · Boer War (1899 - 1902) § Wrote Imperialism: A Study (1902) § Critical of Imperialism. o Liberal Critique § Believed in · Economic, personal, political freedom (liberty) · Free trade (open markets) · State having some say in global economy. o Problem with empire § Imperialism · Search of new fields of investment · Mismatch of consumption & production · Only benefits small group of capitalists. o Impact § Imperialism takes resources from Mother Country § Corrupts liberal democratic ideal of freedom · In sum "Although the new imperialism has been bad business for the nation, it has been good business for certain classes and certain trades with the nation." (Page 165)
Treaty of Berlin
This treaty came out of the Berlin Conference held in 1884-1885 and established the principles upon which the African continent would be divided up between the European powers. Two articles of the treaty are excerpted below.
Boer War, British
This war, fought between the signing of the Berlin Treaty and WWI was between the Afrikaners and this empire
Boer War (1899-1902)
War between the British and the Dutch over Dutch independence in South Africa; resulted in British victory o European war fought on African land o War in Southern Africa between: § Boers (early Dutch settlers) § British settlers o J.A. Hobson, Imperialism, (1902) § This excerpt from Hobson's book is an indictment of the economic justifications for New Imperialism. Hobson was a well-known journalist who became a liberal critic of the British imperial project while reporting on the Boer War in southern Africa in 1899. Hobson (1858 - 1940) believe that imperialism as it was practiced in the nineteenth century by Europeans was a bad system that could be fixed. o New Imperialism questioned § Violence exposed · Morel: Congo Reform Association, accuses King Leopold of "destroying the population of Central Africa" (Page 201) § Humanitarians question civilizing mission · GWW "Open Letter to King Leopold" (1890): "Your Majesty's Government has sequestered their land, burned their towns, stolen their property, enslaved their women and children" and "has never spent one franc for educational purposes, not instituted any practical system of industrialism." (Page 206) o Why listen? § Humanitarians use media (Times, 198 - 203) § Economic benefits doubted (Hobson, 165 - 66) o Results § War/conflicts with African powers · Suez crisis · Nigeria § War/Conflicts between Europeans · Fashoda crisis (1899) · Boer War (1899 - 1902)
Opium Wars (1839-1842)
War fought between the British and Qing China to protect British trade in opium; resulted in the ceding of Hong Kong to the British.
Northern Africa
What geographic region is predominantly Islamic?
Railroads, steam ships/boats, and quinine
What three technological developments allowed Europe to colonize Africa?
Hubson
Which liberal reformer believed imperialism was a bad system that could be fixed?
Lenin
Who said imperialism was the highest state of capitalism and advocated for a communist revolution rather than reform?
J.S. Mill
Who said there was a ladder of civilization?
Kipling and Morel
Who wrote The White Man's Burden? The Black Man's Burden?
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
Written by John Q. Adams, this doctrine stated that Europeans could not intervene in the Western Hemisphere in exchange, the U.S. would not interfere with existing European colonies and wars. If Europe intervened, the U.S. would interpret this as dangerous to U.S. national security and take appropriate action. o Defend United States against other empires § "We should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety."(Page 153) o South/Central America § "Not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by and Euro power."(Page 152) o Worries over potential European expansion in North America in the Nineteenth century led President Monroe to issue a statement defining the purpose, scope, and parameters of U.S. influence and power in the Americas. The wars of independence in South America, freeing the region from Spanish and Portuguese rule, influenced the timing of the issuing of this statement by the U.S., which was eager to protect its own interests in North America.
Maxim gun
first fully automatic machine gun; item of technology that helped Europeans conquer Africa
Empire
large, non-democratic political units with diverse populations
E.D. Morel, The Black Man's Burden (1920)
o Considered a response to Kipling's "White Man's Burden," British reformer E.D. Morel (1873 - 1924) criticized the civilizing mission for putting a burden on those whom it claimed to serve.
Nigeria (scramble for Africa)
o Northwest Africa § Gold Coast/Nigeria § Populous region with lots of resources § Missionary activity high § Lord Salisbury, 1890: "The interests of the country are the interests of the Royal Niger Company" o Britain & Nigeria § 1880: Royal Niger company acquires land § 1880 -1887: Protectorate formed § 1898: War waged to protect company, set boundaries § 1900: Made crown colony § Chamberlin buys out the company § 1914: 2 protectorates join to create Nigeria. o Nigeria goes from being the protectorate to a crown colony that is controlled by the British Empire o Fashoda Crisis (Fashoda, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan) § British Empire in Nigeria threatens French Empire in Northwest Africa § 1899: Forces meet at Fashoda in Sudan § War narrowly avoided § 1904: agreement creates "Right of Conquest" § Southern Africa § Motivations: § Exploit resources § Create settler colonies § 2 tactics: § Negotiate with tribal leaders § Wage wars with other Europeans
Cuba
o Spanish American War 1898 § 1880s: Spain's Caribbean colonies rebel § United States supports Cuba § United States Battleship explodes § War declared in April. § Results § Treaty of Paris enforces MD § Puerto Rico, Philippines, Guam made US § Cuba made US Protectorate § Protects US investments § US builds Panama Canal § 48 mile "Canal Zone" = US Territory.
V.I. Lenin, Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism (1916)
o Textbook § Lenin (1870 - 1924), one of the key architects of Russian communism, criticizes the economic and political exploitation of imperialism in the following excerpt as a final stage of a corrupt capitalist system that would eventually be overthrown. He led the Russian Revolution in 1917. § Discuss economic critique of imperialism. What is wrong with the system? Why does he think it will be overthrown? § believes capitalism could develop agriculture if it could raise to the standard of living of the masses. However, if that was the case, it would not be capitalism. This was because, both uneven development and a semi-starvation level of existence of the masses are fundamental and inevitable conditions and premises of this mode of production. He believes as long as capitalism remains as it is, then the surplus capital won't be utilized for the purpose of raising the standard of living of the masses in a given country, which would decline profits for capitalists. Instead it would be utilized for the purpose of increasing profits by exporting capital abroad to the backward countries. Lenin states that free competition is capitalism's fundamental characteristic. He believes capitalism has become "overripe," and the capital can't find a field for "profitable" investment with it. § believes capitalism will be overthrown by a system called monopoly. Monopoly functions by replacing the smaller industry with a larger-scale version, having concentration of production and capital grow to the point of growing monopoly. The growing monopoly merges with cartels, syndicates and trusts, and manipulates thousands of millions with a capital with a dozen, or so, of banks. Lenin believes monopoly will grow out of free competition by existing over it, and give rise to a number of very acute and intense conflicts. Lenin believes monopoly will help move society from capitalism to a higher system. o Lecture Notes § Marxist critique. § doesn't want to fix New Imperialism, but rather dispose of it completely § Socialist Critique § Imperialism, The Highest Stage of Capitalism (1916) § Marxist Influence. § Imperialism: Product of capitalism § Draws non-capitalist world into capitalist economic system § "The characteristic feature of the period under review is the final partition of the globe... the colonial policy of the capitalist countries has completed the seizure of the unoccupied territories on our planet." (Page 167) § Leads to competition, aggression. § He was writing in 1916 during WWI § Why does this person matter? § West claimed most territory by WWI § Exploitation creates discontent § Lead capitalism & imperialism to collapse § Theory inspires subject populations to overthrow imperialism.
Rudyard Kipling, "White Man's Burden" (1899)
o This poem was written by well-known British author Rudyard Kipling (1865 - 1936) and published in a popular magazine in the United States to convince American readers to take up the civilizing mission as part of its imperial and foreign policy on the eve of the invasion of the Philippines.
Islam
o an Abrahamic monotheistic religion teaching that there is only one God (Arabic: Allah), and that Muhammad is the messenger of God. o North Africa § Heavily Islamic § Rome had empire here § Settled by Arab descendants in 7th Century § Egypt - ancient civilization.
Colonialism
system of rule by one group over another by conquest.
Treaty of Versailles
the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans o End of World War I § Treaty of Versailles, June 28, 1919 § "Mandates" = German/Ottoman colonies § European powers report to league of Nations § Secures "international control" § Mandate system = new colonialism § But: implies future independence. o Woodrow Wilson, "14 points" § American president Woodrow Wilson proposed the 14 points in part as a direct challenge to European imperialism after World War I. Although the United States ultimately rejected the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations, Wilsonian ideals guided the final peace.
David Livingstone (19 March 1813 - 1 May 1873)
was a Scottish physician, Congregationalist, and pioneer Christian missionary with the London Missionary Society, an explorer in Africa, and one of the most popular British heroes of the late 19th-century Victorian era.
Novelist Joseph Conrad (1857 - 1924)
wrote the most important critique of imperialism of his day, Heart of darkness (1899). In the following two excerpts from his personal writing he describes his naive imaginings of Africa as a boy and how his travels there later in life as a sailor made him question European imperialism.
Scramble for Africa, Why Africa?
§ "New Frontier" § New technology and medicines § This made conquering Africa possible. § Security concerns § Fragmentation § Location, location, location § Ocean currents. § (Africa was unstable and is at war with itself, making it easier for Europe to conquer it)
o "Land of adventure"
§ 1871: Stanley looks for Livingstone § "prosaic newspaper stunt" (Conrad, 213) § 1878: Agent for Leopold (Doyle, 188) § King Leopold of Belgium, a tyrant king who sent Stanley to issue trade in Congo. This allowed Leopold to slowly conquer Congo with resources and land deeds.
Scramble for Africa, How?
§ Colonial and local administrators § Military forces § Missionary activity.
Scramble for Africa
§ Creation of formal empires in Africa between 1875 - 1900
Africa before Europe (before 1875 and the scramble)
§ Divided into empires & kingdoms § Very diverse: § Geography § Economic, Religious, and Political structure. § North Africa - Muslim
Who cared? (Critics will be on Exam)
§ E.D. Morel, "Black Man's Burden" (Page 185) § London Times: exposes King Leopold's crimes § June 17, 1905: "The reforms sanctioned by the sovereign king, far from giving satisfaction to the reform party, may be considered as a challenge to the civilized world." (Page 201) § Arthur Conan Doyle, "Crime of the Congo," 1909 § "disgrace" to Europe who "enacted one long horrible tragedy, vouched for by priests and missionaries, traders, travelers an consuls, all corroborated by a Belgian commission of inquiry." (Page 199).
Why expand in 1870s?
§ Easier to get to interior § Discovery of quinine § Built Roads, RR, and boats/ships § New agreements with African leaders.
"Savanna Belt" (South of Sahara)
§ Great region of trade § Mixed civilizations § Native African § Arab influences § Indigenous Africans majority in South.
North Africa
§ Heavily Islamic § Rome had empire here § Settled by Arab descendants in 7th Century § Egypt - ancient civilization.
Map of the Bantu Kingdom
§ Huge empire covering the southern section of Africa § Diverse kingdom § Europeans issue trade from outline sections of Africa, ranging from Angola and Zanzibar.
Why does New Imperialism emerge? Political explanations
§ Imperialism = extension of - Domestic politics, Foreign policy, and Maintain or recover prestige.
Scramble for Africa, Why then?
§ Imperialism part of 19th Century International politics · Stability in Europe · Euros look abroad § Economic pressure · Need raw materials · Market for goods.
Civilizing Mission?
§ Joseph Conrad § Novelist/critic of New Imperialism § Seeks adventure § "It was in 1868, when nine years old or thereabouts, that while looking at a map of Africa of the time and putting my finger on the blank space then representing the unsolved mystery of that continent, I said to myself with absolute assurance and an amazing audacity which are no longer in my character now: When I grow up I shall... (Page 212) o Conrad § Finds corrupted "civilizing mission" § Calls Scramble for Africa: § "The vilest scramble for loot that ever disfigured the history of human conscience and geographical exploration." (Page 224) § Humanitarians question civilizing mission § GWW "Open Letter to King Leopold" (1890): "Your Majesty's Government has sequestered their land, burned their towns, stolen their property, enslaved their women and children" and "has never spent one franc for educational purposes, not instituted any practical system of industrialism." (Page 206)
Result of King Leopold's "Land Grab"
§ Reform movement sparked § E.D. Morel campaigns for African land rights (page 179) § Doyle blames King Leopold: "direct personal responsibility" for crimes committed in Africa (Page 189) § King Leopold made $1.1 billion § Congolese population fell form 20 - 8 million § 1909, Belgian government takes over Congo.
Why does New Imperialism Emerge? Economic explanations
§ Rise of single global market · Product: coffee, tea, opium, tobacco, sugar, chocolate. § Rapid movement of goods § World economy creates: · Producers · Consumers. o Economy wants a world of producers to increase consumers.
African Geography (Notes of both maps of Africa and Bantu Kingdom)
§ Sahara desert divides North from South Africa § North - desert § South - temperate climates § Easy place for Europeans to settle § West Africa and Congo - rainforests.