History test two

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

- conservative southern Democrats and northern Republicans amended the -------to allow for broad judicial review of the FTC's decisions, thus further weakening its freedom of action.

Federal Reserve Act

- created a new national banking system, with regional reserve banks supervised by a central board of directors

-Lusitania (May 1915)

- American ship sunk by a German submarine. Outraged several Americans, and made them want to enter WW1.

Theodore Roosevelt as asst sec of Navy and with Rough Riders

- First U.S. Volunteer Cavalry, led in battle in the Spanish-American War by Theodore Roosevelt; they were victorious in their only battle near Santiago, Cuba; and Roosevelt used the notoriety to aid his political career.

Wilson & problems of neutrality

- He did not want to join in on WW1. However, when the Germans kept sinking US merchant vessels he decided to join in

Henry Cabot Lodge

- He was the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee who favored limiting America's involvement in the League of Nations' covenant and sought to amend the Treaty of Versailles.

"Cross of Gold" speech

- In the 1896 election, the Democratic party split over the issue of whether to use gold or silver to back American currency. Significant to this division was the "Cross of Gold" speech that William Jennings Bryan delivered at the Democratic convention. This pro-silver speech was so well received that Bryan won the nomination to be their presidential candidate. Disappointed pro-gold Democrats chose to walk out of the convention and nominate their own candidate.

William McKinley, assassination

- On September 6, 1901, at a reception at the Pan- American Exposition in Buffalo, an unemployed anarchist named Leon Czolgosz (pronounced chole-gosh) approached the fifty-eight-year-old president with a gun concealed in a bandaged hand and fired at point- blank range. McKinley died eight days later, and Theodore Roosevelt was elevated to the White House.

"Square Deal"

- President Roosevelt used his executive position to pro- mote his progressive Square Deal program, which included regulating trusts, arbitrating the 1902 coal strike, regulating the railroads, and cleaning up the meat and drug industries. President Taft continued to bust trusts and reform the tariff, but Republican party bosses, reflecting their big business interests, ensured that the tariff reductions were too few to satisfy the progressives in the party. Roosevelt decided to seek the Republican presidential nomination in 1912 because of progressives' disillusionment with Taft.

John Hay

- Secretary of State out- lined the, Open Door Note, dispatched in 1899 to his counterparts in Lon- don, Berlin, and St. Petersburg (Russia) and a little later to Tokyo, Rome, and Paris.

George Dewey & Battle of Manila Bay

- The conflict was barely under way before the U.S. Navy produced a spectacular victory in an unexpected location in the Pacific Ocean: Manila Bay in the Philippines, an archipelago of seven thousand islands some seven thousand miles away. Just before war had been declared, Theodore Roosevelt, still serving as the assistant secretary of the navy, had ordered (without getting the permission of his superiors) Commodore George Dewey, commander of the small U.S. fleet in Asia, to engage Spanish forces in the Philippines in case of war in Cuba. President McKinley had approved the orders.

William Randolph Hearst & yellow journalism

- The newspapers' sensationalism as well as their intentional efforts to manipulate public opinion came to be called ____. Hearst wanted a war against Spain to catapult the United States into global significance. Once war was declared against Spain, Hearst took credit for it. One of his newspaper head- lines blared: "HOW DO YOU LIKE THE JOURNAL'S WAR?" He wrote the New York Journal.

Anti-trust suit against U.S. Steel

- When Standard Oil refused to turn over its records, the government brought ----- that resulted in the breakup of the huge company in 1911.

Wilson's War Message

- Wilson transformed the war in Europe from being a conventional struggle for power among historic European rivals to a righteous conflict between democratic ideals and autocratic tyranny. America's effort to maintain a principled neutrality had become in Wilson's mind an unprecedented "great crusade" to end wars forever.

League of Nations

- Wilson wanted this as a means of peacekeeping. Woodrow Wilson made another controversial decision: he insisted that his cherished League of Nations be the top priority in the treaty making. Whatever compromises he might have to make regarding territorial boundaries and financial claims, whatever mistakes might result, Wilson believed that a league of nations committed to collective security would ensure international stability.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

- World War 1 erupted when an Austrian citizen of Serbian descent assassinated the Austrian ruler, ----, in the Bosnian town of Sarajevo.

Rough Riders

- a regiment with "special qualifications" made up of former Ivy League athletes, ex-convicts, Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Pawnee, and Creek Indians, and southwestern sharpshooters. Best remembered because Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt was second in command. First US troops sent overseas.

The Sixteenth Amendment (1913)

- authorizing a federal income tax, was ratified with Taft's support before he left office,

Expansionist ideology

- demanded that the United States also adopt a global ambition and join in the hunt for new territories and markets. Such mixed motives helped spark the War of 1898 and helped to justify the resulting acquisition of colonies outside the continental United States.

"Remember the Maine"

- explosion of the U.S. battleship ---- in Havana Harbor, propelled America into a war with Spain despite the reluctance of President McKinley and many business interests.

Steel strike

- focus on Foster's radicalism obscured the squalid conditions and long hours that had marked the steel industry since the Homestead strike of 1892: the twelve-hour day, often combined with a seven-day week, was common. September 22, 1919, after U.S. Steel refused to talk, some 340,000 workers walked out. When information about working conditions became widely known, public opinion turned in favor of the steelworkers, but too late: the strike had ended after four months. Steelworkers remained unorganized until the 1930s.

Hepburn Act of 1906

- for the first time gave the ICC the power to set maximum freight rates for the railroad industry.

Robert LaFollette

- from Wisconsin, sort of a prototype progressive political leader.

Paris Peace Conference, 1919

- lasted from January to June 1919 and included delegates from all countries that had declared war or broken diplomatic relations with Germany. The conference was controlled by the Big Four: the prime ministers of Britain, France, and Italy and the president of the United States.

U.S. purchase of Alaska, "Seward's Folly"

- proved to be the biggest bargain since the Louisiana Purchase. Seward's successors at the State Department sustained his expansionist vision. Acquiring key ports on islands in the Pacific Ocean was the major focus of overseas activity throughout the rest of the nineteenth century.

Woodrow Wilson

- the 1912 presidential election, Woodrow Wilson ran under the slogan of New Freedom, which promised to improve of the banking system, lower tariffs, and break up monopolies. He sought to deliver on these promises through pas- sage of the Underwood-Simmons Tariff, the Federal Reserve Act of 1913, and new anti- trust laws. Though he was weak on implementing social change and showed a little interest in the plight of African Americans, he did eventually support some labor reform. At the beginning of the First World War, Wilson kept America neutral, but pro- vided the Allies with credit for purchases of supplies. However, the sinking of U.S. mer- chant ships and the news of Germany encouraging Mexico to attack America caused Wilson to ask Congress to declare war on Germany. Following the war, Wilson sup- ported the entry of America into the League of Nations and the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles; but Congress would not approve the entry or ratification.

Campaign mugwumps -

-1884 election, self-conscious political elite dedicated to promoting the public welfare. They were centered in the large cities and major universities of the northeast. Mostly educators, writers, or editors, they included the most famous American of all, Mark Twain. Generally opposed tariffs and championed free trade. They opposed the regulation of railroads as well as efforts to inflate the money supply by coining more silver. Their fore- most goal was to expand civil service reform by making all federal jobs non- partisan.

Theodore Roosevelt & "big stick diplomacy"

-As president, Theodore Roosevelt actively pursued an imperialist foreign policy, confirming the United States' new role as a world power. With his Big-Stick Diplomacy, he arbitrated the treaty that ended the Russo-Japanese War, proclaimed the Open Door policy with China, allowed his administration to engage in dealings that made possible American control over the Panama Canal, and sent the navy's entire fleet around the world as a symbol of American might. He articulated an extension of the Monroe Doctrine whereby the United States might intervene in disputes between North and South America and other world powers.

William Jennings Bryan

-delivered the pro-silver "cross of gold" speech at the 1896 Democratic Convention and won his party's nomination for president. Disap- pointed pro-gold Democrats chose to walk out of the convention and nominate their own candidate, which split the Democratic party and cost them the White House. His loss also crippled the Populist movement that had endorsed him.

Farmers Alliances

-organized social and recreational activities, but they also emphasized political action. Struggling farmers throughout the South and Midwest, where tenancy rates were highest, rushed to join the Alliance movement as a means of addressing the hardships created by chronic indebtedness, declining crop prices, and devastating droughts. Yet unlike the Grange, which was a national organization that tended to attract more prosperous farmers, the Alliances were grassroots organizations that would become the largest and most dynamic farmers' movement in history. The Alliance movement swept across the cotton belt in the South and established strong support in Kansas and the Dakotas.

Russo-Japanese War -

1905, by 1904, the Japanese had decided that the Russians threatened their ambitions in China and Korea. On February 8, Japanese warships devastated the Russian fleet. The Japanese then occupied the Korean peninsula and drove the Russians back into Manchuria. But neither side could score a knockout blow, and neither relished a prolonged war. Roosevelt offered to mediate their conflict. When the Japanese signaled that they would welcome a negotiated settlement, Roosevelt sponsored a peace conference in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. With the Treaty of Portsmouth, signed on September 5, 1905, the concessions all went to the Japanese. Both agreed to evacuate Manchuria

Ocala Demands

1890 - platform for economic and political reform. In December 1890, the Southern Farmers' Alliance, its affiliate the Colored Farmers' Alliance, and the Farmers' Mutual Benefit Association met jointly in the Marion Opera House in Ocala, Florida, where they adopted the Ocala Demands.

The "clear and present danger" doctrine

Allowed government to suppress speech where there is a ----.

William McKinley

As a congressman, he was responsible for the McKinley Tariff of 1890, which raised the duties on manufactured products to their highest level ever. Voters disliked the tariff and him, as well as other Republicans, lost their seats in Congress the next election. However, he won the presidential election of 1896 and raised the tariffs again. In 1898, he annexed Hawaii and declared war on Spain. The war concluded with the Treaty of Paris, which gave America control over Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. Soon America was fighting Filipinos, who were seeking independence for their country. In 1901, he was assassinated.

Theodore Roosevelt -

As the assistant secretary of the navy, he supported expan- sionism, American imperialism and war with Spain. He led the First Volunteer Cavalry, or Rough Riders, in Cuba during the war of 1898 and used the notoriety of this military campaign for political gain. As President McKinley's vice president, he succeeded McKinley after his assassination. His forceful foreign policy became known as "big stick diplomacy." Domestically, his policies on natural resources helped start the conversa- tion movement. Unable to win the Republican nomination for president in 1912, he formed his own party of progressive Republicans called the "Bull Moose" party.

Committee on Public Information -

Established by Wilson, composed of secretaries of state, war, and navy.

Crime of 1873-

Debt-ridden farmers and laborers who advocated currency inflation through the unlimited coinage of silver denounced the ------- , arguing that eastern bankers and merchants had conspired to stop coining silver so as to ensure a nationwide scarcity of money.

Reform

Enduring theme in American History, every 25 to 30 yrs. or so the country experiences a wave of efforts to correct the problems created by a rapidly changing society

-Zimmerman Telegram (1917) -

February 25, Wilson learned that the British had intercepted an important message from the German foreign minister, Arthur Zimmermann, to the Mexican government. The note urged the Mexicans to invade the United States. In exchange for their making war on America, Germany guaranteed that Mexico would recover its "lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Ari- zona." On March 1, news of the Zimmermann telegram broke in the American press and infuriated the public.

Emilio Aguinaldo -

He was a leader in Filipino struggle for independence. During the war of 1898, Commodore George Dewey brought him back to the Philippines from exile to help fight the Spanish. However, after the Spanish surrendered to Americans, America annexed the Philippines and he fought against the American military until he was captured in 1901.

Silver issue -

In 1873 republican controlled congress declared that silver could no longer be used for coins, only gold. Occurred after new mines in the western states increased their supply of silver. Hayes answer to demands to expand currency was to veto 1878 Bland-Allison Act, which provided for a limited increase to the supply of silver coins. But the act was passed by congress.

The Open Door policy -

In hopes of protecting the Chinese market for U.S. exports, Secretary of State John Hay unilaterally announced in 1899 that Chinese trade would be open to all nations.

Populist (Peoples') party -

Influenced by their success, delegates from farm, labor, and reform organizations in 1892 established the ----. Sought greater regulation of business by the federal government and the free coinage of silver (because they hoped that the ensuing inflation of the money supply would make it easier for them to repay their debts).

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire -

Legislation to protect workers against avoidable accidents gained impetus from disasters such as the March 25, 1911, fire at this factory (called a "sweatshop") in New York City, in which 146 of the 850 workers died, mostly women in their teens, almost all of whom were Jewish and Italian immigrants. Escape routes were limited because the owner kept the stair- way door locked to prevent theft.

U.S. acquisition of Hawaii -

McKinley wanted these islands. Japanese also hoping to take over the islands, sent a naval flotilla to them, McKinley responded by sending U.S. warships and asked the Senate to approve a treaty to annex the islands. When the Senate could not muster the two-thirds majority needed to approve the treaty, McKinley used a joint resolution of the House and the Senate to achieve his aims. The resolution passed by simple majorities in both houses, and it was annexed by the United States in the summer of 1898.

1902 coal strike -

On May 12, some 150,000 members of the United Mine Workers (UMW) walked off the job in Pennsylvania and West Virginia. October 1902, the prolonged shutdown had caused the price of coal to soar, and hospitals and schools reported empty coal bins. President Roosevelt decided upon a bold move: he invited leaders of both sides to a conference in Washington, D.C., where he appealed to their "patriotism, to the spirit that sinks personal considerations and makes individual sacrifices for the public good." The mine owners attended the conference but arrogantly refused even to speak to the UMW leaders. Roosevelt threatened to take over the mines and send the army in to run them. Threat to militarize the mines worked. The coal strike ended on October 23. The miners won a reduction to a nine-hour workday but only a 10 percent wage increase, and no union recognition by the owners. Roosevelt had become the first president to use his authority to arbitrate a dispute between management and labor.

San Juan Hill -

Part of Cuba where these troops fought. US had great victory. 474 Spanish were killed or wounded and 1,750 taken prisoner, while only one American was killed and one wounded. Spanish officials in Santiago surrendered on July 17.

Upton Sinclair, The Jungle (1906)

Perhaps the most telling blow against such abuses was struck by Upton Sinclair's novel The Jungle (1906). Sinclair wrote the book to promote socialism, but its main impact came from its portrayal of filthy conditions in Chicago's meatpacking industry.

Panic & Depression of 1893-97

Philadelphia and Reading Railroad declared bankruptcy, setting off a national financial panic that mushroomed into the worst depression the nation had ever experienced. Other overextended railroads collapsed, taking many banks with them. A quarter of unskilled urban workers lost their jobs, and by the fall of 1893 over six hundred banks had closed and fifteen thousand businesses had failed. Entire farm regions in the South and West were devastated by the spreading depression that brought unprecedented suffering. Farm foreclosures soared. Between 1890 and 1894, more than eleven thousand farm mortgages were foreclosed in Kansas alone.

Roosevelt Corollary

President Theodore Roosevelt announced in what was essentially a corollary to the Monroe Doctrine that the United States could intervene militarily to prevent interference from European powers in the Western Hemisphere.

republican candidate was James Garfield. Democratic candidate was Winfield Hancock. Garfield won but was assassinated and vice pres. Chester Authur became pres.

Presidential elections 1880-

James Blaine republican candidate. Grover Cleveland was the democratic candidate. Cleveland won.

Presidential elections 1884 -

- Populist Party candidate was James Weaver, democrat Grover Cleveland and republican Ben Harrison. Cleveland won for third time.

Presidential elections 1892

republican William McKinley, democrat William Bryan. McKinley won

Presidential elections 1896

Progressives and their goals

Progressives and their goals - believed that industrialization and urbanization were negatively affecting American life. They were middle-class idealists in both political parties who sought reform and regulation in order to ensure social jus- tice. Many wished to curb the powers of local political machines and establish honest and efficient government. They also called for an end to child labor, laws promoting safety in the workplace, a ban on the sale of alcoholic beverages, legislation curbing trusts, and women's suffrage.

Economic system -

Socialism is a/an ______ system

Philippine Insurrection -

after the war of 1898, this occurred when insurgents saw that the islands would be given to the US.

Election of 1912 -

The 1912 presidential campaign involved four candidates: Wilson and Taft represented the two major parties, while Eugene V. Debs of Indiana ran as a Socialist and Roosevelt headed the Progressive party ticket. 1st it was a high- water mark for progressivism, with all the candidates claiming to be progressives of one sort or another. The election was also the first to feature party primaries. The two leading candidates debated the basic issues of progressivism in a campaign unique in its focus on vital alternatives and in its highly philosophical tone. This was an election with real choices. Second, the election gave Democrats effective national power for the first time since the Civil War. 3rd the election of Wilson brought southerners back into the orbit of national and international affairs in a significant way for the first time since the Civil War. Fourth and finally, the election of 1912 altered the character of the Republican Party. The defection of the Bull Moose Progressives had weakened the party's progressive wing. The leaders of the Republican Party that would return to power in the 1920s would be more conservative in tone and temperament.

19th Amendment 1920-

allowed women nationwide to vote

Great White Fleet -

US navy, in 1907, circumnavigates the globe in a demonstration of America's rise to world-power status

- McKinley, Harrison

Weak presidents

Pancho Villa -

While the leader of one of the competing factions in the Mexican civil war, he provoked the United States into intervening. He hoped attacking the United States would help him build a reputation as an opponent of the United States, which would increase his popularity and discredit Mexican President Carranza

L. Frank Baum -

Wrote The Wizard of Oz

Teller Amendment -

added on the Senate floor to the war resolution, disclaimed any intention of the U.S. eventually taking control of Cuba. McKinley signed the war resolution, and a copy went off to the Spanish government. Never has an American war, so casually begun and so enthusiastically supported, generated such unexpected and far-reaching consequences

Platt Amendments -

added to an army appropriations bill passed by Congress in 1901, sharply restricted the new Cuban government's independence, however. The amendment required that Cuba never impair its independence by signing a treaty with a third power, that it keep its debt within the government's power to repay it out of ordinary revenues, and that it acknowledge the right of the United States to intervene in Cuba whenever it saw fit. Finally, Cuba had to sell or lease to the United States lands to be used for coaling or naval stations, a proviso that led to a U.S. naval base at Guantánamo Bay, which still exists today.

Free silver -

crusade took on powerful symbolic overtones. The Populist leaders decided, over the protests of more radical members, to hold their 1896 nominating convention after the two major party conventions, confident that the Republicans and Democrats would at best straddle the silver issue, enabling the Populists to lure away silverite Republicans and Democrats.

Vanguard of progressivism

early reform leaders, came from a new urban middle class college educated people from various professions

Mobilizing for war -

effort to make the whole nation supportive of the war. Made everyone aware of wartime needs.

Conservation -

entailed the scientific ("progressive") management of natural resources to serve the public interest.

Robert La Follette-

established a legislative reference bureau to provide elected officials with research, advice, and help in the drafting of legislation. The Wisconsin Idea of efficient and more scientific government was widely publicized and copied.

War Industries Board-

established in 1917, soon became the most important of all the federal mobilization agencies, headed by Bernard Baruch. Purchasing bureaus of the United States and Allied governments submitted their needs to the board, which set priorities and issued production quotas to industries. The board could allocate raw materials, order construction of new plants, and with the approval of the president, fix prices. Despite such efforts, however, the unprecedented mobilization effort was often chaotic. Anything that could go wrong did go wrong. Men were drafted only to discover there were no uniforms, weapons, or housing for them.

Sedition Act of 1918

extended the penalties to those who did or said anything to obstruct the government sale of war bonds or to advocate cutbacks in production, and—just in case something had been overlooked—for saying, writing, or printing anything "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive" about the American form of government, the Constitution, or the army and navy.

Panama Canal

first became an issue in the late 1840s due to goldfields in Cali. The Bidlack Treaty (1846) with Colombia (then New Granada) guaranteed both Colombia's sovereignty over Panama and the neutrality of the isthmus. In the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850) the British agreed to acquire no more Central American territory, and the United States joined them in agreeing to build or fortify a canal only by mutual consent. After the War of 1898, Secretary of State John Hay asked the British ambassador for such consent. The outcome was the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901. Hays tried to make an agreement with Colombia for 10 million, but they refused. The Panamanians revolted against the Colombian rule, which the US helped them with. Panamas first ambassador, Phillippe Bunau-Varilla signed the treaty that extended the canal from 6 to 10 miles. Opened august 15, 1914.

Granger Laws -

first proved relatively ineffective but laid a foundation for stronger legislation. Warehouse owners challenged the laws in the "Granger cases" that soon advanced to the Supreme Court, where they claimed to have been deprived of property without due process of law.

Eugene V. Debs -

former union leader, best known and most important American socialist. Ran for president several times once from a federal prison cell. Democratic socialist.

The Grange -

founded by Oliver Kelley and government clerks in 1867, stared as a social and educational response to the farmers isolation, but grew, it began to promote farmer owned cooperatives for the buying and selling of crops. Farmers joined to free themselves from high fees charged by grain elevator operators and food processors by banding together to buy their own warehouse and storage elevators. Soon became indirectly involved in politics by 3rd parties in early 1870s. chief goal was to regulate railroad and warehouse rates.

Muckrakers -

investigative journalists who thrived on exposing social ills and corporate and political corruption, got their name from Theodore Roosevelt, who acknowledged that crusading journalists were "often indispensable to . . . society, but only if they know when to stop raking the muck."

Means of production

main fundamental difference between capitalism and socialism.

Capitalism -

means of production are privately held

Frederick W. Taylor -

the original "efficiency expert," was developing the techniques he summed up in his book The Principles of Scientific Management (1911). Taylorism, as scientific industrial management came to be known, promised to reduce waste and inefficiency in the workplace through the scientific analysis of labor processes.

Progressive Movement

one of the biggest reform movements in our history, a response to the industrial boom of the late nineteenth century, general goal was to stop abuses of power so prevalent in the late 19th century -abuses of political system/ workers and families, social problems attributed to the pressures and strains of the new industrial economy. So it was a series of movements from 1895 to 1920.

Eighteenth amendment 1919 -

outlawed alcoholic beverages. 1920, one year after ratification, banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of intoxicating liquors.

Subtreasury system -

popular with distressed farmers, but it never became law. In 1890, Congress nixed the proposal. Its defeat, as well as setbacks to other Alliance proposals, convinced many farm leaders that they needed more political power in order to secure the reforms necessary to save the agricultural sector: railroad regulation, currency inflation, state departments of agriculture, anti-trust laws, and more accessible farm-based credit (loans).

William Howard Taft & "dollar diplomacy"

practiced by the Taft administration had encouraged U.S. bankers to aid debt-plagued governments in Haiti, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua.

Wilson's Fourteen Points -

presented to a joint session of Congress on January 8, 1918, "as the only possible program" for peace. The first five points called for diplomacy to be conducted openly rather than hidden in secret treaties, the recognition of neutral nations to continue oceangoing commerce in time of war ("freedom of the seas"), removal of international trade barriers, reduction of armaments, and an impartial reconfiguration of the victors' colonial empires based upon the desires of the populations involved. Most of the remaining points dealt with territorial claims: they called on the Central Powers to evacuate occupied lands and to allow the various overlapping nationalities and ethnic groups to develop their own new nation-states (the difficult concept of "self-determination"), a crucial principle for Wilson. Point 13 called for the creation of an independent nation for the Poles, a people long dominated by the Russians on the east and the Germans on the west. Point 14, the capstone of Wilson's post- war scheme, called for the creation of a "league" of nations to protect global peace.

Louis Brandeis -

progressive lawyer from Boston who focused Wilson's thought much as Croly had focused Roosevelt's. His design for Wilson's New Freedom program differed from Roosevelt's New Nationalism in its insistence that the federal government should restore competition in the economy rather than focus on regulating huge monopolies.

Government regulation

progressive reformers saw this as the most effective way curb abuses of power.

Article X of League Covenant

provided for collective action against aggression.

Seventeenth Amendment (1913) -

providing for the popular election of senators, was ratified soon after taft left office.

Schenk v. United States -

reaffirmed the conviction of a man for circulating anti-draft leaflets among members of the armed forces.

Pendleton Civil Service Act, 1883

reform bill sponsored by "Gentleman George" H. Pendleton, a democratic senator, set a three member federal Civil Service Commission, the first federal regulatory agency established on a permanent basis. A growing percentage of all federal jobs would now be filled on the basis of competitive examinations rather than political favoritism. A vital step in a new approach to government administration that valued merit over partisanship.

Adamson Act

required an eight-hour workday, with time and a half for overtime, and appointed a commission to study the problem of working conditions in the railroad industry.

William Howard Taft

secretary of war, president after Roosevelt

de Lome letter-

stolen from the post office by a Cuban spy, de Lôme called President McKinley "weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd, besides being a would-be politician who tries to leave a door open behind himself while keeping on good terms with the jingoes of his party." De Lôme resigned to prevent further embarrassment to his government.

-U-boats & unrestricted submarine warfare

submarines the Germans used. As the chief advantage of U-boat (Unterseeboot) warfare was in surprise, the German decision violated the long-established procedure of stopping an enemy vessel and providing for the safety of passengers and crew before sinking

Lochner v. New York -

the Court voided a ten-hour-workday law because it violated workers' "liberty of contract" to accept any jobs they wanted, no matter how bad the working conditions or pay.

Socialism -

the government controls means of production and sometime even owns it;

Alfred T. Mahan

wrote "The Influence of Sea Power Upon History" where he argued the national greatness and prosperity flowed from, maritime power. Roosevelt ordered a copy of his book for ever American warship.