History Test Two
Mexican War
(1846-1848) Was the first in which an American army invaded another country and occupied its capital. Result: U.S. acquired vast new area. Supporters: Hermann Melville "national selfishness is unbounded philanthropy" Non Supporters: Ulysses S. Grant "one of the most unjust waged upon a stronger nation to a weaker nation" Henry David Thoreau: did not pay taxes for the war
Texas land division, the contrast between Clarkesville and Littlefield
Littlefield: designed by 1785 Land Ordinance like most West Texas Clarksville: meets and bounds An enlightenment by Jefferson to claiming land: rigid rectangles and perfect squares
Kitchenette
Small studio apartments including a bedroom and kitchen all together One room apartments that very not in very good condition, where migrant black families often ended up living during the Great Black Migration
"blockbusting"
The first black family to move into a white neighborhood, often lead to violence against that family and the removal of while families from the neighborhood First black family to move into white neighborhood Caused whites to move out
2 institutions on the imperial front of Spanish colonization
1)Presidios (defensive arm) Ex: La Bahia in Goliad TX 2)Missions (Religious, conversion arm) Ex: Mission Espirito Santo in Goliad TX [The 2 would have worked together]
3 phases of poverty in urban America
1. 1840-1890 Early Industrialization: Poor actively in labor market, majority of poor in the North 2. 1890-1950 Corporate Industrialization: Great Depression, World Wars, offering new degree of security, segregation in neighborhoods 3.1950-Present Post-Industrial Transformation: 70's rise of globalization, Poverty in the 50s
Across the Continent (1868) by Frances F. Palmer
Another painting depicting American ideologies of manifest destiny Painting, one half indian savage land one half small town farmstead.
Representational Sovereignty
As Native people have lived lives that refused the white expectations, they have also sought to represent their lives, portraying the ways in which Indian people have created distinctly Native spaces that are themselves modern. ► Result: confounding both stereotypes and ideologies that have been harmful Example: Smoke signal and on the rez
The Great Black Migration
Half million black southerners went north between 1916 and 1920 WWII trigger for mass movement of blacks out of the south to the North and West due to certain push and pull factors
Humane Borders (organization)
Humane Borders—a faith-based non-governmental organization (NGO) in Tucson founded in 2000— has volunteer force of 8,000. ► Constructed more than 80 emergency water stations throughout Arizona's Sonoran Desert border region ► Stations typically supplied with 6 65-gallon barrels of safe drinking water, food rations, and clothes Cost/Benefit Analysis ► Local, Pima County taxpayers spent $300,000 annually on recovery and storage of undocumented immigrants'bodies who die along Devil's Highway. ► This is substantially higher than the $25,000 that Humane Borders receives from Pima County for their rescue efforts faith-based, volunteer, constructed more than 80 emergency water stations, stations typically supplied with clothes, and food, put up posters about the dangers of desert and locations of emergency stations Ideology-help immigrants and lower deaths in the desert
Ford's River Rouge Plant
Increase of automated technology led to massive job loss in Detroit One of the largest industrial complexes in the world Shifted in 1940s with assembly line, less workers needed
Illinois Central Railroad
Railroad that was instrumental in helping transport migrants during the Great Black Migration Connects South to Chicago
Pine Ridge, South Dakota
Reservation discussed in On the Rez, Oglala Sioux home Place Ian Frazier visits in his article On the Rez, indian reservation for Oglala Sioux indians
American Exceptionalism
he belief that the United States alone has the right, whether by divine sanction or moral obligation, to bring civilization, or democracy, or liberty to the rest of the world, by violence if necessary ► The utterly unique status of the U.S. ► It started as early as 1630 in the Massachusetts Bay Colony when Governor John Winthrop uttered the words that centuries later would be quoted by Ronald Reagan. Winthrop called the Massachusetts Bay Colony a "city upon a hill."Reagan embellished a little, calling it a "shining city on a hill."
Stereotype
important tool for understanding the relationship between representation— images, texts, music, and performance—and the concrete exercise of power Originally a word from the printing industry, stereotype referred to a printing plate capable of reproducing copies undistinguished by individual difference In short, a stereotype is like a sound bite: ►that is, a crudely descriptive connection between expectation, power, and representation. They are broad generalizations about a group of people that are imposed over the public
Bracero program
started in August 1942-1964. A guest-worker treaty, By 1964, when the program ended, more than 4.5 million Mexicans had participated.
Minutemen Project
The Minuteman Project (MMP), founded in 2005 in Tombstone, AZ, is an organization of armed civilian volunteers who patrol parts of the Hyperborder. ► Claims that its primary goal was to draw attention to the border and undocumented immigration. ► Since its founding, MMP activities spread to CA, TX, NM, IL, WA, OR Criticism of the MMP abounds ► President George W. Bush described the group members as vigilantes and Mexico's former President Fox has dubbed them "immigrant hunters" Recession took a toll on volunteers, making patrols an expensive enterprise ► Infighting and controversy Criminal elements Ties to white supremacy ► Hard to maintain: group with members from across country Taking anti-immigrant sentiments to extreme ► Drop in recent undocumented immigration ► Message has been taken up by tea party wing of Republican party anti-immigrant group, armed volunteers who patrol parts of the border, Bush called them Vigilantes, declined in 2010 due to economic recession, controversial with ties to white supremacy Ideology- viewed immigrants in a negative light, may view them as trying to take away jobs
U.S. Border Patrol
The U.S. Border Patrol began in 1924
Sharecropping
basically a new form of slavery, the sharecropper was tied to the land and were required to pay for their own seed, food, furniture, with money they often borrowed, they were paid based on how much they harvested and were often caught in a endless circle of debt with the plantation owner
The Devil's Highway
book by Luis Alberto Urrea about a group of immigrants who crossed the Mexican-American border through the desert known as the Devil's Highway and the struggles they faced
Laws of the Indies, esp. "Royal Ordanances for the Laying Out of New Cities, Towns, or Villages"
by Phillip II King of Spain 1537 -148 laws that detail how Spain will interact with the New World, 1st urban planning document, no matter where they are, they have an idea of what the town will look like
3 Traditional functions of borders
1. Protect against outside threats 2. Regulate flow in and out of geographical boundaries 3. Help define socio- cultural identities within nation
"Operation Wetback"
1954 Government launches "Operation Wetback" because Illegal immigration increased after the war ended; Nearly 1 million Mexican immigrants deported back to Mexico. legal parameters around who is and who is not welcome are always in flux, highlights a fundamental tension in U.S Border Policy: Fear of immigration meets with a reliance on immigrants for labor
NAFTA
1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) a contributing factor to growing illegal immigration benefited America and harmed Mexico due to a lack of good infrastructure
Post 9/11 Homeland Security
1.6 million illegal immigrants apprehended in 2000; INS estimates 7 million illegal immigrants living in the United States in 2000 -The 9/11 terrorist attack in 2001 intensified security at the border. -Creation of Department of Homeland Security -2004 Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act essentially doubles the Border Patrol Force 2014 saw a massive surge in children arriving from Central America: 10,000 children were apprehended at the border in June 2014 alone ►Key issues: security, labor, path to citizenship, rights of children/education rights
Forces shaping economic geography of post war detroit
1.Central Industrial locations less necessary: highway construction facilitated the distribution of goods 2.Growing preferences: preference for one story plants could not be met in heavily developed urban cities 3.Introduction of automated processes: especially in automotive industries, draw out small uncompetive firms out of business 4.Other Forces: desire to reduce tax; labor force that is not unionized 5.Employers left industrial centers
Six types of American Imperial territories (identify each, give a general description of what is meant by American imperial territories, and provide a detailed example for one that you believe to be especially important)
1.Protectorate: Simplest form, subordinate people formally recognized by treaty but left largely undisturbed 2. Indigenous State: a more formalized and coherent form of indirect rule, recognition of a local ruler and assigns him to administer his people and territory as surrogate of imperial ruler, such "native states" more likely the product of alliance than direct conquest 3. Minorated Society: a favored technique where U.S. floods the annexed area so heavily and quickly so that the indigenous majority becomes an minority (Ex. Louisiana) 4. Direct Rule: Imperial state assigns a governor to rule territory, local customs might be only modestly disturbed, but language, laws, courts are imposed 5.Drastic Reduction and Dependency: When a weaker people occupy coveted land therefore reduce natives to a small reserve of least desirable land 6.Complete Removal to a New Reserve: uproot an entire people, Cherokees removed to Indian Territory (Oklahoma) in 1838 Examples: 1)simple, how it started 2)proposal for Cherokee state 3)Louisiana 4)New mexico 5)Pine ridge SD 1889 6)Conrad 1853 with Ho-Chunk tribe
Forces that maintained racial (residential) segregation in cities like Detroit
1.White resistance-race riots 2.A racially divided real estate market 3.Federal Housing Policy-walls to divide neighborhoods more than 200 riots block busting huge walls
Land Ordinance of 1785
A move by the US government to divide land west of the original colonies to sell and raise money after acquiring the land after the Revolutionary War. The ordinance established a systematic and ubiquitous process for surveying, planning and selling townships in the western frontier. example of Texas land division, some areas are divided up into little grids and others are not Represents dramatic difference in land use patterns. No longer divided by metes & bounds Example: Clarkesville and Littlefield
Langston Hughes
Black poet from Missouri who wrote poetry about the south such as the poem "One-Way Ticket" Prominent figure during the Great Black Migration Only one way to go, north or west or anywhere but south super hopeful
First mass deportation of Mexicans and Mexican Americans
Came during the Great Depression; (due to lack of jobs and bad economic times) over 1 million Mexican natives AND American citizens are sent back across the border as part of a "voluntary" repatriation movement Problems: People return with no were to go and are stuck in places they do not want to be Donald Trump today
Chicago's South side "Black Belt"
Chain of neighborhoods in south Chicago where 3/4 of the city's black population lived
"Geronimo's Cadillac" by Michael Murphey (1972) and Geronimo at the Wheel by Walter Ferguson (1904)
Challenged stereotypes NAs don't drive cars, savage, in touch w/nature, Whites don't talk to NAs but about them, whites stole their land The first is a song written in response to the picture Geronimo at the wheel by Walter Ferguson that shows an indian man driving a car, the song shows an example of expectations people have of other people and how they believe they should act based on certain stereotypes
Chicago and how it fits (or does not fit) Turners model of frontier settlement
Does not fit pattern. Went straight from 2→6 with little transition (1820;1857) Not every city follows his model Challenge to Turner's model because it showed a massive growth in the city which directed much development of the surrounding midwest, goes against phase idea
Three European Empires that created place in North America
England, Spain, and France
Stages of Turners Frontier Thesis (6 stages)
Evolutionary phases 1. Wilderness 2.Trader's Frontier 3.Rancher's Frontier 4.Farmer's Frontier 5.Intensive Agriculture 6.City and Factory
Deproletarianization of industrial centers
Factors 1.Persistant discrimination in hiring 2.Technological change 3.Decentralized manufacturing 4. Urban economic decline Led to what Wilson was talking about with the growing joblessness
The Greenville Social Club
Featured in the documentary "Goin' to Chicago", they are a travel club of black people who moved from the south to Chicago and they go back to the South together for reunions Group of people make annual trip from Chicago to Greenville MI (Hometown)
Ideology
Ideology as: 1) abstract and false thought; illusion Example: Napoleon 2) a set of ideas that arise from one's or a group's social conditions Example: conservative ideology, liberal ideology, feminist ideology, Christian ideology, etc. A set of beliefs or viewpoints that one group has that makes value judgements about the world
Sojourner Truth Housing Project
Project that wanted to create homes for blacks and was fiercely opposed by whites who did not want blacks next to their all white neighborhood, lead to the Detroit Race Riot of 1943 overcrowding, white opposition
Jim Crow Laws
Laws that enforced segregation in areas such as transportation, restaurants, public facilities, libraries, education and housing "Separate but equal" but not really. Way for whites to have control and blacks to feel inferior
Victor Joseph and Thomas builds-the-fire
Main characters in the movie Smoke Signals. Victor accepts stereotypes (ex. bus scene) Thomas doesn't act aware of stereotypes and is very much himself all the time
"Coyote"
Member of a Mexican gang who leads immigrants across the Devil's Highway as they cross the border from Mexico to America, gangs are very corrupt and coyotes tend to be younger men
Early U.S. Imperialism
Mexican War, driving out Native Americans. First taste of US imperialism (Talk about 6 types)
The Chicago Defender
Most influential black weekly newspaper that was started in 1910, offered a voice to black people, key source of information for black people in the North and South Newspaper used to inform AA of jobs far away also run by AA key source of information for AA
Smoke Signals (1998)
Movie written and directed by Native Americans, example of representational sovernty because they were in charge of how they were presented
Red Cloud Woman in Beauty Shop (1941)
Native American woman dressed traditionally getting hair and nails done by American woman. Smiling cordial brings up questions of integration of Natives into American culture and American treatment of Natives
Hyperborder
Not an empty space, but a dynamic place that includes other types of barriers between the U.S. and Mexico The busiest (> one million crossings daily) and among the most contrasting international borders ►9th longest in the world ►A dynamic site that encompasses modern global issues ranging from migration and trade to international relations and national sovereignty Border: 1) Political 2) Cultural 3) Economic
Le War Lance
On The Rez, Frazier's friend, Friend of the author of On the Rez, indian who lives on the reservation, can be connected with ideas of stereotypes/ideologies and expectations
SuAnne Big Crow
On the rez. High school basketball star, played for Lady Thorpe's team in 1987-1991 Strong advocate and public speaker against drugs and alcohol, died in car accident before she turned 18 Indian girl featured in the article On the Rez, dances a traditional dance at a basketball game when others start to do a racist dance. Signifies the breaking of stereotypes by exemplifying what it actually is
Push and pull factors in Great Black Migration
PUSH 1. State of poor education for rural African Americans in the South 2. Vigilante Violence (Ex. Lynching) 3.Sharecropping 4.Jim Crow Laws PULL 1.Education opportunities 2.Industrial work 3. SEEMINGLY more equitable and flexible race relations
Westward the course of empire takes its way (Westward Ho!) (1861) by Emanuel Leutze
Painting depicting the ideology of Manifest Destiny and American Imperialism painting: light vs. dark - left is bright, right is dark towards mountains. everyone is looking west - even though there is a lot of chaos going on, moving on towards westward direction. people themselves are transitioning as they are moving west - right side clothing looks different than what people are wearing on the left side
American Progress (1872) by John Gast
Painting that depicts American Ideology of Manifest Destiny and that Americans have a god-given right to settle the west Angelic figure, light/dark contrasts, mobility,
Ida Mae Brandon Gladney
Person from the book The Warmth of Other Suns by Isabel Wilkerson, she moved from Mississippi to Chicago Sharecropper wife left Mississippi for Chicago with her husband and children. Economic and social mobility
"Win This Indian Car" by Tom Jones
Photo series depicting the breaking of stereotypes in efforts to change ideology The stereotype is that all NA's are the same and this becomes the basis for our idealogy that taking Shows how integrated NAs are into society
A restrictive clause or covenant in housing
Rule or statement that prevents African Americans from living in a certain area Legal effort to keep blacks out of white neighborhoods post Jim Crow
McKinley Morganfield (Muddy Waters)
Song 1941 "I Be's Troubled" 1948 "I Can't Be Satisfied" Premigration and Postmigration
Dawes General Allotment Act of 1887
Sought to divide Indian land held in common (usufruct rights) and force Native people to occupy individual homesteads The results of this ideological decision: a stunning loss of land and the descent into chronic poverty. ► According to John Collier, the Commissioner of Indian Affairs during the 1930s, when the Dawes Act was repealed: allotment served as "the principal tool"of the official policy of destruction of tribal life and the cause of "poverty bordering on starvation in many areas, a 30 percent literacy rate, a death rate twice that of the white population, and the loss of more than 90 million acres of Indian land." Split up land into plots and gave them to families, allotment sought to impose forcibly a change in social evolutionary status, from hunter-gather to sedentary farmer
Spanish colonial city plan/layout
Were often set up in grid like fashion with the mission being the center of the city, these layouts were applied to every city, no mater the physical geography of the area. - City with geometric design with plenty of open space - near a source of water - face North South, East West - lands with different uses Example: Sante Fe, New Mexico
"Operation Gatekeeper"
Tightening the border: El Paso experience was essentially replicated in 1994 as Operation Gatekeeper in San Diego. -Operation Gatekeeper expanded on the building of a 10-foot-high steel fence, adding ground seismic sensors, patrol roads, and other surveillance upgrades, which cut apprehensions by half over the next five years. The goal was to push migrants into more remote and difficult locations to dissuade them from crossing. -An unintended consequence of this was to increase the number of deaths of migrants trying to traverse the scorching desert. ►This, of course, is the story told in The Devil's Highway
"Operation Hold the Line"
Tightening the border: In 1993, the first of a series of national security initiatives was launched. The crackdown targeted the area around El Paso, Texas, and Ciudad Juarez, Mexico. -Doubled the number of border agents patrolling the area around the clock. -Apprehensions of illegal immigrants dropped significantly in the area.
1890 Census
Upon viewing the 1890 census population map, Turner declared that the disappearing of the "frontier line"marked "the closing of a great historical moment": although the west was in no danger of "filling up" the last decade of the 19th century culminated a century of continental expansion
Reach of Spanish Empire
Used stratification Mexico, Texas, California, Arizona, Florida
The Migration Series (1940-1941) by Jacob Lawrence
Visual arts, not personal but thousands, millions of people comparable to Muddy Waters
Index of Dissimilarity (as measured in Detroit)
Way of measuring division of race The index of dissimilarity is very high in Detroit, neighborhoods are still divided by race (Ex. 8 mile road in Detroit)
The New Urban Poverty or "From Institutional to Jobless Ghettos"
William Julius Wilson new group of poor people unattached or loosely attached to job market Theres a lot of problems associated with not having job security: gang violence, drug trade, lack of father figure, teen pregnancy, William Julius Wilson describes a new group of poor people those unattached or loosely attached to the the labor market, increasingly excluded from manufacturing jobs that provided some opportunity for working people in the past
Frederick Jackson Turner
Wrote frontier thesis A progressive. Change=Good Presentist: spoke directly to the current conditions Turner thus based his Frontier Thesis on this geographical pattern and historical sequence: "the existence of an area of free land, its continuous recession, and the advance of American settlement westward, explain American development."(emphasis added)
Frontier Thesis (and criticisms of it)
the existence of an area of free land, its continuous recession, and the advance of American settlement westward, explain American development Everyone at the time thought it was the greatest thing ever Critics include Richard Hofstadter who mentioned Turner's whole thesis les in the fact that no nation could spend more than a century developing an immense continental empire without being deeply affected by it Frontier Thesis: taken from the 1890 census idea that 1890 marked the end of the frontier idea that moving west is moving away from European influence and becoming more American and that the Frontier had some some symbolic meaning Criticisms: "The F-Word" Was the frontier really empty? The Pristine Myth-idea that no one was in the west when it was really inhabited by Natives Key Themes: Imperialism, American Exceptionalism, Mobility and Migration-Americans migrating west, Stereotypes/ideologies-Americans were "saving the Natives", Manifest Destiny