HIT 135 - ch 21-22, HIT 135 - 20, HIT 135 - CH 18-19, HIT 135- CH 16, 17, HIT 135 - ch 14-15, HIT 135 - CH 12-13 Lymphatic and Immune Systems /, HIT 135 - CH 10-11 : Cardio/ Hematology, HIT 135 CH 9, HIT 135 - 7,8, 9, HIT 135 - CH 6, HIT 135 - CH 5

choriocarcinoma MALE

Highly malignant cancer in a testis or ovary KOH-ree-oh-kar-sih-NOH-mah S/-oma tumor R/CFchori/o- membrane, chorion R/-carcin- cancer

Hip Joint Disorders and Injuries

Hip pointer, Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Avascular necrosis Fractures

syringomyelia, compression

In fluid-filled cavities grow in the spinal cord and compress nerves that detect pain and temperature. There is no specific cure.

RBC antigens

In the surfaces of red blood cells are molecules called antigens. In the plasma, antibodies are present. Each antibody can combine with only a specific antigen. If the plasma antibodies combine with a red cell antigen, bridges are formed that connect the red cells together. This is called agglutination, or clumping, of the cells. Hemolysis (rupture) of the cells also occurs.

axillary vein

In the upper limb, the superficial veins merge to form. These also flow into the axillary vein

PID (pelvic inflammatory disease)

Inflammation of the cervix, endometrium, uterus, Fallopian tubes, ovaries (complication of gonerrhea) combo of two drugs : cefotetan (cefotan) and doxyclyine (vibramycin) clindimycin (cleocin) and gentamicin (garamycin) cefoxitin (cefotan) and doxycycline (vibramycin)

venous sinuses internal jugular veins.

Inside the cranial cavity, venous sinuses around the brain drain into the right and left internal jugular veins.

subcutaneous injections

Intramuscular and establish a "depot" for a drug that is released gradually, depending on the drug's formulation, into the systemic circulation. For example, oil-based medications are released more slowly than water-based. An IM injection of Depo-Provera, a birth control drug, works steadily for a three-month period. An intradermal route for medications is rarely used, except in allergy testing.

metrorrhagia

Irregular bleeding between mentraul period is called

Epididymitis and epididymoorchitis epididymoorchitis MALE

(ep-ih-DID-ih-moh-or-KIE-tis) (orchitis)synonym Inflammation of the epididymis and testicle. Also called orchitis. ep-ih-DID-ih-moh-or-KIE-tis S/-itis inflammation P/epi- above R/CF-didym/o testis R/-orch testicle

Infections of the Brain

- encephalitis - bacterial infections - viral infections -Brain abcess -Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease -Encephalitis

Systemic Venous Circulation

-3 major types of viens Superficial—such as those you can see under the skin of your arms and hands. Deep—running parallel to arteries and draining the same tissues that the arteries supply. Venous sinuses—in the head and heart and having specific functions.

Myelin Sheath of Nerve Fibers - disorders

-Demyelonation -Guillan-barre syndrome -MS multiple sclrerosis -Tay-sachs disease

Meninges - disorders

-subdural hematoma -epidural hematoma -meningitis -meningioma

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

. A balloon-tipped catheter is guided to the site of the blockage and inflated to expand the artery from the inside by compressing the plaque against the walls of the artery.

A.S

. for the left ear,

Adduction

. is movement toward the midline Adduction is bringing it back to the side of your trunk Adduction is bringing them back together (

1 restrictive lung disorders in which the lung tissue is fibrotic or scarred and resists expansion, there will be a reduction in the FVC.

1 obstructive lung disorders such as asthma or COPD, the lumina of the airways are constricted and resistant to airflow. This will cause a reduction in the FEV1.

macula lutea

Just lateral to the optic disc at the back of the retina is a circular, yellowish region called the

Erectile vascular bodies - The shaft of the penis contains three

2 corpora cavernosa are located dorsolaterally. 1 corpus spongiosum is located inferiorly. It contains the urethra and goes on to form the glans.

urinary system 6 organs

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Salivary Glands

2parotid, 2 sublingual, 2 submandibular glands

Heart Layers

3 layers Endocardium—a single layer of cells over a thin layer of connective tissue lining the heart. Myocardium—cardiac muscle cells that enable the heart to contract. Epicardium—a thin serous membrane that is the inner layer of the pericardium.

MCHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration)

31-36% Hb/cell* (commonly used: 32 - 36 g/dL) Concentration of hemoglobin per RBC

MCV mean corpuscular volume

80-100 fL The mean corpuscular volume, or mean cell volume, is a measure of the average volume of a red blood corpuscle. The measure is attained by multiplying a volume of blood by the proportion of blood that is cellular, and dividing that product by the number of erythrocytes in that volume.

tomogram

A cross-sectional image of an organ or body part at various depths of field produced by an X-ray technique. used in CT's

Oblique fracture

A diagonal fracture runs across the long axis of the bone.

Rotational atherectomy.

A high-speed rotational device is used to "sand" away plaque. This procedure has limited acceptance.

Gallbladder

A muscular sac attached to the liver that secretes bile and stores it until needed for digestion

PROSTAE, SEMINAL VESICLES AND BULBOURETHRAL GLANS ARE:

ACCESSORY GLANDS

Leukocyte esterase in urine

Abnormal finding; released from lysed granulocytes (WBC); suggests UTI

occipital lobes

After leaving the chiasm, the fibers form the optic tract and then the optic radiation to take the nerve impulses to the visual cortex in the occipital lobes at the back of the brain. Here the incoming visual stimuli are interpreted

optic chiasm

After the optic nerves leave the back of the retina and eyeball, they leave each orbit through the optic foramen. They converge into an "X" called the optic chiasm Here, the fibers from the medial half of each retina cross to the opposite side of the brain.

Hypersensitivity

Allergies, which are reactions to environmental antigens such as pollens, molds, and dusts; to foods such as peanuts, shellfish, and eggs; to plants such as poison ivy; to sunlight (Figure 12.8); and to drugs such as penicillin, as well as asthmatic reactions to inhaled antigens (see following text). Abnormal reactions to your own tissues (autoimmune disorders). is an excessive immune response to an antigen that would normally be tolerated. Reactions to tissues transplanted from another person (alloimmune disorders).

UTI medications

Alpha-blocking agents Urinary Analgesics Antibiotics

TCA to treat depression

Amitrptylline

United States Pharmacopeia (USP),

Another agency, the United States Pharmacopeia (USP), sets the standards for the quality, purity, and safety of the medications to be enforced by the FDA to protect the public health.

Atherosclerosis

Atheroma in arteries. and can lead to arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD).

B cells T cells

B cells that differentiate into plasma cells. These are stimulated by bacteria or toxins to produce antibodies, or immunoglobulins (Igs). as bacteria, which they kill with toxins they secrete. T-cellsthat attach directly to foreign antigen-bearing cells such as bacteria, which they kill with toxins they secrete.

Cardiovascular Drugs

BEta Blockers - olols Statins ACE angiotensin converting enzyme ARB angiotensin receptor blocker AV atrioventricular CCB calcium channel blocker tPA tissue plasminogen activator chronotropic - alter HR inotropic drugs alter the contractions of the myocardium. Dromotropic drugs affect the conduction speed Anticoagulants -Streptokinas

Prepuce Disorders of the MALE

Balanitis—infection of the glans and foreskin with bacteria or yeast. Phimosis—a condition in which the foreskin is tight because of a small opening and cannot be retracted over the glans for cleaning (Figure 7.13). It can lead to balanitis.

degenerative joint disease (DJD).

Because it is a wear-and-tear disease, it is sometimes called degenerative joint disease (DJD). The degenerative process begins in the articular cartilage, which cracks and frays, eventually exposing the underlying bone. Osteoarthritis (OA)

choroid

Behind the photoreceptor layer of the retina is a very vascular layer called the choroid. This layer, together with the iris and ciliary body, is called the uvea.

pulmonary embolus

Blockage of the pulmonary artery or one of its branches due to a translocated clot

skeletal system - four components of the

Bones Cartilage Tendons Ligaments

stereotactic radiation drugs

Brand names for these therapies include Gamma Knife, Cyberknife, Tomotherapy, and Truebeam.

Digestion

Breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used

ER-positive estrogen-receptor

Breast ca whose cells have receptors fro estrogen that promote their growth

Disorders of Arteries

Broken down into damage to the walls, and blockages. arteriosclerosis- hardening of the arteries. thickening and calcification. the blockage causes: ischemia- decreased blood supply to a tissue, necrosis- complete tissue death, gangrene- large sections of tissue become necrotic and start to decay. PVD, anuerysm, intercranial aneurysm, buerger disease (thrhomboangiitis obliterans), corotid artery disease

More effective than chest x-rays at identifying early tumors:

CT

More effective than chest-x-ray at identifying early tumors

CT

Kaposi sarcoma

Cancers also can invade, and a form of malignancy called Kaposi sarcoma is often seen in association with autoimmune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).

SUffix of PRoduce

Carcinogen

CTS Carpal tunnel syndrome

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) develops on the front of the wrist and results from inflammation and swelling of overused tendon sheaths Repetitive movements, like typing on a computer keyboard, can lead to CTS. A feeling of "pins and needles" or pain and loss of muscle power in the thumb side of the hand are common.

controlled drugs

Certain groups of prescription drugs that are considered to have a potential for abuse are called

pneumoconioses

Chronic infections of the lung parenchyma are the result of prolonged exposure to infection or to occupational irritant dusts or droplets. These disorders are called

Tears Functions

Clean and lubricate the surface of the eye. Deliver nutrients and oxygen to the conjunctiva. Prevent infection through a bactericidal enzyme called lysozyme.

AV node (atrioventricular node)

Conduction relay node between the atria and ventricles. Signal from the SA node travels through the AV node to the ventricles

HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy)

Consists of 3 drugs: antiretroviral agents -2 NRTI's + 1 NNRTI or 1 Protease Inhibitor

Medication that halts cell devision

Cytostatic

Pulmonary Circulation

Deoxygenated blood from the body flows into the right atrium of the heart and then into the right ventricle, which pumps it out into the pulmonary trunk This trunk branches into the right pulmonary artery to the right lung and the left pulmonary artery to the left lung. Gas exchange occurs between the air in the lungs and blood Carbon dioxide is removed from the blood and excreted into the air. Oxygen is taken into the blood from the air in the lungs.

Secretin in pancreatic secretion

Digestive hormone that stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate to neutralize acid in duodenum.

DMARD disease modifying anti-rheumatic drug

Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs is a category of otherwise unrelated drugs defined by their use in rheumatoid arthritis to slow down disease progression. The term is often used in contrast to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and steroids. Disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) such as methotrexate (Trexall) are effective in reducing the signs and symptoms of RA, and other DMARDs such as hydrochloroquine (Plaquenil) and sulfasalazine (Azulfidine) can be added to methotrexate to enhance its effects

transdermal patches

Drugs also can be administered into the systemic circulation through the skin. Adhesive transdermal patches can contain drugs that migrate across the epidermis into the blood vessel-rich dermis, where they are absorbed into the systemic circulation. Medications for motion sickness, cardiac problems, birth control, and the chemicals testosterone and nicotine are administered by transdermal patches.

UTI

E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women) Tx: Bactrim, Ciprofloxacin trimpethoprim(trimpex, primsol) nitrofurantoin (furadantin, macrobid) cephalosporin portal of entry is through the urethra, because the female urethra is close to the anus bacteria can easily invade the urethra

efferent

EF-eh-rent Latin to bring away from Conducting impulses outward away from the brain or spinal cord

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

ELISA uses antibodies and enzymes linked to color-changing dyes to detect specific antibodies and chemicals. ELISA is used to diagnose HIV, West Nile virus, malaria, tuberculosis, and rotavirus in feces, as well as in drug screening.

epilepsy

EP-ih-LEP-see Greek seizure Chronic brain disorder due to paroxysmal excessive neuronal discharges epileptic (adj) EP-ih-LEP-tik S/ R/ -tic pertaining to epilep- seizure Pertaining to or suffering from seizures

corpus luteum

Endocrine tissue which produces hormones, estrogen, and progesterone which prepares the uterine lining for receiving an embryo

Microscopic Urinalysis

Examination of a drop of urine under the microscope to detect RBC's, WBC's, Casts, etc. through centrifuging urine

Artery and Vein anatomy

Except for the capillaries and venules, blood vessel walls show a basic structure of three layers: -tunica intima (innermost) -tunica media (mid) -tunica adventitia (outer connective tissue)

structures support and protect the exposed front surface of the eye.

Eyebrows eyelids Eyelashes Conjuctiva LAcrimal Apparatus

Hyperopia (farsightedness)

Farsighted people are said to have hyperopia in which only distant objects can be seen clearly. Because the eyeball is shortened, objects close to the eye are focused behind the retina and vision is blurred. Convex lenses are needed to correct the problem.

incontinence

Fecal occurs in about one-third of the elderly in institutional care, and is the second most common reason for committing the elderly to a nursing home. It can be produced by local causes such as chronic laxative abuse or muscle damage to the sphincter muscles in surgery or childbirth. It also is seen in dementia, multiple sclerosis, and diabetes.

Fimbriae

Fingerlike projection of the uterin (fallopian) tubes that drape over the ovary.

Colostrom (breast milk)

First milk produced by a mare following foaling. Contains globulins to provide the newborn foal with temporary immunity against disease. replaced by milk 2 or 3 days after birth

venules

From the capillaries, tiny venules accept the blood and merge to form veins. The veins form reservoirs for blood; at any moment 60% to 70% of the total blood volume is contained in the venules and veins.

capillaries and capillary beds

From there, the blood flows into capillaries and capillary beds There are approximately 10 billion capillaries in the body. Each capillary consists of only a single layer of endothelium supported by a thin connective tissue basement membrane. Between the overlapping endothelial cells are thin slits through which larger water-soluble substances can pass. Red blood cells flow through the small capillaries in single file.

ganglion ganglia (pl)

GANG-lee-on Greek swelling Collection of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS GANG-lee-ah

Hypothalamus Hormones of the

GHRH, GHIH, TRH, CRH, GnRH, PRH, PIH FSH and LH are gonadotropins and are released under the control of gonadotropin-releasing hormone [GnRH] of the hypothalamus

food intolerance

GI symptoms such as bloating, diarrhea, gas, heartburn

glans

GLANZ Latin acorn Head of the penis or clitoris

WBC - Types

Granulocytes neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, Agranulocytes monocytes, lmyphocytes

hydrocele nica vaginalis MALE

HIGH-droh-seal S/-cele cave R/CF-hydr/o- water Collection of fluid in the space of the tu

myelin

MY-eh-lin S/-in substance, chemical compound R/myel- spinal cord Material of the sheath around the axon of a nerve

migraine

MY-grain P/mi- derived from hemi; half R/-graine head pain Paroxysmal severe headache confined to one side of the head

Facial Bones.

Maxillary bones (2)—form the upper jaw, hold the upper teeth, and are hollow, forming the maxillary sinuses. Palatine bones (2)—are located behind the maxilla. Zygomatic bones (2)—form the prominences of the cheeks below the eyes. Lacrimal bones (2)—form the medial wall of each eye orbit. Nasal bones (2)—form the sides and bridge of the nose. Vomer bone—separates the two nasal cavities (Figure 14.16). Inferior nasal conchae (2)—are fragile bones in the lower nasal cavity. Mandible—is the lower jawbone, which holds the lower teeth. The third component of the axial skeleton, the rib cage, The lower anterior part of the skull comprises the 14 bones of the facial skeleton

types of immunotherapy include

Monoclonal Interleukins Interferons

condition of SARCOPNIA

Muscle

Sie effects of chemo can include

N & V , hair loss (alopecia) Anemia fatigue

AStrocytes, oligodenrocytes, microglia, ependymal, Schwann and satelite are :

Neuroglia

neuroglial cells are found in the PNS:

Neurolemmocytes (Schwann cells) form the myelin sheaths of the peripheral nerves that speed up signal conduction in the nerve fiber. Satellite cells are found around the neuron cell bodies. Their function is unknown.

oligodendrocyte

OL-ih-goh-DEN- droh-site S/-cyte cell P/oligo- scanty R/CF-dendr/o- treelike Connective tissue cell of the central nervous system that forms a myelin sheath

ankle has two joints:

One between the lateral malleolus of the fibula and the talus. One between the medial malleolus of the tibia and the talus.

paraphimosis phimosis MALE

PAR-ah-fi-MOH-sis S/-osis condition P/para- abnormal Condition in which a retracted prepuce cannot be pulled forward to cover the glans --------------------------- fi-MOH-sis R/-phim- muzzle Condition in which the prepuce cannot be retracted

pubis pubic (adj)

PYU-bis Latin pubic bone Bony front arch of the pelvis of the hip; also called pubic bone PYU-bik S/-ic pertaining to R/pub- pubis Pertaining to the pubis

Epilepsy: International League Against Epilepsy Classifications

Partial seizures occur when the epileptic activity is in one area of the brain only. For example, in a partial seizure the only symptom of an epileptic attack could be a series of involuntary jerking movements of a single limb. Generalized seizures: 3 main types

dysmenorrhea primary

Pelvic pain during a menstrual period that does not resolve with the onset of menses; severe cramping in this form, the problem is with the uterus, e.g., it hypersecretes prostaglandin Can being 1-2 days from the start of mensus TX: NSAID

Secondary Sex Organs: males

Penis scrotum system of ducts : epididymis, ductus vas deferens, urethra

PVD treatment - peripheral vascular disorders

Peripheral angioplasty is the use of a balloon to open a peripheral artery in the leg or abdomen and is often used with stenting. It is occasionally used to treat venous stenosis. Lifestyle changes to treat or prevent peripheral vascular disease include stopping smoking, regular exercise, healthy diet, and maintaining a healthy weight.

The most accurate non-invasive test for identifying if the cancer has metastasized:

Position emission tomography

Gestational Classification

Premature - less than 37 weeks Full Term - 37 - 42 Weeks Post mature - Longer than 42 weeks

Excretion

Process by which metabolic wastes are eliminated from the body

LH (luteinizing hormone)

Produced by Anterior lobe of Pituitary Gland. Targets ovaries and testes to stimulate estrogen secretion and egg maturation; stimulates sperm production. releases Progesterone

Seminal fluid MALE

Provide nutrients to the sperm as they are in the urethra and female reproductive tract. Neutralize acid secretions of the vagina (in which sperm cannot survive). Provide hormones (prostaglandins) that widen the opening of the cervix to enable sperm to enter more easily. Provide the fluid vehicle in which sperm can swim.

Reticul-

R/fine net

radical surgery MALE

RAD-ih-kal SUR-jeh-ree S/radical Latin root R/-ery condition, process of surg- operate Surgical procedure in which the affected organ is removed along with the blood and lymph supply to that organ.

Which of the following are types of ONCOGENES that cause malfunctions in groteth

RAS HER-2 SIS

Second leading cause of Lung CA (afteer smoking)

Radon

FDA.

Regulating the safety and effectiveness of prescription drugs in the United States is the responsibility of the

respiratory tract

Relating to the process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide. Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea trachea (TRAY-kee-ah) Air tube from the larynx to the bronchi. Bronchi and bronchioles Alveoli

eye CA

Retinoblastoma is the most common cancer in children and is diagnosed most commonly around 18 months of age. Twenty percent have the cancer in both eyes. The condition can be hereditary.

tympanic tim-PAN-ik

S/-ic pertaining to R/tympan- eardrum, tympanic membrane Pertaining to the tympanic membrane or tympanic cavity

seizure

SEE-zhur S/ure process R/seiz- to grab, convulse Event due to excessive electrical activity in the brain

sensory

SEN-soh-ree S/-ory having the function of R/sens- feel Having the function of sensation; relating to structures of the nervous system that carry impulses to the brain

chancre

SHAN-ker Latin cancer Primary lesion of syphilis

metaphysis

Sandwiched between the diaphysis and epiphysis is a thin area called the

Semen is derived from the secretions of several glands:

Seminal vesicles prostate gland bulbourethral gland testes

Functions of the Nervous System

Sensory input Motor input Homeostasis Evaluation and integration Mental activity

Ultrasound

Sound waves with frequencies above the normal human range of hearing can show the size of the uterus and shape of the vegina (vagnial US)

mammary glands

Specialized organs in mammals that produce milk to nourish the young 15-20 lobes that contain the secretory alveoli high in estrogen levels from teh lactiferious ducts to grw and banch high in progesterone stimulate the budding of aleoli at teh end of the ducts

Groove that separate GYRI is:

Sulcus

contraception IUD - intrauterine devices

T-shapes flexible plastic or copper device inserted to the uterus and left in place for 1-4 years failure rate 3%

temporal lobe

TEM-por-al LOBE S/-al pertaining to R/tempor- temple, side of head lobe Greek lobe Posterior two-thirds of cerebral hemispheres

scoliosis

The abnormal lateral curvature of the spine that is often congenital in origin is

HEart - base

The base of the heart lies behind the sternum and the second intercostal space, between the second and third ribs

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA).

The ductus arteriosus is a normal blood vessel in the fetus that usually closes within 24 hours of birth. When the artery remains open (patent), blood can shunt from the aorta to the pulmonary artery, and the higher pressure causes damage to the lungs.

brachiocephalic veins.

The external jugular veins empty into the subclavian veins. The internal jugular veins join with the subclavian veins on each side to form the

Fingers

The five fingers of one hand together have 14 bones called phalanges. The thumb has two phalanges. The remaining four fingers have three each

Circumsision MALE

The flap os skin covering the glans penis that is removed by circumcision -Prepuce and foreskin

Incomplete fracture

The fracture does not extend completely across the bone; it can be hairline (as in a stress fracture in the foot when there is no separation of the two fragments)

plasma cells

The mature B cells are called plasma cells and secrete large quantities of antibodies that immobilize, neutralize, and prepare the specific antigen for destruction.

pharmacokinetics

The path that a drug takes from the point of its application to reach the tissue where its effect is targeted is part of pharmacokinetics—the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of drugs. A drug's interaction at its target site(s) of action is called pharmacodynamics.

penile urethra MALE

The penile urethra passes through the single erectile body, the corpus spongiosum, to the external urethral meatus

Fetus Period

The third trimester in prenatal development (pregnancy). (8th week until birth) Lasting from the ninth week through the birth of the baby. muscles and bones form, vital organs continue to grow and begin to function, and in the last three months the brain develops rapidly.

sclera

The tough outer white part of the eye

Glial (neuroglial) cell

There are six types of neuroglia. Four are found in the CNS that lines membranes within the brain and spinal cord; helps form cerebrospinal fluid

B lymphocytes (B cells).

These cells mature in the bone marrow. B lymphocytes make up 15% to 25% of lymphocytes. They are activated by helper T cells, respond to a specific antigen, and cause the production of antibodies called immunoglobulins (Ig). The mature B cells are called

Diabetic Retinopathy

This disease occurs most frequently in diabetics whose blood sugar levels are not controlled. Some 50% of diabetics have retinopathy. In the early stages, microaneurysms of the small retinal blood vessels form. There are usually no symptoms. Later, hemorrhages can occur, leading to destruction of the photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) and visual difficulties Laser photocoagulation is usually effective in controlling the lesions; but once vision is lost from an area of the retina, it usually does not return

lymphatic functions

To absorb excess interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream. To remove foreign chemicals, cells, and debris from the tissues. To absorb dietary lipids from the small intestine

Final portion of the tubular system of the MALE reproductive system:

Urethra

Peristalsis of the ureters

Urine flow from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder is produced by: beginning from the renal pevis to the ureter and to the bladder

Radiocontrast agents,

Used in flouroscopy such as barium sulfate and iodine, are administered orally, rectally, intravenously, or into an artery and enhance the real-time imaging of dynamic processes such as blood flow in arteries and veins (angiography) or peristalsis in the GI tract.

varicocele MALE

VAIR-ih-koh-seal S/-cele cave, swelling R/CF varic/o- varicosity Varicose veins of the spermatic cord

Immmune threapy

VAccines again various types of CA show promise by extening survival reates.

atelectasis.

When an area of the lung collapses as a result of bronchial obstruction, the condition is called

coup

Your soft brain tissue is propelled forward and squished against the front of your hard skull ().

dysentery

a bacterial gastroenteritis of the intestines marked by severe diarrhea (blood and mucus)

HPV (human papilloma virus)

a group of viruses that can cause genital warts in males and females and can cause cervical cancer in females no cure but vaccines are available Cervarix Gardasil causes genital warts in both male and female and can also case changes to the cervix. Some strains of the virus can increase cervical CA. Treatment: Podophyllin, trichloracetic acid, Aldara cream, cryotherapy or laser therapy.

mucus

a sticky film containing mucin secretion from the mucosal glands

Anticholinergics

act as bronchodilators to improve lung function and the quality of life for COPD patients. Ipratropium bromide (Atrovent) opens up the medium and large airways by causing smooth muscles to relax. It is administered by inhalation through an inhaler or nebulizer. Its effect begins within 30 minutes and lasts three or four hours. Tiotropium (Spiriva) is a dry powder inhalation formulated for once-daily dosing providing 24-hour bronchodilation.

DPI

allows for the patient to inhale a dry medicated powder into the lungs.

BPH can be treated medically with MALE

alpha blockers to relax the bladder neck muscles and muscle fibers in the prostate gland and/or 5-alpha reductase inhibitors, which block hormones that spur the growth of the gland

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

also can affect the hip, beginning in the synovial membrane and progressing to destroy cartilage and bone.

accounts for 70@ of all dementia

alzhiemers

Palpation

an examination technique in which the examiner's hands are used to feel the texture, size, consistency, and location of certain body parts

Vascular spasm—

an immediate but temporary constriction of the injured blood vessel.

Activities of daily living (ADLs)

are the routine activities of personal care. The six basic ADLs are eating, bathing, dressing, grooming, toileting, and transferring. Assistive devices are designed to make ADLs easier to perform and help maintain the patient's independence. Examples of these devices include reachers and grabbers, easy-pull sock aids, long shoehorns, jar openers, and eating aids ADLs are also a measurement to assess therapy needs and monitor its effectiveness.

BOM

bilateral otitis media

cystitits

bladder infefction tx: trimpethoprim(trimpex, primsol) nitrofurantoin (furadantin, macrobid) cephalosporin

An early form of carcinoma in which there is no invasion of surrounding tissues is

carcinoma in situ

Myocardium

cardiac muscle cells that enable the heart to contract. All the heart muscle

Hodgkin lymphoma—

characterized by the presence of abnormal, cancerous B cells called Reed-Sternberg cells. These are large cells with two nuclei resembling the eyes of an owl The cancer spreads in an orderly manner to adjoining lymph nodes. This enables the disease to be staged, depending on how far it has spread. Diagnostic procedures include biopsy of an enlarged node to look for Reed-Sternberg cells, x-rays, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, lymphangiogram, and bone marrow biopsy. Treatment options include radiation, chemotherapy, and an autologous bone marrow transplant.

kidney size

clenched fist protected by adipose tissue

stress inconte

climbing stairs sneezing

ovarian cysts

collections of fluid within a sacs (cysts) in the ovary

myocaridal infarction

commonly known as an "MI" or "heart attack", is caused by a lack of blood supply to the heart muscle

mastalgia

condition of pain in the breast most common benign breat disorder

Intervertebral discs

consist of fibrocartilage and inhabit the intervertebral space between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae. They provide additional support and cushioning for the vertebral column. The center of the disc is a gelatinous nucleus pulposus.

DRE

digital rectal examination

Mouth Ulcers (Canker Sores)

erosions of the mucous membrane lining the mouth most common type APHTHOUS ULCERS lasting 3-4 days

quadriceps muscle

extends (straightens) the knee joint and, because of the lower leg's weight, it has to be a very strong muscl

scapula

extends over the top of the joint to form a roof called the acromion. The acromion is attached to the clavicle at the acromioclavicular (AC) joint.

Rehabilitation medicine

focuses on function. Being able to function is essential to an individual's independence and ability to have a good quality of life. Rehabilitation medicine is also involved with the prevention of function loss and the prevention of injury. In sports medicine, an example is the prevention of shoulder and elbow injuries often experienced by baseball pitchers.

Asbestosis

from inhaling asbestos particles can lead to a cancer (mesothelioma) in the pleura. Silicosis from inhaling silica particles is called stone mason's lung.

CRF (chronic renal failure) or CKD chronic renal disease

gradual loss of renal function symptoms appears @ 25% loss of function causes: diabetes, HTN, kideny disease, lead poisoning

liver function tests -types of enzymes

group of blood tests that evaluate liver injury, liver function, and conditions commonly associated with the biliary tract -protiens (protiens, albumin, globulin) low levels indicate liver damage -liver enzymes (ALT, AST SGOT) high levels indicate liver damage -cholestatic (break down of phospherous- high levels indicate liver and billiary duct disorders) -bilirubin

Schedule IV controlled substances

have a lower potential for abuse than Schedule III drugs. Schedule IV substances include benzodiazepines (for example, alprazolam [Xanax] and diazepam [Valium]).

Schedules II through V

have accepted medical uses and therefore may be prescribed, administered, or dispensed for medical use.

US

high frequency sound waves nd computer generated noninvasive images of the kidney

hyperplasia MALE

high-per-PLAY-zee-ah S/-ia condition P/hyper- excessive R/-plas- molding, formation Increase in the number of the cells in a tissue or organ

urinary bladder

hollow, muscular sac that holds and stores urine posterior of the pubic symphysis

term meaning an unfavorable response to medical or surgica tx, caused by the treatment itself

iatrogenic

Triple negative breast cancer

if breast ca cells have too many of GEne HER2 if breast Ca cells are negative for both hormone receptors and HER2

Oocyte (egg)

immature egg that is undergoing meiosis; upon completion of meiosis, the oocyte becomes an egg

Pulmonary rehabilitation

includes education, breathing retraining, exercises for the upper and lower extremities, and psychosocial support.

urethritis

infection of the urethra

Macrophages in the lymph nodes

ingest and break down the foreign matter and display fragments of it to T cells Macrophages are produced and stored in the spleen.

Pulmonary tuberculosis

is a chronic, infectious disease of the lungs.

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

is a nonspecific measure of inflammation.

Transplant immunity

is designed to cause rejection, and both cellular and humoral defense mechanisms are involved. To try to prevent this, the recipient and donor must match at both the human lymphocyte antigen (HLA) and blood group system (ABO) types. A combination of immunosuppressive drugs is used to control graft rejection, but the drugs have adverse side effects on the recipient. One combination is corticosteroids with cyclosporine or FK506. Other drugs are in clinical trials.

Muscle biopsy (Bx)

is performed by removing a small piece of the abnormal muscle through a hollow needle or a small incision to be sent to the laboratory for examination and analysis.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

is the most common leukemia in children.

Bone marrow transplant

is the transfer of bone marrow from a healthy, compatible bone marrow donor to a patient with aplastic anemia, leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, or other disease.

thyroid gland lies

just beneath the skin of the neck and below the thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple). It is about 2 inches (5 cm) across and shaped like a bow tie. Two lobes extend up on either side of the trachea and are joined by an isthmus

femoral vein

major vein of the thigh that receives blood from the deep femoral and great saphenous vein Structure immediately medial to femoral artery in femoral sheath They join together with veins from the pelvis to form the common iliac vein

Irregular bleeding between mentraul period is called:

metrorrhagia

digestive system / Alimentary Canal consists of:

mouth, pharynx esophagas, stomach, small instestine, large instestine, rectum, anus

propulsion

movement of food through the alimentary canal to teh anus. taking 24-36 hours steps: Deglutition: swallowing Peristalsis: waves of contractions and relaxation through the alimentary canal. Segmental contractions: contractions in the small intestines.

spina bifida cystica, DIsorder of peripheral nerves

no vertebral arch is formed. The spinal cord and meninges protrude through the opening and may or may not be covered with a thin layer of skin

vesicular

normal breath sound

ileus

obstruction of the intestine, often caused by failure of peristalsis paralytic ileus

ultrasonography

of the pleural space are chest imaging techniques in current use

lacunae.

osteoblasts cells, which maintain the matrix, reside in small spaces in the matrix called

osteoporosis treatment

osteoporosis, calcium (1200 mg daily) and vitamin D (800 IU daily) are both the accepted baseline prevention and treatment.

extracorporeal

outside the body

Intracranial aneurysms,

particularly at the base of the brain, are an important cause of bleeds into the cranial cavity

von Willebrand factor (vWF),

plasma protein secreted by endothelial cells; facilitates adherence of platelets to damaged vessel wall The binding and adhesion of platelets is mediated through von Willebrand factor (vWF), a protein produced by the cells lining blood vessels.

Platelets also called thrombocytes

play a key role in hemostasis.

HILA

plural of hilum The renal hilum is the entry and exit site for structures servicing the kidneys: ...

hernia of the rectum into the vagina

rectocele prolapse

HTN: Secondary hypertension

results from other diseases, such as kidney disease, atherosclerosis, and hyperthyroidism.

secondary HTN

results from renal or endocrine disease when teh kidney produces too much renin

Positron emission tomography (PET)

scanning produces two opposite traveling gamma rays to be detected concurrently to improve resolution. 18F-FDG is injected intravenously into the patient, and the radiation emitted is detected to produce multiplanar images of the body. Tissues, such as cancer, that are most metabolically active concentrate the 18F-FDG more than normal tissues. PET images can be fused with an anatomical CT image to improve diagnostic accuracy. In academic and research settings, PET images are now being fused with MRI images.

SAD

seasonal affective disorder

cystic fibrosis screening

second trimester screening

nasogastric aspiration and lavage

shows bright red blood indicates active upper GI bleeding

psychoactive

sigh-co-AK-tiv S/-active agent of change R/CFpsych/o- soul, mind An agent with the ability to alter mood, anxiety, behavior, cognitive processes, or mental tension

Prolactin

stimulates milk production from the pituitary gland

Acetylcholine—

stimulates muscle cells to contract. acetyl- acetyl - ROOT -choline choline - ROOT

mucin

substance which lubricated food and protects teh lining of the stomach

Sedatives

such as barbiturates and benzodiazepines quiet nervous excitement and newer sedative hypnotics such as zolpidem (Ambien), zaleplon (Sonata), and eszopiclone (Lunesta) also are used to treat insomnia.

Major Systemic Arteries

supplies oxygen and nutrients to all organs

placenta previa

the abnormal implantation of the placenta in the lower portion of the uterus can cause severe bleeding at birth and may lead to PPH - postpartum hemorrhage .

strabismus,

the alignment breaks down, and the resulting condition also known in lay terms as "squinting" or "cross-eyed."

Arthrocentesis,

the aspiration of fluid from the hip joint and replacement of the fluid with a steroid solution, is also performed frequently for osteoarthritis.

tunica intima (interna)—

the innermost layer of endothelial cells, with thin layers of fibrous and elastic connective tissue supporting them.

galactorrhea

the production of breast milk in a women who is not breastfeeding

Natural active immunity—

the production of your own antibodies as a result of normal maturation, pregnancy, or an infection.

1 - two major circulations:

the pulmonary and the systemic.

Leukoplakia

thickened, white, leathery-looking spots on the inside/outside of the mouth that can develop into oral cancer. prevalent in immuno compromised people (HIV) could be precancerous

Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval

to sell a particular drug, it is allowed to have 20 years of protected proprietary manufacture of the drug (patent) from the date of invention, which means that no other company can manufacture and sell the same drug during that period of time. After that period of time, however, the generic name of the drug becomes public property, and any drug manufacturer can manufacture and sell the drug under that generic name.

oligohydramnios

too little amniotic fluid

barium swallow (upper GI series) or barium meal

use of barium sulfate to see upper portion of digestive system less accurate than enteroscopy

Varicocele MALE

varicocele (VAIR-ih-koh-seal) Varicose veins of the spermatic cord. is a condition in which the veins in the spermatic cord become dilated and tortuous as varicose veins.

left subclavian artery part of the aortic arch

which supplies the left upper limb.

Inferior mesenteric artery,

which supplies the remainder of the large intestine.

trabeculoplasty,

in which the eye's drainage system is changed by the laser beam to enable the aqueous humor fluid to drain out more easily into the blood stream glucouma

Heart transplant,

in which the heart of a recently deceased person (donor) is transplanted to the recipient after the recipient's diseased heart has been removed. The immune characteristics of the donor and recipient have to be a close match.

Myasthenia gravis, Nueromuscular junction disorder Peripheral nerve disorder

in which the immune system produces antibodies that attack the acetylcholine receptors on the muscle cells. The common symptoms are drooping eyelids; weak eye muscles, causing double vision; difficulty talking and swallowing; and muscle weakness in the limbs.

appendicitis

inflammation of the vermiform appendix tenderness over the Mcburney point. can lead to peritonitis

RBC - shape

is a biconcave disc with edges that are thicker than the center This biconcave shape gives the disc a larger surface area than if it were a sphere. The biconcave surface area enables a more rapid flow of gases into and out of the RBC. are unable to move themselves and are dependent on the heart and blood to move them around the body.

Myasthenia gravis

is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by varying degrees of weakness of the skeletal muscles. The weakness increases with activity and decreases with rest. Facial muscles are often involved, causing problems with eye and eyelid movements, chewing, and talking. Antibodies produced by the body's own immune system block the passage of neurotransmitters from motor nerves to muscles.

sprain

is a stretching or tearing of a ligament.

common cold

is a viral upper respiratory infection (URI). It is contagious, being transmitted from person to person in airborne droplets from coughing and sneezing. There is no proven effective treatment.

Rhinitis

is an inflammation of the nasal mucosa, usually viral in origin. It is also called coryza

Osteoarthritis

is common in the hip as a result of aging, weight bearing, and repetitive use of the joint. The cartilage on both the acetabulum and the head of the femur degenerates, and eventually there is total loss of the cartilage cushion. The resulting friction between the bones of the head of the femur and the acetabulum leads to pain and loss of mobility.

Meningococcal meningitis

is contagious, spread through droplet infection by coughing and sneezing and through close living conditions, as in college dormitories. Vaccines are available to prevent most causes of meningitis

Nutritional support

is critical for patients who have difficulty breathing or who lose a lot of weight.

Polyneuropathy diabetic chronic polyneuropathy, -DIsorder of peripheral nerves

is damage to, and the simultaneous malfunction of, many peripheral nerves throughout the body. Symptoms of acute polyneuropathy include muscle weakness and a pins-and-needles sensation or loss of sensation. The symptoms begin suddenly in the legs and work upward to the arms. DIabetic: only sensation is affected, most commonly in the feet. Pins and needles, numbness, and a burning sensation are prominent

Mental health

is defined as emotional, behavioral, and social well-being such that an individual can cope with internal and external events.

Hemolytic anemia

is due to excessive destruction of normal and abnormal RBCs. Hemolysis can be caused by such toxic substances as snake and spider venoms, mushroom toxins, and drug reactions. Trauma to RBCs by hemodialysis or heart-lung machines can produce a hemolytic anemia.

Pernicious anemia (PA)

is due to vitamin B12 deficiency. This is caused by a shortage of intrinsic factor which is normally secreted by cells in the lining of the stomach and binds with vitamin B12; this complex is absorbed into the bloodstream. Without vitamin B12, hemoglobin cannot be formed. The RBCs decrease in number and in hemoglobin concentration and increase in size (macrocytic).

Cerebral edema

is excess accumulation of water in the intra- or extracellular spaces of the brain. It is associated with trauma, tumors, inflammation, toxins (such as aspirin in Reye syndrome), ischemia, and malignant hypertension.

Cor pulmonale

is failure of the right ventricle to pump properly. Almost any chronic lung disease causing low blood oxygen (hypoxia) can cause this disorder.

Fructosamine

is formed by glucose combining with plasma protein and reflects plasma glucose control over the preceding 1 to 3 weeks. A standard reference range for this test is not available.

tympanic cavity

is immediately behind the tympanic membrane. It is filled with air that enters through the eustachian (auditory) tube, and the cavity is continuous with the mastoid air cells in the bone behind it. The presence of air in the cavity maintains equal air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane, which is essential for normal hearing. The cavity contains the ossicles.

Urethrotomy

is incision of the urethra to relieve stricture caused by injury or infection.

Thyroid surgery

is indicated for a variety of conditions including cancerous and benign nodules, goiters, and overactive thyroid glands. The types of surgery that can be performed include: Excisional biopsy: removal of a small part of the gland. Lobectomy: removal of half of the thyroid gland (hemilobectomy). Total thyroidectomy: removal of all thyroid tissue. Near-total thyroidectomy: removal of all but a very small part of the gland. Endoscopic thyroidectomy: performed through a single small incision using a flexible lighted tube and video monitor to guide the surgical procedure. Laser ablation: a minimally invasive procedure used to remove benign thyroid nodules using ultrasound guidance without affecting the surrounding organ.

Bursitis

is inflammation of a bursa that can result from overuse of a joint, repeated trauma, or diseases such as RA.

medication aide

is licensed by the state to assist competent individuals, caretakers, and licensed health care professionals to administer medications. They work mostly in nursing homes and assisted living facilities.

thymus gland

is located in the mediastinum behind the sternum between the lungs and above the heart (Figure 17.14). It is large in children and decreases in size until, in the elderly, it is mostly fibrous tissue. It secretes a group of hormones that stimulate the production of T lymphocytes

pineal gland

is located on the roof of the third ventricle of the brain, posterior to the hypothalamus (Figure 17.2). It secretes serotonin by day and converts it to melatonin at night. The gland reaches its maximum size in childhood and may regulate the timing of puberty. It also may play a role in seasonal affective disorder (SAD), in which people are depressed in the dark days of winter.

flexion

is movement of a body part anterior to the coronal plane

POLST) Physician's Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment

is now available. This formal document is effectively a physician's order statement that is based on the patient's current medical condition and wishes. It has specific sections that list the patient's wishes for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), medical interventions, and artificially administered nutrition. It becomes a valid, durable component of the patient's medical record that health professionals must obey.

Reattachment of amputated fingers

is performed frequently. The bones are rejoined with plates, wires, or screws. The tendons are reconstructed. Nerves and blood vessels are joined back together by using microsurgical instruments.

Hypoglycemia

is present when blood glucose is below 70 mg/dL. Hormonal defense mechanisms (glucagon and adrenaline) are activated as the blood glucose drops below 55 mg/dL. Because brain metabolism depends primarily on glucose, the brain is the first organ affected by hypoglycemia. Impaired mental efficiency starts to be seen when the blood glucose falls below 65 mg/dL. It becomes very obvious (shakiness, anxiety, confusion, tremor) around 40 mg/dL, and below that figure seizures can occur. If the blood glucose falls below 10 mg/dL, the neurons become electrically silent, resulting in diabetic coma. Symptomatic hypoglycemia is sometimes called insulin shock.

Cyanosis

is seen when the blood has increased levels of unoxygenated hemoglobin, which has a characteristic dark gray-blue color. The color is best seen in the lips, mucous membranes, and nail beds where there is no skin pigmentation to mask it. Peripheral cyanosis occurs when there is peripheral vasoconstriction. The reduced flow allows hemoglobin to yield more of its O2, leading to increased unoxygenated hemoglobin. ue.

A.D.

is shorthand for the right ear

Papilledema

is swelling of the optic disc due to increased intracranial pressure. It is not a diagnosis; it is a sign of some underlying pathology. It is seen on ophthalmoscopic examination.

Serum ferritin

is the amount in the blood of the iron-protein complex that regulates iron storage and transport.

Incontinence

is the inability to prevent the discharge of urine or feces. It is a common, but never normal, part of aging. In the nursing home population, some 50% of residents have urinary incontinence. There are five main types of urinary incontinence: Urge incontinence, the loss of urine before one can get to the toilet, is the most common form in the elderly. It can be caused by strokes, multiple sclerosis, dementia, and pelvic floor atrophy in women or prostate enlargement in men. Stress incontinence is caused by weak bladder muscles. It occurs when the abdominal pressure when you cough, sneeze, laugh, or climb stairs overcomes the closing pressure of the bladder. Overflow incontinence is rare. It occurs when the bladder never completely empties and leaks small amounts of urine. Functional incontinence is an inability to reach the toilet in time; for example, due to arthritis, stroke, or dementia. Mixed incontinence is usually a combination of stress and urge incontinence.

Diffusion

is the means by which this capillary exchange occurs. Nutrients and oxygen diffuse from a higher concentration in the capillaries to a lower concentration in the interstitial fluid around the cells. Waste products diffuse from a higher concentration in the interstitial fluid to a lower concentration in the capillaries.

Osteogenic sarcoma

is the most common malignant bone tumor. Peak incidence is between 10 and 15 years of age; the tumor often occurs around the knee joint.

Trabeculectomy

is the most common traditional surgical procedure, in which a passage is created in the sclera to allow excess fluid to drain out of the eye. More recently, a small silicone tube has been placed from the surface of the eye into the anterior chamber to allow drainage of the excess fluid. Glaucoma treatment

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

is the most commonly injured ligament in the knee particularly in female athletes. The injury is often caused by a sudden hyperextension of the knee joint when landing awkwardly on flat ground, as in Gail's injury. Because of its poor vascular supply, once torn the ligament does not heal. The knee becomes unstable, risking further joint damage and arthritis.

talus

is the most superior of the seven tarsal bones of the ankle and proximal foot and its surface articulates with the tibia.

Lobectomy

is the removal of a lobe.

Glaucoma treatment

is treated with a combination of eye drops (see next section on ocular pharmacology), pills, laser surgery, and traditional surgery with the goal of preventing loss of vision. The most commonly used laser procedure is trabeculoplasty, in which the eye's drainage system is changed by the laser beam to enable the aqueous humor fluid to drain out more easily into the blood stream. Trabeculectomy is the most common traditional surgical procedure, in which a passage is created in the sclera to allow excess fluid to drain out of the eye. More recently, a small silicone tube has been placed from the surface of the eye into the anterior chamber to allow drainage of the excess fluid.

Rotation

is turning around an axis. Medial rotation of the upper arm bone, the humerus, with the elbow flexed brings the palm of the hand toward the body. Lateral rotation moves the palm away from the body

blepharoptosis

is used for sagging of the eyelids due to excess skin.

Oxygen

is used in hypoxia and can be given by nasal cannula or by mask. Patients with severe COPD can be attached to a portable oxygen cylinder

stethoscope

is used to detect normal (vesicular) and abnormal (adventitious) breath sounds. Abnormal breath sounds are categorized as: -Wheezes (Rhonchi) Crackles Plueral Rub Stridor

Polyps

large intestines intot he bowel lumen Tumors that grow on stem, resembling mushrooms. Polyps bleed easily, and some have the tendency to become malignant. most are benign needs endoscopic procedure to determine CA

calcaneal (Achilles) tendon

largest tendon in body; attachment for gastrocnemius and soleus

spermatids and then spermatozoa pl (sperm) - male

late process of making sperm

Cervical CA

less common than endometrial CA 35-55 y/o Found through Pap-test Precancerous stage abnromal cells (dysplasia) are found only in the out layer of the cervix

spinal cord

lies protected in the vertebral canal. Spinal nerves leave the spinal cord through the intervertebral foramina to travel to other parts of the body.

Ependymal cells

line the central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the brain. They help regulate the composition of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Monoclonal antibodies,

made in the laboratory, can attach to cancer cells to flag them so that macrophages in the body's immune system can recognize and destroy them. Two pathways inside cells that cancers use to evade the immune system have been identified and named PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4. These pathways can be blocked with antibodies called immune checkpoint inhibitors to allow the body's immune system to respond to the cancer. Immune checkpoint inhibitors ipilimumab (Yervoy), nivolumab (Opdivo), and pembrolizumab (Keytruda) have been shown to improve overall patient survival in advanced melanoma.

mist

may contain medication or can be composed of sterile water, which can be administered to soothe the upper airway, as in the treatment of croup.

MCHC

mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; the average concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of red blood cells

MCV

mean corpuscular volume; the average volume of a red blood cell

hilum of kidney

medial depression for blood vessels and ureter to enter kidney chamber

Anti-anxiety

medications include benzodiazepines such as diazepam (Valium), alazolam (Xanax), clonazepam (Klonopin), and lorazepam (Ativan) and the SSRIs named above (also see Table 18.1).

hormonal replacement therapy (HRT)

meds to relieve menopausal symptoms by replacement of low levels of estrogen and progesterone estrogen = estrone (converted by the livere) progesterone=progestin (sythetic version)

Meds for Opiates—

morphine, codeine, heroin, methadone, and oxycodone—-depress nerve transmission in the synapses of sensory pathways of the brain and spinal cord. They also inhibit centers in the brain controlling coughing, breathing, and intestinal motility. Codeine is used in cough medicines. Constipation is a side effect of all these drugs. Opiates are addictive because they produce tolerance and physical dependence.

thigh muscles

move the knee joint and lower leg. The anterior thigh (the front of the thigh) contains the large quadriceps femoris muscle. This muscle has four heads: the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and the vastus intermedius (which lies beneath the rectus femoris). These four muscle heads join into the quadriceps tendon (which contains the patella) and continue as the patellar tendon to be inserted into the tibia The quadriceps muscle extends (straightens) the knee joint and, because of the lower leg's weight, it has to be a very strong muscle

Reflux of urine

muscle wall of the bladder acts as a sphincter around the ureters to prevent reflux

ureter

muscular tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder 10 inches long

Wheezes (rhonchi):

musical quality; associated with bronchoconstriction found with asthma. Wheezes are characteristic of asthma.

microglia neuroglia

my-KROH-glee-ah P/micro- small R/-glia glue, supportive tissue of the nervous system Small nervous tissue cells that are phagocytes nyu-ROH-glee-ah R/CF neur/o- nerve Connective tissue holding nervous tissue together

eye disorders refractions

myopia - nearsighted - elongated eyeball Hyperopia - farsighted - shortened eyeball presbyopia - lens loses flexibility astigmatism - cornea curvature

HIV is found i

n blood, semen, vaginal secretions, saliva, tears, and the breast milk of infected mothers. The most common means of transmission of HIV are: Sexual intercourse (vaginal, oral, anal). Sharing of needles for drug use. Contaminated blood products. (All donated blood is now tested for HIV.) Transplacental (from an infected mother to her fetus). virus survives poorly outside the human body. It is destroyed by laundering, dishwashing, chlorination, disinfectants, alcohol, and germicidal skin cleansers.

Allergy - tests

nasal smears to check the amount of eosinophils in the nose. skin tests to measure the level of IgE antibodies in response to allergens that are injected under the skin or applied with a small scratch. A reaction appears as a small red area. blood tests measure IgE antibodies to specific allergens in the blood. A radioallergosorbent test (RAST) uses a radioimmunoassay to detect the specific IgE antibodies, but is now little used. Challenge testing is performed by an allergist, who administers a very small amount of an allergen orally or by inhalation and monitors its effect.

Certain insecticides (organophosphates) Nueromuscular junction disorder Peripheral nerve disorder

nerve gases used in chemical warfare that act on neuromuscular junctions.

scintigraphy

nuclear medicine procedure that visualizes various tissues and organs after administration of a radionuclide external detectors (gamma cameras) capture and form images from the radiation emitted by the tracers. This two-dimensional imaging is called scintigraphy scintigraphy (sin-TIG-rah-fee) Recording of radioactivity with a special camera.

Nerve compression Nueromuscular junction disorder Peripheral nerve disorder

occurring when the space around a nerve is constricted. The pinched nerve becomes edematous and later fibrotic and produces pain and paresthesias. Examples are sciatica sciatica (sigh-AT-ih-kah) Pain from compression of L5 or S1 nerve roots. , when the sciatic nerve is compressed in the lower spine, and carpal tunnel syndrome, when the median nerve is compressed at the wrist.

PAIN Phantom limb pain

occurs following the amputation of a limb or part of a limb. Any stimulation of the remaining intact portion of the sensory pathway coming originally from the limb is interpreted by the brain as coming from the original limb. he pain can be severe and debilitating or just an insatiable urge to scratch an itch.

Persistent vegetative state (PVS)

occurs in people who suffer enough brain damage that they are unaware of themselves or their surroundings, even though their eyes are open. Yet they still have certain reflexes and can breathe and pump blood because the brainstem still functions. Even reflex events like crying and smiling and the sleep-wake cycle can be seen. With medical care and artificial feeding, patients can survive for decades.

Spina bifida congenital anomalies nervous system

occurs mostly in the lumbar and sacral regions It is very variable in its presentation and symptoms.

shoulder subluxation

occurs when the ball of the humerus slips partially out of position and then moves back in.

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

occurs when the cusps of the valve bulge back into the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts, thus allowing blood to flow back into the atrium.

Pancytopenia

occurs when the erythrocytes (RBCs), leukocytes (WBCs), and thrombocytes (platelets) in the circulating blood are all markedly reduced. This can occur with cancer chemotherapy.

Cardiogenic shock

occurs when the heart fails to pump effectively and organs and tissues are perfused inadequately. The pulse is weak and rapid, and blood pressure (BP) drops. The patient becomes pale, cold, sweaty, and anxious.

Atrial fibrillation (A-fib)

occurs when the two atria quiver rather than contract in an organized fashion to pump blood into the ventricle. This causes blood to pool in the atria and sometimes clot. Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia (PAT) presents with periods of rapid, regular heartbeats that originate in the atrium. The episodes begin and end abruptly. The heart rate speeds up to 160 to 200 beats per minute.

Ptosis

occurs when the upper eyelid is constantly drooped over the eye due to paresis (partial paralysis) of the muscle that raises the upper lid It can be associated with diabetes, myasthenia gravis, brain tumor, and muscular dystrophy, all of which are described in subsequent chapters. The term blepharoptosis is used for sagging of the eyelids due to excess skin.

Central cyanosis

occurs with inadequate blood oxygenation in the lungs as a result of impaired airflow or impaired blood flow through the lungs. Central cyanosis is detected by examining the color of the lips, gums, and tong

Documentation medication

of having given medication is a vital responsibility of the caregiver. Medication errors must be documented, and should clearly state if it was one or more of the Five Wrongs—namely the wrong patient, the wrong drug, the wrong route, the wrong dose, or the wrong time.

Thyroiditis is an inflammation

of the thyroid gland. It presents in three forms: Silent lymphocytic thyroiditis is characterized by some thyroid enlargement and a self-limiting hyperthyroid phase of a few weeks, followed by recovery to the normal euthyroid state. Subacute thyroiditis has a history of an antecedent viral upper respiratory infection (URI) followed by signs of hyperthyroidism with a diffusely enlarged thyroid gland. It is self-limiting. Hashimoto disease is an autoimmune disease with lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid gland. Hypothyroidism results, necessitating lifelong synthetic thyroid hormone replacement therapy.

iatrogenic,

or arising from medical regimens

ACE inhibitors inhibit,

or slow, the activity of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). This action decreases the formation of angiotensin II, so blood vessels dilate more and blood pressure falls. Some 10 different ACE inhibitors have been approved to control hypertension, treat heart failure, prevent strokes, and improve survival rates after heart attacks.

orchiectomy (orchidectomy) MALE

or-kee-ECK-toh-mee S/-ectomy surgical excision R/CF orch/i- testicle Removal of one testis or both testes

premature beat (extrasystole)

originates in either the atrium or the ventricles or both. Mary occure individuals in all ages and could be associated with caffeine or stress.

Phalanges

phalanx (FAY-lanks) A bone of a finger or toe. Plural phalanges.

PRK

photorefractive keratectomy treatment for mypoia, hyperopia, etc

pg

picogram; one-trillionth of a gram

Horner syndrome

presents with a unilateral droopy eyelid (ptosis), small pupil, and decrease in perspiration on the face. It can occur in lung cancer and injuries to the head, neck, and cervical spinal cord The signs of Horner syndrome are due to the blocking of the sympathetic pathway to the eye.

Patellar subluxation or dislocation

produces an unstable, painful kneecap.

chronic otitis media with effusion (OME)

produces hearing loss because the sticky fluid prevents the ossicles from vibrating

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Neurology Diagnostic Procedures in

produces highly detailed anatomical images of most neurologic disorders, including strokes, brain tumors, and myelin sheath damage. Magnetic resonance angiography uses an injection of a radiopaque dye to produce images of blood vessels of the head and neck during MRI.

hospice

provides palliative care and provides for the emotional and spiritual needs of terminally ill patients and their loved ones at an inpatient facility or in the patient's home. Palliative care is designed to provide pain and symptom management to maintain the highest quality of life for as long as life remains.

Systemic Arterial Circulation

refers to the process wherein oxygenated blood enters the left side of the heart from the pulmonary veins. The blood passes through the left atrium into the left ventricle. The ventricle pumps it out into the aorta, which takes the blood to all areas of the body. The coronary circulation takes blood to and away from the myocardium. The peripheral vessels are those that carry blood to and from the other body tissues.

Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)

relate to independent living. These activities include managing money, using a telephone, cooking, driving, shopping for groceries and personal items, and doing housework.

Lung cancer,

related to tobacco use, used to be a male disease, but now fatalities in women from lung cancer exceed those from breast cancer. Ninety percent of lung cancers arise in the mucous membranes of the larger bronchi and are called bronchogenic carcinomas. The tumor obstructs the bronchus, spreads into the surrounding lung tissues, and metastasizes to lymph nodes, liver, brain, and bone.

mucous

relating to mucus

alpha blocking agents

relax smooth muscle assist in kidney stone to pass more easily

dementia

reminiscence therapy helps reinfore understanding and awareness of the environment treatmennt aims to maximize the patients quality of life an ability to communicate environemnt modifications can help twith memory, awareness, and orientation

simple mastectomy

removal of an entire breast but with the underlying muscle and axillary lymph nodes left INTACT

resection

removal of part or all of a structure, organ, or tissue usual tx for CA.

Osteoporosis

results from a loss of bone density when the rate of bone resorption exceeds the rate of bone formation. It is more common in women than in men, and its incidence increases with age. Ten million people in the United States already have osteoporosis, and 18 million more have low bone density (osteopenia) and are at risk for developing osteopor

Achilles tendinitis

results from a small stretch injury that causes the tendon to become swollen and painful. A larger partial or complete tear leads to loss of function with difficulty in walking and no ability to "push off."

Hypothyroidism

results from an inadequate production of thyroid hormone, leading to a slowing of the body's metabolism. Primary hypothyroidism, in which no specific cause is found, affects 10% of older women. Severe hypothyroidism is called myxedema. In developing countries, a common cause is lack of iodine in the diet. In the United States, iodine is added to table salt to prevent hypothyroidism, and iodine is also found in dairy products and seafood. Hypothyroidism causes the body to function slowly. Symptoms develop gradually. They include loss of hair; dry, scaly skin; puffy face and eyes; slow, hoarse speech; weight gain; constipation; and inability to tolerate cold Diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism is confirmed with a TSH blood level that is high. Treatment is to replace the thyroid hormone with synthetic T4 (L-thyroxine), which is started in small doses.

amino acid

results of protein breakdown

Leukopenia

results when the WBC count drops below 5,000 cells/mm3 of blood. Leukopenia is most often associated with neutropenia, but it also can be associated with decreases in the other white blood cells. This condition reduces the body's ability to fight infection.

rete testis MALE

rete testis (REE-teh TES-tis) REE-teh TES-tis rete Latin net testis Latin testis . Network of tubules between the seminiferous tubules and the epididymis. From here, they move into the epididymis, the ductus (vas) deferens, the ejaculatory duct, and finally the urethra to reach the outside of the body

papillae

rough, bumpy elevations on dorsal surface of tongue containg 4,000 taste buds that is replaced every 7-10 days.

HUS hemolytic-uremic syndrom

s a condition that affects the blood and blood vessels. It results in the destruction of blood platelets (cells involved in clotting), a low red blood cell count (anemia) and kidney failure due to damage to the very small blood vessels of the kidneys.

Cerebral palsy (CP) i

s the term used to describe the motor impairment resulting from brain damage in an infant or young child, regardless of the cause or the effect on the child. It is NOT hereditary. In congenital CP, the cause is often unknown but can be brain malformations or maternal use of cocaine; CP developed at birth or in the neonatal period is usually related to an incident causing hypoxia of the brain. Babies with very low birth weights are more likely to have CP. Cerebral palsy causes delay in the development of normal milestones in infancy and childhood. 75% occur during pregnancy; 5% during childbirth; and 15% during infancy up to age 3.

Digestive enzymes are produced by:

salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, small intestine

Heberden nodes

small, hard nodules formed in the cartilage of the distal finger joints in osteoarthritis

Special senses - vision hearing taste

start to decline in the twenties. Visual acuity declines at that time. In the forties, presbyopia begins, and many people develop cataracts later, in old age. Hearing loss occurs as the ossicles become stiffer and the number of cochlear hair cells declines Taste and smell also are blunted late in life, as taste cells and olfactory buds decline in number.

phimosis (male)

stenosis or narrowing of the foreskin so that it cannot be retracted over the glans penis uncircumcised male

Tranquilizers

such as chlorpromazine (Thorazine), haloperidol (Aloperidin), and the benzodiazepines calm like sedatives but without a sleep-inducing effect.

Meds for Tranquilizers,

such as chlorpromazine, haloperidol, and the benzodiazepines (Librium, Valium, Xanax), act like sedatives but without their sleep-inducing effect.

Opioids

such as morphine and codeine are naturally derived from opium poppy plants. Hydrocodone (Vicodin) and oxycodone (Percocet) are manufactured semi-synthetic opioids. Fentanyl is a fully synthetic opioid, 100 times more powerful than morphine. Methadone is another fully synthetic opioid. Heroin is an illegal drug synthesized from morphine and caused 13,219 deaths in 2016.

Suppressor T cells

suppress activation of the immune system. Failure of these cells to function properly may result in autoimmune diseases.

open surgery (renal stone)

surgical incision is made to expose the ureter and remove the stone rarely done

salpingectomy

surgical removal of a Fallopian tube

conization

surgical removal of a core of cervical tissue for biopsy

Oopherectomy

surgical removal of the ovaries

STD: vulvodynia

surgical treament (vestibulectomy)

prostate gland MALE

surrounds the urethra and emits a milky white fluid containing an enzyme that helps liquefy the sticky mass following ejaculation

major ligaments - injuries

that are commonly injured are the medial and lateral collateral ligaments and the posterior cruciate ligament.

Clotting factors

that hold the sperm together in a sticky mass until ejaculation

Hemostasis,

the control of bleeding, is a vital issue in maintaining homeostasis, the state of equilibrium of the body. Uncontrolled bleeding can take the body out of balance by decreasing blood volume and lowering blood pressure, leading to death.

hysteroscopy

the direct visual examination of the interior of the uterus and fallopian tubes using a thin, flexible, lighted tube called hysterscope to look for abnormalities in teh cervical canal and endometrium

colposcopy

the direct visual examination of the tissues of the cervix and vagina

EAR - external

the external ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear.

renal transplant (kidney transplant)

the grafting of a donor kidney, from either a living or nonliving donor, into the body to replace the recipient's failed kidneys tx: tacrolimus (prograf) , mycophenolate (cellcept) prednisone (generic)

face presentation abnormality

the head is fully extended and the face presents

sarcopenia - old age

the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that comes with aging

aphonia

the loss of the ability of the larynx to produce normal speech sounds

Pharynx

the membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the esophagus.

external urinary meatus

the opening of the urethra leading to the outside of the body male are longer at 7-8 inches long vs females at 1.5 inches long

Dura mater —

the outermost layer, composed of tough connective tissue attached to the inner surface of the cranium but separated from the vertebral canal by the epidural space, into which epidural injections are introduced.

Circumcision MALE

the removal of the foreskin, can be indicated in an adult for pathological phimosis, refactory balanoposthitis, and chronic urinary tract infections. In many religions, circumcision is a ritual in the neonatal period or at varying ages before puberty. In the United States, 85% of all males are circumcised in the neonatal period. In Europe, less than 20% are circumcised

cystopexy

the surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall ifpelvic floor muscles are weak

radical mastectomy

the surgical removal of an entire breast and many of the surrounding tissues the underlying pectoralis major muscle, and all lymph nodes

calcaneal tendon (achilles tendon)

the tendon of the heel formed from gastrocnemius and soleus muscles and inserted into the calcaneus

Primary sex organs or gonads: MALE

the testes

LEns

the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina The lens has no supply of blood vessels or nerves. With increasing age, the lens loses its elasticity.

Photocoagulation

therapy is used to reattach a torn or detached portion of the retina and to prevent further growth of abnormal blood vessels that can cause a detachment. A high-intensity, narrowly focused beam of light from the argon laser is absorbed by pigment in the retinal cells and converted into heat, which welds the edge of the retinal detachment against the underlying choroid. Retinal cryopexy (cryotherapy) uses intense cold to have the same effects as the heat of photocoagulation.

magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)

to define emboli in the pulmonary arteries

Pupillary reaction

to light is tested in each eye with a penlight as the patient looks into the distance

Fibroid screening

transabdominal US,Transvaginal US, hysteroscopy, CT< and MRI

pelvic ultrasound

ultrasound of the pelvic area

URI

upper respiratory infection (common cold)

uremia

urine in the blood , sx of renal failure escess nitrogenous waster in the blood

microscopic hematuria

urine is clear, blood cells can be seen under a microscope or dipstick food causing red urine: beets, rhubarb, red food coloring

Hydronephrosis causes?

urolithiasis, tumors, benign prostatic hyperplasia, strictures, stenosis, and congenital urologic defects

18F-FDG (fludeoxyglucose),

used in the diagnosis and staging of cancer and most commonly in PET scans.

Iodine-131,

used mainly for the destruction of thyroid tissues.

Iodine-123,

used mainly for thyroid scans.

Indium-111,

used to label and identify the movements of white blood cells.

Corneal examination

uses fluorescein staining to reveal abrasions and ulcers.

Echoencephalography Neurology Diagnostic Procedures in

uses ultrasound waves to produce an image of the brain in children under the age of 2 because their skulls are thin enough for the waves to pass through them.

antibiotic

usual tx for UTI specific atx is determined by the sensitivity of the organism obtained by culture of the urin specimen

vasectomy

vah-SEK-toh-mee S/-ectomy surgical excision R/ vas- duct Excision of a segment of the ductus (vas) deferens

Vaginitis/Vaginosis FEMALE

vah-jih-NOH-sis S/-osis condition R/vagin- vagina Any disease of the vagina vah-jih-NIE-tis S/-itis inflammation Inflammation of the vagina

laparoscopy

visual examination of the abdominal cavity using an endoscope/laparoscopy carbon dioxide can be pumped through the device to inflate the abdominal cavity so the pelvic organs can be seen more.

chronic, lasting, sever pain around the vaginal orifice is a condition:

vovlodynia

HILUM

where the waste-laden blood enter the kidney

reabsorption

where water is returned to the blood

transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)

which a resectoscope is inserted through the penile urethra to remove prostate tissue obstructing the urethra;

Posterior lobe hormones,

which are produced by nuclei in the hypothalamus and then stored in and released by the pituitary posterior lobe, are of two types (Figure 17.4): Oxytocin (OT) in childbirth stimulates uterine contractions and in lactation forces milk to flow down ducts to the nipple. In both sexes, its production increases during sexual intercourse to help give the feelings of satisfaction and emotional bonding. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) reduces the volume of urine produced by the kidneys. It is also called vasopressin.

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

which circulates through the ventricles and around the brain and spinal cord. The CSF helps protect, cushion, and provide nutrition for the brain and spinal cord.

Streptokinase,

which is derived from hemolytic streptococci, dissolves the fibrin in blood clots. If administered intravenously within 3 to 4 hours of a heart attack caused by a clot, it can be effective in dissolving the clot

Naproxen (Aleve and many other trade names),

which is taken orally once a day and also inhibits both the COX enzymes.SAID -NSAID used for Muscular TX

Ventilation,

which is the movement of air and its gases into and out of the lungs (inspiration and expiration).

osteopenia - old age

which later develops into osteoporosis—particularly in postmenopausal women. The joints of people in their later years have less synovial fluid and thinner articular cartilage, and often, osteoarthritis results.

Basophilia, Causes of leukocytosis:

which occurs when there is an increase in basophils. Basophilia can be caused by allergic reactions or infection due to tuberculosis, chicken pox, and influenza.

pons

which relays sensory impulses from peripheral nerves to higher brain centers.

Automated external defibrillators (AEDs)

which send an electrical shock to the heart to restore a normal contraction rhythm.

Superior mesenteric artery,

which supplies the small intestine and part of the large intestine.

Celiac trunk,

which supplies the stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen.

Paired renal arteries,

which supply the kidneys and adrenal glands.

Defibrillation,

which uses a nonsynchronized electrical shock to terminate ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia and revert to a normal rhythm. It is not effective for asystole.

Cardioversion,

which uses a therapeutic dose of electrical current to the heart synchronized to a specific moment in the electrical cycle (at the QRS complex) to convert an abnormally fast heart rate or cardiac arrhythmia to a normal rhythm.

HTN: Prehypertension,

with a systolic pressure between 120 and 139 mm Hg and a diastolic pressure between 80 and 90 mm Hg, may indicate an increased risk for cardiovascular disease.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA),

with destruction of joint surfaces, joint capsule, and ligaments, leads to marked deformity and joint instability

VCUG (voiding cystourethrogram)

x-ray image (with contrast) of the urinary bladder and urethra obtained while the patient is voiding

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) MALE

zyme that helps liquefy the sticky mass following ejaculation.

Artificial active immunity

—the production of your own antibodies as a result of vaccination or immunization. A vaccine consists of either killed or attenuated (weakened) pathogens (antigens).

Hep C (HCV)

› Blood › Drug abuse › Sexual contact often asymptomatic can be treated with antivirals but can be progress to chronic hep and cirrhosis

hep D (HDV)

› Coinfection with HBV › Injection drug users › Unprotected sex with infected individual homeless populations

brachial veins.

The deep veins alongside the limb arteries empty into the These also flow into the axillary vein

TNM

(primary) tumor, (regional lymph) nodes, (distant) metastases

eye- VISUAL PATHWAY

-optic foramen. WHERE NERVES FROM RETENI LEAVE -optic chiasm: WHERE FIBERS CROSS -optic tract and then the -optic radiation to take the nerve impulses to the ---visual cortex in the occipital lobes

SA node (sinoatrial node)

-pacemaker of the heart -sets the heartbeat rate -located in the right atrium -causes atria to contract

External genitals: male

-penis, scrotum and testes occupy the perineum (diamond shaped region between the thighs -ts border is at the pubic symphysis anteriorly and the coccyx posteriorly The anus is also in the perineum.

prostate, prostatic (adj) MALE

PROS-tate (Note: not PROS-trate.) Greek one standing before Organ surrounding the beginning of the urethra pros-TAT-ik S/tic pertaining to R/prosta- prostate Pertaining to the prostate

puberty

PYU-ber-tee S/-ty quality, state R/puber- growing up Process of maturing from child to young adult capable of reproducing

Bladder CA - diagnostic test

IVP Urine test to detect hematuria cytoscopy with biopsy

Blood - Collection

If a specimen of blood is collected in a tube and centrifuged, the cells of the blood are packed into the bottom of the tube. These cells are called the formed elements of blood and consist of 99% red blood cells (RBCs), together with white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets. The blood sample is normally about 45% formed elements.

arm,

a group of three muscles (the biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis) flexes the forearm at the elbow joint and rotates the forearm and hand laterally (supination)

barium meal

A also known as an upper gastrointestinal series, enables radiographs of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum to be taken after barium sulfate is ingested.

Gonorrhea

A bacterial STD that usually affects mucous membranes has become resistant to most ATB ceftraixone (recephin) and cefixime (suprax) combo treatment with antibiotics such as ceftriaxone, azithromycin, and doxycycline.

upper gastrointestinal series,

A barium meal also known as an enables radiographs of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum to be taken after barium sulfate is ingested.

central (haversian) canals

All bones are well supplied with blood The blood vessels travel through the bone in a system of small central (haversian) canals. Because of its good blood supply, bone heals.

second trimester screening

done 15-18th weeks measure: AFP (alpha-fetoprotien hcg unconjugated estroil dimeric inhibin

Respiratory Drugs

Bronchodilators Glucocorticosteroids Decongestant Expectorants Mucolytics Aerosol Oxygen

Trachea

a large membranous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage, extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and conveying air to and from the lungs; the windpipe.

muscle relaxants

Skeletal muscle relaxants are FDA-approved for spasticity (baclofen, dantrolene, tizanidine) or for muscular conditions like multiple sclerosis (carisoprodol, chlorzoxazone, cyclobenzaprine, metaxalone, methocarbamol, orphenadrine). The only drug with available evidence of efficacy in spasticity is tizanidine (Zanaflex, Sirdalud), but cyclobenzaprine (Amrix) appears to be somewhat effective.

PENIS, SCROTUM, TESTIS are mainly known for:

External genitalia

Strokes Symptoms

Face—Ask the person to smile. Does one side of the face droop? Arms—Ask the person to raise both arms. Does one arm drift downward? Speech—Ask the person to repeat a simple phrase. Is his or her speech slurred or strange? Time—If any of the previous signs is present, call 911 immediately.

X-ray Therapy

Ionizing radiation works by damaging the DNA of tissues exposed to it. However, the x-rays often have to pass through skin and other organs to reach a target tumor. To spare normal tissues from the harmful side effects of x-rays, narrow radiation beams are aimed from several angles to intersect at the target tumor. This provides a much larger local dose to the tumor than to the surrounding healthy tissues. It is also common to combine x-ray therapy with surgery, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, or any combination.

cataplexy

KAT-ah-plek-see P/cata- down R/-plexy stroke Sudden loss of muscle tone with brief paralysis

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) i

Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when obstruction by the soft tissues at the back of the nose and mouth causes frequent episodes of gasping for breath followed by complete cessation of breathing (apnea). These episodes of apnea can last for 10 to 30 seconds and occur many times every hour of sleep. The episodes reduce the level of O2 in the blood (hypoxemia), causing the heart to pump harder. After several years with this problem, hypertension and cardiac enlargement can occur.

bulb-o-urethr-al MALE

Pertaining to the bulbous penis and urethra BUL-boh-you-REE-thral S/-al pertaining to R/CF bulb/o- bulb R/-urethr- urethra

varicose veins

Smaller, more superficial varicose veins are called spider veins. Varicose veins are associated with a family history, obesity, and prolonged standing. Collateral circulations develop to take the blood through alternative routes. circulations develop to take the blood through alternative routes. associated wi

Lung Diagnostic Procedures

Spirometer Chest x-ray (CXR) Computed tomograph (CT), angiography: (Radiographic image of a selected slice of tissue.) BronchoscopMediastinoscopy Tracheal aspiration Thoracentesis Thoracotomy

torsion MALE

TOR-shun Latin to twist The act or result of twisting

Ear External

The auricle, or pinna, is a wing-shaped structure that directs sound waves coming through the air into the external auditory meatus and external auditory canal. This in turn ends at the tympanic membrane The external auditory canal not only protects the middle and inner ears but also acts as a resonator to augment the transmission of sound to the middle and inner ears.

breast cancer

a carcinoma that develops from the cells of the breast and can spread to adjacent lymph nodes and other body sites -carrier of the breast ca genes: BRCA1 BRCA2

diamox

can help prevent the formation of kidney stone

external jugular veins

drain blood from the face, scalp, and superficial regions of the neck The second set of vessels to emerge from the cranial vena cava, medially. These veins carry blood from the head to the brachiocephalic veins. In the head and neck, the superficial veins outside the skull drain into the right and left

vasovasostomy

(also called vasectomy reversal) VAY-soh-vay-SOS-toh-mee S/-stomy new opening R/CF vas/o- duct Reanastomosis of the ductus deferens to restore the flow of sperm

Saliva

95% water -amylase break down starch -lipase breaks down fat -lysozymes and IgA protect the growth of bacteria in the mouth -mucus lubricate the food

arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD).

A condition that develops when coronary arteries supplying the heart are damaged by arteriosclerosis

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A hormone secreted by the small intestine (duodenum) in response to the presence of fats. It promotes release of bile from the gallbladder and pancreatic juice from the pancreas,and reduces stomach motility. gallbladder

pharmacologist,

A usually a medical professional with an additional PhD, is a specialist who develops and tests drugs for medicinal use.

HIV

A virus that attacks and destroys the human immune system. TX: HAART

common iliac arteries.

At the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra (at the top of the pelvis), the aorta divides into the right and left

cystic duct

Duct leading from the gallbladder to the common bile duct; carries bile to form the COMMON BILE DUCT

Meninges have three layers; what are they?

Dura Mater - tough; fibrous outer layer Arachnoid & Pia Mater - Inner layer; thin contain blood vessels that nourish the brain

ECOG

Electrocochleography, Recording the electrical activity of the cochlea to test hearing

hearing - balance test

Electronystagmography (ENG) and videonystagmography (VNG) Rotation tests

patient has inflammation of the parenchyma of the brain

Encephalitis

SI Joint Pain - treatment

Fluoroscopic injection of local anesthetic into the joint can relieve the pain temporarily. Treatment is usually stabilization of the joint with a brace and physical therapy to strengthen the low-back muscles. Occasionally, arthrodesis of the joint is necessary.

greater vestibular gland (Bartholin gland). FEMALE

GRATE-ur ves-TIB-you-lar GLAND Casper Bartholin the Younger, 1655-1738, Danish anatomist Posterior to the vestibular bulbs on each side of the vaginal orifice These glands secrete mucin, which lubricates the vagina. Secretion is increased during sexual arousal and intercourse.

immunosuppressant drugs i

Inhibit or prevent activity of the immune system and are used to prevent the rejection of transplanted organs and tissues, treat autoimmune diseases, and help control long-term allergic asthma.

Arsenic, a particulate matter is used by

Insecticide sprayers Oil refinery workers Herbicidal sprayers

emmetropia

Light is traveling at a speed of 186,000 miles per second when it hits the eye. Light rays that hit the center of the cornea pass straight through, but because of the curvature of the cornea, rays that hit away from center are bent toward the center. The light rays then hit the lens, are bent again, and, in normal vision, the image is focused sharply on the retina (Figure 16.12). This normal vision is called

Are of the brain that controls emotional experience, fear, anger, pleasure and sadness

Limbic system

3,000 drugs that can be prescribed by licensed practitioner

MEDICATIONS most common route of administration of medications is the self-administered oral route.

with biopsy is a procedure in which a lighted instrument (mediastinoscope) is inserted in the space in the chest between the lungs (mediastinum). Tissue is taken (biopsy) from any unusual growth or lymph nodes.

MEdiastinoscopy

FIberoptic tube with a camera is inserted into the chest

MEdiastonoscope

sperm

Male sex cell 75 to 150 million sperm per mL of semen Head: contains the nucleas, which houses the 23 chromosomes and digestive enzymes to prenetrate the egg Midpiece: contans many large mitochondria to provide ATP energy for swimming Tail/Flagellum: Whip-like tail used for swimming through the female reproductive tract

MCP

Metacarpophalangeal Joint: large joints in the hand at the base of each finger

antidiabetic drugs

Oral are used for type 2 but not type 1 diabetes. These drugs include: Metformin, which acts by decreasing hepatic glucose production. It also promotes weight loss and decreases lipid levels. It is synergistic in combination with sulfonylureas. Sulfonylureas, which act by stimulating the beta cells to secrete insulin.

pia mater

PEE-ah MAY-ter (Note: Both these terms are stand-alone roots.) R/pia delicate R/mater mother Delicate inner layer of the meninges.

Healthy genes that promote normal cell growth

Protooncogenes

_____ are healthy genes that promote normal cell growth

Protooncogenes

PIP

Proximal Interphalangeal joint; joint of the fingers and toes nearest to the hand/foot

cerbral palsy - classification Number of Limbs Impaired

Quadriplegia Paralysis of all four limbs. tetraplegia). All four limbs are involved Diplegia. Paralysis of corresponding parts (eg., both arms) on both sides of the body. Hemiplegia. The arm and leg of one side of the body are affected Monoplegia. Only one limb is affected, usually an arm Paraplegia. Both lower extremities are involved Triplegia. Three limbs are involved.

cryptorchid

Testicles not descended into scrotum.

Pathologic fracture

The fracture occurs in an area of bone weakened by disease (such as cancer). Also called stress fracture.

Macrophages.

These cells develop from monocytes that have migrated from blood. They ingest and destroy tissue debris, bacteria, and other foreign matter (phagocytosis).

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF).

This is a syndrome with four congenital heart defects. All these congenital abnormalities can be surgically repaired. Page 337

CAD- Lipid profile helps determine the risk of CAD and comprises:

Total cholesterol High-density lipoprotein (HDL) ("good cholesterol") Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) ("bad cholesterol") Triglycerides

SNoring

Twenty-five percent of normal adults are habitual snorers. The condition is most frequent in overweight males, and it becomes worse with age. The noises of snoring are made at the back of the mouth and nose where the tongue and upper pharynx meet the soft palate and uvula . When there is obstruction to the free flow of air, these structures hit each other, and the vibration produces the sounds of snoring.

dizygotic (DZ) twins

Twins who are formed when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time. (Also called fraternal twins.)

vulvovaginal (adj)

VUL-voh-VAJ-ih-nal S/-al pertaining to R/CF vulv/o- vulva R-vagin- vagina Pertaining to the vulva and vagina

Artificial passive immunity—

a temporary immunity that results from the injection of an immune serum from another individual or an animal. Immune serum is used to treat snakebite, tetanus, and rabies.

Epicardium—

a thin serous membrane that is the inner layer of the pericardium.

Arachnoid mater—

a thin web over the brain and spinal cord. The CSF is contained in the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid and pia mater.

Protein

broken down by trypsin turning into amino acids

Employed for cutting tissue, collecting brushings, and performing washings in the lung:

bronchoscopy

impaired intellect or memory present for aatleaast 6 month

dementia

EBV Epstein-Barr virus

diagnose infectious mononucleosis pstein-Barr virus, formally called Human gammaherpesvirus 4, is one of eight known human herpesvirus types in the herpes family, and is one of the most common viruses in humans. It is best known as the cause of infectious mononucleosi

presbyopia

farsightedness caused by loss of elasticity of the lens of the eye, occurring typically in middle and old age.

Chromosomes

germ cells 23 pairs (total of 46)

Chronic hepatitis

hepatitis inflammation and necrosis for longer than 6 months progresses slowly, lasts for years and difficult to treat

palliative care

hospice provides palliative care and provides for the emotional and spiritual needs of terminally ill patients and their loved ones at an inpatient facility or in the patient's home. Palliative care is designed to provide pain and symptom management to maintain the highest quality of life for as long as life remains.

Hydrocele MALE

hydrocele (HIGH-droh-seal) is a collection of excess fluid in the space between the visceral and parietal layers of the tunica vaginalis of the testis. It is most common after age 40. The diagnosis can be confirmed by transillumination, shining a bright light on the swelling to see the shape of the testis through the translucent excess fluid Surgical removal is performed for large hydroceles.

Trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux) i

intermittent, shooting pain in the area of the face and head innervated by the fifth cranial nerve. The pain is abrupt (sudden), unilateral, and often severe, and can affect any area of the face from the crown of the head to the jaw. Chewing or touching the affected area causes pain.

parenteral administration are:

intramuscular (IM) intravenous (IV) subcutaneous (SC)

Paget's disease of the breast

invasive ductal cancer into nipple, Paget's cells similar to vulvar Paget's. peeling, flaking, redness, or scaling of teh nipple and areala d/t cancer cells collecting there occurs 5% of breast CA cahnges in teh nipple when associated with breast CA.

Teleradiology

involves the transmission of radiographic digital images from one location to another for interpretation by a radiologist. It can provide real-time emergency radiology services and expert consultation around the clock.

Extension

is movement posterior to the coronal plane

Cartilaginous joints

join two bones with cartilage: Synchondroses join two bones with hyaline cartilage, which allows little or no movement between them, as between your ribs and costal cartilages. Symphyses join two bones with fibrocartilage. An example is the symphysis pubis, where your two pubic bones meet at the front of your pelvis.

cavernosa MALE

kav-er-NOH-sah S/-osa like R/cavern- cave Resembling a cave

Eyebrows

keep sweat from running into the eye and function in nonverbal communication.

Cells of the villi

keeps the maternal and fetal blood circulation seperate

KUB

kidney, ureter, bladder x-ray

enteroscope

lighted instrument for visually examining the intestines

lacrimal (tear) gland

located in the upper, lateral corner of the orbit, secretes tears.

uvea

middle coat of the eyeball; includes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid

Fibroadenoma of breast

noncancerous breast tumors composed of fibrous and glandular tissue circumscribed, small, benign tumors that can either cystic or solid and can be multiple

Cancer

of the penis occurs most commonly on the glans and is rare in circumcised men. Circumcision also offers some protection against HIV infection.

infrequent ovulation

oligoovulation responsible for 20% of female infertility when both ovulation and menses occur at intervals of longer than 1 month.

Angina pectoris,

pain in the chest on exertion, is often the first symptom of reduced oxygen supply to the myocardium.

Lobule contains (pancreas) islet cells

pancreatic islet alpha cells (secrete glucagon) beta cells (secrete insulin) vein

mucosal

pertaining to mucosa

Insulin

preparations routinely contain 100 units (U/mL) (U-100 insulin). The insulin is injected subcutaneously by using disposable syringes that hold 0.5 mL. In addition, already prepared mixtures of intermediate and regular insulins in different ratios are available. An insulin pen is an injection device that holds several days' dosage.

polyposis

presence of several polyps

coitus interruptus

pull out method 20% failure rate

radiopharmaceuticals

radioactive pharmaceuticals administered for either diagnostic or treatment purposes

Muscle strains

range from a simple stretch in the muscle or tendon to a partial or complete tear in the muscle or muscle-tendon combination.

Interleukins a

re also a nonspecific immunotherapy used to treat kidney and skin cancers, including melanoma.

Evoked response Neurology Diagnostic Procedures in

s are a procedure in which stimuli for vision, sound, and touch are used to activate specific areas of the brain and their responses are measured with EEG or PET scans. This provides information about how that specific area of the brain is functioning in disorders such as MS.

Ingrown toenail

s are nails that grow into the skin folds on either side of the toe. They are often infected and painful and may need surgical repair.

calcaneus i

s the heelbone

A _______ is a surgery that removes only a section of an affected organ. This procedure is more tolerable for frail patients

segementectomy

sympathetic

sim-pah-THET-ik S/-ic pertaining to P/sym- together R/-pathet- suffering Pertaining to the part of the autonomic nervous system operating at the unconscious level

HEART

size of a fist and weighs around 10 ounces. It is a blunt cone that points down and to the left. The heart lies obliquely between the lungs, with one-third of its mass behind the sternum and two-thirds to the left of the sternum

Muscle : 3 main types

skeletal cardiac smooth

Fractures Healing

step 1 : When a bone is fractured, blood vessels bleed into the fracture site, forming a hematoma Step 2: A few days after the fracture (Fx), osteoblasts move into the hematoma and start to produce new bone. This is called a callus Step 3: Osteoblasts produce immature, lacy, cancellous (spongy) bone that replaces the callus Step 4: Osteoblasts continue to produce bone cells. They produce compact bone and fuse the bone segments together

endometrial biopsy (EMB)

taking a sample of tissue from the lining of the uterus to test for abnormalities biopsy o the uterus lining

stereotactic breast biopsy

technique that combines mammography and computer-assisted biopsy to obtain tissue from a breast lesion

intussusception

telescoping of a segment of the intestine

senescence which is true

term is interchangeable with aging a process that results in cell death

complement fixation

test measures the amount of an antibody in the serum or CSF to viral and fungal infections such as coccidioidomycosis.

Indomethacin, an NSAID

that inhibits both COX enzymes, is a potent drug with many serious side effects. It is not used as an analgesic for minor aches and pains or for fever.

dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)

the most widely used technology to measure bone density. Two X-ray beams are aimed at the patient's bones and the density of the bone is determined by the absorption of each X-ray beam.

ultrasound

ultrasound (UL-trah-sownd) Use of very-high-frequency sound waves. observe the heart chambers, valves, and blood vessels.

urine passage

urination micturation voiding

Nuclear medicine specialists,

who are radiologists with specialized training in the use of radiopharmaceuticals for the purpose of diagnosis, treatment, and research.

Orthotists,

who make and fit orthopedic appliances

Contraception: Hormonal Methods

oral - mixture of estrogen and progesterone to prevent follicular development and ovulation 5% failure rate Estrogen/progesteron patches: transdermal delivery of hormones monthly or weekly, Failure rate as 1% Injected progestrin: Depo provera injection Q3 months failure rate 1% implanted progestin: Implanon, contained in a silicone tubes that are implanted under teh skin Failure rate 1% Morning-after pill: Plan B, contains large doses of progestrin to inhibit or delay oculation 1% Miferpristone (RU_486): induces miscarriege when taken with prostaglandin 8% failure rate

OGTT (oral glucose tolerance test)

oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was the gold standard for making the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. It is still commonly used during pregnancy for diagnosing gestational diabetes. With an oral glucose tolerance test, the person fasts overnight (at least 8 hours, but not more than 16 hours). <140MG/DL

Spina bifida occulta congenital anomalies nervous system

presents with a small partial defect in the vertebral arch. The spinal cord or meninges do not protrude. Often the only sign is a tuft of hair on the skin overlying the defect.

protienuria

presence of protein in urine infection or urinary tract disease normal urine should NOT have protien

urethrotomy MALE

you-ree-THROT-oh-mee S/-tomy surgical incision R/CF urethr/o- urethra Incision of a stricture of the urethra

loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)

A procedure used to remove abnormal cells from the surface of the cervix using a thin wire loop that acts like a scalpel. A painless electrical current passes through the loop as it cuts away a thin layer of surface cells from the cervix.

Lymphatic System - three components

A network of thin lymphatic capillaries and vessels, similar to blood vessels, that penetrates into the interstitial spaces of nearly every tissue in the body except cartilage, bone, red bone marrow, and the central nervous system (CNS). A group of tissues and organs that produce immune cells. Lymph, a clear colorless fluid similar to blood plasma but whose composition varies from place to place in the body. It flows through the network of lymphatic capillaries and vessels.

Respiratory system The five functions The ability of an organ or tissue to perform its special work.

Exchange of gases. All the body cells need O2 and produce CO2. The respiratory system allows O2 from the air to enter the blood and CO2 to leave the blood and enter the air. Regulation of blood pH. This is accomplished by changing blood CO2 levels Protection. The respiratory system uses nasal hair, cilia lining the airways, and mucus formed throughout the system to protect against foreign bodies and against some microorganisms. Voice production. Movement of air across the vocal cords makes speech and other sounds possible. Olfaction. The 12 million receptor cells for smell are in a patch of epithelium the size of a quarter that is in the extreme superior region of the nasal cavity, the olfactory region Each cell has 10 to 20 hairlike structures called cilia that project into the nasal cavity covered in a thin mucous film. Because the olfactory region is right at the top of the nose, you often have to sniff the air right up there to stimulate the sense of smell. A dog has 4 billion receptor cells, which is why dogs can be trained to sniff for drugs, explosives, and dead bodies.

dialysis

Process for removing waste from the blood for people with renal failure not a cure but can prolong life - ESRD

Genetal Herpes

Viral STD, caused by Herpes virus no cure but antivirals can prevent or cut short the outbreaks acyclovir (zovirax) famaciclovir (famvir) valacyclovir (valtrax)

Memory.

When exposure to the same identical pathogen occurs again, the immune system recognizes the pathogen and has its responses ready to act quickly.

osteocyte (OS-tee-oh-site)

When osteoblasts are incorporated into the new bone, they become osteocytes Bone-maintaining cell.

Brachiocephalic artery, part of the Aortic Arch

a short artery that divides into two arteries: Right common carotid artery, which supplies the right side of the head, brain, and neck. Right subclavian artery, which supplies the right upper limb.

KIDNEY

a major organ of the excretory system that removes urea and other wastes from the blood - waste products of cellular metabolism

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD),

a majority of patients have both obsessions and compulsions. The obsessions are recurrent thoughts, fears, doubts, images, or impulses. The compulsions are recurrent, irresistible impulses to perform actions such as counting, hand washing, checking, and systematically arranging things. The recurrent actions can be violent or sexual.

Transitional cell carcinoma

a malignant tumor of the urinary tract that is often found within the urinary bladder or within the renal pelvis hematuria

Tunica media—

a middle layer of smooth muscle cells arranged circularly around the blood vessel. A membrane of elastic tissue separates the tunica media from the outer layer of the wall.

Citric acid, MALE

a nutrient for sperm.

CVS (Chorionic Villus Sampling) & Amniocentesis

a prenatal test in which a sample of chorionic villi is removed from the placenta for testing

ESWL (extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy)

a procedure that uses externally generated waves to pulverize or shatter urinary stones and calculi which are then excreted in urine lithotripter machine

Botulism, Nueromuscular junction disorder Peripheral nerve disorder

a rare, life-threatening food poisoning caused by toxins from the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. These neurotoxins paralyze the muscles. Botulism can develop from ingesting food containing the toxin or from a wound infected with Clostridium botulinum.

Acquired immunodeficiency—

a result of diseases such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) that involve a severely depressed immune system from infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Iris

a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening diaphram of the eye controlling the amount of light to pass through

Fibroadenoma

a round, firm, rubbery mass that arises from excess growth of glandular and connective tissue in the breast benign tumor

Von Willebrand disease (vWD)

is a deficiency of a specific protein of the factor VIII complex that is different from the part involved in hemophilia.

synthetic

(adj.) made or put together by people; (n.) something artificial

implantation (pregnancy)

*11 or 12 days implantation of the embryo *Zygote divides and produces a ball of cells Morula *within the Morula is a fluid-filled cavity where is become a blastocyst. *A week after the fertilization the blasctocyst then burrows into the endometrium (implantation) *The endometrium is the one supporting the pregnancy *Once implanted, the blastocyst is called an embryo up until 8 weeks after conception

Immunotherapy, also called biologic therapy

, is designed to boost the body's natural defenses against cancer by using substances either made in the laboratory or made by the body to enhance or restore immune system function. This form of therapy can stop or slow the growth of cancer cells, and stop cancer from metastasizing.

Osteomalacia rickets

, known as rickets in children, is a disease caused by vitamin D deficiency. When bones lack calcium, they become soft and flexible. They are not strong enough to bear weight, and become bowed. Osteomalacia occurs in some developing nations and occasionally in this country when children drink soft drinks instead of milk fortified with vitamin D.

Surgical arthroscopy

, performed through an arthroscope, can be a debridement or removal of torn tissue such as a meniscus (meniscectomy) or a ligament. It also can be repair of a torn ligament by suturing, tendon autograft, or repair of a torn meniscus.

Meds for Opiate antagonists

, such as naloxone and naltrexone, prevent opiates from acting in the synapses. They can be used in drug overdoses, and to help recovering heroin addicts stay drug-free.

Contraception: Barrier Methods

-diaphragms - 5-10% failure rate -cervical caps -5-10% failure rate -male condoms - 14%15 failure rate -spermicidal foams - 25 failure rate -gels - 25 failure rate -sponges (spermicidal coated) 10 failure rate. -female condoms (polyurethan sheath that fits into teh vagina w a ring)

Atrial septal defect (ASD).

A hole in the interatrial septum allows blood to shunt from the higher-pressure left atrium to the lower-pressure right atrium (Figure 10.12).

hemodialysis

A technique in which an artificial kidney machine dialyzer removes waste products from the blood

Tachycardia

Abnormally rapid heartbeat A heart rate faster than 100 is

____arises from tteh mucus-procucing cells in the bonchi

Adenocarcinoma

eyeball functions of the

Adjust continuously the amount of light it lets in to reach the retina. Focus continually on near or distant objects. Produce images of those objects and instantly transmit them to the brain.

what term adn abbriviation dscirb ecell dreah

Apoptosis PCD

subclavian vein.

As the axillary vein passes behind the clavicle, its name changes to the

Implantaton of radioactive pellets directly into a tumor

BRachytherapy

OVULATION Female

Beginning of cycle: 20 Primary Follicles can start the maturing process, the remainder DEGENERATE.

Kernicterus

Bilirubin encephalopathy, a form of brain damage resulting from unconjugated bilirubin entering the brain. Characterized by lethargy, poor feeding, vomiting, irregular respiration, perhaps death

Abbreviations

CC craniocaudal FFDM full-field digital mammography MLO mediolateral oblique AP anteroposterior DR digital radiography EGD esophagogastroduodenoscopy GI gastrointestinal PA posteroanterior CT computed tomography IR interventional radiology MRI magnetic resonance imaging US ultrasound FDG fludeoxyglucose PET positron emission tomography SPECT single-photon emission computed tomography 3DCRT 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy I-131 radioactive iodine IMRT intensity-modulated radiation therapy RIT radioimmunotherapy SBRT stereotactic body radiation treatment SRS stereotactic radiosurgery DEA U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency FDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration OTC over the counter LSD lysergic acid diethylamide PDR Physicians' Desk Reference USP United States Pharmacopeia a.c. before meals b.i.d. twice each day GI gastrointestinal IV intravenous on at night p.c. after meals p.o. by mouth pr per rectum p.r.n. when necessary q.d. every day q.i.d. four times each day Rx prescribe STAT immediately t.i.d. three times each day ID \ intradermal IM intramuscular IV intravenous SC subcutaneous ADR adverse drug reaction AE adverse effect CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CNS central nervous system PCP primary care physician

Syphylis

Cause: treponema pallidum Treatment: (IM PCN) -primary, secondary, or early syphylis of less than 1 year: --Benzathine PCNG 2.4 million units IM -Late, latent, and indeterminate length:tertiary stage --Benzathine PCN G 2.4 million units IM weekly x 3 weeks PCN allery: -Doxycycline 100mg orally twice a day OR -Erythromycin 500mg orally four times a day.

GDM (Gestational Diabetes Mellitus)

Caused by HPL in raising the blood sugar levels (1:200 pregnancies). • Oral hypoglycemics are NOT in 1st Trimester of pregnancy (bcuz it can cross the placenta barrier and cause problems). • Insulin used= DOES NOT CROSS placenta • Regular Insulin used (short acting) • NPH (long acting)

Immunity

Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity is a direct form of defense based on the actions of lymphocytes to attack foreign and diseased cells and destroy them. The many different types of T cells, B cells, and macrophages described in the previous lesson of this chapter are involved in this style of attack. Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity is an indirect form of attack that employs antibodies produced by plasma cells, which have been developed from B cells. The antibodies bind to an antigen and thus tag them for destruction.

Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) Common congenital defects include:

Coarctation of the aorta. Atrial Septal Defect Ventricular eptal defect (VSD) Patent Dusctuc Artriosus (PDA) Tatralogy of Fallot (TOF)

dura mater

DYU-rah MAY-ter(Note: Both terms are stand-alone roots.) R/CF dur/a hard R/mater mother Hard, fibrous outer layer of the meninges

BLood tests.

Damaged muscles release enzymes such as creatine kinase (CK) and aldolase into the blood, and their levels can be measured. An erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is not specific for any disease process, but it indicates the presence of inflammation, and serial readings can be used to measure changes in an inflammatory process.

Coagulopathies Disorders of Coagulation ()

HEmophelia Von Willebrand disease (vWD) Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) Thrombus formation Formation of a thrombus. Thrombocytopenia Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) Henoch-Schönlein purpura (anaphylactoid purpura) Purpura

hymen

HIGH-men Greek membrane Thin membrane partly occluding the vaginal orifice

seminiferous tubules - male

Inside the testis, thin septa subdivide the testis into some 250 lobules Each lobule contains three or four seminiferous tubules in which several layers of germ cells are in the process of becoming sperm.

Centers that control ovital visceral activities are located in the

MEdulla OBlingata

VULVA

Mons pubis,labia majora and minora and clitoris are collectively called:

Balanitis MALE

Prepuce and foreskin is most common in uncircumcised men. Causes include skin disorders, infection, poor hygiene, uncontrolled diabetes, and harsh soaps. Symptoms include pain, redness, and a foul-smelling discharge from under the foreskin. Treatment depends on the cause, but may require antibiotics, steroid creams, or antifungal creams. In extreme cases, the foreskin may need to be removed (circumcision).

Heart Function

Pumping blood. Contractions of the heart generate the pressure to produce movement of blood through the blood vessels. Routing blood. The heart can be described as two pumps. A pump on the right side of the heart sends blood through the pulmonary circulation of the lungs and back to the pump on the left side, which sends blood through the systemic circulation of the body. The valves of the heart ensure this one-way flow of blood. Regulating blood supply. The changing metabolic needs of tissues and organs (for example, when you exercise) are met by changes in the rate and force of the heart's contraction.

ruga rugae (pl) FEMALE

ROO-gah Latin a wrinkle A fold, ridge, or crease ROO-jee

synapse synaptic (adj)

SIN-aps P/syn- together Junction between two nerve cells, or a nerve fiber and its target cell; where electrical impulses are transmitted between the cells sih-NAP-tik R/-apse clasp

lung diagnostic

SPirometer peak flow meter Arterial blood gases (ABGs), Auscultation

stricture

STRICK-shur Latin to draw tight Narrowing of a tube

surgical

SUR-jih-kal S/-ical pertaining to R/surg- operate Relating to surgery

T lymphocytes (T cells).

The "T" stands for thymus, where they mature. T lymphocytes make up 75% to 85% of body lymphocytes. There are several types of T cells:

Transverse fracture

The fracture is at a right angle to the long axis of the bone.

Autoimmune-altered molecules

These molecules may be recognized as foreign antigens, and an immune response may be generated against the body's own tissues. This theory is helped by the fact that autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis are more common in old age.

hymen hymen (HIGH-men) FEMALE

Thin membrane partly occluding the vaginal orifice. A thin membranous fold, highly variable in appearance and thickness, stretches across the external opening of the vagina to form

quadriceps femoris muscle.

This muscle has four heads: the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and the vastus intermedius (which lies beneath the rectus femoris). These four muscle heads join into the quadriceps tendon (which contains the patella) and continue as the patellar tendon to be inserted into the tibia

HG A1C GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN

USED OT MONITOR PLASMA GLUCOSE CONTR DURIN GTHE PRECEEING 1-3 MONTHS

vestibule vestibular (adj) vestibular bulb FEMLAE

VES-tih-byul Latin entrance Space at the entrance of a canal ves-TIB-you-lar S/-ar pertaining to R/ vestibul- vestibule Pertaining to a vestibule ves-TIB-you-lar BULB Latin bulb, onion Structure on each side of the entrance to the vagina

visceral

VISS-er-al S/-al pertaining to R/viscer- internal organs Pertaining to the internal organs

vulva vulvar (adj) FEMALE

VUL-vah Latin a wrapper or covering Female external genitalia S/-ar pertaining to Pertaining to the vulva

GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)

a hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that regulates the pituitary's secretion of gonad-stimulating hormones control the FSH and LH

lateral collateral ligament (LCL)

a ligament that attaches to the femur and the fibula; maintains stability of the lateral aspect of the knee joint

endocardium

a single layer of cells over a thin layer of connective tissue lining the heart. The inside lining of the heart

dementia

a slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, including memory, thinking, and judgment, that is often accompanied by personality changes Dementia is defined as the progressive loss, over at least six months, of cognitive and intellectual functions without impairment of consciousness or perception. Dementia is characterized by disorientation, impaired memory, impaired judgment, and impaired intellect.

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy.

acuminata MALE

a-KYU-min-AH-ta S/-ata action, place R/ acumin- to sharpen Tapering to a point

ataxia ataxic (adj)

a-TAK-see-ah S/-ia condition P/a- without R/-tax- coordination Inability to coordinate muscle activity, leading to jerky movements a-TAK-sik S/-ic pertaining to Pertaining to or suffering from ataxia

ablation

ab-LAY-shun S/-ion action P/ab- away from R/-lat- to take Removal of tissue to destroy its function

adventitious

abnormal breath sound

Bradycardia and heart block (atrioventricular block)

abnormally slow heartbeat A heart rate slower than 60

Minerals

absorbed through the small intestine and surplus is excreted

elimination

act of removal of materials from the body; in the digestive system, the removal of indigestible materials as feces

HEART - coordination

action of the four heart chambers is coordinated. When the atria contract (atrial systole), the ventricles relax (ventricular diastole, or ventricular filling). When the atria relax (atrial diastole), the ventricles contract (ventricular systole). Then the atria and ventricles all relax briefly. This series of events is a complete cardiac cycle, or heartbeat. The "lub-dub, lub-dub" sounds heard through the stethoscope are made by the snap of the heart valves as they close.ordination

cardiac tamponade.

acute compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity

PEM positron emission mammography

adjunct to routine 2d mammography for lesion suspicions

Enteral

administration is through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. However, absorption of a drug by this route is affected by the unpredictable nature of the GI tract. For example, by affecting the gastric motility and emptying time, the presence of food influences the rate and extent of drug absorption

extrinsic eye muscles 6

alignment is held in place by the coordination of six extrinsic eye muscles in each eye that are attached to the inner wall of the orbit and to the outer surface of the eyeball (Figure 16.6). These muscles move the eye in all directions.

Meds for Antidepressants

all increase the amount of serotonin at the synapses, where it is a neurotransmitter. Zoloft and Prozac are examples.

Allergic (hypersensitivity) reactions,

allergens (antigens) bind to IgE on the membranes of basophils and mast cells (see Chapter 11) and, within seconds of exposure, stimulate the cells to produce histamine. This triggers vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, and smooth muscle spasms. The symptoms produced by these changes include edema; mucus hypersecretion and congestion; watery eyes; hives (urticaria); and sometimes cramps, diarrhea, and vomiting.

Benzodiazepines: Panic Disorder

alprazolam (Xanax) clonazepam (Klonopin) lorazepam (Ativan) diazepam (Valium) Effective prophylaxis Reduce anticipatory anxiety Rapid onset of action

Artery-cleaning angioplasty

also called percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). A balloon-tipped catheter is guided to the site of the blockage and inflated to expand the artery from the inside by compressing the plaque against the walls of the artery.

Cardiovascular systems

always have coronary artery atherosclerosis, even at a very early age. As a result, when aging myocardial cells die, the heart wall gets thinner and weaker, and cardiac output declines. This causes the decline in physical capabilities with aging. Atherosclerotic plaques narrow arteries and trigger thrombosis, leading to strokes and heart attacks. In veins, valves become weaker, and blood flows back and pools in the legs, leading to poor venous return to the heart and heart failure.

Trichomoniasis

an infection caused by the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis; also known as trich metronizdazole (flagyl) or tinidazole (tindamax)

stye, or hordeolum,

an infection of an eyelash follicle producing an abscess with localized pain, swelling, redness, and pus formation at the edge of the eyelid.

celiac disease

an inherited autoimmune disorder characterized by a severe reaction to foods containing gluten damages lining of the small intestine

Interferons

are a nonspecific immunotherapy mostly given at the same time as other cancer treatments such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy. An interferon called interferon alpha made in a laboratory is the most common type of interferon used in cancer treatment.

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS)

are acute, potentially fatal disorders in which loose strands of fibrin are deposited in numerous small blood vessels. This causes damage to platelets and RBCs, causing thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia.

Nephrons

are all located in the cortex

Autoimmune disorders

are an overvigorous response of the immune system in which the immune system fails to distinguish self-antigens from foreign antigens. These self-antigens produce autoantibodies that attack the body's own tissues. This type of response occurs, for example, in lupus erythematosus, type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis.

Immunizations

are available against influenza and the pneumococcus bacterium, the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia.

Hematopoietic stem cells

are found in the bone marrow and are capable of generating all our blood cells such as red cells, white cells, and platelets. In hematology, clinical trials to treat hemophilia and thalassemia with gene therapy are underway using allogenic cells from a compatible donor

Human immunoglobulins

are given by injection to confer passive (temporary) immunity that provides immediate protection lasting several weeks. There are two types: -Human normal immunoglobulin (HNIG) -Hyperimmune specific immunoglobulins

Streptokinase or tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

are injected within a few hours of the MI to dissolve the thrombus.

Astrocytes

are the most abundant glial cells. They are involved in the transportation of water and salts from capillaries to the neurons. S/-cyte cell R/CF astr/o- star Star-shaped connective tissue cell in the nervous system

aorta is described in four parts:

ascending aorta aortic arch thoracic aorta abdominal aorta

Arthrocentesis, for knee joint

aspiration of fluid from the knee joint, is used to establish a diagnosis by laboratory examination of the fluid and to drain off infected fluid.

shoulder presentation abnormality

baby is in transverse position at delivery, must be turned shoulder and upper back

popliteal artery.

behind the knee

uterine fibroids

benign tumors composed of muscle and fibrous tissue that develop in the uterus causes: menorraghia, metorrhagia, polymenorrhea, pelvic pressure

jaundice - obstructive jaundice

bile ducts are obstructed (by gall stones) so bile cannot drain out of the liver and overflows into the blood

manic disorder =

bipolar disorder

breech presentation abnormality

birth position in which the buttocks, feet, or knees emerge first

Black stools results from ingested food - 3

black licorice, pepto-bismol, blueberries

regarding both immobility and instability

both are mangeable both can arise form disease process

brachytherapy

brah-kee-THAIR-ah-pee P/brachy- short R/CF-therapy treatment Radiation therapy in which the source of irradiation is implanted in the tissue to be treated

Mucolytics

break down the chemical structure of mucus molecules so that the mucus becomes thinner and can be removed more easily by coughing. There are several mucolytic agents: erdosteine (Erdostin, Mucotec), acetylcysteine (Mucomyst, Bronkyl, Fluimucil), bromheksin (Bisolvon), and carbocysteine (Mucodyne).

glossodynia

burning sensation of the tongue postmenopausal womn

Dental Carries (Tooth Decay)

caused by bacteria "Streptococcus mutans" its softens the hard tissue of teeth. It breaks down sucrose (disaccharide) into monomers (glucose and fructose) can lead to Gingivitis, abscess, periodental disease

Hyperglycemia

causes damage to vascular endothelial cells at the microvascular and macrovascular levels. Untreated hyperglycemia can progress to coma.

Nervous system - old age coordination

changes begin around age 30, when the brain weighs twice as much as it does at age 75. Motor coordination, intellectual function, and short-term memory decline more quickly than long-term memory and language skills.

ulcerative colitis

chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers

Prostate biopsy MALE

commonly performed under ultrasound guidance to remove samples of tissue for pathologic analysis. MRI-guided biopsies or a hybrid of MRI images with ultrasound also can be used.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

computed tomography scan (CT scan) show detailed images of damage or disease in muscles.

Chronic Glomerulonephritis

condition in which the glomeruli suffer gradual, progressive, destructive changes, with resulting loss of kidney function; also called chronic nephritis

Tay-Sachs disease (TSD)

congenital disorders such as Demylination disorder of teh CNS system

temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

connects the condyle of the mandible to a fossa in the temporal bone at the base of the skull. The joint acts like a hinge when you open and close your mouth.

lacrimal apparatus

consists of four structures. The lacrimal (tear) gland, located in the upper, lateral corner of the orbit, secretes tears. Short lacrimal ducts carry the tears to the surface of the conjunctiva. After washing across the conjunctiva, the tears leave the eye at the medial corner of the eye by draining into the lacrimal sac. They then flow through the nasolacrimal duct into the nose, from where they are swallowed.

Prolapsed cord

cord preceded baby down teh birth canal Knee to chest or Trendelenburg oxygen 8 to 10 L

nebulizer

creates an aerosol mist via compressed air.

CT scan

cross-sectional a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body

cryosurgery

cry-oh-SUR-jer-ee S/-ery process of R/CF cry/o- icy cold R/ -surg- operate Use of liquid nitrogen or argon gas to freeze and kill abnormal tissue

cysts Functional cysts include

cysts that are normal and will disappear in 3 months follicular, corpus luteum, hemmorhagic, theca-lutein

Infertility

defined as not having pregnancy after 1 year of trying womne fertility decreases after age of 30 and rate rate very low at 44

Streptokinase,

derived from hemolytic streptococci, which dissolves the fibrin in blood clots. Given intravenously within 3 to 4 hours of a heart attack, it is often effective in dissolving a clot that has caused the heart attack.

dermatome

dermatome (DER-mah-tome) S/-tome instrument to cut R/CFderm/a- skin The area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve; alternatively, an instrument used for cutting thin slices

ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography)

diagnose and treat billiary ductal system. inject a radiographic dye in the billiary duct

dyspareunia

dis-pah-RUE-nee-ah S/-ia condition P/dys- painful R/-pareun- lying beside, sexual intercourse Pain during sexual intercourse

pyrorrhea

discharge of pus, purulent discharge -dental carries

electroneurodiagnostic

ee-LEK-troh-NYUR-oh-die-ag-NOS-tik S/-tic pertaining to R/CFelectr/o- electricity R/CF-neur/o- nerve P/-dia- complete R/-gnos- knowledge Pertaining to the use of electricity in the diagnosis of a neurologic disorder

electroencephalogram (EEG)

ee-LEK-troh-en-SEF-ah-lohgram S/-gram record R/CFelectr/o- electricity R/CF-encephal/o- brain Record of the electrical activity of the brain

Spermatic Cord MALE

encloses nerve fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatics that supply testes suspends each testis in the scrotum extending from the epididymis and attached to the testicles

cariomegaly

enlargement of the heart caused by cardiomyopathy - weakening of the heart muscle

panendoscopy

examination of esophagus, stomach and duodenum

polyhydramnios

excessive amniotic fluid\\associated with preterm delivery

gastrocnemius muscle

extensor muscle of the hock Function: Plantar flexes ankle, Insertion: Calcaneus (heel), Origin: Femur

ear - external lining

external auditory canal is the only skin-lined cul-de-sac in the body. Its interior is dark, warm, and prone to become moist. These are ideal conditions for bacterial and fungal growth. The meatus and canal are lined with skin that contains many modified sweat glands called ceruminous glands, which secrete cerumen. The cerumen and hairs growing in the meatus help to keep out foreign objects. Cerumen combines with dead skin cells to form earwax.

Colpexy

fixation of a prolapsed vagina

Menisci

flattened, shock-absorbing pads of fibrocartilage between the articulating surfaces of some joints. They play a crucial role in joint stability, lubrication, and transmission of force.

Slit-lamp examination

focuses the height and width of a beam of light to give a stereoscopic view of the interior structures of the eyeball. It is used for identifying corneal foreign bodies and abrasions, and identifying retinal diseases.

rugae

folds of epithelium on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach assist the tongue for mechanical and chemical digestion prior to swallowing.

Lymphatic System - three lines of defense mechanisms against

foreign organisms (pathogens), cells (cancer) molecules (pollutants and allergens):

Oligodendrocytes

form the myelin sheaths around axons in the brain and spinal cord. Axons that have myelin sheaths are called myelinated axons. Bundles of these axons appear white and create the white matter of the brain and spinal cord. Neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses appear gray and create the gray matter.

ejaculatory duct of vas deferens MALE

formed by the ductus deferens and seminal vesicle, is a short (¾-inch or 2-cm) duct that passes through the prostate gland and empties its contents of sperm and seminal fluid (semen) into the urethra.

halitosis

foul-smelling breath

Norepinephrine—

found in many areas of the brain and spinal cord; has a stimulatory effect that is increased by cocaine and amphetamines.

Serotonin—

found in many areas of the brain and spinal cord; is involved with mood, anxiety, and sleep.

nitrogenous compounds

free amino acids from dietary protein or tissue breakdown and urea

ultrasonography uses ultrasound (US) (high-frequency sound waves)

functioning in real time to visualize soft tissue structures in the body. No ionizing radiation is involved. Because of this, it plays a vital role in obstetrics, enabling early diagnosis of fetal abnormalities and multiple gestations . Ultrasound measures the severity of peripheral vascular disease and evaluates the dynamic function of the heart, heart valves, and major blood vessels. In trauma victims, it also can assess the integrity of the major viscera (including liver, spleen, and kidneys) and the presence of bleeding into the peritoneum.

Loop Diuretics

furosemide, bumetanide, torsemide more powerful than thiazides which are generic drugs

percieving things without stimulation

hallucination

BLOOD - components

hematocrit (Hct) -is the percentage of total blood volume composed of red blood cells. The red blood cells can account for 40% to 54% of the total blood volume in normal males and 38% to 47% in females. Plasma -is the remaining 55% of the blood sample. It is a clear, yellowish liquid that is 91% water. Plasma is the fluid noncellular part of blood. Plasma is a colloid, a liquid that contains suspended particles, most of which are the plasma proteins named: Albumin —makes up 58% of the proteins. Globulin —makes up 38% of the plasma proteins. Antibodies are globulins (see Chapter 12). Fibrinogen —makes up 4% of the plasma proteins and is part of the mechanism for blood clotting (see Lesson 11.4). Nutrients, waste products, hormones, and enzymes(Protein that induces changes in other substances.) are dissolved in plasma for transportation. Serum is identical to plasma except for the absence of clotting proteins.When blood is allowed to clot and the solid clot is removed

hypospadias MALE

high-poh-SPAY-dee-as S/-ias condition P/hypo- below R/-spad- tear or cut urethral opening more proximal than normal on the ventral surface of the penis

hypothalamus

high-poh-THAL-ah-muss S/-us pertaining to P/hypo- below R/-thalam- thalamus Area of gray matter forming part of the walls and floor of the third ventricle hypothalamic high-poh-tha-LAM-ik S/-ic pertaining to Pertaining to the hypothalamus

acetabulum

hip joint is a ball-and-socket synovial joint between the head of the femur and the cup-shaped acetabulum of the hip bone A ligament (ligamentum capitis) attached to the head of the femur from the lining of the acetabulum carries blood vessels to the head of the femur to nourish it.

ectopic pregnancy

implantation of the fertilized egg in any site other than the normal uterine location

Hemophilia

in its classical form (hemophilia A) is a disease males inherit from their mothers and is due to a deficiency of a coagulation factor, called factor VIII. The disorder causes painful bleeding into skin, joints, and muscles. Concentrated factor VIII is given intravenously to reduce the symptoms.

secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)

in response to hypocalcemia. Calcitonin and PTH are antagonistic: PTH stimulates osteoclasts to reabsorb bone and bring calcium back into the blood while calcitonin takes calcium from the blood and stimulates osteoblasts to lay down bone

Rectal administration

in the form of suppositories or enemas is popular in some European countries but is not easily accepted by patients in America. Antiemetics can be administered rectally for nausea and vomiting.

stomatitis

infection / inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth

Balanitis— MALE

infection of the glans and foreskin with bacteria or yeast.

pyelitis

inflammation of the renal pelvis from bacterial infection / UTI from untreated cystitis and can eventually, lead to pyelonephritis

Water

ingested 92% into the cap of villi along with water soluble vitamins ( C and B complex) except for Vit b12 (too large of a molecule) passes through the bloodstream.

cystic fibrosis (CF)

inherited disorder of exocrine glands resulting in thick mucinous secretions in the respiratory tract that do not drain normally apparentin infancy and childhood affects respiratory and digestive

Aortic valve incompetence

initially produces few symptoms other than a murmur, but eventually the left ventricle fails.

parenteral admin : Less common routes include:

intradermal (ID) intrathecal

Positron emission tomography (PET) Neurology Diagnostic Procedures in

involves attaching radioactive molecules onto a substance necessary for brain function (for example, the sugar glucose). As the molecules circulate in the brain, the radioactive labels give off positively charged signals that can be recorded

Electromyography (EMG) Neurology Diagnostic Procedures in

involves placing small needles into a muscle to record its electrical activity at rest and during contraction. It is used to provide information in disorders of muscles, peripheral nerves, and the neuromuscular junction.

Ventricular tachycardia (V-tach)

is a rapid heartbeat arising in the ventricles.

Dacryocystitis

is an infection of the lacrimal sac, with swelling and pus at the medial corner of the eye.

Chondromalacia patellae (runner's knee)

is caused by irritation of the undersurface of the patella.

Urethral stricture MALE

is scarring that narrows the urethra. It results from infection or injury. It produces a less forceful stream of urine and can be a cause of UTI.

Segmentectomy

is the removal of lung tissue attached to a bronchus

Orchiectomy (orchidectomy) MALE

is the removal of one or both testicles performed for testicular cancer, sex reassignment surgery for transgender women, and advanced prostate cancer to stop the production of testosterone.

congenital heart disease

is the result of abnormal development of the heart in the fetus.

Arthrodesis

is the surgical fixation of a joint to prevent motion. Bone graft, wires, screws, or a plate can be used to stabilize the joint.

Pulmonary resection

is the surgical removal of lung tissue.

convulsion

kon-VUL-shun S/ P/ R/ -ion process con- with, together -vuls- tear, pull Alternative name for seizure

condyloma condylomata (pl) MALE

kon-dih-LOH-ma Greek a knob Warty growth on external genitalia kon-dih-LOH-ma-tah

contraception

kon-trah-SEP-shun S/-ion process, action P/contra- against R/-cept- to receive Prevention of conception

Lateral rotation

moves the palm away from the body

nocturia

nok-TYU-ree-ah S/-ia condition P/noct- night R/ -ur- urine Excessive urination at night

Motor neuron disorders

occur when motor nerves in the spinal cord and brain progressively deteriorate. This leads to muscle weakness that can progress to paralysis. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, or Lou Gehrig disease) and its variants, progressive muscular atrophy and primary lateral sclerosis, are examples. There is no cure.

gastric ulcers

occurring in the stomach causing perforation.

testis, testicle MALE

oval organ about 2 inches (5 cm) long and ¾ inch (2 cm) wide

incontinence meds

oxybutynin

Hormones of Posterior Pituitary

oxytocin and ADH

mastalgia, mastodynia, mammalgia

pain in the breast

hematochezia

passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum indicating lower GI bleed form sigmoid colon, rectum or anus

panic disorder drugs

paxil zanax zoloft klonopin

Peyronie disease MALE

pay-ROH-nee diz-EEZ François de la Peyronie, 1678-1747, French surgeon Penile bending and pain on erection

peripheral

peh-RIF-er-al S/-al pertaining to R/peripher- outer part Pertaining to the periphery or external boundary

STD and treatments

pg 176 chlamydia : single dose of azithromycin/zithromax

Microglia

phagocytose bacteria and cell debris.

polyuria

pol-ee-YOU-ree-ah S/-ia condition P/poly- excessive R/-ur- urine Excessive production of urine

carbohydrates are ingested in 3 forms

polysaccharides : starches disaccharides : sucrose (table sugar) and lactose (milk sugar) monosaccharides: glucose (basic sugar), Fructose ( fruit sugar) and galactose (milk sugar)

placenta abruptio

premature separation of the placenta from the wall of the uterus

ketones in urine

present in DKA or starvation

1 Blood Vessels in the Circulations

process. ARTERIOLES towards the CAPERLLARIES/CAPERLLARYbeds through a layer of ENDOTHELIUM then towards the VENULES . The circulatory system exists to serve the capillaries because capillaries are the only place where water and materials are exchanged between the blood and tissue fluids.

pneumatic otoscope

pushes air into the ear and enables the examiner to see if the eardrum moves freely. Tympanocentesis is puncture of the tympanic membrane with a needle to aspirate fluid from the middle ear that has remained behind after a middle ear infection (chronic otitis media with effusion).

Electroencephalography Neurology Diagnostic Procedures in

records the brain's electrical activity and helps identify seizure disorders, sleep disturbances, degenerative brain disorders, and brain damage.

peptic ulcers

regions of the GI tract that have been eroded by H. pylori - HCl and pepsin stomach and duodenum dyspepsia

retrograde

reversal of normal flow

auricle, or pinna,

s a wing-shaped structure that directs sound waves coming through the air into the external auditory meatus and external auditory canal

Bronchoscopy i

s the insertion of a fiber-optic endoscope (called a bronchoscope) into the bronchial tree to visually examine it, take a tissue biopsy, or take a wash for secretions.

Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) i

s the next generation of 3DCRT in which, if the tumor is wrapped around a vulnerable structure such as a blood vessel or major organ, the pattern of radiation delivery can avoid the normal structure.

Ovarian CA

second most common gynecologic CA after endometrial CA but counts for more deaths. SX: are vague, making early diagnosis difficult. mass in the abdomen may be detected. TX: surgical removal and chemo removal of a woman's entire reproductive system (ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus) is total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy" (TAH-BSO)

hyperemesis gravidarum

severe nausea and vomiting in pregnancy that can cause severe dehydration in the mother and fetus

TIA - Transient Ischemic Attack

short-term, small strokes with symptoms lasting for less than 24 hours. If neurologic symptoms persist for more than 24 hours, then it is a full-blown stroke with brain cell damage and death. most frequent cause is a small embolus that occludes a small artery in the brain. Often, the embolus arises from a clot in the atrium in atrial fibrillation or from an atherosclerotic plaque in a carotid artery. If the impairment of blood supply lasts more than a few minutes, the affected nerve cells can die and cause permanent neurologic deficit

cold sores (fever blisters)

small fluid-filled blisters that itch and sting, caused by a herpes simplex infection

Maintenance rehabilitation

strengthens and maintains a function that is gradually being lost. It is less intense than restorative rehabilitation but often long term. Problems of senescence (old age), like difficulty with balance or flexibility, require this long-term approach.

gluteus muscles

three —maximus, medius, and minimus

Alveoli

tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood

TIBC

total iron-binding capacity; the amount of iron needed to saturate transferrin, the protein that transports iron in the blood

TURP

transurethral resection of the prostate gland removes tissue from teh inner portion of the prostate gland in men with BPH

eclampsia

true toxemia of pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure, albuminuria, edema of the legs and feet, severe headaches, dizziness, convulsions, and coma

personality disorder that a person pulls out their hair

ttm Trichotillomania (TTM), also known as hair pulling disorder, is a mental disorder characterised by a long term urge that results in the pulling out of one's hair.

Urethra

tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body external urethra : muscles of the pelvic floor providing micturation internal urethra: base of the bladder

Spleen contains

two basic types of tissue: White pulp—which is a part of the immune system that produces T cells, B cells, and macrophages. The blood passing through the spleen is monitored for antigens. Antibodies are produced, and the foreign matter is removed. Red pulp—which acts as a reservoir for erythrocytes, platelets, and macrophages that remove old and defective erythrocyte

retinal detachment

two layers of the retina separate from each other treatment Photocoagulation

astigmatism,

unequal curvatures of the cornea cause unequal focusing and blurred images. Cylindrical lenses, which refract light more in one plane than another, are needed to correct this problem.

phacoemulsification

use of high-frequency sound waves to break up cataract, which is then removed by suction with needle

vagina/vaginal

vah-JIE-nah Latin a sheath Female genital canal extending from the uterus to the vulva VAJ-in-al S/-al pertaining to R/vagin- vagina Pertaining to the vagina

Hydrocephalus, congenital anomalies nervous system

ventricular enlargement in the cerebral hemispheres with excessive CSF, is usually due to an obstruction that prevents the CSF from exiting the ventricles to circulate around the spinal cord A shunt can be placed to drain the excess CSF from the ventricles to either the peritoneal cavity or an atrium of the heart.

Organs of balance (vestibular system)

vestibule and the three semicircular canals are the

Hepatitis A (HAV)

virus transmitted through direct contact with fecally contaminated food or water most contagious occurring in schools camps and institutions

laparscopy

visual examination of the abdomen

cystoscopy

visual examination of the urinary bladder inserted through teh urethra into the bladder lining of teh bladder to determine causes of hematuria, urinary frqeuncy, urgency, incontinence or retention with biopsy is definitive test for CA

Radiotherapists,

who are physicians who specialize in the treatment of disease using x-rays and radioactive materials.

Radiologists,

who are physicians with specialized training in obtaining and interpreting medical images.

Radiographers, radiologic technologists, radiologic technicians, and radiologic assistants,

who provide radiologists with the images they need to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

Complete fracture

A bone is broken into at least two fragments.

Closed -fracture

A bone is broken, but the skin is not broken.

urea

A chemical that comes from the breakdown of proteins and nitrogen metabolism

erythropoietin,

A hormone, produced by the kidneys and liver, controls the rate of RBC production. A lack of oxygen in the blood triggers the release of erythropoietin, which travels in the blood to the red bone marrow to stimulate RBC production.

thromboembolism embolism.

A major complication of thrombus formation is that a piece of the clot can break off and be carried in the bloodstream to lodge in a blood vessel in another organ and block blood flow.

Estrogen

A sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.

Foley catheter

A supra-pubic tube inserted through the urethra to drain urine, often left in place anterior abdominal wall fr those whose urethra is blocked

Digestive enzymes 3 main groups:

Amylase : carbs lipases: fat Protease: protien

Bronchi-Structure

As the inhaled air continues down the respiratory tract, the trachea divides and air flows into the right and left main (primary) bronchi, which enter each lung at the hilum. In turn, the main bronchi divide into a secondary (lobar) bronchus for each lobe. There are three secondary bronchi in the right lung and two in the left lung. Each secondary bronchus divides into tertiary bronchi that supply segments of each lobe

Diuretics

Drugs that elevate the rate of bodily urine output. promotes diuresis by altering how the kidney handles sodium if the kidney excretes more sodium then water excretion will also increase indirectly affect the heart by acting on the kidneys to stimulate urinary fluid loss, thus lessening the amount of fluid the heart must cope with; chlorothiazide (Diuril), furosemide (Lasix), and spironolactone (Aldactone) are examples of diuretics.

thenar eminence

Fleshy mound on the palm at the base of the thumb

lumbar arteries

Four pairs ofthat supply the abdominal wall.

Sarcoidosis sarcoidosis (sar-koy-DOH-sis)

Granulomatous lesions of the lungs and other organs; cause is unknown. is an idiopathic fibrotic disorder of the lung parenchyma.

hypogonadism MALE

HIGH-poh-GOH-nad-izm S/-ism condition P/hypo- deficient R/-gonad- testes or ovaries Deficient gonad production of sperm, eggs, or hormones

esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD),

However, the diagnostic use of a barium meal has declined with the increasing use of esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), which allows direct visual inspection of suspicious areas in the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.

adrenal virilism or adrenogenital syndrome.

Hypersecretion of androgens is called adrenal virilism or adrenogenital syndrome. In adult women, manifestations include hirsutism, baldness, acne, deepened voice, decreased breast size, and other signs of masculinization. If a tumor is found by CT or MRI scan, it can be removed surgically.

ESRD (end stage renal disease)

Irreversible damage to the kidney tissue. less than 10% of function tranplant needed (Uremic Syndrome- Fluid and electrolyte imbalance due to increase in nitrogenous wastes in the blood)

person who has minimal awareness of theselves or their surroundings, but show signs of cortical functions when spoken by loved ones

Minimally Conscious state

pessary

OVal Stone GReek appliance of varied form, introduced into the vagina to support the uterus or to correct any displacement

perineum perineal (adj) FEMALE

PER-ih-NEE-um Latin perineum Area between the thighs, extending from the coccyx to the pubis PER-ih-NEE-al S/-al pertaining to R/ perine-perineum Pertaining to the perineum

STD: Chlamydia

PO antibiotics Doxycyclone , erythromysin, or azithromycin

PPS postpoliomyelitis syndrome

PPS is rarely life-threatening, and the severity of residual weakness and disability relates to the severity of the original acute poliomyelitis.

Progesterone receptor +

PR+ or PR- ; Hormone progesterone will bind to the receptors inside cells. Binding to certain cells may cause them to grow

dyspareunia FEMALE

Painful intercourse

Accessory glands: males

Prostate, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral cowper glands

photoreceptor

Rods and cones are called photoreceptor cells. The rods and cones convert the energy of the light rays into electrical impulses, and the optic nerve, a bundle of more than a million nerve fibers, transmits these impulses to the visual cortex at the back of the brain.

smegma MALE

SMEG-mah Greek ointment Oily material produced by the glans and prepuce thick, cheesy secretion that accumulates under the labia minora or the male foreskin a lubricant containing lipids, cell debris, and some natural antibiotics in the prepuce

No identifiable physical cause to explain physical symptoms characterizes

SOmatoform disorder

THat which suspends each testis in teh scrotum

Spermatic Cord

bones provide the following functions

Support. The bones of your vertebral column, pelvis, and legs hold up your body. The jawbone supports your teeth. Cartilage supports your nose, ears, and ribs. Tendons support and attach your muscles to bone. Ligaments support and hold your bones together. Protection. The skull protects your brain. The vertebral column protects your spinal cord. The rib cage protects your heart and lungs. Movement. Muscles could not function without their attachments to skeletal bones, and muscles are responsible for your movements. Blood formation. Bone marrow in many bones is the major producer of blood cells, including most of those in your immune system Mineral storage and balance. The skeletal system stores calcium and phosphorus. These are released when your body needs them for other purposes. For example, calcium is needed for muscle contraction, communication between neurons (see Chapter 9), and blood clotting (see Chapter 11). Detoxification. Bones remove metals such as lead and radium from your blood, store them, and slowly release them for excretion.

Which is rue RD: the cells of MALIGNANT TUmors

The cells mets The cells invade the lymphatic system The cells Infiltrate adjacent ltissues

larynx

The flow of inhaled air moves on from the pharynx to the larynx an enlargement of the airway located between the oropharynx and the trachea. The upper opening into it from the oropharynx is called the glottis.

Trachea - FLow of AIr

The flow of inhaled air now moves into the trachea (windpipe). This is a rigid tube that descends from the larynx to divide into the two main bronchi The rigidity of the trachea is produced by 16 to 20 C-shaped rings of cartilage that form its anterior and lateral walls The open part of the "C" faces posteriorly and is closed by the trachealis muscle. The trachea divides into the two primary (main) bronchi for the right and left lungs (Figure 13.8a).

medullary cavity.

The hollow cylinder inside the diaphysis is called the medullary cavity. It contains bone marrow and is lined by a thin membrane called the endosteum. The marrow is a fatty tissue that contains blood cells in different stages of development

Arterial Pulses

The pulse is always part of a clinical examination because it can show heart rate, rhythm, and the state of the arterial wall by palpation. There are nine locations on each side of the body where large arteries are close to the surface and can be palpated The brachial artery at the elbow is also used for taking blood pressure readings. All the pulse sites can be used as pressure points to temporarily reduce arterial bleeding in an emergency.

pupill - light reflex

The pupil controls the amount of light entering the eye. The sphincter pupillae muscle opens and closes the pupil. When you are in a dark place, the sphincter pupillae muscle opens (dilates) to allow more light to enter. When you are in bright light, the sphincter pupillae muscle closes (constricts) to admit less light.

mediastinum

The region of the thoracic cavity in which the heart lies is

EYE - Cones and rods or photoreceptors

The retina has 130 million rods which perceive only light, not color, and function mostly when the light is dim. There are 6.5 million cones ), which are activated by light and color and have precise visual acuity. Different cones respond to red, blue, and green light. The perception of color is based on the intensity of different mixtures of colors from the three types of cones.

superior vena cava (SVC).

The right and left brachiocephalic veins join together to form the superior vena cava (SVC). The SVC empties into the right atrium.

inferior vena cava (IVC).

The right and left common iliac veins form the

Pleura- Structure and Functions

The surface of each lung is covered with a serous membrane called the visceral pleura At the hilum, the visceral pleura turns back on itself to form the parietal pleura, which lines the rib cage. The space between the visceral and parietal pleurae is called the pleural cavity, which contains a thin film of lubricant called the pleural fluid

chemotherapy

The use of drugs to treat diseases such as cancer systemic thrapy affecting the entire body Adriamycin Cytoxan FLuorouracil Taxotere Taxol

contrecoup

Then the brain and the rest of your body rebound backward. The soft brain is then squished against the back of your rigid skull

B lymphocytes (B cells).

These cells mature in the bone marrow. B lymphocytes make up 15% to 25% of lymphocytes. They are activated by helper T cells, respond to a specific antigen, and cause the production of antibodies called immunoglobulins (Ig). The mature B cells are called plasma cells and secrete large quantities of antibodies that immobilize, neutralize, and prepare the specific antigen for destruction.

Coarctation of the aorta.

This is a narrowing of the aorta shortly after the artery to the left arm branches from the aorta. It causes hypertension in the arms behind the narrowing and hypotension in the lower limbs and organs like the kidney below the narrowing.

Greenstick (closed) fracture

This is a partial fracture: one side breaks, the other bends.

Villi

Tiny finger-shaped structures that cover the inner surface of the small intestine and provide a large surface area through which digested food is absorbed produces maltase and dextrinase that breakse down disaccharides into monosaccharides

peripheral circulation

Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and enzymes to the cells and carries carbon dioxide and waste products to the lungs, liver, and kidney for excretion. Maintains homeostasis by enabling cells to meet their metabolic needs and maintains a steady flow of blood and blood pressure in the tissues.

monozygotic (MZ) twins

Twins who originate from one zygote that splits apart very early in development. (Also called identical twins.) Other monozygotic multiple births (such as triplets and quadruplets) can occur as well.

Paraphimosis— MALE

a condition in which the retracted foreskin cannot be pulled forward to cover the glans.

thyroid hormones

a soft, very vascular organ composed mostly of small follicles lined with epithelial cells. These cells secrete the two thyroid hormones: triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). The term thyroid hormone refers to T3 and T4 collectively. thyroid gland extracts iodine from the blood to produce T3 and T4. The hormones are produced in response to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the anterior pituitary gland. The pituitary gland, in turn, increases or slows the release of TSH in response to the level of thyroid hormone in the blood. The thyroid also produces the hormone calcitonin from the C cells found between the follicles. Calcitonin stimulates osteoblastic activity (see Chapter 14) to promote calcium deposition and bone formation. It is secreted in response to hypercalcemia.

ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) test

a technique used to detect antibodies or infectious agents in a sample. Antibodies are made in response to infection and so an antibody ELISA can indicate whether or not an animal has been in contact with a certain virus.

Arthroplasty,

a total replacement of the hip joint with a metal prosthesis, is the most common hip surgery today; 150,000 total hip replacements (THP) are performed each year in the United States, mostly for osteoarthritis of the hip joint. The diseased parts of the joint are removed and replaced with artificial parts made of titanium, other metals, and ceramics

contraception behavioral methods of

abstinence, rhythm method (periodic abstinence), 25% failure rate withdrawal (coitus interruptus)

Jaundice: Hemolytic

accelerated destruction of the RBCs that the liver cannot remove the bilirubin excess fast enough. most often seen in newborns blood incompatibility with moms and infants.

ossicles—the malleus, incus, and stapes

are attached to the wall of the tympanic cavity by tiny ligaments that are covered by a mucous membrane. The malleus is attached to the tympanic membrane and vibrates with the membrane when sound waves hit it. The malleus is also attached to the incus, which also vibrates and passes the vibrations onto the stapes. The stapes is attached to the oval window, an opening that transmits the vibrations to the inner ear. The stapes is the smallest bone in the body.

Tourette syndrome (TS) and other tic disorders

are characterized by episodes of involuntary, rapid, repetitive, fixed movements of individual muscle groups. They occur with varying frequency and are associated with meaningless vocal sounds or meaningful words and phrases. The tics are probably genetic. There is no cure, but they can be treated pharmacologically with haloperidol or clonidine.

Brainstem

contains two major areas: PONS MEDULLA OBLINGATA

embryo

developing stage of a multi cellular organism 2weeks until 8 weeks is the EMBRYONIC period (by the 8th week all organ systems are present and measure just over 1 inch long and is now a FETUS) where the external structures are formed together with the:: placenta, umbilical cord, amnion, - fluid-like sac that protects the embryo yolk sac, - arising from the ventral side of the embryo, contributes to the formation of the digestive tract and produces blood cells and future sex germ cells chorion. -forms teh pacenta by penetrating deeply into teh endometrium.

epidural epidural space

ep-ih-DYU-ral ep-ih-DYU-ral SPASE S/-al pertianing to P/epi- above R/-dur- dura mater Above the dura Space between the dura mater and the wall of the vertebral canal or skull

epispadias MALE

ep-ih-SPAY-dee-as S/-ias condition P/epi- above R/-spad- tear or cut Condition in which the urethral opening is on the dorsum of the penis

PPH (postpartum hemorrhage)

excessive bleeding after childbirth

hemorrhagic strokes Risk factors

for are hypertension, cerebral arteriovenous malformations, and cerebral aneurysms.

ischemic strokes Risk factors

for are hypertension, diabetes mellitus, high cholesterol levels, cigarettes, and obesity.

DSM-5

has replaced the disorder hypochondriasis with the diagnosis of somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder.

Fevipiprant For asthma,

has significantly decreased the symptoms of asthma, improved lung function, reduced inflammation, and repaired the lining of airways, and should soon be given FDA approval for clinical use.

Prostate cancer can be treated with

hormone therapy using medications that stop the body from producing testosterone, which prostate cancer cells need to grow, or anti-androgens that block testosterone from reaching the cancer cells.

Tropic (also spelled trophic)

hormones are hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to produce their hormones. All of the anterior lobe hormones except PRL and GH are tropic hormones.

Expectorants

increase the amount of hydration of bronchial secretions and as a byproduct lubricate an irritated respiratory tract. Guaifenesin is an expectorant available in many cough syrups, tablets, and caplets.

proctitis

inflammation of the rectum and anus

Chest x-ray (CXR)

is a radiograph image of the chest taken in anteroposterior (AP), posteroanterior (PA), lateral, and sometimes oblique and lateral decubitus positions.

ECOG)Electrocochleography (

measures the response to sound by the nervous system. A soft electrode is placed deeply in the external ear canal and other electrodes are placed on the forehead to measure responses to sound.

Whihc of the following is NOT a common cause of death

neoplastic anemia

Crackles (formally known as rales):

nonmusical, explosive sounds; attributed to the popping opening of the airways with or without the movement of air through secretions in larger airways. Crackles can be auscultated with pneumonia, pulmonary edema, and atelectasis.

Blepharitis

occurs when multiple eyelash follicles and tarsal glands become infected. The margin of the eyelid shows persistent redness and crusting and may become ulcerated. The infection is usually staphylococcal. It is treated with antibiotic ointments.

PAIN Referred pain

occurs when pain in the viscera is felt in the skin or other superficial sites An example is the pain of a heart attack felt along the front of the left shoulder and down the underside of the left arm. his is because spinal cord segments T1 to T5 receive sensory input from the heart, as well as from the skin of the shoulder and arm. This input is transmitted to the brain. The brain cannot distinguish the true source of the pain. It assumes it is coming from the skin, which has more pain receptors than the heart and is injured more often.

ciliary muscle

smooth muscle portion of the ciliary body, which contracts to assist in near vision The ciliary muscle of the ciliary body makes the lens thicker and thinner, enabling it to bend the light rays and focus them on the retina at the back of the eye

oral CA

squamous cell carcinoma mets to lymph nodes, bone, lung, liver 5 year survival rate is only 51%

mucosa

the lining of a tubular structure

functions Nervous system - Sensory input

to the brain comes from receptors all over the body at both the conscious and subconscious levels. Seeing the rose, touching it, smelling it, and noting your body position as you bend are external stimuli of which you are aware. Inside your body, internal stimuli about the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in your blood and other homeostatic variables are being continually processed at the subconscious level.

Gallium-67,

used in positron emission tomography (PET) scans (see the following) and for localizing infections.

Tracheal aspiration

uses a soft catheter that allows brushings and washings to be performed to remove cells and secretions from the trachea and main bronchi. It can be passed through a tracheostomy, endotracheal tube, or the mouth or nose.

Demyelination,

when the myelin sheath surrounding nerve fibers is damaged, nerves do not conduct impulses normally. the destruction of an area of the myelin sheath, can occur in the PNS caused by inflammation, vitamin B12 deficiency, poisons, and some medications. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common of these demyelination disorders

medulla oblongata - ROLE

within which nuclei of gray matter form centers to control vital visceral activities, such as: Cardiac center—regulates heart rate. Respiratory center—regulates breathing. Vasomotor center—regulates vasoconstriction and vasodilation of blood vessels. Reticular formation—responds to sensory impulses by arousing the cerebral cortex into wakefulness.

renal angiogram

x-ray image of the renal artery obtained after injecting contrast material into a catheter in the artery

angiography

x-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast material (dye)

ejaculate

(Note: This term can be a verb or noun.) A normal ejaculation consists of 2 to 5 mL of semen. ee-JACK-you-late S/-ate composed of, pertaining to R/ejacul- shoot out To expel suddenly, or the semen expelled in ejaculation ejaculation ee-JACK-you-LAY-shun S/ation process Process of expelling semen

parasympathetic

(Note: This term has two prefixes.) par-ah-sim-pah-THET-ik S/-ic pertaining to P/para- beside P/-sym- together R/-pathet- suffering Pertaining to division of autonomic nervous system; has opposite effects of the sympathetic division

drug's generic name

(for example, alprazolam), which identifies the drug legally and scientifically; there is only one generic name for each drug.

strokes: Hemorrhagic

(intracranial hemorrhage) occur when a blood vessel in the brain bursts or when a cerebral aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation (AVM) ruptures.

Radioimmunotherapy (RIT

) combines radiation therapy and immunotherapy. In immunotherapy, a laboratory-produced molecule called a monoclonal antibody is designed to recognize and bind to the surface of cancer cells; this mimics the body's naturally produced antibodies. In RIT, a monoclonal antibody is fused with a radioactive material and injected into the patient's bloodstream. The antibody travels to and binds to the cancer cells, delivering a high dose of radiation directly to the cells in the cancer.

Benign kidney tumors

, such as renal adenoma, are usually asymptomatic, are discovered incidentally, and are not life-threatening.

Refractive error

, the nature and degree to which light is bent by the eye, is measured with a refractometer.

exocrine pancreatic juices

-electrolytes: (alkaline sodium bicarb) neutralizes the acid chyme -Enzymes: -amylase (breaks down polyssacharide starch into disaccharides and monosaccharides) -Lipase (breaks down triglyceride fat into fatty acids adn monoglycerides) -trypsin, chymotrypsin and carboxypeptides (split protein into their amino acids

Hormone Blood Levels

-human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) produced by the chorion is less important after 4 months because the corpus luteum no longer must be stimulated -the placenta takes over the steroid hormone secretions of the corpus luteum

jaundice (icterus) types

-physiological : normal will resolve in a few days -breast milk: 3-12 wks no TX needed -breast-feeding failure: will resolve once breast feeding is resolved -hemolytic disease of newborn (Rh disease): too many RBC breakdown and release bilirubin -inadequate live function: ie. Wilsons disease (retention of copper in the liver)

Hormones of Pregnancy

-Estrogens - stimulates enlargement of uterus and increase is breast size -Progesterone - secreted by corpus letuem and placenta. suppresses further ovulation, prevents menses, stimulate proliferation of endometrium to support the implantation and inhibit contractions of uterine muscle -HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) stimulates growth of corpus lutuem and its production of estrogen and progesterone. -FSH and LH: from pituitary glans stimulates the maintenance of the corpus luteum and its estrogen and progesterone levels * All primarily secreted by the placenta

Heart Anatomy

-Located in the mediastinum at teh level o teh 5th lumbar vertebrae. - The heart has four chambers -Located in the pericardial sac: Parietal pericardium, Epicardium (visceral pericardium), Pericardial cavity, Myocardium, Endocardium - Heart valves: Atrioventricular valves, Semilunar valves -Septum

Peripheral Nerves Disorders of

-Mononeuropathy -Polyneuropathy -Neuomuscular Junction Disorders -Postherepetic neuragia -HEpres Zoster (shingles) -Diabetic Chronic Polyneuropathy

stage of childbirth

-early dilation of the cervix -late dilation of the cervix -expulsion of the fetus -expulsion of placenta

conception process

-egg take 72 hours to reach uterus -must be fertilized 12-24 hours to survive -fertilization takes place distal third of the uterine tube -produces a zygote 200-600 million sperms are deposited near teh cervix 2000-3000 reach the egg

nipple discharge

1) Benign 2) If Spontaneous, Persistent, Bloody, From A Single Duct --> Pathology

Eye Cavities and Chambers

1. Posterior Cavity (a) Vitreous Body (maintains shape) (b) can contain floaters (solidified particles in this area) 2. Anterior Cavity (a) aqueous humor nourishes lens/cornea (b) lens is also not vascularized (c) anterior cavity is broken into anterior chamber and posterior chamber In front, the anterior cavity extends from the cornea to the lens and is divided into two chambers. The anterior chamber extends from the cornea to the iris, and the posterior chamber extends from the iris to the lens

CVP (central venous pressure)

2-6 mmHg 4-12 cmH2O A direct measurement of the blood pressure in the right atrium and vena cava. CVP reflects the amount of blood returning to the heart and the ability of the heart to pump blood from the right heart into the pulmonary system.

Breast Anatomy

2-6th ribs, sternal edge to midaxillary projection into axila as tail of Spence 20-40 lobules -> mammary glands 15-20 lobes -> nipple areola - sebaceous/sweat glands, glands of Montgomery (sweat/lact lubrication), hair, smooth muscle to express milk

MCH mean corpuscular hemoglobin

25.4-34.6 pg/cell* (commonly used: 27 - 31 pg/ cell) Amt of hemoglobin per RBC

Granulocytes

A group of leukocytes containing granules in their cytoplasm; neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils. Because of their granular cytoplasm surrounding a nucleus, the above three types of WBCs are called granulocytes. Their granules are the sites for production of enzymes and chemicals.

Minipill

A birth-control pill that contains synthetic progesterone ONLY but no estrogen.

Thrush (oral candidiasis)

A fungal infection of the mouth commonly found in young children that presents as a thick white film on the tongue or other oral tissues. Fevers are rare, except in cases where the infection spreads beyond the oral cavity. Candida albicans

posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

A ligament in the knee that attaches to the posterior aspect of the tibial plateau, restricting posterior movement of the tibia on the femur

bone mineral density (BMD)

A measure of the amount of minerals (mainly calcium) contained in a certain volume of bone.

Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor)

A rapidly developing malignancy of the kidneys, usually affecting children before age 5 more in chilrden 3-8

Pelvic Girdle Disorders

SI joint strain Low back pain -sacroiliac joint is trauma, -pregnancy Diastasis symphysis pubis

Epilepsy absence seizure _Formerly referred to as "petit mal"

AB-sens SEE-zhur P/ab- away from R/-sence to feel S/ ure process R/ -seiz- to convulse A brief seizure characterized by absence of activity and occasionally clonic movements

arrythmia/dysrhythmia

Abnormal heart rhythm 4 main types: -Premature -A-Fib -Verntricular arrythmias: V-tach, PVCs, V-fib, -Heart block

ear- middle disorders

Acute otitis media (AOM) is the presence of pus in the middle ear with pain in the ear, fever, and redness of the tympanic membrane. This occurs most often in the first 2 to 4 years of age because: Chronic otitis media (COM) occurs when the acute infection subsides but the eustachian tube is still blocked chronic otitis media with effusion (OME) and produces hearing loss because the sticky fluid prevents the ossicles from vibrating. perforated tympanic membrane can occur in acute otitis media when pus in the middle ear cannot escape down the eustachian tube. Otosclerosis is a middle-ear disease that usually affects people between 18 and 35 years of age. It can affect one ear or both and produces a gradual hearing loss for low and soft sounds. Cholesteatoma is a complication of chronic otitis media with effusion or of poor eustachian tube function. Chronically inflamed cells in the middle ear multiply and collect into a tumor. They damage the ossicles and can spread to the inner ear. Surgical removal is required

Sound Production

Air moving past the vocal cords makes them vibrate to produce sound. The force of the air moving past the vocal cords determines the loudness of the sound. The intrinsic muscles of the cords pull them closer together with varying degrees of tautness. A high-pitched sound is produced by taut cords and a lower pitch by more relaxed cords

Thyroid Pharmacology

Antithyroid medications prevent formation of thyroid hormones in the gland's cells. Propylthiouracil and methimazole both decrease the amount of thyroid hormone produced by the gland's cells and can be used to treat hyperthyroidism. Unfortunately, they both have the major and frequent side effects of agranulocytosis and aplastic anemia, and are no longer recognized as a front-line medication. Thyroid replacements are: L-thyroxine. This synthetic T4 is a preferred replacement. Liothyronine sodium. This synthetic T3 has a rapid turnover and has to be monitored frequently.

Artificial pacemakers,

Artificial pacemakers, which consist of a battery, electronic circuits, and computer memory to generate electronic signals. The signals are carried along thin, insulated wires to the heart muscle. The most common need for a pacemaker is a very slow heart rate (bradycardia).

STD chancroid: "it's so painful, you "DO CRY"

Azithromycin ceftraiaxone

Chlymydia

Azithromycin (Zithromax) or a week of doxycyline (vibramycin and others)

breathing Changes

Changes in rate of breathing . Eupnea is the normal, easy, automatic respiration—around 15 breaths per minute in a resting adult. tachypnea (rapid rate of breathing) and hyperpnea (breathing deeper and more rapidly than normal) are signs of respiratory difficulty, as is bradypnea (slow breathing).

Impaired sperm production MALE

Cryptorchism Anorchism anorchism (an-OR-kizm) Absence of testes. (absence of one or both testes) Testicular trauma Testicular cancer Orchitis after puberty

immunosuppressant There are four main types of immunosuppressant drugs:

Cytostatics, Antibodies Calcineurin Glucocorticoids

Lung Hilum:

Each lung receives its bronchus, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves through its hilum The lung's specific functional cells are called the lung parenchyma and are supported by a thin connective tissue framework called the stroma. This consists mostly of collagen and elastic fibers, and its elasticity is a factor in the lung's recoil after inhalation.

Joint - Skull 3 main types

Fibrous joints are two bones tightly bound together by bands of fibrous tissue with no joint space. They come in three varieties Cartilaginous joints join two bones with cartilage: Synovial joints contain synovial fluid as a lubricant and allow considerable movement

IgE - high levels

High blood levels of are also found in patients with parasitic infections.

IgG - high level

High blood levels of can indicate a chronic infection, such as HIV and in chronic hepatitis and multiple sclerosis. Low levels are found in some types of leukemia and in nephrotic syndrome.

Lymphomas are grouped into two categories:

Hodgkin lymphoma(HOJ-kin lim-FOH-muh) Disease marked by chronic enlargement of lymph nodes, spreading to other nodes in an orderly way. Non-Hodgkin lymphomas—

blood PH - hydrogen ion concentration

Hydrogen ion concentration is measured by using a pH scale to show the balance between acid and alkaline in any solution. Inability to control pH results in paralysis and death. Pure water is the neutral solution and has a pH of 7.0. Solutions with a pH less than 7.0 are acidic. Solutions with a pH greater than 7.0 are alkaline (or basic). Blood has a pH between 7.35 and 7.45 and must be maintained within that range for life to continue. Buffer systems in the blood are used to maintain the correct pH range. Examples of buffer systems are bicarbonate and phosphate.

infertility causes Male

Impaired sperm production: Cryptorchism Anorchism (absence of one or both testes) Testicular trauma Testicular cancer Orchitis after puberty Impaired sperm delivery: Infections and blockage of spermatic ducts. Testosterone deficiency (hypogonadism): Medications to treat hypertension and/or high cholesterol. Environmental endocrine disrupters that adversely affect the endocrine system; examples are phthalates in plastics and dioxins in paper production.

Cholesystitis

Inflammation of the cholecyst (gallbladder) right upper abd pain, n/v, jaundice, dark urine and pale-colored stool

Prostatitis prostatitis (pross-tah-TIE-tis)

Inflammation of the prostate. Type I—an acute bacterial infection with fever, chills, frequency, dysuria, and hematuria. Type II—a chronic bacterial infection with less severe symptoms. Type III—a chronic nonbacterial prostatitis in which the urinary symptoms are present, but no bacteria can be detected. This is the most common type. Its etiology is unknown, and treatment is difficult.

pyelonephritis

Inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney; caused by bacterial infection (UTI) tx: aminoglycosides (gentamycin) , ampicillin or ceftriaxone (rocephin).

cerebral cortex function

Is the center for humans highest functions governing thought, memory, reasoning, sensation and voluntary movement.

Candida candidiasis (also called thrush) FEMALE

KAN-did-ah Latin dazzling white A yeastlike fungus kan-dih-DIE-ah-sis S/-iasis state of, condition R/candid- Candida, a yeast Infection with the yeastlike fungus Candida

motile , motility (noun) MALE

MOH-til S/-ile capable R/mot- to move Capable of spontaneous movement moh-TILL-ih-tee S/-ility condition, state of The ability for spontaneous movement

motor

MOH-tor Latin to move Pertaining to nerves that send impulses out to cause muscles to contract or glands to secrete

advance medical directive Legal document signed by the patient dealing with issues of prolonging or ending life in the event of life-threatening illness. , which consists of two documents:

Medical (durable) power of attorney, in which you appoint someone you know and trust as your agent and authorize that person to make medical decisions for you when you cannot. Living will, in which you provide a set of instructions detailing what treatment you do and do not want in a terminal illness, including hospice treatment. If there are special instructions, such as do not resuscitate (DNR), these must be stated clearly. It should also include a Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) authorization that enables your agent to receive the medical information about you that is necessary for making decisions about treatment. This is needed because HIPAA imposes tough privacy-of-medical-information rules on doctors and hospitals.

Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema

Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema can result from sepsis, renal failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) (and opiate or barbiturate poisoning.

Hypertension (HTN)

Normal 120 systolic/ 80diastolic is the most common cardiovascular disorder in this country, affecting more than 20% of the adult population. It results from a prolonged elevated blood pressure (BP) throughout the vascular system. The high pressure forces the ventricles to work harder to pump blood. Eventually, the myocardium becomes strained and less efficient. It is the major cause of heart failure, stroke, and kidney failure.

orchiopexy (Note: The letter "o" is added to make the word flow.) MALE

OR-kee-oh-PEK-see S/-pexy surgical fixation R/CF orch/i- testicle Surgical fixation of a testis in the scrotum

cerumen overproduction

Overproduction of cerumen can completely block the external canal (cerumen impaction), causing hearing loss and preventing examination of the tympanic membrane with an otoscope Excessive earwax can be removed in your physician's office by ear irrigation or ear syringing. Manual removal with a curette, a small metal ring at the end of a handle, or suction is performed for those with narrow ear canals. If a foreign body, such as a small bead, does get into the canal, or if cerumen becomes impacted in the canal, then hearing loss can result.

Chyme

Partially digested, semiliquid food mixed with digestive enzymes and acids in the stomach.

NOSE: following are functions of the nose:

Passageway for air. The palate is the floor of the nasal cavity that separates it from the mouth and enables you to breathe even with food in your mouth. Air cleanser. The hairs in the vestibule trap some of the large particles in the air. Air moisturizer. Moisture from nasal mucus and from tears that drain into the cavity through the nasolacrimal duct (see Chapter 16) is added to the air. Air warmer. The blood flowing through the nasal cavity beneath the mucous membrane also warms the air. This prevents damage from the cold to the more fragile lower respiratory passages. Sense of smell (olfaction). The olfactory region recognizes some 4,000 separate smells.

Plain (Projectional) Radiography

Plain radiography was the only modality available in the first 50 years of radiology. The x-rays that pass through a patient strike an undeveloped film held in a light-tight cassette. The film is then developed chemically to produce an image on the film. Now, digital radiography (DR) is replacing film screen radiography; x-rays strike a plate of sensors that convert the signals generated into digital information and an image on a computer screen. Because of its lower cost and availability, plain radiography is the first-line examination of choice in radiologic diagnosis Lead aprons can be used to protect patients and technicians from receiving unwanted radiation.

phimosis paraphimosis MALE

Prepuce too tight to retract/return from retracted position

Lungs - Therapeutic Procedures

Rhinoplasty Pulmonary Rehabilitation Nutritional Support Immunizations Postural drainage therapy (PDT) Continuous Positive ressure (CPAP) Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) Intubation Tracheotomy Endotracheal Mechanical ventilation

Thyroid hormone acts in three interrelated ways:

Stimulates almost every tissue in the body to produce proteins. Increases the amount of oxygen that cells use. Controls the speed at which the body's chemical functions proceed (metabolic rate).

tonic tonic-clonic seizure ton- pressure, tension

TON-ik S/-ic pertaining to R/ton- pressure, tension In a state of muscular contraction TON-ik-KLON-ik SEE-zhur R/clon- violent action Generalized seizure due to epileptic activity in all or most of the brai

trauma

TRAW-mah Greek wound A physical or mental injury traumatic traw-MAT-ik S/-tic pertaining to R/ trauma- injury Pertaining to or caused by trauma

pulmonary veins

The blood exits each lung through two pulmonary veins. All four pulmonary veins take blood into the left atrium of the heart.

Spermatic Cord - male

The blood vessels and nerves to the testis arise in the abdominal cavity. They pass through the inguinal canal, where they join with connective tissue to form a spermatic cord that suspends each testis in the scrotum The left testis is suspended lower than the right. Within the cord are an artery, a plexus of veins, nerves, a thin muscle, and the ductus (vas) deferens (the passage into which sperm go when they leave the testis).

Displaced fracture

The fractured bone parts are out of alignment.

papilledema

The retinal changes can show age-related macular degeneration, retinoblastoma, retinal detachment, signs of diabetes, signs of glaucoma, or signs of raised intracranial pressure

pedal pulses,

The two pulses that can be palpated in the feet are the pedal pulses, one in each foot.

TNF tumor necrosis factor

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF, tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNFα, cachexin, or cachectin) is a cell signaling protein (cytokine) involved in systemic inflammation and is one of the cytokines that make up the acute phase reaction. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is produced in RA joints by synovial macrophages and lymphocytes to attack the joint tissues and TNF inhibitors such as abatacept (Orencia) and rituximab (Rituxan) slow or halt the destruction.

Bronchi and bronchioles

Two bronchi, which enter the lungs and branch into narrower bronchioles

vernix caseosa

Waxy or "cheesy" white substance found coating the skin of newborn humans protecting

EYE - Light rays

When light rays strike the eye, they pass through the cornea. Because of its domed curvature, those rays striking the edge of the cornea are bent toward its center. The light rays then go through the pupil, the black opening in the center of the colored area (the iris) in the front of the eye.

rhonchus

When the bronchi are partly obstructed and air is being forced past an obstruction, a high-pitched noise called a rhonchus is heard.

Hand

When you look at the palm of your hand, you'll see a prominent pad of muscles (the thenar eminence) at the base of your thumb . A smaller pad of muscles (the hypothenar eminence) is located at the base of your little finger. The back of your hand is called the dorsum

lordosis

abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine (sway-back condition)

preeclampsia

abnormal condition associated with pregnancy, marked by high blood pressure, proteinuria, edema, and headache

meconium aspiration syndrome

abnormal inhalation of meconium (first stool) produced by a fetus or newborn

Talipes equinovarus

is a congenital deformity of the foot. The foot is turned inwardly at the ankle and is commonly referred to as "clubfoot."

Strains and sprains

are more common in the ankle than in any other joint in the body. A strain is an acute injury resulting from overstretching or overcontraction of a muscle or tendon. A sprain is the result of an abnormal stretch or tear of a ligament. Some severe sprains with tearing of the ligament may require surgical repair.

Long bones

are the most common type of bone in the body

BMR

basal metabolic rate stimulated (increased) with testosterone

Bones are divided into four classes

based on their shape: long, short, flat, and irregular.

Premature

beats may originate in either the atrium or the ventricle, or both. They may occur in individuals of all ages and could be associated with caffeine and stress.

occult blood

blood that cannot be seen in the stool but is positive on a fecal occult blood test. Hemoccult test

amino acids process of distribution

building blocks of proteins taken in by epithelial cells and released through the capillaries of villi and carried away in the hepatic portal circulation to be used as building blocks for new tissue formation.

Fasciectomy

is the surgical removal of the hypertrophied connective tissue to release a contracture. The retinaculum may need to be incised and released

Lung abscess

can be a complication of bacterial pneumonia or cancer. Long-term antibiotics are used, and surgical resection of the abscess may be required.

Conventional external-beam radiation therapy

consists of a single beam of radiation delivered to the tumor from several directions. The concern is the effect of the radiation on the healthy tissues close to the tumor being irradiated. For complex reasons, large tumors respond less well to radiation than small tumors. Strategies to overcome this include surgical resection prior to chemotherapy (as in the treatment of breast cancer), chemotherapy to shrink the tumor prior to radiation therapy, and the administration of radiosensitizing drugs during radiation therapy. Examples are cisplatin (Platinol) and cetuximab (Erbitux).

external penis MALE

consists of prepuce and glans

Synovial joints

contain synovial fluid as a lubricant and allow considerable movement (Figure 14.9). Most joints in the legs and arms are synovial joints. The ends of the bones are covered with hyaline articular cartilage. In some joints, an additional plate of fibrocartilage is located between the two bones. In the knee, this plate is incomplete and is called a meniscus.

Helper T cells

contain the CD4 coreceptor and are called CD4 cells. They begin the defensive response against a specific antigen.

DSM-5

contains over 200 diagnoses grouped into 17 major categories.

Medical (durable) power of attorney,

in which you appoint someone you know and trust as your agent and authorize that person to make medical decisions for you when you cannot.

Roux-en-Y

surgical procedure to reduce the size of the stomach

hypovolemic shock

which there is a loss of blood volume, often from hemorrhage or dehydration. A condition in which low blood volume, due to massive internal or external bleeding or extensive loss of body water, results in inadequate perfusion.

Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin),

which, in addition to the above effects and uses, also has an antiplatelet effect due to its inhibition of one of the COX enzymes; thus, it is often used in the prevention of heart attacks. -NSAID used for Muscular TX

Nuclear medicine technologists,

who administer radiopharmaceuticals to patients and operate cameras to detect and map the radioactive drug in the patient's body to create diagnostic images.

Physiatrists,

who are physicians specializing in physical medicine and rehabilitation.

retrograde pyelogram (RP)

x-ray of urinary bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis following insertion of iodine dye through ureters

Natural passive immunity

—a temporary immunity that results from acquiring antibodies from another individual. This occurs for the fetus through the placenta (IgG) or for the infant through breast milk (IgA).

Platelet plug formation

—an accumulation of platelets that bind themselves together and adhere to surrounding tissues. The binding and adhesion of platelets is mediated through von Willebrand factor (vWF), a protein produced by the cells lining blood vessels.

whats us the latin name for Upper, Posterior and BAck surface

DORSUM

Osteoclasts

are produced by the bone marrow. They dissolve calcium, phosphorus, and the organic components of the bone matrix. There is a continual balancing act going on as osteoclasts remove matrix and osteoblasts produce matrix. If osteoclasts outperform the osteoblasts, then osteoporosis occurs.

Sjogren's syndrome

autoimmune destruction of minor salivary glands and lacrimal glands SX: dry mouth and eyes

fibrocystic breast disease

numerous small sacs of fluid surrounded by dense strands of fibrous tissue in the breast benign cancer

urine oder

nutty = normal foul = infected fruity = ketosis

neurilemma

nyu-ri-LEM-ah S/-lemma covering R/CFneur/i- nerve Covering of a nerve around the myelin sheath

impacted fracture

One bone fragment is driven into the other, with resulting shortening of a limb.

presynaptic neuron

conducts impulses toward the synapse

cyrosurgery

destruction of tissue by using extreme cold, often by using liquid nitrogen

Disorders of the Heart Wall

endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis caardiomyopathy

Hemochromatosis

hereditary disorder with an excessive buildup of iron deposits in the body

infertility MALE

in-fer-TIL-ih-tee S/-ity condition P/in- not R/-fertil- able to conceive Failure to conceive

Monocytopenia

is a decrease in monocytes, which can arise from chemotherapy.

PINNA

is a wing-shaped structure that directs sound waves coming through the air into the external auditory meatus and external auditory canal

gynecomastia

the condition of excessive mammary development in the male

ductus deferens (vas deferens) MALE

tube that receives sperm from the epididymis DUK-tus DEH-fuh-renz ductus Latin to lead deferens Latin carry away VAS DEH-fuh-renz vas Latin blood vessel, duct

Thyroid Gland diagnostic

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in the blood are low if the gland is overactive. Thyroid hormone levels in the blood detail the activity of the gland; the levels are high if the gland is overactive. Antithyroid antibodies are associated with autoimmune inflammatory diseases of the thyroid. Isotopic thyroid scans detail the nature of the thyroid enlargement and the function of the gland. Serum calcitonin level is elevated in medullary carcinoma. Fine needle aspiration biopsy distinguishes benign from malignant nodules. Ultrasonography reveals the size of the gland and the presence of nodules.

vesicle MALE

VES-ih-kull Latin a blister Small sac containing liquid; for example, a blister or, in this case, semen

vulvovaginitis

VUL-voh-vaj-ih-NIE-tis S/-itis inflammation R/CF vulv/o- vulva R/-vagin- vagina Inflammation of the vagina and vulva

Mons pubis,labia majora and minora and clitoris are collectively called:

VULVA

Hemostasis is achieved through a three-step mechanism:

Vascular spasm—an immediate but temporary constriction of the injured blood vessel. Platelet plug formation—an accumulation of platelets that bind themselves together and adhere to surrounding tissues. The binding and adhesion of platelets is mediated through von Willebrand factor (vWF), a protein produced by the cells lining blood vessels. Blood coagulation—the process beginning with the production of molecules that make prothrombin and thrombin and finishing with the formation of a blood clot that traps blood cells, platelets, and tissue fluid in a network of fibrin

hepatic portal vein

Veins draining the abdominal organs merge into the hepatic portal vein, which delivers nutrients from the stomach and intestines to the liver. Within the liver, the nutrients are either stored or converted into chemicals that can be used by other cells in the body. The blood leaves the liver in hepatic veins that drain into the IVC.

Lung role

Ventilation, which is the movement of air and its gases into and out of the lungs (inspiration and expiration). Pulmonary exchange of gases between air in the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries (external respiration). Gas transport from the pulmonary capillaries through the arterial system to the peripheral capillaries in tissues and the transport of gases back to the lung capillaries through the venous system. Peripheral gas exchange between tissue capillaries and tissue cells for use in cellular metabolism (internal respiration)

vertebral column has 26 bones divided into five regions

Vertebral column. Cervical region, with seven vertebrae, labeled C1 to C7 and curved anteriorly. Thoracic region, with 12 vertebrae, labeled T1 to T12 and curved posteriorly. Lumbar region, with five vertebrae, labeled L1 to L5 and curved anteriorly. Sacral region, with one bone curved posteriorly. Coccyx (tailbone), with one bone curved posteriorly.

coronal plane (KOR-oh-nal PLAIN)

Vertical plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions.

hematuria

Very large amounts of blood in the urine from meds, infection, trauma

Computed tomography (CT),

angiography of the pulmonary circulation using contrast materials,

fornices fornix (FOR-niks) . FEMALE

anterior and posterior Arch-shaped, blind-ended part of the vagina behind and around the cervix. Plural fornices. At its posterior end, the vagina extends beyond the cervix of the uterus to form blind spaces

Monoclonal antibodies

antibodies produced by single type of cell and are specific for a single antigen

Statins

are a class of drugs that block the enzyme in the liver that is responsible for making cholesterol, an essential component in all cell membranes that is necessary for the production of bile acids, steroid hormones, and Vitamin D. However, the body's production of cholesterol also contributes to the development of atherosclerosis. Seven statins are approved by the FDA for use; they vary in their potency to decrease cholesterol levels. Examples include atorvastatin (Lipitor), lovastatin (Mevacor), rosuvastatin (Crestor), simvastatin (Zocor), and pravastatin (Pravachol).

Immunodeficiency disorders

are a deficient response of the immune system in which it fails to respond vigorously enough. They are in three categories: Congenital Present at birth, either inherited or due to an event during gestation up to the moment of birth. Immunosuppression Suppression of the immune response by an outside agent, such as a drug. Acquired immunodeficiency—

psychoactive drugs

are able to change mood, behavior, cognition, and anxiety

Papillomas or laryngeal polyps

are benign tumors of the larynx that result from overuse or irritation and are treated by surgical excision using a laryngoscope.

mature B cells

are called plasma cells and secrete large quantities of antibodies that immobilize, neutralize, and prepare the specific antigen for destruction.

basal nuclei

are collections of gray matter lateral to the thalamus that aid in controlling the amplitude of our voluntary muscular movements and posture, as well as playing a part in emotion and cognition.

Ganglion cysts

are fluid-filled cysts arising when the synovial tendon sheaths that run over the back of the wrist are irritated or inflamed. They often disappear spontaneously.

Ganglion cysts

are fluid-filled cysts on the back of the wrist that result from irritation or inflammation of the synovial tendon sheaths in this area. These cysts usually disappear on their own.

Intrathecal injections

are given into the subarachnoid space surrounding the spinal cord in the spinal canal An epidural block, which is an injection of a local anesthetic agent into the epidural space , is used often for pain management during labor and occasionally for chemotherapy. An intrathecal injection's primary advantage is that the drug avoids the blood-brain barrier

Brain tumors

are most often secondary tumors that have metastasized from cancers in the lung, breast, skin, or kidney. Primary brain tumors arise from any of the glial cells and are called gliomas (Figure 9.22). The most malignant form of glioma is called glioblastoma multiforme.

Eosinophils

are normally 2% to 4% of the total WBC count. They are mobile cells that leave the bloodstream to enter tissue undergoing an allergic response.

Retina

final destination of the light rays the thin lining at the back of your eye . It's an area the size of a small postage stamp that has 10 layers of cells. The retina has 130 million rods , which perceive only light, not color, and function mostly when the light is dim. There are 6.5 million cones which are activated by light and color and have precise visual acuity. Different cones respond to red, blue, and green light. The perception of color is based on the intensity of different mixtures of colors from the three types of cones.

Lanugo

fine, downy, unpigmented hair that appears on the fetus in the last 3 months of development

molluscum contagiosum -- STD

firm, dimpled growths called molluscum contagiosum (moh-LUS-kum kon-TAY-jee-oh-sum) An STD caused by a virus.

A.U.

for both ears.

postictal

post-IK-tal S/-al pertaining to P/post- after R/-ict- seizure Occurring after a seizure

postpubescent

post-pyu-BESS-ent S/-ent pertaining to, end result P/post- after R/-pubesc- to reach puberty After the period of puberty

glocosuria

presence of glucose in the urine when nephrons are damaged or diseased or blood sugar is high from DM

Neuromuscular junction disorders Nueromuscular junction disorder Peripheral nerve disorder

(NYUR-oh-MUSS-kyu-lar) Pertaining to both nerves and muscles. occur where nerves connect with muscle fibers and interfere with the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Types: Mysathenia gravis botulism certain incesticides nerve compression

paraurethral paraurethral (Skene) glands FEMALE

(PAR-ah-you-REE-thral) Situated around the urethra. The vagina is located between the rectum and the urethra. The urethra is embedded in its anterior wall. In the wall of the vagina around the urethra are several smallDgit

Spermatogenesis - male

(SPER-mat-oh-JEN-eh-sis) The process by which male germ cells differentiate into sperm. is the process in which the germ cells of the seminiferous tubules mature and divide (mitosis) and then undergo two divisions called meiosis. The four daughter cells differentiate into spermatids and then spermatozoa (sperm) The germ cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes (a total of 46). Because of meiosis, each sperm has only 23 chromosomes that can combine at fertilization with the 23 chromosomes in a female oocyte (egg).

Rotator cuff tears

(a frequent injury to the shoulder girdle) are caused by wear and tear from overuse in work situations or in certain sports, such as baseball, football, and golf. These tears can be partial or complete

azotemia

(excessive) urea and nitrogenous substances in the blood

drug's chemical name

(for example, 8-chloro-1-methyl-6-phenyl4H-s-triazolo-benzodiazepine), which specifies the chemical makeup of the drug, is often long and complicated.

drug's brand (trade) name

(for example, Xanax), which each manufacturer gives to the drug. These names are the manufacturer's private property. There can be several brand names of a particular drug, depending on how many different companies are manufacturing the drug. The brand names are always capitalized (e.g., Xanax).

trade name or brand name

(for example, Xanax), which each manufacturer gives to the drug. These names are the manufacturer's private property. There can be several brand names of a particular drug, depending on how many different companies are manufacturing the drug. The brand names are always capitalized (e.g., Xanax).

Pneumonectomy

is the removal of an entire lung.

PERRLA,

which means pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation.

Clot-busting drugs

(thrombolysis). Streptokinase or tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) are injected within a few hours of the MI to dissolve the thrombus.

Congenital (inborn)

—caused by a genetic abnormality that is often sex-linked, with boys affected more often than girls. An example from among the 20 or more congenital immunodeficiency diseases is inherited combined immunodeficiency disease, in which there is an absence of both T cells and B cells. Affected children are very susceptible to opportunistic infections and must live in protective sterile enclosures.

Dopamine

—confined to small areas of the brain; plays a role in movement, memory, pleasurable reward, behavior and cognition, mood, and learning. Precursor of norepinephrine Neurotransmitter in some specific small areas of the brain

Non-Hodgkin lymphomas

—occur much more frequently than Hodgkin lymphoma. They include some 30 different disease entities in 10 different subtypes. Treatment depends on the rate of growth of the disease and varies from careful observation to chemotherapy and radiation to bone marrow transplantation.

Thalamus

—receives all sensory impulses and channels them to the appropriate region of the cortex for interpretation. As the sensory fibers carrying impulses pass through the thalamus, they decussate (cross over) so that the impulses from the left side of the body go to the right brain, and impulses coming from the right side of the body go to the left brain. Similarly, motor impulses coming from the right brain decussate and supply the left side of the body, and motor impulses coming from the left brain decussate and supply the right side of the body. If a lesion caused by a stroke is in the right brain, the left side of the body will be affected, and vice versa.

Geriatric Giants

) include: immobility instability incontinence impaired intellect/memory

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI

) uses strong magnetic fields to align atomic nuclei in tissues, then it uses a radio signal to disrupt the nuclei and observes the radio frequency signal as the nuclei return to their baseline states. MRI can produce images in axial, coronal, sagittal, and oblique planes and also can give the best soft tissue contrast of all imaging modalities. It is an important tool in musculoskeletal radiology and neuroradiology . Its disadvantages are that the patient has to lie in a noisy, confined space (tube) for long periods of time, and it cannot be used for patients with pacemakers or any metallic implant such as artificial joints or implanted surgical hardware (plates, rods etc.). For patients with claustrophobia, anti-anxiety medication can be prescribed to be taken before entering the scanner.

agglutination tests

, a particle such as a latex bead or a bacterium is coupled to a reagent antigen or antibody and the resulting particle complex is mixed with the specimen (e.g., serum or CSF). If the target antibody or antigen is present in the specimen, it attaches to the particle complex and produces agglutination.

Conjunctivitis

, inflammation of the conjunctiva, is more commonly viral than bacterial and also can be caused by irritants such as chlorine, soaps, fumes, and smoke.

Cranial Nerves Disorders of the

-BEll PAlsy -Trigiminal neuralgia -Horner Syndrome

CCPD (Continuous Cycle Peritoneal Dialysis)

-Connect their peritoneal dialysis catheter to a cycler at night and their exchange is done automatically while they sleep. Disconnected in the AM; has more freedom.

TB

-Untreated tuberculosis can spread from its original infection in the lungs to bones via the bloodstream to produce tuberculous osteomyelitis.

nonlactating breast

-consists mostly of adipose and collagenous tissue -breast size determined by amount of adipose tissue

WBC disorders

-leukopenia: abnormally low WBC count -leukocytosis: abnormally high WBC count -leukemia: extremely high WBC count mm3 cubic millimeter Normally a cubic millimeter (mm3) of blood contains 5,000 to 10,000 white blood cells. -Leukopenia -Monocytosis -lymphocytosis -leukemia -Myelois Leukemia -Lymphoid Luekemia -Pancytopenia

peristalsis in small intestine main fucntions

1. mix chyme w intestinal and pancreatic juices 2. churn chyme for digestion and absorption 3. move residue to large intestine 4-6 hours

Small intestine 4 major layers

1. mucosa: epitheliail cells 2. submucosa: connective tissue containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves 3. muscularis: smooth muscle 4. serosa: connective tissue adn epithelial cells

cranial nerves

12 pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain Oh (olfactory-I) once (optic-II) one (oculomotor-III) takes (trochlear-IV) the (trigeminal-V) anatomy (abducens-VI) final (facial-VII) very (vestibulocochlear-VIII) good (glossopharyngeal-IX) vacations (vagus-X) are (accessory-XI) heavenly! (hypoglossal-XII)

IBS (irritable bowel syndrome)

A chronic condition in which the bowels are sensitive to certain foods and stress; treated with laxatives and antidiarrheals according to symptoms causing chronic abd pain, abd discomfort, bloating diarrhea or constipation

Strokes: Disability after

A common residual disability is complete paralysis of one side of the body, called hemiplegia. If one side of the body is weak rather than paralyzed, the disability is called hemiparesis. Problems with forming and understanding speech and problems with awareness, attention, learning, judgment, and memory can remain after a stroke. Stroke patients may have difficulty controlling their emotions and may experience depression. All of these disabilities require well-planned rehabilitation.

Open fracture

A fragment of the fractured bone breaks the skin, or a wound extends to the site of the fracture.

Endocrine gland pancreas

A gland (as the thyroid or the pituitary) that produces an endocrine secretion -- called also ductless gland, gland of internal secretion. islet cells that produce insulin and glucagon

Ventricular septal defect (VSD).

A hole in the interventricular septum allows blood to shunt from the higher-pressure left ventricle to the lower-pressure right ventricle

Progesterone

A hormone produced by the ovaries which acts with estrogen to bring about the menstral cycle.

Oxytocin

A hormone released by the posterior pituitary that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding.

cataract

A is a cloudy or opaque area in the lens It is typically caused by deterioration of the lens due to aging and may be associated with diabetes and with cigarette smoke. It presents with blurring of vision and photosensitivity or may be discovered on routine eye examination. It is another major cause of blindness. he majority of cataracts occur in the center of the lens, but those associated with diabetes can be cortical (around the outside of the lens). Cortical cataracts can cause diminished peripheral vision and photosensitivity. The blurred vision obtained when a cataract is present is shown in

Synapse

A junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to the next.

concussion.

A mild head injury You may feel dazed or have a period of confusion during which you do not recall the event that caused the concussion. In more severe cases, you may lose consciousness for a brief period of time and have no memory of the event. Repeated concussions have a cumulative effect, with loss of mental ability (as in many American football players) and/or traumatically induced Parkinson disease

valve replacement options

A prolapsed or incompetent heart valve can often be repaired. A mechanical (prosthetic) valve. Various models and designs are made from different metal alloys and plastics. Tissue valves. This can come from a pig (porcine) or cow (bovine). Occasionally, a tissue valve can come from a human donor, or a valve can be constructed of tissue from the patient's own pericardium.

Respiration - Inspiration and expiration.

A resting adult breathes 10 to 15 times per minute, inhales about 500 mL of air during inspirationand exhales it during expiration ( The mission is to get air into and out of the alveoli so that O2 can get into the blood and CO2 can get out of the blood. The diaphragm does most of the work. In inspiration it drops down and flattens to expand the volume of the thoracic cavity and reduce the pressure in the airways ( In addition, the external intercostal muscles lift the chest wall up and out to further expand the thoracic cavity. Expiration is a passive process of letting go. The diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, and the thoracic cavity springs back to its orginal volume

cirrhosis of the liver

A severe medical condition where scar tissue in the liver replaces functional tissue. chronic irriversable diseases tx consists of alleviating the symptoms. ascites

anal fissures

A small tear in the lining of the anus.

Curette curettage

A small, scoop-shaped implement used for more efficient removal of debris from the nail folds, eponychium, and hyponychium areas. interior of cavity

X-ray process

A special type of photographic film is used to record x-ray pictures. The x-rays are converted into light, and the more energy that passes through body tissues to reach the photographic film or plate, the darker that region of film will be. Lungs will be dark; bones that prevent the passage of energy will be white. X-rays can now also be detected electronically using a recorder similar to that used in a digital camera. This means that they can be read immediately and stored more easily.

Placenta

A structure that allows an embryo to be nourished with the mother's blood supply formed from blastocyst cells and endometrial cells A structure that allows an embryo to be nourished with the mother's blood supply formed from blastocyst cells and endometrial cells functions: -transports nutrient -transport nitrogenous wastes (ie. ammonia, urea form the fetus to the mother so it can be excreted.) -transport O2 -Transport maternal antibodies -Secret hormone (estrogen and progesterone) allowing meternal hormone to pass to fetus.

periosteum

A tough connective tissue sheath called periosteum covers the outer surface of all bones and is attached to the compact or cortical bone by tough collagen fibers. The periosteum protects the bone and anchors blood vessels and nerves to the surface of the bone.

Blood Transfusion

A transfusion of blood or packed red blood cells replaces lost red blood cells to restore the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity. During autologous donation and transfusion, people donate their own blood ahead of time to be given to them if necessary during a surgical procedure.

PMNL polymorphonuclear leukocyte

A type of immune cell that has granules (small particles) with enzymes that are released during infections, allergic reactions, and asthma. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are polymorphonuclear leukocytes. A polymorphonuclear leukocyte is a type of white blood cell.

afferent

AF-eh-rent Latin to bring to Conducting impulses inward toward the spinal cord or brain MOTOR

antiepileptic

AN-tee-eh-pih-LEP-tik S/-tic pertaining to P/anti- against R/-epilep- seizure A pharmacologic agent capable of preventing or arresting epilepsy

EPilipsy: Generalized seizures:

Absence seizures, previously known as "petit mal," are most common in children ages 4 to 14 but may continue through adult life. An absence seizure is a general onset seizure, meaning that it starts on both sides of the brain. The child stares vacantly for less than 10 seconds, apparently out of contact with surroundings. The child may be accused of daydreaming. Recovery is quick. Tonic-clonic seizures, previously called "grand mal," are dramatic. The person experiences a loss of consciousness (LOC), breathing stops, the muscles stiffen, and the jaw clenches. This "tonic" phase lasts for 30 to 60 seconds. It is followed by the "clonic" phase, in which the whole body shakes with a series of violent, rhythmic jerkings of the limbs. The seizures last for about one to three minutes, and consciousness returns. Febrile seizures are triggered by a high fever in infants age 6 months to 5 years. Very few of these infants go on to develop epilepsy.

osteoarthritis meds

Acetaminophen reduces mild pain but does not affect inflammation or swelling. It is used in combination with aspirin and/or caffeine (Excedrin) as an OTC medicine, and with codeine, propoxyphene (Darvon), or the narcotics hydrocodone (Vicodin) or oxycodone (Percocet) as prescription medications. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibubrofen (Advil) and naproxen (Aleve) work well for pain but cause gastrointestinal problems and an increased risk of heart attacks and strokes.

Lower Respiratory Tract Disorders

Acute bronchitis Chronic bronchitis Bronchiolitis Pulmonary emphysema Chronic airway obstruction (CAO) Bronchiectasis Bronchial asthma Cystic fibrosis Pulmonary edema Pneumonia Thromboembolism Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) Pleurisy Acute respiratory failure (ARF) Lung cancer Pulmonary tuberculosis Chronic infections Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS)

-In adults 30 to 60 years old, the pain often can arise from disc degeneration or herniation in the lumbar spine or from muscle or other tissue strain.

Adults over 60 years can suffer from lumbar joint degeneration and spinal stenosis.

MDI

An MDI delivers a premeasured puff of medicated mist for oral inhalation

Postcoital test (PCT) Sims-Huhner test.

An examination that evaluates the cervical mucus, sperm motility, sperm-mucus interaction, and the sperm's ability to negotiate the cervical mucus barrier. Also called Sims-Huhner test.

arterioles

As the arteries branch farther away from the heart and distribute blood to specific organs, they become smaller, muscular vessels By contracting and relaxing, these arterioles are the primary controllers by which the body directs the relative amounts of blood that organs and structures receive.

retinaculum

As the tendons pass over the wrist, they are surrounded by sheaths of synovial membrane and held in place on the wrist by a transverse, thick fibrous band called a retinaculum

Anticoagulants

Aspirin, which reduces platelet adherence and is used in small 81 mg doses to reduce the incidence of heart attack. Heparin, which prevents prothrombin and fibrin formation and is given parenterally; its dose is monitored by activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). Warfarin (Coumadin), which inhibits the synthesis of prothrombin and others to act as an anticoagulant. It is given by mouth and its dose is monitored by prothrombin times (PTs), which are reported as an International Normalized Ratio (INR). Dabigatran etexilate (Pradaxa) and rivaroxaban (Xarelto), which inhibit the synthesis of thrombin and are given by mouth to reduce the risk of embolism and stroke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (see Chapter 10). Idarucizumab (Praxbind injection) is available for patients using Pradaxa when reversal of its anticoagulant effects is needed for emergency surgery, for urgent procedures, or in life-threatening or uncontrolled bleeding. Streptokinase, derived from hemolytic streptococci, which dissolves the fibrin in blood clots. Given intravenously within 3 to 4 hours of a heart attack, it is often effective in dissolving a clot that has caused the heart attack

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

Attaches to anterior tibia Prevents forward sliding of tibia and stops hyperextension of knee

CAD - chemical indicators used as risk factors in the diagnosis and monitoring of cardiovascular diseases

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), a brain hormone, is used to diagnose and monitor congestive heart failure and to predict the course of end-stage heart failure. C-reactive protein (CRP), produced by the endothelial cells of arteries, when elevated, has been identified as a risk factor for atherosclerosis and CAD. Homocysteine is an amino acid in the blood. Elevated levels are related to a higher risk of CAD, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. Creatine kinase (CK) is an enzyme released into the blood by dead myocardial cells in MI. Troponin I and T are part of a protein complex in muscle that is released into the blood during myocardial injury. Troponin I is found in heart muscle but not in skeletal muscle. Its presence in blood is therefore a highly sensitive indicator of a recent MI. Both CK and Troponin I and T are used to confirm a suspected MI.

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (also called mad cow disease)

BOH-vine SPON-jee-form en-sef-ah-LOP-ah-thee S/-ine pertaining to R/bov- cattle S/-form appearance of R/CF spong/i- sponge S/-pathy disease P/en- in R/-cephal/o- head Disease of cattle (mad cow disease) that can be transmitted to humans, causing Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

brainstem

BRAYN-stem brain Old English brain stem Old English support Region of the brain that includes the thalamus, pineal gland, pons, fourth ventricle, and medulla oblongata

Employed for cutting tissue, collecting brushings, and washings in the lung:

BRonchoscopy

Blood circulation

Blood circulates around the body (through the systemic circulation) to unload oxygen and nutrients and pick up carbon dioxide and metabolic waste products. This deoxygenated blood returns to the heart via the superior and inferior venae-cavae. These large veins open into the right atrium. When the right atrium contracts, the blood flows through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. The tricuspid valve then shuts so when the right ventricle contracts, blood cannot flow back into the atrium. When the right ventricle contracts, the blood is pushed out through the semilunar pulmonary valve into the pulmonary trunk (Figure 10.4a and b) to begin the pulmonary circulation. The pulmonary valve then shuts to prevent blood flowing back into the ventricle. The pulmonary trunk divides into two arteries; the right pulmonary artery goes to the right lung and the left pulmonary artery goes to the left lung. In the lungs, carbon dioxide is unloaded, and oxygen is picked up from the air by the blood. The oxygen-rich blood is returned to the heart by the pulmonary veins (Figure 10.4a and b). The blood from the pulmonary veins flows into the left atrium. When the atrium contracts, the blood flows through the mitral (or bicuspid) valve into the left ventricle. The bicuspid valve then shuts so that blood cannot flow back into the left atrium when the ventricle contracts. The bicuspid and tricuspid valves are anchored to the floor of the ventricles by stringlike chordae tendineae When the left ventricle contracts, the oxygenated blood is forced out under pressure through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta, to return to circulating round the body in the systemic circulation The aortic valve then shuts so blood cannot flow back into the left ventricle. The four valves all allow the blood to flow only in one direction.

Muscles and Tendons Diagnostic Procedures

Blood tests. Damaged muscles release enzymes such as creatine kinase (CK) and aldolase into the blood, and their levels can be measured. An erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is not specific for any disease process, but it indicates the presence of inflammation, and serial readings can be used to measure changes in an inflammatory process. Electromyography (EMG), in which an electrode needle is inserted into the muscle to be tested to measure and record the electrical activity in that muscle as the muscle is contracted and relaxed. Nerve conduction studies are used to measure the speed at which motor or sensory nerves conduct impulses and also can show problems at the neuromuscular junction; for example, in myasthenia gravis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography scan (CT scan) show detailed images of damage or disease in muscles. Ultrasonography can identify tears and inflammation of tendons and involves no exposure to radiation, unlike MRI and CT scan. Muscle biopsy (Bx) is performed by removing a small piece of the abnormal muscle through a hollow needle or a small incision to be sent to the laboratory for examination and analysis. Genetic testing of blood or tissues can show the mutations in some of the genes that cause the different types of muscular dystrophy. Myositis specific antibodies (MSA) can confirm a diagnosis of dermatomyositis or polymyositis. Dozens of these antibodies have been identified and research is ongoing to define their significance.

Fascicles (skeletal muscle)

Bundles of fascicles form a muscle that is separated from adjacent muscles and kept in position by a dense layer of connective tissue called fascia. Fascia extends beyond the muscle to form a tendon. The tendon attaches to the periosteum of a bone at the origin and insertion of the muscle.

arrhythmias - treatment

Cardioversion, which uses a therapeutic dose of electrical current to the heart synchronized to a specific moment in the electrical cycle (at the QRS complex) to convert an abnormally fast heart rate or cardiac arrhythmia to a normal rhythm. Defibrillation, which uses a nonsynchronized electrical shock to terminate ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia and revert to a normal rhythm. It is not effective for asystole. Radiofrequency ablation, which uses a catheter with an electrode in its tip guided into the heart to destroy the cells from which abnormal cardiac rhythms are originating. Artificial pacemakers, which consist of a battery, electronic circuits, and computer memory to generate electronic signals. The signals are carried along thin, insulated wires to the heart muscle. The most common need for a pacemaker is a very slow heart rate (bradycardia). Implantable cardioverter/defibrillator (ICD), which senses abnormal rhythms and gives the heart a small electrical shock to return the rhythm to normal. Automated external defibrillators (AEDs) (Figure 10.23), which send an electrical shock to the heart to restore a normal contraction rhythm.

cebreal hemisphers covered by a thin layer of gray matter

Cerebral Cortex

Infant has motor impairment resulting from brain demage at birth

Cerebrl Palsy

Hemostasis Platelet granules secrete chemicals that are critical to

Coagulation factors—proteins and enzymes—that initiate the process. Vasoconstrictors that cause constriction in injured blood vessels. Chemicals that attract neutrophils and monocytes to sites of inflammation.

eye - Disorders of the Anterior Eyeball

Conjunctivitis is the infectious, contagious condition. It can be caused by viruses, many different bacteria, and organisms that cause sexually transmitted diseases. It is a cause of "bloodshot" eyes. Allergic conjunctivitis can be part of seasonal hay fever or be produced by year-round allergens such as animal dander and dust mites. Irritant conjunctivitis can be caused by air pollutants (smoke and fumes) and by chemicals such as chlorine and those found in soaps and cosmetics Neonatal conjunctivitis (ophthalmia neonatorum) can be caused by a blocked tear duct in the baby, by the antibiotic eyedrops given routinely at birth, or by sexually transmitted bacteria in an infected mother's birth canal. Dry eyes are a common and chronic condition which over 75 million Americans suffer from. It is due to the tears losing water and becoming too salty so that the eyes sting and burn and vision becomes blurry. Corneal abrasions can be caused by foreign bodies, direct trauma (such as being poked by a fingernail), or badly fitting contact lenses. The abrasion can grow into an ulcer Scleritis, inflammation of the sclera (the white outer covering of the eyeball), can affect one or both eyes. It causes dull pain and intense redness, and is often associated with rheumatoid arthritis and the digestive disorder Crohn's disease Uveitis, inflammation of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid, produces pain, intense photophobia, blurred vision, and constriction of the pupil. There is usually an underlying disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis.

x-ray therapy: types

Conventional external-beam radiation therapy consists of a single beam of radiation delivered to the tumor from several directions. The concern is the effect of the radiation on the healthy tissues close to the tumor being irradiated. For complex reasons, large tumors respond less well to radiation than small tumors. Strategies to overcome this include surgical resection prior to chemotherapy (as in the treatment of breast cancer), chemotherapy to shrink the tumor prior to radiation therapy, and the administration of radiosensitizing drugs during radiation therapy. Examples are cisplatin (Platinol) and cetuximab (Erbitux). Stereotactic radiation is a specialized form of external-beam radiation therapy. It focuses radiation beams by using detailed imaging scans. In stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), radiation is applied to the tumor with multiple (as many as 200), separate narrow beams, so that the tumor receives a very high dose of radiation in one treatment, yet the surrounding tissues are minimally irradiated. In areas of the body where there is motion by breathing or blood flow, a combination of continuous imaging, motion detection, and robotic guidance enable the beams to remain focused on the tumor. Stereotactic body radiation treatment (SBRT) refers to the use of these techniques in such areas as the lungs. A technique called hypofractionation is the giving of a much higher dose of radiation per session with greater accuracy and the sparing of normal surrounding tissue. Brand names for these stereotactic radiation therapies include Gamma Knife, Cyberknife, Tomotherapy, and Truebeam. 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT) is the result of being able to delineate tumors and surrounding normal tissues in three dimensions using CT or MRI scanners and planning software. The profile of each radiation beam and the treatment volume conform to the shape of the tumor, allowing a higher dose of radiation to be delivered to the tumor with a reduced toxicity to the surrounding normal tissues. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is the next generation of 3DCRT in which, if the tumor is wrapped around a vulnerable structure such as a blood vessel or major organ, the pattern of radiation delivery can avoid the normal structure. Proton beam therapy has the advantage that the proton only gives up its energy when it hits the tumor and does not continue on through the tumor to hit normal tissue on the far side. Very high doses of radiation can be given without adjacent normal tissue damage. Prostate cancer is the most common cancer to be treated by proton beam therapy.

Cytotoxic or "killer" T cells

Cytotoxic or "killer" T cells destroy target cells. Their cell membrane holds a coreceptor that can recognize a specific antigen. Coreceptors are named with the letters "CD" (cluster of differentiation) followed by a number, for these cells, CD8.

Gonorrhea and chlamydia testing

DNA probe

trimester of pregnancy

DEliveries after the 20th week 1st : up to 12 weeks 2nd: week 13-24 3rd: week 25 to birth

digital

DIJ-ih-tal S/-al pertaining to R/digit- finger or toe Pertaining to a finger or toe

MI (myocardial infarction)

Death of cardiac muscle due to ischemia The most immediate need in the treatment of MI is to provide perfusion to get blood and oxygen to the affected myocardium. This can be attempted in several ways: Clot-busting drugs (thrombolysis). Streptokinase or tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) are injected within a few hours of the MI to dissolve the thrombus. Artery-cleaning angioplasty also called percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). A balloon-tipped catheter is guided to the site of the blockage and inflated to expand the artery from the inside by compressing the plaque against the walls of the artery. Stent placement. To reduce the likelihood that the artery will close up again (occlude), a wire mesh tube, or stent (Figure 10.22), is placed inside the vessel. Some stents (drug-eluting stents) are covered with a special medication to help keep the artery open. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). In this procedure, mostly used for people with extensive disease in several arteries, healthy blood vessels harvested from the leg, chest, or arm detour blood around blocked coronary arteries. The procedure is performed by using a heart-lung machine that pumps the recipient's blood through the machine to oxygenate it while surgery is performed. More recently, the procedure is being performed "off-pump" with the heart still beating. Rotational atherectomy. A high-speed rotational device is used to "sand" away plaque. This procedure has limited acceptance. Heart transplant, in which the heart of a recently deceased person (donor) is transplanted to the recipient after the recipient's diseased heart has been removed. The immune characteristics of the donor and recipient have to be a close match.

vestibular bulb - female

Deep to the labia majora on either side of the vaginal orifice is an erectile body The two bulbs become congested with blood and more sensitive during sexual arousal. Posterior to the vestibular bulbs on each side of the vaginal orifice is a pea-sized greater vestibular gland (Bartholin gland). These glands secrete mucin, which lubricates the vagina. Secretion is increased during sexual arousal and intercourse.

Macular Degeneration

Degeneration of the central macula results in loss of visual acuity, with a dark blurry area of vision loss in the center of the visual field There is photoreceptor cell loss and bleeding, with capillary proliferation and scar formation. The condition can progress to blindness. Most cases occur in people over age 55

Staging TNM system

Established by the American Joint Committee on Cancer, this is based on size and spread, involvement of lymph nodes, and the extent of metastasis T-tumor int eh breat N-status of the lymph nodes in teh axilla M-mets to distant sites

sexually mature female secrete

Estrogen and progesterone

FORrnix fornices (pl) FEMALE

FOR-niks FOR-nih-seez Latin arch, vault Arch-shaped, blind-ended part of the vagina behind and around the cervix

frenulum MALE

FREN-you-lum Latin small bridle Fold of mucous membrane between the glans and prepuce

frontal lobe

FRON-tal LOBE S/-al pertaining to R/front- forehead lobe Greek lobe Area of brain behind the forehead -located behind the forehead. It forms the anterior part of the hemisphere. It is responsible for memory, intellect, concentration, problem solving, emotion, and the planning and execution of behavior, including voluntary motor control of muscles.

Amenorrhea Primary

Failure of menarche to occur by the 16th year of life. cause: anorexia, malnutrition bulimia, etc. Tx: treat teh cause

capsule

Fibrous tissue layer surrounding a joint or some other structure; or a solid dosage form in which a drug is enclosed in a hard or soft shell. The joint is held in place by a thick joint capsule reinforced by strong ligaments that connect the neck of the femur to the rim of the acetabulum

Pituitary : Anterior lobe hormones are six in number

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates target cells in the ovaries to develop eggs and stimulates sperm production in the testes. Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates ovulation and the formation of a corpus luteum in the ovary (see Chapter 8) to secrete estrogen and progesterone. In the male, LH stimulates production of testosterone Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), or thyrotropin, stimulates the growth of the thyroid gland and the production of thyroxine. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), or corticotropin, stimulates the adrenal glands to produce hormones called corticosteroids. Prolactin (PRL) stimulates the mammary glands after pregnancy to produce milk. Growth hormone (GH), or somatotropin, is produced in quantities at least a thousand times as great as any other pituitary hormone. It stimulates cells to enlarge and divide to produce growth, particularly in childhood and adolescence.

_Right Lateral View_

Frontal bone—forms the forehead and the roofs of the orbits and contains a pair of right and left frontal sinuses above the orbits. Parietal bones (2)—form the bulging sides and roof of the cranium. Occipital bone—forms the back of and part of the base of the cranium. Temporal bones (2)—form the sides and part of the base of the cranium. Sphenoid bone—forms part of the base of the cranium and the orbits. Ethmoid bone—forms parts of the nose and the orbits and is hollow, forming the ethmoid sinuses. The bones of the cranium are joined together by sutures, joints that appear as seams, covered on the inside and outside by a thin layer of connective tissue.

Wrist - Common Disorders

Ganglion cysts are fluid-filled cysts on the back of the wrist that result from irritation or inflammation of the synovial tendon sheaths in this area. These cysts usually disappear on their own. Stenosing tenosynovitis is a painful inflammation of the synovial sheaths on the back of the wrist. Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) develops on the front of the wrist and results from inflammation and swelling of overused tendon sheaths (Figure 15.6). Repetitive movements, like typing on a computer keyboard, can lead to CTS. A feeling of "pins and needles" or pain and loss of muscle power in the thumb side of the hand are common.

seIZURE TYPES

Generalized seizures: Absence seizures, previously known as "petit mal," are most common in children ages 4 to 14 but may continue through adult life. An absence seizure is a general onset seizure, meaning that it starts on both sides of the brain. The child stares vacantly for less than 10 seconds, apparently out of contact with surroundings. The child may be accused of daydreaming. Recovery is quick. Tonic-clonic seizures, previously called "grand mal," are dramatic. The person experiences a loss of consciousness (LOC), breathing stops, the muscles stiffen, and the jaw clenches. This "tonic" phase lasts for 30 to 60 seconds. It is followed by the "clonic" phase, in which the whole body shakes with a series of violent, rhythmic jerkings of the limbs. The seizures last for about one to three minutes, and consciousness returns. Febrile seizures are triggered by a high fever in infants age 6 months to 5 years. Very few of these infants go on to develop epilepsy.

bone growth : Factors that affect

Genes. Genes determine the size and shape of bones and the ultimate adult height. Nutrition. Calcium and phosphorus are needed to develop good bone density. Exercise. Exercise increases bone density and total bone mass. Mineral deposition. Calcium and phosphate are taken from plasma and deposited in bone. Mineral resorption. Calcium and phosphate are released from bone back into the plasma when they are needed elsewhere. For example, calcium is needed for muscle contraction, communication between neurons, and blood clotting. Phosphate is a component of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Vitamins. Vitamin A activates osteoblasts; vitamin C is essential for collagen synthesis; vitamin D stimulates absorption of calcium and phosphate, its transport, and its deposition into bones. Hormones. For example, growth hormone stimulates the epiphyseal plate to calcify, and estrogen and testosterone accelerate bone growth after puberty and maintain bone density

Cushing syndrome

Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids produces Cushing syndrome (Figure 17.17). Clinical manifestations include "moon" facies, obesity of the trunk, muscle wasting and weakness, osteoporosis, kidney stones, and reduced resistance to infection. Most cases of Cushing syndrome are due to a pituitary tumor secreting too much ACTH, thereby causing the normal adrenal glands to produce too much cortisol.

Disorders of Parathyroid Glands

Hypoparathyroidism is a deficiency of parathyroid hormone that lowers levels of blood calcium (hypocalcemia). Most symptoms are neuromuscular, ranging from tingling in the fingers to muscle cramps and the painful muscle spasms of tetany (not tetanus). A genetically engineered recombinant form of parathyroid hormone is now available, but classic treatment for hypoparathyroidism still involves high-dose calcium and vitamin D supplements. Hyperparathyroidism is an excess of parathyroid hormone. It is seen more often than hypoparathyroidism and is usually caused by one of the four glands enlarging and secreting excess parathyroid hormone in an unregulated manner. It leads to four major abnormalities: Bones are depleted of calcium (osteopenia) and become brittle. High blood calcium levels (hypercalcemia) lead to decreased bowel motility and constipation and to increased gastric acidity and heartburn. Extra excretion of calcium in the urine leads to kidney stones (nephrolithiasis). High blood calcium leads to mental symptoms such as depression and fatigue and can lead to coma.

ictal

IK-tal S/ R/ -al pertaining to ict- seizure Pertaining to, or condition caused by, a stroke or epilepsy

impotence MALE

IM-poh-tence Latin inability Inability to achieve an erection

IVP (intravenous pyelogram)

IV dye is injected & diagnostic x-rays of entire urinary tract taken. performed to: -detect kidney tumors -identify blockages or obstructions of normal urine flow -detect kidney or bladder stones -establish is prostate gland is enlarged -detect injuries to urinary tract

Rhesus (Rh) Blood Group

If an Rh antigen is present on an RBC surface, the blood is said to be Rh-positive (Rh+). If there is no Rh antigen on the surface, the blood is Rh-negative (Rh-). The presence or absence of Rh antigen is inherited. The antigen is named the Rhesus factor because it was first found on the red blood cell of a rhesus monkey. If an Rh-negative person receives a transfusion of Rh-positive blood, anti-Rh antibodies will be produced. This can cause RBC agglutination and hemolysis. If an Rh-negative woman and an Rh-positive man conceive an Rh-positive child (Figure 11.15a), the placenta normally prevents maternal and fetal blood from mixing. However, at birth or during a miscarriage, fetal cells can enter the mother's bloodstream. These Rh-positive cells stimulate the mother's tissues to produce Rh-antibodies

agglutination,

If the plasma antibodies combine with a red cell antigen, bridges are formed that connect the red cells together. This is called agglutination, or clumping, of the cells. Hemolysis (rupture) of the cells also occurs.

lymphatic follicles

In some organs, lymphocytes and other cells form dense clusters called lymphatic follicles. These are constant features in the tonsils, the adenoids, and the ileum.

fovea centralis

In the center of the macula is a small pit called the fovea centralis, which has 4,000 tiny cones and no rods. Each cone has its own nerve fiber, and this makes the fovea the area of sharpest vision. As you read this text, the words are precisely focused on your fovea centralis. a tiny pit located in the macula of the retina that provides the clearest vision of all.

Tarsal Glands

In the eyelids, a flat, fibrous connective tissue layer (tarsus) holds 20 to 25 tarsal glands, whose ducts open along the edge of the eyelid. These glands secrete an oily fluid that keeps the eyelids from sticking together.

Palm

In the palm of the hand, the five bones proximal to the fingers are metacarpals, which connect at the wrist to eight small carpal bones. These in turn connect the hand to the bones of the forearm All these bones require numerous joints with ligaments to connect and stabilize them.

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG).

In this procedure, mostly used for people with extensive disease in several arteries, healthy blood vessels harvested from the leg, chest, or arm detour blood around blocked coronary arteries. The procedure is performed by using a heart-lung machine that pumps the recipient's blood through the machine to oxygenate it while surgery is performed. More recently, the procedure is being performed "off-pump" with the heart still beating.

x-rays include

Invisibility. X-rays cannot be detected by sight, sound, or touch, so health professionals working in radiology wear a film badge to detect and record radiation to which they are exposed Ionization. An ion is an atom or group of atoms carrying an electric charge by having gained or lost one or more electrons. When x-rays ionize matter, they can both kill cancerous cells and damage normal cells to produce the side effects of radiation as well as genetic mutations that cause malignant changes. Radiation also can cause damage to a fetus, so the use of x-rays in pregnancy is kept to a minimum. Velocity. Because they are electromagnetic, x-rays in a vacuum travel at the speed of light, 186,000 miles per second. This velocity is reduced as x-rays penetrate the different substances of the body according to their density. Wavelength. X-rays have a very short wavelength compared with other electromagnetic waveforms. Only gamma rays from an atomic explosion have a shorter wavelength. This short wavelength is a major factor in enabling x-rays to pass through many materials and tissues to different degrees. Air is the most radiolucent and allows the greatest penetration (photographic plates show black, Fat is denser than air, water is more dense, and bone is the most dense (radiopaque) (photographic plates show white

cauda equina

KAW-dah eh-KWIE-nah (Note: Both these terms are stand-alone combining forms.) R/CF caud/a tail R/CF equin/a horse Bundle of spinal nerves in the vertebral canal below the ending of the spinal cord

clitoris FEMALE

KLIT-oh-ris Greek clitoris Erectile organ of the vulva It has two corpora cavernosa surrounded by connective tissue. The clitoris contains many sensory nerve receptors.

corpus, corpora (pl) MALE

KOR-pus Latin body Major part of a structure kor-POR-ah

labium labia (pl) FEMALE

LAY-bee-um Greek lip Fold of the vulva LAY-bee-ah

-UPPER LEG MUSCLE: Powerful muscles that support the hip joint and move the thigh have their origins on the pelvic girdle and their insertions into the femur. Prominent among them are the three gluteus muscles—maximus, medius, and minimus (Figure 15.8)—and the adductor muscles that run down the inner thigh.

LOWER LEG MUSCLES : muscles of the lower leg move the ankle, foot, and toes. Those on the front of the leg are in a compartment between the tibia and fibula. They dorsiflex the foot at the ankle and extend the toes. Those on the lateral side of the leg evert the foot.

sterile STER-ill sterility steh-RIL-ih-tee

Latin barren Unable to fertilize or reproduce S/-ity state, condition R/steril- barren Inability to reproduce

mons pubis FEMALE

MONZ PYU-bis mons Latin mountain Fleshy pad with pubic hair, overlying the pubic bone pubis Latin pubic bone In postpubescent females, it is covered with pubic hair.

- Muscle: As an adult, you have the same number of muscle fibers as you had in late childhood. When you exercise and/or lift weights and your muscles enlarge or hypertrophy, you have increased the thickness of each muscle fiber. If you do not use your muscles, the reverse happens, and the muscles atrophy.

MUSCLE: The origin of a muscle is its attachment to a more fixed part of the skeleton. MUSCLE: The insertion of a muscle is its attachment to a more movable part of the skeleton.

Blood functions

Maintain the body's homeostasis Maintain body temperature. Warm blood is transported from the interior of the body to its surface, where heat is released from the blood. Transport nutrients, vitamins, and minerals from the digestive system and storage areas to organs and cells where they are needed. Examples of nutrients are glucose and amino acids Transport waste products from cells and organs to the liver and kidneys for detoxification and excretion. Examples are creatinine, urea, bilirubin, and lactic acid Transport hormones from endocrine glands to the target cells. Examples are insulin and thyroxin Transport gases to and from the lungs and cells. Examples are oxygen and carbon dioxide Protect against foreign substances. Cells and chemicals in the blood are an important part of the immune system for dealing with microorganisms and toxins Form clots. Clots provide protection against blood loss and are the first step in tissue repair and restoration of normal function. Regulate pH and osmosis.

the most common screening tool for detecting breast ca is a record produced by X-ray imaging the breat

Mammogram

pap test/pap smear/papanicolaou test

Microscopic examination of stained cells that are removed from the cervix and vagina. brushes cells of the cervix Schedule: initial - at age 21 21-29 - Q3years 30-65 - PAP and HPV cotestng Q5 or A3 years 65 and on - schedule depends w PR adn MD. best performed 10-20 days afterlact menstraul period (LMP) GEorge PApanicalaou discovery

headaches Primary include:

Migraine produces an intense throbbing, pulsating pain usually in one area of the head, often with nausea and vomiting. It can be preceded by an aura, visual disturbances such as flashing lights, or temporary loss of vision. It occurs three times as often in women as men. Tension-type was previously known as a tension headache, ordinary headache, and muscle contraction headache. The exact cause of this type of headache is unknown. Patient will report increased tenderness with palpation of head and neck muscles. Trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias consist of cluster headaches, among other headache types, with intense unilateral pain in the supraorbital, orbital, and/or temporal regions. Attacks occur in series that may last for weeks or months (cluster periods). Other primary headache disorders are those that do not fit the previous categories and occur without a secondary cause. Examples of this category of headaches include headaches due to cough, exercise, or cold-stimulus.

Meds for Pain

Mild pain. Analgesics, such as acetaminophen, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, are used. A study published in 2017 of 28,947 Danish patients showed that patients taking NSAIDs had a 31% increased risk of having cardiac arrest. Moderate pain. Opiate medications in combination with acetaminophen or NSAIDs are used. Some opiates used in combination medications are codeine, hydrocodone, and oxycodone. Examples are hydrocodone/acetaminophen (Vicodin), oxycodone/acetaminophen (Percocet), and oxycodone/aspirin (Percodan). These opiate medications are addictive, and are frequently abused and sold on the street. Severe pain. Higher doses of opiates are used, often not as combination products. These include morphine, fentanyl, and oxy- and hydromorphone. The opiates can be taken orally, by patch, sublingually, by intravenous (IV) infusion, or by continuous delivery systems. These oral opiates are also addictive and are sold on the street.

1 Sandwiched between the diaphysis and epiphysis is a thin area called the metaphysis. Thin layers of cartilage cells in the epiphyseal plate enable the diaphysis (bone shaft) to grow in length. When growth stops, compact bone grows into the epiphyseal plate and forms the epiphyseal line

Minerals are deposited in bone when the supply is ample and released when they are needed elsewhere.

osteoporosis - medication treatment

Most inhibit osteoclast activity to reduce the rate of loss of bone (resorption), but some produce a direct increase in bone mass. As the turnover of bone is very slow, the time needed for assessing the effects of medications takes several years. Drugs that reduce the rate of bone resorption include estrogen, bisphosphonates, and calcitonin. Bisphosphonates (Alendronate, Risedronate, and others) are poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and can be given intravenously. Calcitonin also decreases osteoclast activity and is available as a subcutaneous injection or nasal spray.

Skeletal Muscles Disorders

Muscle soreness Muscle cramps Muscle cramps Fibromyalgia Polymyalgia rheumatica Myasthenia gravis Muscular dystrophy rhabdomyolysis tenosynovitis achilles tendinitis

-Muscles connect the humerus (upper arm bone) to the shoulder girdle, vertebral column, and ribs. These muscles enable the arm to move freely at the shoulder joint. The major anterior muscles (those at the front of the body) are the deltoid (shoulder muscle) and pectoralis major (chest muscle) Among the major posterior muscles is the latissimus dorsi, found in the back

Muscles that move the elbow joint and forearm have their origins on the humerus or pectoral girdle and are inserted into the bones of the forearm. On the front of the arm, a group of three muscles (the biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis) flexes the forearm at the elbow joint and rotates the forearm and hand laterally (supination) On the back of the arm, a single muscle, the triceps brachii, extends the elbow joint and forearm.

Immunity

Natural active immunity—the production of your own antibodies as a result of normal maturation, pregnancy, or an infection. Artificial active immunity—the production of your own antibodies as a result of vaccination or immunization. A vaccine consists of either killed or attenuated (weakened) pathogens (antigens). Natural passive immunity—a temporary immunity that results from acquiring antibodies from another individual. This occurs for the fetus through the placenta (IgG) or for the infant through breast milk (IgA). Artificial passive immunity—a temporary immunity that results from the injection of an immune serum from another individual or an animal. Immune serum is used to treat snakebite, tetanus, and rabies.

myopia

Nearsighted people are said to have myopia in which only close objects can be clearly seen. Because the eyeball is elongated, faraway objects are focused in front of the retina. Vision is blurred. Concave lenses are needed to correct the problem

EYE - Pharmacology

Mydriatics are drugs that cause the pupil to dilate and are mainly used to examine the eye fundus. Mydriacil (Tropicamide) takes 15 minutes for the eye to fully dilate and can last for 3 to 6 hours with blurred vision. Other dilating drops, for example, atropine and homatropine, are long acting, lasting 7 to 10 days. Miotics are drugs that constrict the pupil (miosis); for example pilocarpine, which can be part of a regimen for treating glaucoma. Ocular topical anesthetics temporarily block nerve conduction in the conjunctiva and cornea. They have a quick onset of 10 to 20 seconds and last for 10 to 20 minutes. They are used to assist with eye examinations and visual acuity testing and to help treat chemical burns, welding flash, and foreign bodies. Examples are amethocaine, 0.5% and 1%, and oxybupricaine, 0.4%. Ocular diagnostic drops stain conjunctival cells to improve diagnostic capabilities; for example, the presence of a foreign body or a corneal abrasion. Examples are fluorescein and Lissamine Green. The drops do not interfere with vision but are taken up by soft contact lenses, which should be removed prior to instillation of the drops. Ocular lubricant drops are used to replace tears, treat dry eyes, moisten hard contact lenses, protect the eye during eye surgical procedures, and help treat keratitis. Examples are Visine, Refresh Optive, and Retaine. Anti-infective eye medications, both drops and ointments, can be antibacterial, for example, glatifloxacin (Zymaxid) and sulfacetamide (Klaron, Ovace); antifungal, such as natamycin (Natacyn); and antiviral, for example, idoxuridine (Herplex) and trifluridine (Viroptic). Anti-inflammatory eye medications are used in allergic disorders, to prevent scarring and visual loss in inflammation of the eye, and to decrease postoperative eye inflammation and scarring. Examples are corticosteroids such as dexamethasone (Decadron) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents such as flurbiprofen (Ocufen) and suprofen (Profenal). In glaucoma, numerous eye medications are available and are used individually, in combinations, and/or with surgery (see previous section on eye therapeutic procedures). Miotics decrease the size of the pupil and widen the trabecular network to enable fluid to escape more easily. Beta-adrenergic blockers decrease production of aqueous humor; examples are timolol maleate (Timoptic) and betaxolol (Betoptic). Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors reduce production of aqueous humor; examples are acetazolamide sodium (Diamox) and dichlorphenamide (Daranide); alpha-adrenergic agents increase the outflow of aqueous humor by unknown mechanisms; examples are epinephrine (Epifrin) and phenylephrine (Neo-synephrine).

A new growth either a benign or malignant tumore is

NEOPLASM

Musculoskeletal Drugs

NSAIDs inhibit the two cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes that are involved in producing the inflammatory process. They have analgesic and antipyretic effects and are used for treatment of tissue injury, pyrexia, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, gout, and nonspecific joint and tissue pains. The three major NSAIDs, each of which is available OTC, are: --Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), which, in addition to the above effects and uses, also has an antiplatelet effect due to its inhibition of one of the COX enzymes; thus, it is often used in the prevention of heart attacks. --Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, and several other trade names), which acts by inhibiting both the COX enzymes, essential elements in the enzyme pathways involved in pain, inflammation, and fever. It is taken orally, but in 2009 an injectable form of ibuprofen (Caldolor) was approved for use. In some studies, ibuprofen has been associated with the prevention of Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, but further studies are needed. --Naproxen (Aleve and many other trade names), which is taken orally once a day and also inhibits both the COX enzymes. Indomethacin, an NSAID that inhibits both COX enzymes, is a potent drug with many serious side effects. It is not used as an analgesic for minor aches and pains or for fever. Paracetamol (acetaminophen), an active metabolite of phenacetin (not an NSAID), is a widely used OTC analgesic and antipyretic. It is used for the relief of minor aches and pains and is an ingredient in many cold and flu remedies. Skeletal muscle relaxants are FDA-approved for spasticity (baclofen, dantrolene, tizanidine) or for muscular conditions like multiple sclerosis (carisoprodol, chlorzoxazone, cyclobenzaprine, metaxalone, methocarbamol, orphenadrine). The only drug with available evidence of efficacy in spasticity is tizanidine (Zanaflex, Sirdalud), but cyclobenzaprine (Amrix) appears to be somewhat effective. Anabolic steroids are related to testosterone but have been altered so that their main effect is to cause skeletal muscle to hypertrophy. They are used illegally in many sports to increase muscle strength. They have marked, often irreversible, side effects, including stunting the height of growing adolescents, shrinking testes and sperm counts, masculinizing women, and causing delusions and paranoid jealousy. In the long term, there are increased risks of heart attacks and strokes, kidney failure, and liver tumors.

neurolemmocyte

NYU-roh-LEM-oh-site S/-cyte cell R/CF neur/o- nerve R/CF-lemm/o rind, husk Connective tissue cell of the peripheral nervous system that forms a myelin sheath (same as Schwann cell) SHWANN SELL Theodor Schwann, German anatomist, 1810-1882

Neurotransmitter

NYUR-oh-trans-MIT-er S/-er agent P/-trans- across R/CF neur/o- nerve R/-mitt- to send Chemical agent that relays messages from one nerve cell to the next

Pharynx. -- Regions of

Nasopharynx—located at the back of the nose, above the soft palate and uvula. It is lined with a mucous membrane that includes goblet cells, which produce mucus. Mucus, including any trapped debris, is moved from the nasal cavity through the nasopharynx and swallowed. The posterior surface contains the pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid). Only air moves through this region. Oropharynx—located below the soft palate and above the epiglottis. It contains two sets of tonsils called the palatine and lingual tonsils. Air, food, and drink all pass through this region. Laryngopharynx—located below the tip of the epiglottis. This is the pathway to the esophagus. During swallowing, the epiglottis shuts off the trachea so that food cannot enter it. Only food and drink pass through the laryngopharynx.

Peroneal nerve palsy. Mononeuropathy -Peripheral Nerves

Nerve damage occurs as the peroneal nerve passes too close to the surface near the back of the knee. Compression of the nerve occurs in people who are bedridden or strapped in a wheelchair.

Ulnar nerve palsy. Mononeuropathy -Peripheral Nerves

Nerve damage occurs as the ulnar nerve crosses too close to the surface over the humerus at the back of the elbow. Pins-and-needles sensation and weakness in the hand result. Hitting the ulnar nerve is the cause of pain when you hit your "funny bone."

Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL)

One of four ligaments that are critical to the stability of the knee joint; spans the distance from the medial end of the femur to the top of the medial tibia

Protein abnormalities.

One-quarter of the body's protein is collagen. With age, collagen and other proteins show abnormal structures in their cells and tissues, and become less soluble and more rigid. The cells accumulate more of these dysfunctional proteins as they age, and their functions are impaired, leading to senescent changes.

orchitis, orchiditis, or testitis MALE

Orchitis is usually a consequence of epididymitis. They are most commonly caused by a bacterial infection spreading from a urinary tract infection or infection of the prostate. They also can be caused by sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), such as gonorrhea or chlamydia A viral cause of orchitis is mumps. I R/-orch testicle

External Ear Disorders of

Otitis external is an infection of the lining of the external auditory canal. It produces a painful, red, swollen ear canal, sometimes with purulent drainage. The infection can be bacterial or fungal. Fungal infections are responsible for 10% of otitis externa cases and are called otomycoses. Swimmer's ear is a form of otitis externa that comes after swimming, particularly if the water is polluted. Overproduction of cerumen can completely block the external canal (cerumen impaction), causing hearing loss and preventing examination of the tympanic membrane with an otoscope

paraurethral glands FEMALE

PAR-ah-you-REE-thral GLANDZ S/-al pertaining to P/para- alongside R/-urethr- urethra Glands in the anterior wall of the vagina that secrete mucin to lubricate the vagina (also known as Skene glands) SKEEN GLANDZ Alexander Skene, 1838-1900, New York gynecologist

eye - exam

PERRLA, which means pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation.

Eye Exams

PERRLA,means pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation. Visual acuity,the sharpness and clearness of vision, is tested for each eye with the opposite eye covered with a solid object. Color vision is tested using the Ishihara color system Refractive error, the nature and degree to which light is bent by the eye, is measured with a refractometer. Pupillary reaction to light is tested in each eye with a penlight as the patient looks into the distance. Extrinsic muscles of the eyeball are tested by guiding the patient to look in 8 directions Fundoscopy using an ophthalmoscope (can detect lens opacities, retinal changes, and retinal vascular changes Slit-lamp examination focuses the height and width of a beam of light to give a stereoscopic view of the interior structures of the eyeball Intraocular pressure is measured with a tonometer, which determines the eyeball's resistance to tension or indentation

prostaglandin MALE

PROS-tah-GLAN-din S/-in chemical R/prosta- prostate R/-gland- gland Hormone present in many tissues, but first isolated from the prostate gland

priapism

PRY-ah-pizm Priapus, mythical Roman god of procreation Persistent erection of the penis

combinations of CBT and EMDR would treat cognitive behavioral therapy Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)

PTSD

macular degeneration treatment

Photocoagulation therapy

microaneurysms of small blood vessels in the early stages of diabetic retinopathy,

Photocoagulation therapy

endocrine system is composed of 14 major glands

Pituitary gland and the nearby hypothalamus Pineal gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands (4) Thymus gland Adrenal glands (2) Pancreas Gonads: testes (2) in the male; ovaries (2) in the female

calcaneus (heel bone)

Posterior portion of calcaneus - rough, knob-shaped projection - attachment site for calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon)

X-ray alignment

Posteroanterior (PA), in which x-rays travel from a posterior source to an anteriorly placed image receiver. This is the most common chest x-ray view. Anteroposterior (AP), in which x-rays travel from an anterior source to a posteriorly placed image receiver. Lateral view. In a left lateral view, x-rays travel from a source located to the right of a patient and travel to an image recorder to the left of the patient. This is reversed in a right lateral view. Mediolateral oblique (MLO), which is commonly used in mammography. Oblique, in which x-rays travel at an angle from the perpendicular plane and pass behind the heart and lung hilum to show structures normally hidden in PA and AP views.

Skeletal muscle functions

Posture. The tone of skeletal muscles holds you straight when sitting, standing, or moving. Body heat. When skeletal muscles contract, heat is produced as a by-product of the energy reaction. This heat is essential to maintain your body temperature. Respiration. Skeletal muscles move the chest wall as you breathe. Communication. Skeletal muscles enable you to speak, write, type, gesture, and grimace. Movement. All skeletal muscles are attached to bones, and when a muscle contracts, it causes movement of the bones to which it is attached .This enables you to walk, run, and work with your hands.

Thyroid Gland procedures

Radioactive iodine (I-131) therapy uses the isotope of iodine that emits radiation to treat hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer. When a small dose of the isotope is swallowed, it is absorbed into the bloodstream, taken up from the blood, and concentrated by the cells of the thyroid gland, where it begins destroying the gland's cells. Hypothyroidism, in most cases, can be treated adequately with a constant daily dose of levothyroxine (LT4). For hypothyroidism due to destruction of thyroid cells, TSH levels are monitored. For central (pituitary or hypothalamic) hypothyroidism, T4 levels are used for monitoring. Thyroid surgery is indicated for a variety of conditions including cancerous and benign nodules, goiters, and overactive thyroid glands. The types of surgery that can be performed include: Excisional biopsy: removal of a small part of the gland. Lobectomy: removal of half of the thyroid gland (hemilobectomy). Total thyroidectomy: removal of all thyroid tissue. Near-total thyroidectomy: removal of all but a very small part of the gland. Endoscopic thyroidectomy: performed through a single small incision using a flexible lighted tube and video monitor to guide the surgical procedure. Laser ablation: a minimally invasive procedure used to remove benign thyroid nodules using ultrasound guidance without affecting the surrounding organ.

RBC - cycle

Red blood cell formation (erythropoiesis) occurs in the spaces in bones filled with red bone marrow. Hematopoietic stem cells become nucleated erythroblasts and then nonnucleated reticulocytes, which are released into the bloodstream. life span of an RBC is 120 days, during which time the cell has circulated through the body about 75,000 times. With age, the cells become more fragile, and squeezing through tiny capillaries ruptures them. Macrophages in the liver and spleen take up the hemoglobin that is released and break it down into its components heme and globin. The heme is broken down into iron and into a rust-colored pigment called bilirubin. In approximately five days, the reticulocytes mature into erythrocyte Erythropoietin: controls the rate of RBC production. RBC production is also influenced by the availability of iron, the B vitamins B12 and folic acid, and amino acids through absorption from the digestive tract

pleurae and pleural fluid - functions

Reduce friction. The lubricant quality of the pleural fluid enables the lungs to expand (inspiration) and contract (expiration) with minimal friction. Assist in inspiration. The pressure in the pleural cavity is lower than the pressure of the atmospheric air in the lungs. This assists the inflation of the lungs on inspiration. Separation. The pleurae, mediastinum, and pericardium protect the organs inside them to prevent infections from spreading easily from one organ to another.

Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).

Regulation of these drugs is the responsibility of the U.S. Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). These controlled substances are divided into five schedules, depending on their currently accepted medical use in treatment, their potential for abuse, and their likelihood of causing dependence.

Amputations - REHAB

Rehabilitation after amputation Is an increasingly important component in rehabilitation programs. Immediately after surgery, the objectives of the rehabilitation team are to: Promote healing of the stump; Strengthen the muscles above the site of the amputation; Strengthen arm muscles to assist in ambulation or help with walking using a cane, crutches, or other assistive devices; Prevent contractures or tightening of the joints above the amputation (knee and hip for BKAs); Shrink the post-amputation stump with elastic cuffs or bandages to fit the socket of a temporary prosthesis Provide emotional, psychological, and family support.

ARF (acute renal failure)

Reversible; Sudden loss of function; Overdose, meds, posioning, excessive blood loss can progress to chronic renal failure

RhoGAM Rhesus immune globulin

Rhₒ(D) immune globulin is a medication used to prevent Rh isoimmunization in mothers who are Rh negative and to treat idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in people who are Rh positive. It is often given both during and following pregnancy. It may also be used when Rh negative people are given Rh positive blood.

MEdication - five factors check

Right patient Identify the patient by a bracelet or name badge. Asking the patient's name can lead to confusion, particularly in the assisted living environment. Right drug Check the medication record for the name of the drug and compare with the drug in hand at three points: When taking hold of the package that contains the drug. When opening the package. When returning the package to storage. Right route Check the medication record for how to administer the drug and check the labeling of the drug to make sure it matches the prescribed route. Right dose Check that the medication record orders the same dose as that in hand. Right time Check that the time ordered or the frequency matches the current time.

CAD (coronary artery disease)

Risk factors for CAD include: Obesity Lack of exercise (sedentary) Tobacco Diabetes mellitus High BP (hypertension) Elevated serum cholesterol Stress Treatments include lifestyle changes, medications, angioplasty, and surgery. The usual cause is the buildup of plaque. This causes coronary arteries to narrow, limiting blood flow to the heart.

Shoulder Girdle Disorders

Rotator cuff tears (a frequent injury to the shoulder girdle) are caused by wear and tear from overuse in work situations or in certain sports, such as baseball, football, and golf. These tears can be partial or complete (Figure 15.3). Tendinitis of the shoulder joint is caused when the rotator cuff and/or biceps tendon becomes inflamed from overuse. Bursitis, inflammation of the lubricating sac of the rotator cuff, also can be produced by overuse.

cerebrospinal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

SER-eh-broh-SPY-nal S/-al pertaining to R/CF cerebr/o- brain R/-spin- spinal cord Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord SER-eh-broh-SPY-nal FLU-id R/fluid flowing Fluid formed in the ventricles of the brain; surrounds the brain and spinal cord

cervical

SER-vih-kal (Note: Cervical also is used to refer to a region of the uterus.) S/-al pertaining to R/cervic- neck Pertaining to the neck region

syphilis

SIF-ih-lis Possibly from the Latin poem "Syphilis sive Morbus Gallicus" by Fracastorius Sexually transmitted disease caused by a spirochete

Retinal Detachment

Separation of the retina from its underlying choroid layer may be partial or complete and produces a retinal tear or hole. The detachment can happen suddenly, without pain. The patient sees a dark shadow invading his or her peripheral vision. The detachment can be seen on ophthalmoscopic examination.

over-the-counter (OTC) drugs.

Seventy-nine percent of adults older than 65 are on medications, with 39% of them taking five or more prescription drugs and 90% of them also taking

bipolar disorder:

Several different classes of medications are used to treat Mood stabilizers to control manic or hypomanic episodes are lithium (Lithobid), valproic acid (Depakene), divalproex (Depakote), carbamazepine (Tegretol), and iamotrigine (Lamictal). Antipsychotics to help persistent symptoms of depression or mania are the newer, second-generation antipsychotics olanzapine (Zyprexa), risperidone (Risperdal), quetiapine (Seroquel), and anipiprazole (Abilify). These medications are also used to treat schizophrenia, often in combination with a benzodiazepine (see below). Antidepressants to help manage persistent depression. Antidepressant-psychotic—the medication Symbyax is a combination of the antidepressant fluoxetine and the antipsychotic olanzapine and is approved for the treatment of depressive disorders in bipolar disorder.

spinal cord is injured in three ways

Severed. Contused.can cause temporary loss lasting days, weeks, or months Compressed, by a broken or dislocated vertebra, bleeding, or swelling. injuries may require surgical intervention to relieve the pressure. Also can be due to a herniated Because of its anatomy with nerve fibers and tracts going up and down, to and from the brain, injury to the spinal cord results in loss of function below the injury

Insulin - Self-Administration

Some 19 million people in the United States have been diagnosed with diabetes. Five million of them self-administer insulin into their subcutaneous tissue either by syringe, pen injection, high-pressure jet injection, or subcutaneous infusion pumps Inhalation of an insulin solution is also available. It is essential that the right dose of the right drug (i.e., the right type of insulin is given in response to the patient's blood sugar level.

Immune System Three characteristics distinguish immunity

Specifitiy Memory Discrimination

Heart valves can malfunction

Stenosis occurs when the valve does not open fully, and its opening is narrowed (constricted). Blood cannot flow freely through the valve and accumulates behind the valve. Incompetence or insufficiency occurs when the valve cannot close fully, and blood can regurgitate (flow back) through the valve to the chamber from which it started.

calculus, calculi

Stone formed within an organ by an accumulation of mineral salts. Found in the kidney, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, or urethra. acetazolamide (Diamox)

Epididymis MALE

Stores sperm cells EP-ih-DID-ih-miss S/-is belonging to P/epi- above R/-didym- testis adheres to the posterior side of the testis. It is a single coiled duct in which the sperm are stored for 12 to 20 days until they mature and become motile. Stored sperm remain fertile for 40 to 60 days. If they become too old without being ejaculated, they disintegrate and are reabsorbed in the epididymis.

amblyopia

Strabismus is not the same as amblyopia, or "lazy eye," which occurs in children when vision in one eye has not developed as well as in the other. It occurs because the eye and the brain are not cooperating for the one eye. the failure or incomplete development of the pathways of vision to the brain.

rotator cuff muscles are

Subscapularis Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Four muscles originate on your scapula, wrap around the shoulder joint, and fuse together. This fusion forms one large tendon (the rotator cuff), which is inserted into the humerus Four rotator cuff keeps the ball of the humerus tightly in the scapula's socket and provides stability of the shoulder joint and the kind of strength needed by baseball pitchers.

antigens antigen (AN-tih-jen)

Substance capable of triggering an immune response. The antigens on the surfaces of the cells have been categorized into groups, of which two are the most important. These are the ABO and Rhesus (Rh) blood groups.

pelvic girdle has the following functions

Supports the axial skeleton. Transmits the body's weight through to the lower limbs. Provides attachments for the lower limbs. Protects the internal reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and distal end of the large intestine.

T lymphocytes (T cells)

The "T" stands for thymus, where they mature. T cells can be distinguished from other lymphocytes, such as B cells and natural killer cells, by the presence of a T-cell receptor on the cell surface. They are called T cells because they mature in the thymus from thymocytes (although some also mature in the tonsils) There are several types of T cells: Cytotoxic or "killer" T cells destroy target cells. Their cell membrane holds a coreceptor that can recognize a specific antigen. Coreceptors are named with the letters "CD" (cluster of differentiation) followed by a number, for these cells, CD8. Helper T cells contain the CD4 coreceptor and are called CD4 cells. They begin the defensive response against a specific antigen. Memory T cells arise from cytotoxic T lymphocytes that have previously destroyed a foreign cell. If they encounter the same antigen, they can now quickly kill it without initiation by a helper T cell. Suppressor T cells suppress activation of the immune system. Failure of these cells to function properly may result in autoimmune diseases.

Lymphatic tissues are composed

T lymphocytes (T cells). The "T" stands for thymus, where they mature. T lymphocytes make up 75% to 85% of body lymphocytes. There are several types of T cells: Cytotoxic or "killer" T cells destroy target cells. Their cell membrane holds a coreceptor that can recognize a specific antigen. Coreceptors are named with the letters "CD" (cluster of differentiation) followed by a number, for these cells, CD8. Helper T cells contain the CD4 coreceptor and are called CD4 cells. They begin the defensive response against a specific antigen. Memory T cells arise from cytotoxic T lymphocytes that have previously destroyed a foreign cell. If they encounter the same antigen, they can now quickly kill it without initiation by a helper T cell. Suppressor T cells suppress activation of the immune system. Failure of these cells to function properly may result in autoimmune diseases. B lymphocytes (B cells). These cells mature in the bone marrow. B lymphocytes make up 15% to 25% of lymphocytes. They are activated by helper T cells, respond to a specific antigen, and cause the production of antibodies called immunoglobulins (Ig). The mature B cells are called plasma cells and secrete large quantities of antibodies that immobilize, neutralize, and prepare the specific antigen for destruction. Null cells. These are large granular lymphocytes that are natural killer cells but lack the specific surface markers of the T and B lymphocytes. Macrophages. These cells develop from monocytes that have migrated from blood. They ingest and destroy tissue debris, bacteria, and other foreign matter (phagocytosis).

tracers include: radionuclides In nuclear medicine, radionuclides can be combined with pharmaceutical compounds to form radiopharmaceuticals, which are labeled with a radioactive tracer.

Technetium-99m, used in 85% of all nuclear medicine imaging including for bone scans, liver scans, renal function studies, labeling of red blood cells, and use as a gas/aerosol. Iodine-123, used mainly for thyroid scans. Iodine-131, used mainly for the destruction of thyroid tissues. Gallium-67, used in positron emission tomography (PET) scans (see the following) and for localizing infections. Indium-111, used to label and identify the movements of white blood cells. Thallium-201, used for myocardial perfusion scans in stress tests. 18F-FDG (fludeoxyglucose), used in the diagnosis and staging of cancer and most commonly in PET scans.

lentigines

Technical term for freckles; small yellow-colored to brown-colored spots on skin exposed to sunlight and air.

optic disc

The area where the optic nerve leaves the retina is called the . Because it has no rods and cones, the optic disc cannot form images and is called the blind spot

comminuted fracture

The bone breaks into several pieces, usually two major pieces and several smaller fragments.

spinal cord is divided into four regions

The cervical region is continuous with the medulla oblongata. It contains the motor neurons that supply the neck, shoulders, and upper limbs through eight pairs of cervical spinal nerves (C1-C8). The thoracic region contains the motor neurons that supply the thoracic cage, rib movement, vertebral column movement, and postural back muscles through 12 pairs of thoracic spinal nerves (T1-T12). The lumbar region supplies the hips and front of the lower limbs through five pairs of lumbar nerves (L1-L5). The sacral region supplies the buttocks, genitalia, and backs of the legs through five sacral nerves (S1-S5) and one coccygeal nerve.

Glaucoma

The circulation of aqueous humor was described earlier in this chapter. If the aqueous humor cannot escape from the eye into the bloodstream, the fluid continues to be produced and pressure builds up inside the eye. The increased intraocular pressure interferes with the blood supply to the retina, causing death of retinal cells. Eventually the optic nerve fibers are damaged. This condition is called glaucoma and is a major cause of blindness

external iliac artery

The common iliac artery becomes the external iliac artery and then the femoral artery as it goes down the thigh and supplies the lower limb. The pulse that can be felt in the back of the knee is from the popliteal artery.

1 The male vocal cords are longer and thicker than the female, vibrate more slowly, and produce lower-pitched sounds.

The crude sounds produced by the larynx are transformed into words by the actions of the pharynx, tongue, teeth, and lips.

Penis - external structure

The external, visible part of the penis comprises the shaft and the glans at the tip of which the external urethral meatus is located. The skin of the penis is very loosely attached to the shaft to permit expansion during erection. The skin continues over the glans as the prepuce (foreskin). A ventral fold of tissue, the frenulum, attaches the skin to the glans. The glans and facing prepuce contain sebaceous glands that produce a waxy secretion called smegma.

Compression Compression The fracture occurs in a vertebra from trauma or pathology, leading to the vertebra being crushed.

The fracture occurs in a vertebra from trauma or pathology, leading to the vertebra being crushed.

Linear

The fracture runs parallel to the long axis of the bone.

spiral fracture

The fracture spirals around the long axis of the bone.

Vein functions

The function of the veins is to return the blood from the periphery to the heart in a low-pressure system. For example, by the time blood reaches the venules, its pressure has dropped from the 120 mm Hg of systole to around 15 mm Hg. By the time the blood is in the venae cavae, the central venous pressure (CVP) is down to around 4 to 5 mm Hg

Prepuce (Foreskin)

The functions of the prepuce (foreskin) are to cover and protect the glans and produce smegma, a lubricant containing lipids, cell debris, and some natural antibiotics

Specificity.

The immune response is directed against a particular pathogen. Immunity to one pathogen does not confer immunity to others. Specificity has one disadvantage. If a virus or a bacterium changes a component of its genetic code, it will lead to a change in the structure and/or physiology of the microorganism, which then is no longer recognized by the immune system. This mutation occurs, for example, in bacteria in response to antibiotics and in HIV's response to anti-HIV drugs (development of resistance).

Discrimination.

The immune system learns to recognize agents (antigens) that represent "self" and agents that are "nonself" (foreign). Most of this recognition is developed prior to birth. A variety of disorders occur when this discrimination breaks down. They are known as autoimmune disorders.

ARTERIES -larger size larger number of elastic fibers

The larger arteries near the heart, the aorta and its major branches, have to cope with large quantities of blood and fluctuating pressures between systole and diastole. Therefore, these arteries have a large number of elastic fibers and a relatively small number of muscle fibers.

Larynx. (a) Location. (b) Structure.

The larynx has an outer casing of nine cartilages connected to one another by muscles and ligaments. The uppermost cartilage, the leaf-shaped epiglottis, guards the glottis. During the swallowing of food, the epiglottis is pushed down by the tongue to close the glottis and direct food into the esophagus that lies behind it. The thyroid cartilage, or "Adam's apple," is the largest cartilage in the body and forms the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx. Below the thyroid cartilage the ring-shaped cricoid cartilage connects the larynx to the trachea Inside the larynx are the true vocal cords. Intrinsic muscles control the cords.

saphenous vein

The longest vein in the body, it drains the leg, thigh, and dorsum of the foot. In the lower limb, the superficial veins merge

Lymph moves through

The lymph moves slowly through the node (Figure 12.3), which filters the lymph and removes any foreign matter. On its journey back to the bloodstream, lymph passes through several nodes and becomes cleansed of most foreign matter. Macrophages in the lymph nodes ingest and break down the foreign matter and display fragments of it to T cells (see the following section). This alerts the immune system to the presence of an invader. Lymph leaves the nodes again when it enters into the efferent collecting vessels. All these lymph vessels move lymph toward the thoracic cavity.

Arterial blood gases (ABGs),

The measurement of the levels of O2 and CO2 in the blood, are good indicators of respiratory function.

Carpal tunnel syndrome. Mononeuropathy -Peripheral Nerves

The median nerve at the wrist is compressed between the wrist bones and a strong overlying ligament. Numbness, pain, and tingling of the thumb side of the hand are the symptoms. Incision of the ligament relieves the pressure.

radial artery

The most easily accessible is the at the wrist, where the pulse is usually taken.

complete blood count (CBC) measures the following:

The number of red blood cells (RBC count) The amount of hemoglobin in the blood The percentage of the blood composed of red blood cells (hematocrit) Average red blood cell size (MCV) Hemoglobin amount per red blood cell (MCH) Amount of hemoglobin relative to the size of the red blood cell (MCHC) The number of white blood cells (WBC count) The types of white blood cells (WBC differential) Platelet count Serum iron is the amount of iron in the blood. Prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), Serum ferritin Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR

Gene Thrapy

The prvess of genetically altering CA cells

Bronchioles and Alveoli Structure and Functions

The tertiary bronchi divide into bronchioles, which in turn divide into terminal bronchioles and then smaller respiratory bronchioles ( None of these bronchioles has cartilage in the walls, but smooth muscle enables them to dilate or constrict. These bronchioles in turn divide into thin-walled alveoli.

Larynx Functions

The thyroid and cricoid cartilages maintain an open passage for the movement of air to and from the trachea. The epiglottis and vestibular folds prevent food and drink from entering the larynx The vocal cords are the source of sound production.

Absorption

The transport of dissolved substances into epithelial cells.

canthi Canthus

The two corners where the upper and lower eyelids meet are called canthi (singular, canthus).

Lungs Lower respiratory tract

The two lungs are the main organs of respiration and are located in the thoracic cavity. Each lung is a soft, spongy, conical organ with its base resting on the diaphragm. Its apex lies above and behind the clavicle. Its outer, convex costal surface presses against the rib cage. Its inner, concave surface lies alongside the mediastinum. The right lung has three lobes: superior, middle, and inferior. The left lung has two lobes: superior and inferior (see Figure 13.8a). The lobes are separated from each other by fissures. The heart makes a concave impression in the left lung, known as the cardiac notch.

Blood types

The two major antigens on the cell surface are antigen A and antigen B. the different combinations of antigens and antibodies in the different blood types A person with only antigen A has type A blood. A person with only antigen B has type B blood. A person with both antigen A and antigen B has type AB blood and is a universal recipient who can receive blood from any other type in the ABO system. A person with neither antigen has type O blood and is a universal donor, able to give blood to any other person no matter what that person's blood type is.

immunoglobulins (Igs),

These antibodies are called immunoglobulins (Igs), defensive gamma globulins in the blood plasma and body secretions. There are five classes of antibodies (immunoglobulins): IgG makes up about 80% of the antibodies. It is found in plasma and tissue fluids. It crosses the placenta to give the fetus some immunity. IgA makes up about 13% of the antibodies. It is found in exocrine secretions such as breast milk, tears, saliva, nasal secretions, intestinal juices, bile, and urine. IgM makes up about 6% of antibodies. It develops in response to antigens in food or bacteria. IgD is found on the surface of B cells and acts as a receptor for antigens. IgE is found in exocrine secretions along with IgA and also in the serum.

Free radicals.

These are chemical particles with an extra electron. For example, the stable oxygen molecule (O2) has two atoms with many electrons. If it picks up an extra electron through some metabolic reaction, by radiation, or by chemical action, it becomes a free radical. The free radical's life is short because it combines quickly with other molecules that, in turn, become free radicals with the addition of the extra electron. A chain reaction occurs as more and more molecules become free radicals. Among the damage they cause are cancer, myocardial infarction, and perhaps senescence. They can be neutralized by antioxidants.

Null cells.

These are large granular lymphocytes that are natural killer cells but lack the specific surface markers of the T and B lymphocytes.

Chronic airway obstruction (CAO) is also called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

This is a progressive disease, as Mr. Jacobs' history shows. It involves both chronic bronchitis and emphysema. A history of heavy cigarette smoking, with chronic cough and sputum production, is followed by exertional dyspnea. By the time Mr. Jacobs' dyspnea was severe, irreversible lung damage had led to emphysema, recurrent infections, and episodes of respiratory insufficiency. The insufficiency became permanent, and supplementary O2 is now necessary round the clock. Right-sided heart failure (cor pulmonale) is the end-result of pulmonary hypertension and blood backing up into the right ventricle (see Chapter 10).

Stent placement.

To reduce the likelihood that the artery will close up again (occlude), a wire mesh tube, or stent (Figure 10.22), is placed inside the vessel. Some stents (drug-eluting stents) are covered with a special medication to help keep the artery open.

Brain Disorders

Transient ischemic attack (TIA) Huntington disease Syncope parkinsons Stroke Dementia - such as Alzheimer's disease Traumatic brain injury (TBI) Brain abscesses Meningitis Encephalitis Congenital brain defects - injury at birth Epilepsy

Spinal Cord Disorders of the

Trauma Compression Cervical Spondylosis Syringomyelia Acture transverse myelitis TB subacute combination degeneration Poliomyelitis Postpolio Syndrome Motor Neuron Disorder (i.e. ALS)

hearing tests

Whispered speech testing, which is a simple screening method in which one ear of the patient is covered and the patient is asked to identify whispered sounds. Tuning fork screening tests, which can identify on which side a hearing loss is located (Weber test) and whether the hearing loss is due to loss of bone or air conduction (Rinne test). audiometer is an electronic device that generates sounds in different frequencies and intensities and prints out a graph (audiogram) of the patient's responses (Figure 16.39). Audiometry measures hearing function and is often performed by an audiologist. An audiologist is a specialist in audiology. Tympanometry helps detect problems between the tympanic membrane and the inner ear by using a small earpiece that generates pressure and sound in the ear canal to gather information (tympanography) about changes of pressure inside the ear.

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP),

a brain hormone, is used to diagnose and monitor congestive heart failure and to predict the course of end-stage heart failure.

Thrombus formation (thrombosis)

a clot that attaches to diseased or damaged areas on the walls of blood vessels or the heart. If part of the thrombus breaks loose and moves through the circulation, it is called an embolus.

Immunosuppression—

a common side effect of corticosteroids in treatment to prevent transplant rejection and in chemotherapy treatment for cancer. These drugs reduce the numbers of all lymphocytes, making it possible for opportunistic infections to invade the body.

renin-angiotensin system

a complex biological system between the heart, brain, blood vessels, and kidneys. It plays an important role in the pathology of hypertension, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and diabetic nephropathy The potent chemical angiotensin II is formed in the blood from angiotensin I by the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II causes blood vessels to contract and narrow, leading to hypertension.

computed tomography (CT), Neurology Diagnostic Procedures in

a computer-enhanced x-ray technique, generates images of slices of the brain and can detect a wide range of brain and spinal cord disorders, including tumors, areas of dead brain tissue due to stroke, and birth defects.

Food allergy

a condition in which the body's immune system reacts to substances in some foods IgE antibodies test for allergy.

Phimosis— MALE

a condition in which the foreskin is tight because of a small opening and cannot be retracted over the glans for cleaning (Figure 7.13). It can lead to balanitis.

bacterial vaginosis or volvovaginal candidiases

a condition in women in which there is an abnormal overgrowth of certain bacteria in the vagina CLindamycin antibiotic

bacterial vaginosis

a condition in women in which there is an abnormal overgrowth of certain bacteria in the vagina metronidazole (flagyl) clindamycin (cleocin)

fluoroscopy,

a continuous x-ray image is shown on a monitor like an x-ray movie. This allows real-time imaging of structures in motion; for example, blood vessels or the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Radiocontrast agents, such as barium sulfate and iodine, are administered orally, rectally, intravenously, or into an artery and enhance the real-time imaging of dynamic processes such as blood flow in arteries and veins (angiography) or peristalsis in the GI tract. Iodine contrast also may be concentrated in tumors, cysts, or inflamed areas to make them more opaque and conspicuous in imaging. A barium meal also known as an upper gastrointestinal series, enables radiographs of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum to be taken after barium sulfate is ingested. However, the diagnostic use of a barium meal has declined with the increasing use of esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), which allows direct visual inspection of suspicious areas in the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.

Atheroma

a deposit of fatty plaque on or within the arterial wall

SERM (selective estrogen receptor modulator)

a drug that acts like estrogen in some tissues but like an anti-estrogen in others. tamoxifen adn aromatase inhibitors ie. letrozole blocks estrogen from attaching to teh estrogen receptor ER-+ taken after 5-10 years after sugery

Spleen,

a highly vascular and spongy organ, is the largest lymphatic organ. It is located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen below the diaphragm and lateral to the kidney (Figure 12.4). It is the only organ the body can live without.

Thrombocytopenia i

a low platelet count (below 100,000/mm3 of blood). It occurs when bone marrow is destroyed by radiation, chemotherapy, or leukemia. Small capillary hemorrhages called petechiae and bruises can be seen in the skin. Idiopathic (immunologic) thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an acute self-limiting form of the disease usually seen in children.

anal fistula

abnormal opening between the rectum and the exterior perianal skin abscesses in the anal glands from infected glands that have healed anal canal has 6-7 glands that secrete mucus to lubricate the canal

diverticulosis

abnormal outpouchings in the intestinal wall of the colon inflammation of a diverticulum small pouches bulging outward through weak spots in teh intestinal lining.

strokes: Ischemic

account for 90% of all strokes and are caused by: Atherosclerosis—plaque in the wall of a cerebral artery Embolism—blood clot in a cerebral artery originating from elsewhere in the body (Figure 9.17b). Microangiopathy—occlusion of small cerebral arteries.

Ascities

accumulation of free serous fluid in the abdominal cavity d/t blocked portal viens

HEART - conduction

action of the four heart chambers is coordinated. When the atria contract (atrial systole), the ventricles relax (ventricular diastole, or ventricular filling). When the atria relax (atrial diastole), the ventricles contract (ventricular systole). Then the atria and ventricles all relax briefly. This series of events is a complete cardiac cycle, or heartbeat. The "lub-dub, lub-dub" sounds heard through the stethoscope are made by the snap of the heart valves as they close.

Clavicle

acts as a strut to keep the scapula in place so that the arm hangs freely and can have maximum range of movement. It is commonly fractured by a fall on the shoulder tip or on the outstretched hand.

Dromotropic drugs

affect the conduction speed in the atrioventricular (AV) node and subsequently the rate of conduction of electrical impulses in the heart. A calcium channel blocker, such as verapamil, slows the speed of conduction through the cardiac neural system and has a negative dromotropic effect.

Allergic rhinitis

affects 15% to 20% of the population. There is swelling of the mucous membranes of the nose, pharynx, and sinuses, with a clear watery discharge.

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA)

affects children under the age of 17 with inflammation and stiffness of joints. Many children grow out of it.

Fibromyalgia

affects muscles and tendons all over the body, causing chronic pain associated with fatigue and depression. Its etiology is unknown. There are no laboratory tests for it and no specific treatment except pain management, physiotherapy, and stress reduction.

Carotid artery disease

affects the two major arteries supplying the brain. They can be involved in arteriosclerosis and the deposition of plaque, which puts the patient at risk for a stroke.

arachnoid mater

ah-RAK-noyd MAY-ter S/-oid resembling R/arachn- cobweb, spider R/mater mother Weblike middle layer of the three meninges.

ABR)Auditory brainstem response test

also measures the nervous system response to sound with a setup and procedure similar to ECOG.

Topical administration

allows a drug to be available directly at the site of action without going through the systemic circulation. For example, topical applications include steroid ointments for treating dermatitis , beta blocker eye drops for treating glaucoma, nasal medications instilled via drops or a spray, bronchodilators that are inhaled to treat asthma , and pessaries or creams containing clotrimazole (Lotrimin, Mycelex) that are inserted to treat vaginal candidiasis . Thus, topical refers to more than just application on the skin.

Psychotherapy,

also called talk therapy, explores with a trained mental health professional thoughts, feelings, and behaviors on the assumption that the cure for a person's suffering lies within that person. The therapist's roles are to generate emotional awareness and insight to help the person identify the source of the problems and consider alternatives for dealing with them. There are six types of psychotherapy: Supportive psychotherapy, in which the expression of feelings is encouraged and the therapist provides help with problem solving. Psychoanalysis, which is the oldest form of psychotherapy, developed by Sigmund Freud in the early 20th century. It encourages the person to say whatever comes to mind and helps the person develop an understanding of how the past affects the present, enabling the person to develop new and more adaptive ways of functioning. Psychodynamic psychotherapy, which is similar to psychoanalysis and focuses on identifying unconscious patterns in current thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Cognitive therapy, which helps people identify distortions in interpreting experiences and learn to think in different ways about the experiences, which leads to an improvement in behavior and feelings. Behavioral therapy, which is similar to cognitive therapy. A combination of the two—cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)—is often used. Behavioral therapy believes that abnormal behaviors are due to faulty learning, and these maladaptive behaviors can be unlearned and corrected. Interpersonal therapy involves treatment for depression and focuses on unresolved grief and conflicts that arise when people have to fill roles that differ from their expectations both at work and in the family.

Calcitonin

also decreases osteoclast activity and is available as a subcutaneous injection or nasal spray. osteoporosis

Hep B (HBV)

also known as *serum hepatitis.* Serum hepatitis is spread by *blood and blood-borne products.* *Needlesticks* are a source of infection, and can be *sexually transmitted.* NOTE - there is also a vaccine, and consists of 3 shots over the span of 1 year - it is mandatory!! some become chronic carriers can lead to CA

hyaline membrane disease (HMD)

also known as respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn, is an acute lung disorder often associated with prematurity and low birth weight. The condition is caused by a lack of surfactant. Without this substance, small air sacs within the lungs collapse because of increased tension, a problem indicated by the baby's labored breathing. Treatment includes measures to maintain adequate oxygenation.

Inotropic drugs

alter the contractions of the myocardium. Digitalis and its derivatives, digoxin and digitoxin, increase the strength of contractions of the myocardium, thus leading to increased cardiac output.

Chronotropic drugs

alter the heart rate. Epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and atropine increase the heart rate. Quinidine (Quinidex), procainamide (Pronestyl), lidocaine (Xylocaine), and propranolol (Inderal) slow the heart.

ampulla MALE

am-PULL-ah Latin two-handled bottle Dilated portion of a canal or duct

hallux valgus

an abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe (bunion)

Paracetamol (acetaminophen),

an active metabolite of phenacetin (not an NSAID), is a widely used OTC analgesic and antipyretic. It is used for the relief of minor aches and pains and is an ingredient in many cold and flu remedies.

polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)

an endocrine disorder in women that can affect the menstrual cycle, fertility, hormones, a woman's appearance, and long-term health multiple follicular cysts that form in both ovaries produce ANDROGENs, preventing ovulation and produce acne, male pattern hair loss from the front of scalp and wght gain. too much insulin that causes darkening of skin and metabolism Metformin can help

Splenomegaly,

an enlarged spleen, is not a disease in itself but the result of an underlying disorder. However, when the spleen enlarges, it traps and removes an excessive number of blood cells and platelets (hypersplenism) and reduces the number of blood cells and platelets in the bloodstream. The potential causes of splenomegaly are numerous and include infections such as infectious mononucleosis, lymphomas, anemias such as sickle cell anemia, and storage diseases such as Gaucher disease.

Neutrophilia, Causes of leukocytosis:

an increase in the number and percentage of neutrophils. This can be due to bacterial infections, for example, appendicitis or bacterial pneumonia.

Eosinophilia, Causes of leukocytosis:

an increase in the number of eosinophils. This occurs with allergic reactions or parasitic infection.

Tunica adventitia (externa)—

an outer connective tissue layer of varying density and thickness.

Exotropia,

an outward turning of one eye, is noticed around 2 to 4 years of age. It will often respond to vision therapy, which includes eye exercises and glasses from an optometrist.

anorchism MALE

an-OR-kizm S/-ism condition P/an- without, lack of R/-orch- testicle Absence of testes

anastomosis Plural anastomoses. MALE

anastomosis (ah-NAS-to-MOH-sis) A surgically made union between two tubular structures.

Prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT),

and International Normalized Ratio (INR) are used to evaluate bleeding and clotting disorders and to monitor anticoagulation therapies

stereopsis- three-dimensional perception

and hand-eye coordination. Stereopsis depends on an accurate alignment of the two eyes.

videonystagmography (VNG)

and videonystagmography (VNG) evaluate the movement of the eyes as they follow different visual targets to evaluate vestibular dysfunction, ENG uses small electrodes placed on the skin around the eyes and VNG uses goggles with video cameras to monitor the eye movements.

Lymphocytes

are normally 25% to 35% of the total WBC count. They are the smallest type of WBC. Lymphocytes are produced in red bone marrow and migrate through the bloodstream to lymphatic tissues—lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, and thymus—where they proliferate.

Neutrophils

are normally 50% to 70% of the total WBC count. They are also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs). These cells phagocytize bacteria, fungi, and some viruses and secrete a group of enzymes called lysozymes, which destroy some bacteria.

Basophils

are normally less than 1% of the total WBC count. Basophils migrate to damaged tissues, where they release histamine (which increases blood flow) and heparin (which prevents blood clotting).

Affective disorders

are not a clearly delineated group of disorders. Included are the mood disorders of unipolar and bipolar depression.

Troponin I and T

are part of a protein complex in muscle that is released into the blood during myocardial injury. Troponin I is found in heart muscle but not in skeletal muscle. Its presence in blood is therefore a highly sensitive indicator of a recent MI. Both CK and Troponin I and T are used to confirm a suspected MI.

Hiccups

are reflex spasms of the diaphragm, causing an involuntary inhalation followed by a sudden closure of the glottis that produces an audible sound—the "hic." The etiology is unknown, and there is no specific medical cure.

Anabolic steroids

are related to testosterone but have been altered so that their main effect is to cause skeletal muscle to hypertrophy. They are used illegally in many sports to increase muscle strength. They have marked, often irreversible, side effects, including stunting the height of growing adolescents, shrinking testes and sperm counts, masculinizing women, and causing delusions and paranoid jealousy. In the long term, there are increased risks of heart attacks and strokes, kidney failure, and liver tumors.

Dendrites

are short, highly branched extensions of the neuron's cell body. They conduct impulses toward the cell body. The more dendrites a neuron has, the more impulses it can receive from other neurons.

Haptens

are small, foreign molecules that attach themselves to host molecules to form large, unique complexes that the immune system can recognize as foreign. Haptens are found in cosmetics, detergents, industrial chemicals, poison ivy, and animal dander.

Eyelashes

are strong hairs that help keep debris out of the eyes. They arise on the edge of the lids from hair follicles

Muscle cramps

are sudden, painful contractions of a muscle or group of muscles. They are usually of short duration. The etiology of cramps is unknown, but low blood potassium, calcium, and magnesium levels; use of caffeine and tobacco; and diminished blood supply are possible causes. There are no effective medications available. The cramp is usually self-limiting.

Varicose veins

are superficial veins that have lost their elasticity and appear swollen and tortuous Their valves become incompetent, and blood flows backward and pools. Collateral circulations develop to take the blood through alternative routes.

CD4 cells

are the central coordinators for the immune response. As the virus destroys more and more cells, the CD4 count falls, and antibodies cannot be produced. Symptoms appear, including chills, fever, night sweats, fatigue, weight loss, and lymphadenitis.

Fibrous joints

are two bones tightly bound together by bands of fibrous tissue with no joint space. They come in three varieties: Sutures occur between the bones of the skull ; the two opposing bones have interlocking processes to add stability to the joint. The periosteum on each of the outer and inner surfaces of the two bones is continuous and holds the joint together. Syndesmosis is a joining of two bones with fibrous ligaments. Their movement is minimal. An example is the joint above the ankle where the tibia and fibula are attached. Gomphoses are pegs that fit into sockets and are held in place by fine collagen fibers. Examples are the joints between teeth and their sockets.

TONSILS

are two masses of lymphatic tissue located at the entrance to the oropharynx, where they entrap inhaled and ingested pathogens. Adenoids are similar tissue on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx ( The tonsils and adenoids form lymphocytes and antibodies, trap bacteria and viruses, and drain them into the tonsillar lymph nodes for elimination. They can become infected themselves.

Senescence - state of being old

are unknown. Heredity plays a role because longevity or early death tends to run in families. Theories of senescence include: Protein abnormalities. One-quarter of the body's protein is collagen. With age, collagen and other proteins show abnormal structures in their cells and tissues, and become less soluble and more rigid. The cells accumulate more of these dysfunctional proteins as they age, and their functions are impaired, leading to senescent changes. Free radicals. These are chemical particles with an extra electron. For example, the stable oxygen molecule (O2) has two atoms with many electrons. If it picks up an extra electron through some metabolic reaction, by radiation, or by chemical action, it becomes a free radical. The free radical's life is short because it combines quickly with other molecules that, in turn, become free radicals with the addition of the extra electron. A chain reaction occurs as more and more molecules become free radicals. Among the damage they cause are cancer, myocardial infarction, and perhaps senescence. They can be neutralized by antioxidants. Autoimmune-altered molecules (see Chapter 12). These molecules may be recognized as foreign antigens, and an immune response may be generated against the body's own tissues. This theory is helped by the fact that autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis are more common in old age.

X-ray images

are used for guidance, and the basic instruments used are needles and catheters.

Decongestants

are used to relieve nasal congestion by producing local vasoconstriction. The active ingredient is either pseudoephedrine or phenylephrine.

parathyroid glands

are usually four in number and are partially embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland They secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) in response to hypocalcemia. Calcitonin and PTH are antagonistic: PTH stimulates osteoclasts to reabsorb bone and bring calcium back into the blood while calcitonin takes calcium from the blood and stimulates osteoblasts to lay down bone

Memory T cells

arise from cytotoxic T lymphocytes that have previously destroyed a foreign cell. If they encounter the same antigen, they can now quickly kill it without initiation by a helper T cell.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

arises after significant trauma like a life-threatening incident, loss of a loved one, abuse, or combat in war. Symptoms include re-experiencing the original trauma through flashbacks or nightmares, difficulty in sleeping, anger, and hypervigilance. The symptoms cause significant impairment in social, occupational, and family areas of functioning.

Heart Block

arrhythmia in which there is interference with the normal transmission of electric impulses from the SA node to the Purkinje fibers

Neuroglial Cells in the CNS.

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells

Diverticulitis

asymptomatic until pouches become infected or inflamed sx: abd pain, vomiting, constipation, fever

brachial artery

at the elbow is also used for taking blood pressure readings.

athetosis athetoid (adj)

ath-eh-TOH-sis S/-osis condition R/athet- uncontrolled, without position Slow, writhing involuntary movements ATH-eh-toyd S/-oid resembling Resembling athetosis

autonomic

awe-toh-NOM-ik S/-ic pertaining to P/auto- self R/-nom- law Not voluntary; pertaining to the self-governing visceral motor division of the peripheral nervous system

axial skeleton comprises the

axial skeleton is the upright axis of the body and protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs—most of the major centers of our physiology. Vertebral column Skull Rib cage

immunoglobulins

bind with specific antigens in the antigen-antibody response

Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

binds strongly to fibrin and dissolves clots that have caused heart attacks. It is similar in effect and use to streptokinase. Reteplase (Retavase) and urokinase (Abbokinase) are forms of tPA.

melena

black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood usually upper GI tract, Blood is digested and hemoglobin is oxidized as it passes through teh intestines

Naloxone (Narcan)

blocks the effects of opioids, particularly in overdose. Given IV, it works within 2 minutes, IM within 5 minutes. Sprayed into the nose, the effect is variable.

ANKLE AND FOOT DISORDERS

bunions strain / sprains Pott Fracture plantar fasciatis ingrown toenails gout talipes

opportunistic infections

by bacteria, viruses, and fungi can occur. These infections include toxoplasmosis, pneumocystis, tuberculosis, herpes simplex, cytomegalovirus, and candidiasis. If human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) invades the brain, it causes dementia.

functions Nervous system - Homeostasis is maintained

by the nervous system taking in internal sensory input and, for example, responding by stimulating the heart to deliver the correct volume of blood for oxygenation and removal of waste products.

STD: Trichomoniasis

infection of the vagina treated with a single PO dose of MEtronidazole (flagyle) PIng-Pong infections between partners

cataract treatment

cataract is interfering with vision, the opaque lens is removed by phacoemulsification in which ultrasonic waves fragment the cataract to make its removal much easier. The lens is then replaced with an artificial intraocular lens, which becomes a permanent part of the eye.

Meds for Stimulants—

caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine—enhance the stimulation provided by the sympathetic nervous system. They cause the level of dopamine to rise in the synapses, leading to the pleasurable effects associated with these drugs.

Low back pain Pelvic Girdle Disorders

can be caused by a variety of problems with the interconnected network of bones, muscles, nerves, and discs in the lumbar spine. In adults 30 to 60 years old, the pain often can arise from disc degeneration or herniation in the lumbar spine or from muscle or other tissue strain. Adults over 60 years can suffer from lumbar joint degeneration and spinal stenosis.

radionuclides

can be combined with pharmaceutical compounds to form radiopharmaceuticals, which are labeled with a radioactive tracer. When administered to a patient orally, injected intravenously, or inhaled as a gas, these compounds can localize to a specific organ or cells. Then, external detectors (gamma cameras) capture and form images from the radiation emitted by the tracers.

Mental disorder

can be defined as any behavior or emotional state that: Causes a person to suffer emotional distress (e.g., depression, anxiety). Is harmful to the individual sufferer (impairs the individual's ability to work, take care of personal needs, or get along with others). Is self-destructive (e.g., substance abuse, gambling and other addictions, self-injury). Endangers others or the community (antisocial behaviors, homicidal intent, pyromania [setting fires]).

Visual fields - direct confrontation

can be impaired by lesions anywhere in the neural visual pathway and in glaucoma, and can be assessed grossly by direct confrontation. The patient maintains a fixed gaze at the examiner's nose and a small object or finger is brought into the patient's visual periphery (peripheral vision) in each of the four visual quadrants. The patient indicates when the object is first seen. Each eye is tested separately.

Dyspnea, or shortness of breath (SOB),

can be on exertion or, in severe disorders, at rest when all the respiratory muscles can exchange only a small volume of air.

-β2-receptor agonists

can be short acting (SABAs) to provide quick, temporary relief of bronchoconstriction (e.g., for asthma) or long acting for up to 12 hours to control and prevent bronchoconstriction (e.g., for COPD). Short-acting β2 receptor agonists include albuterol (salbutamol, Proventil, or Ventolin), available as an aerosol inhaler, tablet, or IV or IM applications. Long-acting β2-receptor agonists (LABAs) include salmeterol (Serevent), a powder inhaler that provides maintenance and prevention of COPD symptoms for up to 12 hours, and formoterol (Foradil, Performist), a dry powder inhaler (DPI) or inhalation solution that controls symptoms of COPD and asthma for up to 12 hours.

Radiation therapy

can be used alone, after surgery, or if the tumor persists or returns after surgery. Methods of radiation therapy include: Gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery, which delivers a single high-dose radiation beam the size and shape of the tumor using special brain-imaging techniques. Proton beam therapy, which delivers positively charged ions (protons) rather than x-rays in beams that are finely controlled with minimal risk to surrounding healthy tissues. External beam radiation, which delivers x-rays in small increments, usually five times a week over a four- to six-week period. It may damage surrounding healthy pituitary and brain tissues.

Antibodies

can be used as quick immunosuppressive therapy and are described above in sections on monoclonal antibodies and immunoglobulins.

Acute bronchitis

can be viral or bacterial, leading to the production of excess mucus with some obstruction of airflow. A single episode resolves without significant residual damage to the airway. In advanced chronic bronchitis, hypoxia and hypercapnia develop, and heart failure follows.

Syphilis

can cause flat pink or gray growths called condylomata or a sore called a chancre.

Myositis specific antibodies (MSA)

can confirm a diagnosis of dermatomyositis or polymyositis. Dozens of these antibodies have been identified and research is ongoing to define their significance.

Fundoscopy using an ophthalmoscope

can detect lens opacities, retinal changes, and retinal vascular changes. The vascular changes can be areas of hemorrhage or changes in the retinal arteries indicating hypertension or arteriosclerosis. The retinal changes can show age-related macular degeneration, retinoblastoma, retinal detachment, signs of diabetes, signs of glaucoma, or signs of raised intracranial pressure (papilledema

Ultrasonography

can identify tears and inflammation of tendons and involves no exposure to radiation, unlike MRI and CT scan.

Heart - Apex

can normally be palpated in the fifth intercostal space, between the fifth and sixth ribs.

Mitral valve stenosis

can occur following rheumatic fever. Because the blood cannot flow freely through the valve, the left atrium becomes dilated. Eventually, chronic heart failure results.

perforated tympanic membrane

can occur in acute otitis media when pus in the middle ear cannot escape down the eustachian tube. It builds up pressure and perforates the eardrum Other causes of perforation include a puncture by a cotton swab, an open-handed slap to the ear, or large pressure changes (as may be induced in scuba diving). Most perforations will heal spontaneously in a month, leaving a small scar.

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) congenital anomalies nervous system

can occur when a pregnant woman drinks alcohol. The child born with FAS has a small head, narrow eyes, and a flat face and nose Intellect and growth are impaired. Fetal alcohol syndrome is a cause of mental retardatio

condylomata acuminata -- STD

can produce small, firm genital warts std

erectile dysfunction Treatment of the underlying cause

can relieve the difficulty of maintaining an erection, and phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5) such as Viagra and Cialis are now in common use. Less common treatments are a penile prosthesis or a penile pump.

spinal Abnormal curvatures

can result from disease, poor posture, or congenital defects in the vertebrae. The defect that is most common is called scoliosis, an abnormal lateral curve in the thoracic region In older people, particularly those with osteoporosis, an exaggerated thoracic curvature is called kyphosis An exaggerated lumbar curve is called lordosis

Positron emission tomography (PET)

can sometimes distinguish benign from malignant lesions.

renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma)

cancerous tumor of the kidney tx: radical nephrectemy resistent to both chemo and radiation tx: temsirolimus (Torisel) and Bevacizumab (Avastin)

renal cell carcinoma

cancerous tumor of the kidney in adulthood more in men than women

STD: Gonorrhea

caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae TX: antibiotic Cefixime, but may be resistent.

Diabetes insipidus,

caused by failure in production of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) by the hypothalamus or by failure of the posterior pituitary to release it due to an adenoma, is diagnosed primarily by measurement of the amount of urine and its osmolality.

adverse drug reactions (ADR)

caused by intolerance, susceptibility, or interaction with another drug occurred in the hospitalization of some 35% of patients. In addition to hospitalization, severe adverse drug reactions can result in death or permanent impairment of physical activities and/or quality of life.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

causes damage to the brain. Over 1 million people are seen by medical doctors each year following a blow to the head. Of these, 50,000 to 100,000 will have prolonged problems affecting their work and their activities of daily living (ADLs). These injuries can occur during combat situations, but they also occur in sports, such as boxing, ice hockey, and American football, which are all sports that often involve severe contact injuries to the head Some symptoms, such as difficulty with memory or concentration, irritability, aggression, insomnia, or depression, can be long-term.

Memory T

cells arise from cytotoxic T lymphocytes that have previously destroyed a foreign cell. If they encounter the same antigen, they can now quickly kill it without initiation by a helper T cell.

Cornea

center of the front of the eye is a transparent, dome-shaped membrane called the cornea. The cornea has no blood supply and obtains its nutrients from tears and from fluid in the anterior chamber behind it.

Eye processing

center of the front of the eye is a transparent, dome-shaped membrane called the cornea. The cornea has no blood supply and obtains its nutrients from tears and from fluid in the anterior chamber behind it. When light rays strike the eye, they pass through the cornea. Because of its domed curvature, those rays striking the edge of the cornea are bent toward its center. The light rays then go through the pupil, the black opening in the center of the colored area (the iris) in the front of the eye. The pupil controls the amount of light entering the eye. The sphincter pupillae muscle opens and closes the pupil. When you are in a dark place, the sphincter pupillae muscle opens (dilates) to allow more light to enter. When you are in bright light, the sphincter pupillae muscle closes (constricts) to admit less light. After passing through the pupil, the light rays pass through the transparent lens. The ciliary muscle of the ciliary body makes the lens thicker and thinner, enabling it to bend the light rays and focus them on the retina at the back of the eye. This process of changing focus is called accommodation. The process of bending the light rays by the cornea and lens is called refraction.

Skeletal system - bone formation

changes appear during a person's thirties, as osteoblasts become less active than osteoclasts. The result is osteopenia, which later develops into osteoporosis—particularly in postmenopausal women. The joints of people in their later years have less synovial fluid and thinner articular cartilage, and often, osteoarthritis results.

Respiratory system

changes are noticeable in the thirties, as pulmonary ventilation declines. This decline is a factor in the gradual loss of stamina that occurs as people age. The rib cage becomes less flexible, and the lungs become less elastic and have fewer alveoli. Respiratory function declines. As respiratory health declines, hypoxic degenerative changes occur in all the other organ systems.

coordination - old age

changes begin around age 30, when the brain weighs twice as much as it does at age 75. Motor coordination, intellectual function, and short-term memory decline more quickly than long-term memory and language skills.

Integumentary system

changes begin in a person's forties. Melanocytes die, and hair becomes gray and thinner. The skin becomes paper thin, loses elasticity, and hangs loose, and wrinkles appear Flat brown-black spots called senile lentigines (age spots) appear on the back of the hands and areas exposed to sunlight.

Urinary system

changes begin in a person's twenties, when the number of nephrons starts to decline. Later in life, many of the remaining glomeruli become atherosclerotic. The body's glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decreases, and the kidneys become less efficient. For example, drug doses in the elderly are generally lower than those for younger people because drugs cannot be cleared from the elderly's blood as rapidly.

Muscular system

changes occur with age as muscle mass is lost (sarcopenia) and replaced with fat. As muscle atrophies, there are fewer muscle fibers to do the work; as a result, the available blood supply decreases. Tasks that used to be easy become difficult, such as buttoning shirts and tying shoelaces—

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a syndrome

characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from an absolute or relative impairment of insulin secretion and/or insulin action. This leads to a disruption of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. It is the world's most prevalent metabolic disease and the leading cause of blindness, renal failure, and gangrene. There are four categories of diabetes mellitus: Type 1 diabetes, also called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), accounts for 10% to 15% of all cases of DM but is the predominant type of DM under the age of 30. When symptoms become apparent, 90% of the pancreatic insulin-producing cells have been destroyed by autoantibodies. The incidence of type 1 diabetes is increased in patients with Graves disease, Hashimoto disease, and Addison disease. Type 2 diabetes, also called non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), accounts for 85% to 90% of all cases of DM. Almost 7% of U.S. residents are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, and the incidence is increasing rapidly. Not only is there some impairment of insulin response, but there is decreased insulin effectiveness in stimulating glucose uptake by tissues and in restraining hepatic glucose production. This is called insulin resistance. In addition to type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance leads to other common disorders such as obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and coronary artery disease. Type 2 diabetes can be secondary to Cushing syndrome, acromegaly, pheochromocytoma, and aldosteronism. Gestational diabetes is seen in the latter half of 5% of pregnancies. While most cases of gestational diabetes resolve after the pregnancy, a woman who has this complication of pregnancy has a 30% chance of developing type 2 diabetes within 10 years. Mature-onset diabetes of youth (MODY) is genetically inherited, occurs in thin individuals who are in their teens and twenties, and is comparable to type 2 diabetes in its severity.

Myeloid leukemia

characterized by uncontrolled production of granulocytes and their precursor and starts in the bone marrow. It can be in an acute or chronic form.

sclerotherapy

chemical injection into a varicose vein that causes inflammation and formation of fibrous tissue, which closes the vein injection of a solution into a vein to thrombose it

Alzheimer disease

chronic brain condition involving progressive disorientation, speech and gait disturbances, and loss of memory Alzheimer disease accounts for 70% of all dementias; it is progressive and there is no cure. Other types of dementia are vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia, and dementia with Lewy bodies.

vovlodynia

chronic, laasting, sever pain around the vaginal orifice is a condition:

coronary circulation

circulation of blood through the coronary blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle tissue After the blood has flowed through the arteries into the capillaries of the myocardium, 80% drains into veins that flow into the right atrium and 20% flows into the right ventricle. There, the deoxygenated blood mixes with the deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body.

systemic circulation

circulation that supplies blood to all the body except to the lungs Pulmonary circulation from the lungs back to the pump on the left side, which sends blood through the systemic circulation of the body.

pulmonary circulation

circulatory route associated with the lungs in which CO2 load and become oxygenated A pump on the right side of the heart sends blood through the pulmonary circulation of the lungs

Laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB),

commonly referred to as croup, is a viral respiratory infection in children aged 3 months to 5 years. It causes inflammation and obstruction of the upper airway. It produces a characteristic cough that sounds like a seal barking. In severe cases, the child makes a high-pitched, squeaky inspiratory noise called stridor. Humidity is the initial treatment.

ligamentum capitis

connects fovea capitis femoris to acetabular notch, little influence as a ligament, portion of the blood supply to the head of the femur from a branch of the obturator artery A ligament (ligamentum capitis) attached to the head of the femur from the lining of the acetabulum carries blood vessels to the head of the femur to nourish it.

pectoral (shoulder) girdle

connects the axial skeleton to the upper limbs and helps with movements of the upper limb. bones of the pectoral girdle are the scapulae (shoulder blades) and clavicles The scapula extends over the top of the joint to form a roof called the acromion. The acromion is attached to the clavicle at the acromioclavicular (AC) joint. This also provides a connection between the axial skeleton, pectoral girdle, and upper arm. The clavicle acts as a strut to keep the scapula in place so that the arm hangs freely and can have maximum range of movement. It is commonly fractured by a fall on the shoulder tip or on the outstretched hand.

eustachian (auditory) tube

connects the middle ear with the nasopharynx (throat), into which it opens close to the pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid) In children under 5 years, the tube is not fully developed. It is short and horizontal, and the valvelike flaps in the throat that protect it are not developed. When you are landing in an airplane and moving from a high altitude to a lower one, the air pressure in the external auditory canal increases and pushes the tympanic membrane inward. If your eustachian (auditory) tube is blocked, no air can get into the middle ear to equalize the pressure, and your eardrum is painful. If you can force some air up the eustachian (auditory) tube by chewing or swallowing, then your ear "pops" as the tympanic membrane moves back to its normal position.

pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle)

connects your axial skeleton to your upper limbs and helps you to move these limbs. Without your shoulder girdle, you wouldn't be able to throw a ball, drive a car, or reach that top shelf of your closet or kitchen cabinet. In fact, you wouldn't be able to move your upper limbs.

Ventricular arrhythmias

consist of several types. Ventricular tachycardia is a rapid heartbeat arising in the ventricles. Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) occur when extra impulses arise from a ventricle. Ventricular fibrillation (V-fib) is characterized by erratic ventricular contractions. The ventricles quiver and beat ineffectively instead of pumping.

central nervous system (CNS)

consisting of the brain and spinal cord.

PNS - Peripheral Nervouse System

consists of Autonomic Nervous System: CONSISTS OF PNS and SNS Parasympathetic Nervous system Sympathetic Nervouse System controls the body's responses to a perceived threat and is responsible for the "fight or flight" response.

Physicians' Desk Reference (PDR)

contains detailed information on individual drugs, including their intended effects, side effects, interactions, dosage, and administration. The information is provided by the manufacturers and is updated yearly.

Cardiac and smooth muscle

contract and relax without conscious thought, cardiac muscle to power the heart contractions and smooth muscle to power the movement of food through the gastrointestinal tract (see Chapter 5), the process called peristalsis.

Skeletal muscle

contracts on demand to provide posture and movement. attached to one or more bones. It is also called voluntary muscle because it is under conscious control. Because of their length, muscle cells are usually called muscle fibers. Each skeletal muscle consists of bundles of muscle fibers, blood vessels, and nerves, with connective tissue sheets that hold the fibers together and connect the muscle to bone.

limbic system

controls emotional experience, fear, anger, pleasure, and sadness.

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

controls homeostasis and the body at rest and is responsible for the body's "rest and digest" function. consisting of all the neurons, nerves, ganglia, and plexuses outside the central nervous system. It includes 12 pairs of cranial nerves originating from the brain and 31 pairs of spinal nerves originating from the spinal cord. Nerves all over the body outside the CNS are called the

Jaundice: Hepatocellular

infection or poison injuries the liver cells, preventing the removal of bilirubin from the blood

delirium

de-LIR-ee-um S/-um structure R/deliri- confusion, disorientation Acute altered state of consciousness with agitation and disorientation; condition is reversible

brain death (BD)

death is now defined in terms of, when there is no cerebral or brainstem activity and the electroencephalogram (EEG) is flat for a specific length of time (Figure 19.6). Two other conditions involving brain damage and loss of brain function cause medical difficulty and should be addressed in your living will: Persistent vegetative state (PVS) occurs in people who suffer enough brain damage that they are unaware of themselves or their surroundings, even though their eyes are open. Yet they still have certain reflexes and can breathe and pump blood because the brainstem still functions. Even reflex events like crying and smiling and the sleep-wake cycle can be seen. With medical care and artificial feeding, patients can survive for decades. Minimally conscious state (MCS) is a condition of severely altered consciousness in which minimal evidence of awareness of self or surroundings is demonstrated. There is inconsistent communication or command following. However, positron emission tomography (PET) scans of MCS patients show cortical function when their loved ones speak to them. They are more likely to improve than are PVS patients

Microcephaly, congenital anomalies nervous system

decreased head size, is associated with small cerebral hemispheres and with moderate to severe motor and mental retardation. One cause of microcephaly is an infection during pregnancy with the Zika virus. T his virus is carried by an aggressive mosquito that can bite in the daytime or at night, and also can be passed from an infected person to another person during sex.

medical term describes an acute, altered state of consiousness with agitation and orientation

delirium

radiation doses

delivered to a patient in a nuclear medicine procedure present a very small risk of inducing cancer. The radiopharmaceuticals are inside the body and emit ionizing radiation that travels a short distance, thus minimizing unwanted side effects and damage to noninvolved nearby structures. The radiopharmaceuticals decay and are excreted from the body through normal bodily functions.

Cytotoxic or "killer" T cells

destroy target cells. Their cell membrane holds a coreceptor that can recognize a specific antigen. Coreceptors are named with the letters "CD" (cluster of differentiation) followed by a number, for these cells, CD8.

pancreas endoscopic US (EUS)

detailed imaging and analysis of the pancreas. thin US tube is inserted through the mouth down the stomach and first part of the small intestine emits sound waves that bounce though the structures

congenital neurologic anomalies NERvous SYStem disorders

develop in the first 8 to 10 weeks of gestation, when the nervous system is in its early stages of formation. These malformations can be detected by using ultrasonography and amniocentesis Many can be prevented by the mother taking 4 mg/day of folic acid before conception and during early pregnancy.

Collateral circulations

develop to take the blood through alternative routes. Associated with vericose veins and spider veins

Recombinant Factor VIII,

developed through recombinant DNA technology, is the main medication used to treat hemophilia A. It is given intravenously through a vein in the arm or a port in the chest. Desmopressin acetate (DDAVP) is a synthetic version of vasopressin that helps stop bleeding in patients with mild hemophilia.

peritoneal dialysis

dialysis in which the lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as the filter to remove waste from the blood and excess fluids form teh blood in network of capillaries

Phobias

differ from generalized anxiety and panic attacks in that a specific situation or object brings on the strong fear response. The danger is small, and the person realizes the fear is irrational, but there is still overwhelming anxiety. There are two categories of phobia: • Situational phobias involve a fear of specific situations. Examples include agoraphobia (fear of crowded places, buses, and elevators), acrophobia (fear of heights), fear of flying or driving in tunnels, and fear of specific animals (snakes, mice). The basic fear of being trapped in a confined space is called claustrophobia. • Social phobias involve fear of being embarrassed in social situations. The most common are fear of public speaking (stage fright) and of eating in public. In many, the fear is so strong that it makes normal life impossible

Bronchodilators

dilate the bronchi and bronchioles by altering smooth muscle tone. This decreases resistance in the airway, increases airflow to the lungs, and increases the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). Three types of bronchodilators are in clinical use: -β2-receptor agonists can be short acting (SABAs) to provide quick, temporary relief of bronchoconstriction (e.g., for asthma) or long acting for up to 12 hours to control and prevent bronchoconstriction (e.g., for COPD). Short-acting β2 receptor agonists include albuterol (salbutamol, Proventil, or Ventolin), available as an aerosol inhaler, tablet, or IV or IM applications. Long-acting β2-receptor agonists (LABAs) include salmeterol (Serevent), a powder inhaler that provides maintenance and prevention of COPD symptoms for up to 12 hours, and formoterol (Foradil, Performist), a dry powder inhaler (DPI) or inhalation solution that controls symptoms of COPD and asthma for up to 12 hours. Anticholinergics act as bronchodilators to improve lung function and the quality of life for COPD patients. Ipratropium bromide (Atrovent) opens up the medium and large airways by causing smooth muscles to relax. It is administered by inhalation through an inhaler or nebulizer. Its effect begins within 30 minutes and lasts three or four hours. Tiotropium (Spiriva) is a dry powder inhalation formulated for once-daily dosing providing 24-hour bronchodilation.

dilation and curettage (D&C)

dilation of the cervix and scraping of the endometrium to control bleeding, to obtain tissue for biopsy, or to remove polyps or products of conception

Beta blockers - olols

diminish the effects of epinephrine and other stress hormones (see Chapter 17). All beta blockers are approved for the treatment of hypertension. Specific beta blockers are approved for treatment of: angina atrial arrhythmias coronary artery disease heart failure hypertension early posttraumatic stress disorder Beta blockers are also sometimes used in the prevention of migraines. There are some 20 different beta-blocking agents altogether, including propanolol (Inderal), atenolol (Tenormin), metoprolol (Lopressor), pinidolol (Visken), labetalol (Normodyne), and carvedilol (Coreg).

dysuria

dis-YOU-ree-ah S/-ia condition P/dys- difficult, painful R/-ur- urine Pain or difficulty when urinating

Peyronie MALE

disease is a marked curvature of the erect penis caused by fibrous tissue. Its etiology is unknown, and there is no successful treatment.

Impulse control

disorders are an inability to resist an impulse to perform an action that is harmful to the individual or to others. These disorders include: Intermittent explosive disorder, which is characterized by recurrent episodes of unrestrained aggression toward people, furniture, or property, with violent resistance to attempts to restrain. The etiology is thought to be epileptic-like activity in the brain. Kleptomania, which is characterized by stealing—not for gain, but to satisfy an irresistible urge to steal. Trichotillomania (TTM), which is characterized by the repeated urge to pull out scalp, beard, pubic, and other body hair. Substance abuse and chemical dependence, which involve a person's continued use of drugs or alcohol despite having had significant problems or distress related to their use. This addiction affects the brain and behavior, and develops an increased need for the substance and an inability to stop using it. Pyromania, which is repeated fire setting with no motive other than a fascination with fire and fire engines. Some pyromaniacs end up as volunteer firefighters. Treatment with behavioral therapy is sometimes successful.

Meds for Psychedelics

distort sensory perceptions, particularly sight and sound. They can be natural plant products, such as mescaline, psilocybin, and dimethyltryptamine. They also can be synthetic, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or "ecstasy"), and phencyclidine (PCP or "angel dust"). they increase the amount of serotonin in the synaptic junctions, and some have an additional amphetamine stimulation.

retractions

drawing in of the neck and intercostal spaces of the chest with each breath

urinary analgesic

drug used to relieve pain within the urinary system phenazopyridine (pyridium)

hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) erythroblastosis fetalis

due to Rh-incompatibility can be prevented. The Rh-negative mother should be given Rh immune globulin (RhoGAM) during pregnancy, or soon after giving birth to an Rh-positive child. If the mother becomes pregnant with a second Rh-positive fetus, her Rh-antibodies can cross the placenta and agglutinate and hemolyze the fetal RBCs This causes hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN, or erythroblastosis fetalis). Other Causes of HDN include: ABO incompatibility, incompatibility in other blood group systems, hereditary spherocytosis, and some infections acquired before birth.

radiosensitizing drugs

during radiation therapy. Examples are cisplatin (Platinol) and cetuximab (Erbitux). Conventional external-beam radiation therapy

Surgical Procedures of the Hand

fasciectomy Arthroplasty Arthrodesis Reattachment of amputated fingers

Vitamins ADEK are

fat soluble absorbed by lipids

erection erectile

ee-REK-shun S/-ion process, condition R/erect- straight, to set up Distended and rigid state of an organ ee-REK-tile S/-ile capable of Capable of erection or being distended with blood

enucleation

ee-nu-klee-A-shun S/-ation process P/e- out of, from R/-nucle- kernel Removal of an entire structure without rupture

Embolus (thromboembolus)

embolus (EM-boh-lus) Detached piece of thrombus, mass of bacteria, quantity of air, or foreign body that blocks a vessel.

Intravenous injections

enable a drug to reach its sites of action within seconds. An IV infusion also can deliver continuous medication—for example, morphine to patients in continuous pain or a saline drip for people needing fluids. The medications also can be given in a small solution through a port in intravenous tubing (bolus), or attached in smaller infusion containers to a larger infusion (piggyback).

Clomiphene (Clomid)

estrogen receptor antagonist stimulates ovulation by causing production of gonadotropins in the pituitary glands

Estradiol

estrogen secreted by the ovaries most potent natural estrogen

Meds for Sedatives—

ethanol (beverage alcohol), barbiturates, and meprobamate—decrease the sensitivity of the postsynaptic neurons to quiet the nervous excitement. They also act on the sleep centers to induce sleep.

Hep E

fecal-oral similar to HAV, underdeveloped countries

AV bundle (bundle of His)

fibers in the heart that relay a nerve impulse from the AV node to the ventricles only electrical connection between atria and ventricles delays impulses to ensure that the atria have ejected their blood into the ventricles before the ventricles contract. located in the septum of the ventricle

videonystagmography (VNG)

evaluate the movement of the eyes as they follow different visual targets to evaluate vestibular dysfunction, ENG uses small electrodes placed on the skin around the eyes and VNG uses goggles with video cameras to monitor the eye movements.

capsule endoscopy

examination of the small intestine made by a tiny video camera placed in a capsule and then swallowed; images are transmitted to a waist-belt recorder and then downloaded onto a computer for assessment of possible abnormalities; traditional endoscopy cannot completely access the small intestine because of its length and complexity

hyperbilirubinemia

excessive level of bilirubin (bile pigment) in the blood caused when RBC break down producing a yellow pigment causing jaundice.

kyphosis

excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the back.

Peripheral gas

exchange between tissue capillaries and tissue cells for use in cellular metabolism (internal respiration)

myomectomy

excision of a fibroid tumor (myoma) from the uterus

lumpectomy

excision of a small primary breast tumor and some of the normal tissue that surrounds it

meniscectomy

excision of the meniscus of the knee

suspensory ligaments

extend from the skin to the fascia overlying the pectoralis major muscle

gastrocnemius muscle

forms a large part of the calf. The distal end of it joins with the tendon of the soleus muscle to form the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon, which is attached to the calcaneus (heel bone). The gastrocnemius muscle and the calcaneal tendon enable you to "push off" and start running or jumping.

hypothalamus

forms the floor and walls of the brain's third ventricle (see Chapter 9) and produces eight hormones. Six of them are local hormones that regulate the production of hormones by the anterior pituitary gland (see page 592). Two of them, oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH), are transported to the posterior pituitary, where they are stored until they are needed elsewhere in the body.

Endorphins—

found in areas around the brainstem; are the body's natural pain relievers. P/end- within R/-morphin morphine

endometrial cancer

fourth most common CA in women (after lung, breast and colon). , high level of estrogen may also be a cause between 60-70 SX: vaignal bleeding after menopuase, vaginal discharge, pelvic pain, and dyspareunia

Fold of mucous membrane between the glans and prepuce is called?

frenulum

adverse effect (AE)

from a drug. Adverse effects are harmful and undesired effects secondary to the main or therapeutic effect of the medication 2002 large study of women older than 65, 12% took 10 or more medications and 35% experienced an adverse effect (AE) from a drug.

Anthracosis

from inhaling coal dust particles is called coal miners' lung.

Silicosis

from inhaling silica particles is called stone mason's lung.

functions Nervous system - Motor input

from the brain stimulates the skeletal muscles to contract and enables you to bend down, cut a stem, or move in any way. Smooth muscle in the walls of blood vessels contracts when stimulated by the nervous system. The production of sweat, saliva, and digestive enzymes is controlled by the nervous system.

Gas transport

from the pulmonary capillaries through the arterial system to the peripheral capillaries in tissues and the transport of gases back to the lung capillaries through the venous system.

Visceral branches

from these arteries supply the urinary bladder, uterus, and vagina. The common iliac arteries give off an internal iliac artery to supply the pelvis.

conjunctiva

front of the eyeball (except for the cornea) is covered by the conjunctiva, a thin layer of tissue that covers the inside of the eyelids and curves over the eyeball to meet the sclera, the tough, white outer layer of the eye.

Immune system

function declines in the elderly, as the amounts of lymphatic tissue and red bone marrow in their bodies decrease with age. This leads to a reduction in both cellular and humoral (antibody) immunity. As a result, the elderly have lower levels of protection against infectious diseases and cancer.

SPLEEN- functions

functions of the spleen are to: Produce T cells, B cells, and macrophages. Phagocytize bacteria and other foreign materials. Initiate an immune response to produce antibodies when antigens are found in the blood. Phagocytize old, defective erythrocytes and platelets (hemolysis). Serve as a reservoir for erythrocytes and platelets.

Eyelid edema,

generalized swelling of the eyelids, is often produced by an allergic reaction due to cosmetics, pollen in the air, or stings and bites from insects.

nephrotic syndrome (nephrosis)

glomerular disease with marked loss of protein tx: corticosteriod (pprednisolne, cystostatic drugs [cyclophosphamide(cytoxan) cyclosporine (cyclosporin A)], are used for relapses. large amounts of protein out into the urine so that the levels of protein in the blood falls. fluid retention signs in the edema of ankles adn legs

knee joint - ligamets

has a fibrous capsule lined with synovial membrane to secrete synovial fluid, which provides lubrication for the joint. The joint is held together by ligaments. T he two ligaments outside the joint are the medial collateral ligament (MCL) and the lateral collateral ligament (LCL). Two other ligaments are located inside the joint cavity and are called the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). They cross over each other to form an "X". There are numerous bursae associated with the knee joint Their function is to aid the movement of the patella and the patellar tendon over the bones of the joint.

reduce the rate of bone resorption- Drugs that

include estrogen, bisphosphonates, and calcitonin. Bisphosphonates (Alendronate, Risedronate, and others) are poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and can be given intravenously.

thymus gland

has both endocrine and lymphatic functions. T cells develop and mature in it and are released into the bloodstream. The thymus is largest in infancy and childhood and reaches its maximum size at puberty. It then regresses into a small structure in the adult and is eventually replaced by fibrous and adipose tissue.

Meds for Marijuana

has the active ingredient tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). It produces the drowsiness of sedatives like alcohol, the dulling of pain like opiates, and, in high doses, the perception distortions of the psychedelics. Unlike the case with opiates or sedatives, tolerance does not occur.

Proton beam therapy

has the advantage that the proton only gives up its energy when it hits the tumor and does not continue on through the tumor to hit normal tissue on the far side. Very high doses of radiation can be given without adjacent normal tissue damage. Prostate cancer is the most common cancer to be treated by proton beam therapy.

Forearm

has two bones, the radius on the thumb side and the ulna on the little-finger side. They articulate at the wrist joint with the small carpal bones. The muscles of the forearm supinate and pronate the forearm, flex and extend the wrist joint and hand, and move the hand medially and laterally.

thyroid gland autoimmune

hashimoto graves

Schedule I controlled substances

have a high potential for abuse and have no accepted medical use in treatment in the United States. Examples include heroin, marijuana, and LSD. Drugs listed in Schedule I cannot be prescribed, administered, or dispensed, but marijuana is legal for medical use in some states, and now in 2018 is legal in some states for recreational use. However, the current federal government is against recreational use.

Schedule II controlled substances

have a high potential for abuse. Abuse of these substances may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence. Examples include some narcotics, such as morphine, methadone, meperidine (Demerol), and oxycodone (OxyContin); stimulants, such as amphetamine, methamphetamine, and methylphenidate (Ritalin); cocaine; and barbiturates, such as pentobarbital.

Schedule V controlled substances

have a lower potential for abuse compared to Schedule IV substances and consist primarily of preparations containing limited quantities of certain narcotics. These are generally used for antitussive, antidiarrheal, and analgesic purposes. Examples include Robitussin AC and Phenergan with codeine.

Veins

have a much thinner tunica media than arteries, with few muscle cells and elastic fibers they have a larger lumen and a thick tunica adventitia that merges with the connective tissue of surrounding structures. In the limbs, the veins are surrounded and massaged by muscles to squeeze the blood along the veins. One-way valves in the veins allow the blood to flow toward the heart but not away from the heart. They are shaped like and function like the semilunar valves of the heart.

Schedule III controlled substances

have less potential for abuse than substances in Schedules I and II. Abuse of these substances may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence. Examples include certain narcotics, including combination products with less than 15 milligrams of hydrocodone per dose (for example, Vicodin) and combination products with less than 90 milligrams of codeine per dose (for example, acetaminophen [Tylenol] with codeine). Other Schedule III nonnarcotics include anabolic steroids, such as oxandrolone.

presbyopia, t

he lens loses its flexibility, so there is difficulty focusing for near vision. This happens when you reach your forties. Convex bifocal or progressive lenses are needed for this problem.

Lymphatic System - structure

he lymphatic network begins with lymphatic capillaries, which are closed-ended tubes nestled among blood capillary network The lymphatic capillaries are designed to let interstitial fluid enter, and the interstitial fluid becomes lymph. In addition, bacteria, viruses, cellular debris, and traveling cancer cells can enter the lymphatic capillaries with the interstitial fluid. The lymphatic capillaries converge to form the larger lymphatic collecting vessels These resemble small veins and have one-way valves in their lumen. They travel alongside veins and arteries.

tarsal bones

help the ankle bear the body's weight. Strong ligaments on both sides of the ankle joint hold it together. Attached to the tarsal bones are the five parallel metatarsal bones that form the instep and then fan out to form the ball of the foot, where they bear weight. Each of the toes has three phalanges, except for the big toe, which has only two. This is identical to the thumb and its relation to the hand. The tendons of the leg muscles are inserted into the phalanges.

Micturation reflex

is activated when the bladder wall is stretched (when it's full); also called voiding at 200ml

Skeletal muscle Structure

ibers are narrow and long, up to 1½ inches (approximately 3.7 cm) in length. Each muscle fiber has a thin layer of connective tissue around it. Bundles of muscle fibers are grouped together into fascicles that are also surrounded by a layer of connective tissue. Skeletal muscle fibers contain alternating dark and light bands (striations) created by the pattern of protein filaments responsible for muscle contraction. Skeletal muscle can be referred to as striated muscle.

Dementia

include short-term memory loss, inability to solve problems, confusion, inappropriate behavior (such as wandering away), and impaired cognitive function that interferes with normal activities and relationships. NOT a normal part of aging and is NOT a specific disease. It is a term used for a collection of symptoms that can be caused by a number of disorders affecting the brain. Common form: Alzheimer's dee-MEN-shee-ah S/-ia condition P/de- without R/-ment- mind Chronic, progressive, irreversible loss of the mind's cognitive and intellectual functions

digital rectal examination (DRE), MALE

in which a lubricated, gloved finger is inserted into the rectum, is part of a routine physical examination in men and women. In men it is used to check for enlargement or other abnormalities of the prostate gland.

Electromyography (EMG),

in which an electrode needle is inserted into the muscle to be tested to measure and record the electrical activity in that muscle as the muscle is contracted and relaxed.

plexus

in which nerve fibers from different spinal nerves are sorted and recombined so that all the fibers (motor and sensory) going to a specific body part are located in a single nerve. The three plexuses are the cervical plexus to the neck, the brachial plexus to the arm, and the lumbosacral plexus to the pelvis and legs Runs across: cervical lumbosacral brachial

Postpolio syndrome (PPS),

in which people develop tired, painful, and weak muscles many years after recovery from polio, is classified as a motor neuron disorder.

transurethral incision of the prostate (TUIP)

in which the urethra is widened by incision in the neck of the bladder and in the prostate gland; laser surgery, which removes prostate tissue by ablation (melting) or enucleation (cutting) through insertion of a scope through the penile urethra; or open simple prostatectomy, in which the portion of the prostate gland blocking urine flow is removed through incisions or laparoscopy in the abdomen.

Living will,

in which you provide a set of instructions detailing what treatment you do and do not want in a terminal illness, including hospice treatment. If there are special instructions, such as do not resuscitate (DNR), these must be stated clearly. It should also include a Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) authorization that enables your agent to receive the medical information about you that is necessary for making decisions about treatment. This is needed because HIPAA imposes tough privacy-of-medical-information rules on doctors and hospitals.

mastitis

inflammation of the breast; most commonly occurs in women who are breastfeeding

IBD (inflammatory bowel disease)

inflammation of the colon and small intestine usually involving ulcerative colitis or Crohns disease.

interstitial nephritis

inflammation of the connective tissue that lies between the renal tubules can be from allergic reaction to methicillin, NSAIDS, furosimide temp HD may be needed

balantitis MALE

inflammation of the glans penis bal-ah-NIE-tis S/-itis inflammation R/balan- glans penis

proctitis

inflammation of the lining of the rectum

gastritis

inflammation of the lining of the stomach giardia lamblia

Bursitis,

inflammation of the lubricating sac of the rotator cuff, also can be produced by overuse.

gastroenteritis

inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the stomach and intestines initiated by contaminated food

peritonitis

inflammation of the peritoneal cavity d/t burst appendix

Bronchiolitis,

inflammation of the small airway bronchioles, occurs in the adult as the early and often unrecognized beginning of airway changes in cigarette smokers or those exposed to "secondhand smoke," inhaling the smoke produced by other peoples' cigarettes. Bronchiolitis affects children under the age of 2 because their small airways become blocked very easily. The disease is viral and in severe cases can cause marked respiratory distress, with drawing in of the neck and intercostal spaces of the chest with each breath (known as retractions).

Calcium channel blockers (CCBs)

inhibit the flow of calcium through channels in cardiac muscles and in the muscles in the walls of blood vessels. This leads to a decrease in muscle contraction and dilation of the blood vessels. More than 20 CCBs have been approved to treat hypertension (particularly in elderly patients), angina, arrhythmias, and Raynaud disease. A high mortality rate has been reported among people who take the drugs over an extended dosage period.

NSAIDs

inhibit the two cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes that are involved in producing the inflammatory process. They have analgesic and antipyretic effects and are used for treatment of tissue injury, pyrexia, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, gout, and nonspecific joint and tissue pains. The three major NSAIDs, each of which is available OTC, are: Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), which, in addition to the above effects and uses, also has an antiplatelet effect due to its inhibition of one of the COX enzymes; thus, it is often used in the prevention of heart attacks. Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, and several other trade names), which acts by inhibiting both the COX enzymes, essential elements in the enzyme pathways involved in pain, inflammation, and fever. It is taken orally, but in 2009 an injectable form of ibuprofen (Caldolor) was approved for use. In some studies, ibuprofen has been associated with the prevention of Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, but further studies are needed. Naproxen (Aleve and many other trade names), which is taken orally once a day and also inhibits both the COX enzymes.

Intramuscular

injections establish a "depot" for a drug that is released gradually, depending on the drug's formulation, into the systemic circulation. For example, oil-based medications are released more slowly than water-based. An IM injection of Depo-Provera, a birth control drug, works steadily for a three-month period. An intradermal route for medications is rarely used, except in allergy testing.

RBC disorders

iron-deficiency pernicious anemia sickle-cell anemia hemolytic anemia aplastic anemia hemoglobinopathies polycytheima vera poikilocytosis

EAR - Inner

inner ear is a labyrinth of complex, intricate systems of passages. The passages in the cochlea, a part of the labyrinth, contain receptors to translate vibrations into nerve impulses so that the brain can interpret them as different sounds.

Arthroplasty

involves a total replacement of the knee joint usually because of osteoarthritis of the joint. The lower end of the femur is replaced with a metal shell. The upper end of the tibia is replaced with a metal trough lined with plastic, and the back of the patella can be replaced with a plastic button.

dipstick urinalysis

involves dipping a type of chemical analysis paper strip into a sample or urine and reading the colors of the squares measure the specific gravity, acidity (pH), glucose, ketones, blood, leukocytes, nitrites (e.coli) , bilirubin, and urobilinogen levels in the sample most cost effective urine screening

Endotracheal intubation

involves the placement of a tube into the trachea. This allows patients to be placed on a ventilator and their breathing controlled. Endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation are used when the patient is unable to adequately ventilate on his or her own, such as when the patient is paralyzed, has ARDS, has a significant lung infection, or has a COPD or asthma exacerbation.

Intusseption

inward telescoping of the intestines can be cured by an enema or surgery

Lymph Nodes

irregular intervals, the lymphatic collecting vessels enter into the part of the lymphatic network called lymph nodes There are hundreds of lymph nodes stationed all over the body. They are especially concentrated in the neck, axilla, and groin. Their functions are to filter impurities from the lymph and alert the immune system to the presence of pathogens.

fracture

is a break of a bone and can have a traumatic or pathological reason for occurring.

Poikilocytosis

is a categorical term referring to the presence of irregular-shaped red blood cells. Examples include spherocytes and sickle cells.

Narcolepsy

is a chronic disorder caused by the brain's inability to regulate the sleep-wake cycle. Patients fall asleep during the day for a few seconds or up to an hour. I t is associated with cataplexy, the sudden loss of voluntary muscle tone with brief episodes of total paralysis and vivid hallucinations. There is no cure, but it can be treated pharmacologically with stimulants.

Epilepsy

is a chronic disorder in which clusters of neurons in the brain discharge their electrical signals in an abnormal rhythm. This disturbed electrical activity (a seizure) can cause strange sensations and behavior, convulsions, and loss of consciousness. The causes of epilepsy are numerous, from abnormal brain development to brain damage.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

is a chronic, inflammatory disease that can affect many joints, causing deformity and disability. In the hand deformities of RA—swelling of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints with ulnar deviation of the fingers—are shown. The disease process initially causes inflammation of the synovial membrane and then spreads to all other parts of the joint. Rheumatoid arthritis is three times as common in women and often begins in the thirties and forties.

Vulvodynia FEMALE

is a chronic, lasting, severe pain around the vaginal orifice, which feels raw. Painful intercourse (dyspareunia) is common. The vulva may look normal or be slightly swollen. The etiology is unknown.

thrombus

is a clot. An embolus is a piece of thrombus that breaks off and can move through the circulation to lodge in another place.

Vulvovaginal candidiasis FEMALE

is a common cause of genital itching or burning, with a "cottage-cheese" vaginal discharge. It is caused by an overgrowth of the yeast fungus called Candida and can occur after taking antibiotics. Recent research has found that it is associated with vitamin D deficiency. Diagnosis is made by microscopic examination of a specimen taken by a vaginal swab. can be caused by vaginal hygiene products, spermicides, detergents, and synthetic underwear.

SI joint strain sacroiliac (SI) joints

is a common cause of lower-back pain. Unlike most joints, the sacroiliac joint is only designed to move ¼ inch (approximately 6 mm) during weight bearing and forward flexion. Its main function is to provide shock absorption for the spine.

spleen Ruptured

is a common complication from car accidents or other trauma when the abdomen and rib cage are damaged. Intra-abdominal bleeding from the ruptured spleen can be extensive, with a dramatic fall in blood pressure (BP), and is a surgical emergency requiring splenectomy. After splenectomy, patients are very susceptible to infection but function ver

Colles fracture

is a common fracture of the radius just above the wrist joint. It occurs when a person tries to break a fall with an outstretched hand. The distal radius just proximal to the wrist is broken. In some cases, the distal ulna is also fractured and the wrist joint dislocated. The fracture is diagnosed with an x-ray

Tennis elbow

is a common injury. Upper arm and forearm muscle tendons are inserted into the upper arm bone just above the elbow joint. Small tears in these tendons at their attachments can be caused by trauma or overuse of the elbow joint.

Immobility

is a common pathway produced by many diseases and problems, particularly those that involve prolonged bed rest, immobilization, or inactivity. It can also occur when it is self-imposed—when elderly patients do not exercise to keep limbs flexible, promote circulation, and improve well-being. Many factors influencing the elderly's state of immobility are iatrogenic, or arising from medical regimens, institutional policies, and resident and staff characteristics in nursing homes. The negative consequences of immobility often can be avoided with careful and vigilant medical and nursing management.

Cholesteatoma

is a complication of chronic otitis media with effusion or of poor eustachian tube function. Chronically inflamed cells in the middle ear multiply and collect into a tumor. They damage the ossicles and can spread to the inner ear. Surgical removal is required.

Aplastic anemia

is a condition in which the bone marrow is unable to produce sufficient new cells of all types—red cells, white cells, and platelets. It can be associated with exposure to radiation, benzene, and certain drugs.

Monocytosis

is a condition in which there is an increase in monocytes. This condition occurs in cases of chronic infection and autoimmune diseases. Monocytopenia is a decrease in monocytes, which can arise from chemotherapy.

Minimally conscious state (MCS)

is a condition of severely altered consciousness in which minimal evidence of awareness of self or surroundings is demonstrated. There is inconsistent communication or command following. However, positron emission tomography (PET) scans of MCS patients show cortical function when their loved ones speak to them. They are more likely to improve than are PVS patients

Epispadias MALE

is a congenital defect in which the opening of the urethra is on the dorsum of the penis. It can be corrected surgically.

Hypospadias MALE

is a congenital defect in which the opening of the urethra is on the undersurface of the penis instead of at the head of the glans It can be corrected surgically.

Pericardium

is a connective tissue sac that surrounds and protects the heart. It consists of an inner visceral layer (epicardium) and outer parietal layer, between which is the pericardial cavity. Structure around the heart This cavity contains a lubricant fluid that allows the heart to beat with very little friction around it.

Spirometer

is a device used to measure the volume of air that moves in and out of the respiratory system spirometer also measures flow rates. The forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) is the amount of air expired in the first second of the test. You ask the patient to breathe in as deeply as possible and then breathe out as rapidly and completely as possible through the spirometer. The volume of air expired at the end of this pulmonary function test (PFT) is the patient's forced vital capacity (FVC). In obstructive lung disorders such as asthma or COPD, the lumina of the airways are constricted and resistant to airflow. This will cause a reduction in the FEV1. In restrictive lung disorders in which the lung tissue is fibrotic or scarred and resists expansion, there will be a reduction in the FVC.

Pulmonary emphysema

is a disease of the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli. These airways become enlarged, and the septa between the alveoli are destroyed, forming large sacs (bullae). There is a loss of surface area for gas exchange. Because the septa contain elastic tissue that assists the lungs' recoil in exhalation, recoil becomes more difficult, and air is trapped in the bullae. This leads to hyperinflation of the lungs and the enlarged "barrel chest" shown by many patients with emphysema.

Cervical spondylosis Compression

is a disorder in which the discs and vertebrae in the neck degenerate, narrow the spinal canal, and compress the spinal cord and/or the spinal nerve roots.

Henoch-Schönlein purpura (anaphylactoid purpura)

is a disorder involving purpura, joint pain, and glomerulonephritis The etiology is unknown. Most cases resolve spontaneously.

guillain-Barré syndrome

is a disorder of the peripheral nerves in which the body makes antibodies against myelin, leading to loss of nerve conduction, muscle weakness, and paresthesias (changes in sensation). Treatment is with corticosteroids, and recovery of neurologic function is slow.

Bell palsy

is a disorder of the seventh cranial nerve (facial nerve), causing a sudden onset of weakness or paralysis of facial muscles on one side of the face Common symptoms are a hemifacial inability to smile, whistle, or grimace; drooping of the mouth with drooling of saliva; and inability to close the eye on the affected side. Early treatment with steroids and supportive measures is essential. The facial nerve also can be affected by trauma or tumors.

Bronchial asthma

is a disorder with recurrent acute episodes of bronchial obstruction as a result of constriction of bronchioles (bronchoconstriction), hypersecretion of mucus, and inflammatory swelling of the bronchiolar lining. The airflow obstruction these produce is mainly during expiration, and the wheezing exhalation heard in asthma is the result of forcing air out of the lungs through constricted, swollen bronchioles. Between attacks, breathing can be normal. The etiology of asthma is an allergic response to substances such as pollen, animal dander, or the feces of house dust mites.

vagina, or birth canal,

is a fibromuscular tube, 4 to 5 inches (10 to 13 cm) in length (Figure 8.2). It connects the vulva with the uterus. It has three main functions: Discharge of menstrual fluid Receipt of the penis and semen Birth of a baby

hip bone (os coxae)

is a fusion of three bones: the ilium, ischium, pubis . The fusion takes place in the region of the acetabulum, a cup-shaped cavity on the lateral surface of each hip bone that receives the head of the femur

Peripheral vascular disease (PVD)

is a general term describing all the disorders of the systemic arterial and venous systems.

Muscular dystrophy

is a general term for a group of hereditary, progressive disorders affecting skeletal muscles. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common, occurring in boys, who begin to have difficulty walking around the age of 3. Generalized muscle weakness and atrophy progress, and few live beyond 20 years. There is no effective treatment.

Sickle cell anemia (also called sickle cell disease)

is a genetic disorder found most commonly in African Americans, Africans, and some Mediterranean populations. It results from the production of an abnormal hemoglobin that causes the RBCs to form a rigid sickle cell shape The abnormal cells are sticky, clump together (agglutinate), and block small capillaries. This causes intense pain in the hypoxic tissues (a sickle cell crisis) and can cause stroke and kidney and heart failure. There is a minor form of the disease, sickle cell trait, in which symptoms rarely occur and do not progress to the full-blown disease.

immune system

is a group of specialized cells in different parts of the body that recognize foreign substances and neutralize them. It is the third line of defense listed at the beginning of this chapter. TWhen the immune system is functioning correctly, it protects the body against bacteria, viruses, cancer cells, and foreign substances. When the immune system is weak, it allows pathogens (including the viruses that cause common colds and "flu") and cancer cells to successfully invade the body.

PCP (phencyclidine)

is a hallucinogen that works primarily as an N-methy-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. Agitation, hallucinaiton, and violent behavior can occur with higher doses. Vertical nystagmus may also occur. They often don't remember what they did while on it. used chiefly in the form of its hydrochloride especially as a veterinary anesthetic and sometimes illicitly as a psychedelic drug —called also angel dust, PCP

Podiatry

is a health care specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders and injuries of the foot.

Huntington disease (also known as Huntington chorea)

is a hereditary disorder starting with mild personality changes between the ages of 30 and 50. Involuntary, irregular, jerky (choreic) movements and muscle weakness follow, and dementia occurs in the later stages. A gene defect is on chromosome 4, but there is no known cure.

Knee Joint

is a hinged joint formed with four bones -The lower end of the femur -The flat upper end of the tibia -The patella -The fibula knee joint, two crescent-shaped pads of cartilage lie on top of the tibia to articulate with the femoral condyles. They are the medial and lateral menisci. Their function is to distribute weight more evenly across the joint surface to minimize wear and tear. They play a crucial role in joint stability, lubrication, and transmission of force.

Anencephaly NERvous SYStem disorders

is absence of the cerebral hemispheres and is always fatal

Insanity

is a legal term for a severe mental illness, present at the time a crime was committed, that impaired the defendant's capacity to understand the moral wrong of the act. It is not a medical diagnosis.

Toxic shock syndrome is FEMALE

is a life-threatening illness caused by toxins circulating in the bloodstream. Certain rare strains of bacteria produce these toxins. In the most common form of toxic shock syndrome, the bacteria are in the vagina of women, and their growth is encouraged by the presence of a superabsorbent tampon that is not changed frequently

aneurysm

is a localized dilation of an artery as a result of a localized weakness of the vessel wall. Common sites occur along the aorta, mostly the abdominal aorta. They can rupture, leading to severe bleeding and hypovolemic shock.

Otosclerosis

is a middle-ear disease that usually affects people between 18 and 35 years of age. It can affect one ear or both and produces a gradual hearing loss for low and soft sounds. Its etiology is unknown. Spongy bone forms around the junction of the oval window and stapes, preventing the stapes from conducting the sound vibrations to the inner ear. The only treatment is to replace the stapes with a metal or plastic prosthesis

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

is a mood disorder associated with episodes of depression during the fall and winter months, subsiding during spring and summer. It appears to be related to a lack of sunshine causing increased melatonin production by the pineal gland (see Chapter 14). It can be helped by phototherapy with bright white fluorescent lights. Antidepressant drugs also can be helpful.

ductus (vas) deferens (seminal duct) MALE

is a muscular duct that travels up from the epididymis in the scrotum and through the inguinal canal into the pelvic cavity Here the ductus turns medially and passes behind the urinary bladder and widens into a terminal ampulla, which joins with the duct of the seminal vesicle.

PAIN Central sensitization pain

is a new concept describing how neurons in the spinal cord sending messages to the brain become excitable. They exaggerate the pain response in tissues they supply. The input can be somatic from skeletal muscles (as in fibromyalgia) or visceral (as in irritable bowel syndrome).

Toxic thyroid adenoma

is a nodule in the gland that produces thyroid hormones without stimulation by the pituitary's TSH. The nodule can be removed surgically.

Stenosing tenosynovitis

is a painful inflammation of the synovial sheaths on the back of the wrist.

Priapism MALE

is a persistent, painful erection when blood cannot escape from the erectile tissue. It can be caused by drugs (such as epinephrine), blood clots, or spinal cord injury.

Calcineurin

is a phosphatase that stimulates the growth and differentiation of T cells. Calcineurin inhibitors such as ciclosporin (Sandimmune), tacrolimus (Prograf), and sirolimus (Rapamune) are used in the prevention and treatment of transplant rejection reactions.

Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

is a physical barrier between the capillaries that supply the CNS and most parts of the CNS. Astrocytes and the tight junctions between endothelial cells of the capillaries work together to prevent foreign substances, toxins, and infection from reaching the brain. Many medications are unable to pass this barrier, but alcohol gets through, producing its buzz and problems with coordination and cognition.

blood-brain barrier (BBB)

is a physical barrier between the capillaries that supply the CNS and most parts of the CNS. Astrocytes and the tight junctions between endothelial cells of the capillaries work together to prevent foreign substances, toxins, and infection from reaching the brain. Many medications are unable to pass this barrier, but alcohol gets through, producing its buzz and problems with coordination and cognition.

Epidural hematoma

is a pooling of blood in the epidural space outside the brain Most are associated with a fractured skull and bleeding from an artery that lies in the meninges. If the bleeding is not stopped surgically by ligating (tying off) the blood vessel, brain compression with severe neurologic injury or death can occur.

Laser corneal surgery

is a procedure that uses a laser to reshape the surface of the eye to change the curvature of the cornea. The surgical procedure radial keratotomy is used to treat myopia. Radial cuts, like the spokes of a wheel, flatten the cornea and enable it to refract the light rays to focus on the retina. In flattening the cornea, it can correct myopia (nearsightedness) and astigmatism (uneven curvature of the cornea) and alter the outer edges of the cornea to correct hypermetropia (farsightedness). These procedures are also called refractive surgery and laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). An alternative to LASIK is photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), in which spoke-like incisions are cut into the cornea to flatten its surface and correct nearsightedness.

Mechanical ventilation

is a process by which gases are moved into and out of the lungs via a device that is set to meet the respiratory requirements of the patient. It requires that a tracheostomy tube or endotracheal tube be attached to the mechanical device (respirator, ventilator). It can augment or replace the patient's own ventilatory efforts.

Dupuytren contracture

is a progressive thickening and contracture of the skin and connective tissues of the palm of the hand.

TTP thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

is a rare blood disorder. In TTP, blood clots form in small blood vessels throughout the body. The clots can limit or block the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the body's organs, such as the brain, kidneys, and heart. As a result, serious health problems can develop.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

is a rare form of cancer that occurs mostly in males between the ages of 50 and 60.

Osteogenesis imperfecta

is a rare genetic disorder, producing very brittle bones that are easily fractured, often in utero (while inside the uterus)

HTN: Malignant hypertension

is a rare, severe, life-threatening form of hypertension in which the BP reading can be greater than 200/120 mm Hg. Aggressive intervention is indicated to reduce the blood pressure.

Anemia

is a reduction in the number of RBCs or in the amount of hemoglobin each RBC contains. Both of these conditions reduce the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood and produce the symptoms of shortness of breath (SOB) and fatigue. They also produce pallor (paleness of the skin) because of the deficiency of the red-colored oxyhemoglobin, the combination of oxygen and hemoglobin, and the red blood cells are hypochromic.

Yawning

is a reflex that originates in the brainstem in response to hypoxia, boredom, or sleepiness. The exact mechanisms are not known.

Delirium

is a set of symptoms including an inability to focus attention; mental confusion; impairments in awareness, time, and space; and perhaps hallucinations. It often has a fluctuating course, and it can follow head trauma, stroke, drug withdrawal, hypoxia, hypoglycemia, physical illness of almost every type, and the use of opiates and benzodiazepines. Delirium is probably the single most common disorder affecting adults in hospitals and occurs in 30-40% of elderly hospitalized patients and in up to 80% of intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Treatment is targeted on the underlying disease causing the delirium. Delirium in the elderly can be caused by something as simple as constipation. Some elderly people may have difficulty describing their symptoms, particularly if they have cognitive impairment. Therefore, time and care have to be taken to discover the root cause.

chalazion

is a small, painless, localized, whitish swelling inside the lid when a tarsal gland becomes blocked It can disappear spontaneously or require surgical removal.

Stereotactic radiation

is a specialized form of external-beam radiation therapy. It focuses radiation beams by using detailed imaging scans. In stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), radiation is applied to the tumor with multiple (as many as 200), separate narrow beams, so that the tumor receives a very high dose of radiation in one treatment, yet the surrounding tissues are minimally irradiated. In areas of the body where there is motion by breathing or blood flow, a combination of continuous imaging, motion detection, and robotic guidance enable the beams to remain focused on the tumor. Stereotactic body radiation treatment (SBRT) refers to the use of these techniques in such areas as the lungs. A technique called hypofractionation is the giving of a much higher dose of radiation per session with greater accuracy and the sparing of normal surrounding tissue. Brand names for these stereotactic radiation therapies include Gamma Knife, Cyberknife, Tomotherapy, and Truebeam.

Rhinoplasty

is a surgical procedure to alter the size and/or shape of the nose.

Orchiopexy MALE

is a surgical procedure to move an undescended testicle (cryptorchid) from the abdomen into the scrotum and permanently fix it there.

Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)

is a technique in ventilation to keep the alveoli from collapsing in conditions such as adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS).

Syncope (fainting or passing out)

is a temporary loss of consciousness and posture. It is usually due to hypotension and the associated deficient oxygen supply (hypoxia) to the brain. This disorder is called neurally mediated syncope (NMS). In adults, it may be associated with cardiac arrhythmias and other diseases. The first-aid treatment is to place the person in a reclining position.

Pott fracture

is a term applied to a variety of fractures in which there is a fracture of the fibula near the ankle, often accompanied by a fracture of the medial malleolus of the tibia.

Senile

is a term used to refer to the characteristics of old age, and senility is the general term used in referring to a person who demonstrates a variety of conditions of mental disorders occurring in old age.

alveolus

is a thin-walled sac with its cells supported by a thin respiratory membrane that allows the exchange of gases with the surrounding pulmonary capillary network About 5% of the alveolar cells secrete a detergent-like substance called surfactant that keeps the alveolar sacs from collapsing. There are approximately 300 million alveoli in the two lungs.

conjunctiva

is a transparent mucous membrane that lines the inside of both eyelids and covers all of the front of the eye except the central portion, the cornea. In the conjunctiva, numerous goblet cells secrete a thin film of mucin that prevents the surface of the eyeball from dehydrating. The conjunctiva is freely movable over the eyeball. It has numerous small blood vessels and is richly supplied with nerve endings that make it very sensitive to pain.

Pheochromocytoma

is a tumor of the adrenal medulla that overproduces the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine. It produces marked hypertension that is difficult to control, with severe headaches, tachycardia, palpitations, and feelings of impending death.

Meningioma

is a tumor originating in the arachnoid cells of the meninges, most commonly overlying the cerebral hemispheres. It is usually benign and produces a slow-growing, focal, spherical tumor. Symptoms can take years to develop. Surgical resection is usually curative.

Blood

is a type of connective tissue and consists of cells contained in a liquid matrix. volume varies with body size and the amount of adipose tissue. An average-size adult has about 5 L (liters) (10 pints) of blood, which represents some 8% of body weight.

Cardiomyopathy

is a weakening of the heart muscle that causes it to pump inadequately. The etiology can be viral, idiopathic (when the cause is unknown), or alcoholic. It causes cardiomegaly and heart failure.

Acute respiratory failure (ARF)

is abnormal respiratory function resulting in inadequate tissue oxygenation or CO2 elimination that is severe enough to impair vital organ functions. Causes of ARF include congestive heart failure (CHF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD,) chest trauma with resultant flail chest, spinal cord injury, and neuromuscular disorders in which the muscles of respiration are weak or paralyzed.

Postherpetic Neuralgia (PHN) DIsorder of peripheral nerves

is acute dermatome pain persisting after the acute rash of shingles has subsided. It is debilitating and very difficult to treat.

Photocoagulation therapy

is also used to heal bleeding microaneurysms of small blood vessels in the early stages of diabetic retinopathy, and is used with chemotherapy in the treatment of retinoblastoma. It also can be used for wet age-related macular degeneration to destroy or seal off new blood vessels to prevent leakage, but the many small retinal scars it creates cause blind spots in the patient's visual field.

Pneumonia

is an acute infection affecting the alveoli and lung parenchyma (Figure 13.15). Bacterial infections focus on the alveoli; viral infections, on the parenchyma. Lobar pneumonia is an infection limited to one lung lobe. Bronchopneumonia is used to describe an infection in the bronchioles that spreads to the alveoli.

Poliomyelitis (polio)

is an acute infectious disease, occurring mostly in children, that is caused by the poliovirus. The virus can be asymptomatic in the nasopharynx and gastrointestinal (GI) tract. When it spreads to the nervous system, it replicates in the spinal cord and destroys motor neurons. Symptoms are progressive muscle paralysis. Poliomyelitis is preventable by vaccination and has almost been eradicated in the world.

Pharyngitis

is an acute or chronic infection involving the pharynx, tonsils, and uvula. It is usually of viral origin in children.

Acute labyrinthitis

is an acute viral infection of the labyrinth, producing extreme vertigo, nausea, and vomiting. It usually lasts 1 to 2 weeks.

Anaphylaxis

is an acute, immediate, and severe allergic reaction. It can be relieved by antihistamines.

teratogen NERvous SYStem disorders

is an agent that can cause malformations of an embryo or fetus It can be a chemical, virus, or radiation. Some teratogens are encountered in the workplace and include textile dyes, photographic chemicals, semiconductor materials, lead, mercury, and cadmium. One of the early uses of the drug thalidomide was to control morning sickness in pregnancy, but it caused severe limb and other deformities in the baby.

Homocysteine

is an amino acid in the blood. Elevated levels are related to a higher risk of CAD, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease.

Rh factor

is an antigen on the surface of a red blood cell.

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

is an attempt to keep the airway open by maintaining a positive pressure. A mask is fitted over the nose and mouth and attached to a ventilator. This can be used at night when a person is sleeping for sleep apnea or in acute situations for COPD.

Brain stimulation treatment, in the form of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT),

is an effective treatment for severe depression that is unresponsive to other treatments. Electrodes are attached to the head and a series of electrical shocks are delivered to the brain to induce a brief seizure. The effect of this on the brain cells is not fully understood. Other brain stimulation therapies such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and deep brain stimulation are experimental.

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)

is an eight-phase treatment found to be as effective as CBT for patients suffering from PTSD and for patients who have experienced traumatic situations. The process involves the patient recalling painful memories while the clinician provides sensory input for the patient, such as side-to-side eye movements.

Creatine kinase (CK)

is an enzyme released into the blood by dead myocardial cells in MI.

Guaifenesin

is an expectorant available in many cough syrups, tablets, and caplets.

Gene therapy

is an experimental technique to treat or prevent disease by replacing a mutated gene with a healthy copy, by inactivating a mutated gene that is functioning improperly, or by introducing a new gene into the body.

Diagnostic arthroscopy

is an exploratory procedure performed using an arthroscope to examine the internal compartments of a joint.

bursa

is an extension of the synovial joint that forms a cushion between structures that otherwise would rub against each other; for example, in the knee joint between the patellar tendon and the patellar and tibial bones

Gout

is an extremely painful arthritis of the big toe and other joints caused by a buildup of uric acid in the blood, which forms needlelike crystals that accumulate in the joints.

Tracheotomy

is an incision made into the trachea (windpipe) so that a temporary or permanent opening into the windpipe, called a tracheostomy, can be created . A tracheostomy tube is placed into the opening to provide an airway. A tracheostomy is used to maintain an airway when there is obstruction or paralysis in the respiratory structures above it and for long-term ventilation.

Lymphocytosis

is an increase in the number of lymphocytes. This condition can can be caused by infection, HIV/AIDs, and mononucleosis. AIDS also can lead to lymphocytopenia, as can hepatitis, influenza, and tuberculosis.

Dacryostenosis

is blockage of the drainage of tears, usually due to narrowing of the nasolacrimal ducts. Approximately 6% of newborns have this condition, but it may not be noticeable at birth because infants do not produce tears until they are several weeks old. Fortunately, nearly all blocked ducts open by the age of one year and do not require surgical opening.

Leukemia

is cancer of the hematopoietic tissues and produces a high number of leukocytes and their precursors in the WBC count. As the leukemic cells proliferate, they take over the bone marrow and cause a deficiency of normal RBCs, WBCs, and platelets. This makes the patient anemic and vulnerable to infection and bleeding.

Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity

is an indirect form of attack that employs antibodies produced by plasma cells, which have been developed from B cells. The antibodies bind to an antigen and thus tag them for destruction. These antibodies are called immunoglobulins (Igs), defensive gamma globulins in the blood plasma and body secretions. There are five classes of antibodies (immunoglobulins): IgG makes up about 80% of the antibodies. It is found in plasma and tissue fluids. It crosses the placenta to give the fetus some immunity. IgA makes up about 13% of the antibodies. It is found in exocrine secretions such as breast milk, tears, saliva, nasal secretions, intestinal juices, bile, and urine. IgM makes up about 6% of antibodies. It develops in response to antigens in food or bacteria. IgD is found on the surface of B cells and acts as a receptor for antigens. IgE is found in exocrine secretions along with IgA and also in the serum.

Herpes zoster (shingles) chickenpox (varicella). DIsorder of peripheral nerves

is an infection of peripheral nerves arising from a reactivation of the primary virus infection in childhood with chickenpox (varicella). During the primary infection of chickenpox, the virus gains entry into sensory dorsal root ganglia. Later in life, for unknown reasons, the virus can produce the painful, unilateral dermatome rash of shingles

Sinusitis

is an infection of the paranasal sinuses, often following a cold. The infection can be bacterial, producing a mucopurulent discharge from the nose. Treatment with antibiotics and decongestants may be indicated.

Tonsillitis

is an infection of the tonsils in the oropharynx by a virus or, in less than 20% of cases, a streptococcus.

Phlebitis

is an inflammation of a vein. There are many causes for phlebitis, including venous infections and the presence of an intravenous (IV) catheter.

Osteomyelitis

is an inflammation of an area of bone due to bacterial infection, usually with a staphylococcus. Untreated tuberculosis can spread from its original infection in the lungs to bones via the bloodstream to produce tuberculous osteomyelitis.

Thrombophlebitis

is an inflammation of the lining of a vein (tunica intima), allowing clots (thrombi) to form.

Urethritis MALE

is an inflammation of the urethra. It can be caused by: The same bacteria that cause UTIs STDs such as chlamydia and gonorrhea Herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus Chemical irritants such as spermicides and contraceptive gels. presents with dysuria, increased frequency of urination, and discharge from the penis. After urine culture to identify the organism, antibiotics will clear a bacterial infection, usually without complications.

Polymyalgia rheumatica

is an inflammatory disease of muscles that causes pain and stiffness on both sides of the body, particularly in the shoulders, neck, upper arms, buttocks, and thighs with a general feeling of not being well. Most people who develop this disorder are older than 65.

thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger disease)

is an inflammatory disease of the arteries with clot formation, usually in the legs. The occlusion of arteries and impaired circulation leads to intermittent claudication.

Rheumatic fever

is an inflammatory disease. If a sore throat caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus is not treated with a complete course of antibiotics, antibodies to the bacteria can develop and attack normal tissue. Multiple joints are inflamed, and endocarditis can affect the function of the heart valves—particularly the mitral and aortic valves.

Cerebral angiography Cerebral arteriography Neurology Diagnostic Procedures in

is an invasive procedure in which a radiopaque dye is injected into the blood vessels of the neck and brain. It can detect blood vessels that are partially or completely blocked, aneurysms, or arteriovenous malformations. Cerebral arteriography can determine the site of bleeding in hemorrhagic strokes

Accommodative esotropia

is an inward eye turn, usually noticed around 2 years of age in 1% to 2% of children He will probably respond to treatment using glasses and perhaps a patch over the stronger eye to encourage use of the weaker eye.

Polycythemia vera

is an overproduction of RBCs and WBCs due to an unknown cause.

Arthrography

is an x-ray of a joint taken after the injection of a contrast medium into the joint. A contrast medium makes the inside details of the joint visible.

Diastasis symphysis pubis

is another result of the stretching of pelvic ligaments during pregnancy. The softening and stretching of the ligaments of the symphysis pubis stretch the joint between the two pubic bones and lead to pain over the joint and difficulty in walking, climbing stairs, and turning over in bed.

Eltrombopag (Promacta)

is available for pediatric patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) who have not responded to corticosteroids, immunoglobulins, or splenectomy.

Epistaxis

is bleeding from the septum of the nose, usually from trauma. If pinching the nose or packing the nostril with gauze does not stop the bleeding, cautery (burning and scarring) with silver nitrate or electrical cautery is indicated.

Purpura

is bleeding into the skin from small arterioles that produces a larger individual lesion than petechiae from capillary bleeding Bruises (or hematomas) are extravasations of blood from all types of blood vessels.

Subdural hematoma

is bleeding into the subdural space outside the brain Most subdural hematomas are associated with closed head injuries and bleeding from broken veins caused by violent rotational movement of the head. They have been seen following roller-coaster rides with high-speed turns that jerk and whip the head. Although the blood accumulation is slow, the bleeding must be stopped surgically.

Thromboembolism

is caused by an embolus, usually arising in the deep vein of the calf and lodging in a branch of the pulmonary artery. The symptoms are chest pain, dyspnea, tachypnea (increased respiratory rate), and a reduction in blood O2 levels.

Cystic fibrosis (CF)

is caused by an increased viscosity of secretions from the pancreas, salivary glands, liver, intestine, and lungs. In the lungs, a particularly thick mucus obstructs the airways and causes repeated infections. Respiratory failure is the cause of death, often before the age of 30. The disorder is genetic.

Sneezing

is caused by irritants in the nasal cavity. The glottis stays open while the soft palate and tongue block the flow of air from getting out. Then they suddenly release to let air burst out through the nose.

Osteoarthritis (OA)

is caused by the breakdown and eventual destruction of cartilage in a joint. It develops as a result of wear and tear and is most common in the weight-bearing joints: the knee, hip, and lower back Because it is a wear-and-tear disease, it is sometimes called degenerative joint disease (DJD). The degenerative process begins in the articular cartilage, which cracks and frays, eventually exposing the underlying bone. Osteoarthritis (OA) in the hand joints occurs from wear and tear, particularly in the joint at the base of the thumb. It occurs mostly in the elderly. As a finger joint deteriorates, small bony spurs called Heberden nodes form over it

Parkinson disease

is caused by the degeneration of neurons in the basic ganglia that produce a neurotransmitter called dopamine. Motor symptoms of abnormal movements, tremor of the hands, rigidity, a shuffling or festinant (hastening, falling-forward) gait, and weak voice appear. The symptoms gradually increase in severity. The cause is unknown, and there is no cure.

Addison disease

is caused mostly by idiopathic atrophy of the adrenal cortex. Production of the three groups of adrenocortical steroids is diminished or absent: Decreased cortisol production leads to weakness, fatigue, diminished resistance to stress, increased susceptibility to infection, and weight loss. Decreased aldosterone production leads to dehydration, decreased circulatory volume, hypotension, and circulatory collapse. Replacement therapy in Addison disease is daily hydrocortisone by mouth (PO). Additionally, fluorocortisone is given PO to replace aldosterone. Intercurrent infections require that the hydrocortisone dose be doubled. John F. Kennedy received replacement therapy from his late twenties until he died. Acute adrenocortical insufficiency in patients with Addison disease is called an adrenal crisis. It can be precipitated by an infection or trauma and leads to peripheral vascular collapse and kidney failure. Treatment is with IV fluids and IV hydrocortisone.

Ventricular fibrillation (V-fib)

is characterized by erratic ventricular contractions. The ventricles quiver and beat ineffectively instead of pumping.

Panic disorder

is characterized by sudden, brief attacks of intense fear that cause physical symptoms. The fear rises abruptly, often for no reason, and peaks in 10 minutes or less. The frequency of the attacks varies widely over many years. The disorder runs in families, but whether it is due to genetics or a shared environment is not clear.

Lymphoid leukemia

is characterized by uncontrolled production of lymphocytes. It can be in an acute or chronic form. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common form of childhood cancer and is curable with modern treatments, such as chemotherapy and bone marrow and umbilical cord stem cell transplants.

headache (cephalalgia)

is classified into either being primary or secondary. Secondary headaches occur for the first time in relation to another disorder.

Aortic valve stenosis

is common in the elderly when the valves become calcified due to atherosclerosis. Blood flow into the systemic circuit is diminished, leading to dizziness and fainting. The left ventricle dilates, hypertrophies, and ultimately fails.

Mononeuropathy is a disorder - peripheral nerves

is damage to a single peripheral nerve. Prolonged pressure on a nerve that runs close to the surface over a bony prominence is a common cause. Examples are: Carpal tunnel syndrome. Ulnar nerve palsy. Peroneal nerve palsy

Psychology

is defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Behavior is anything you do—talking, sleeping, reading, interacting with others. Mental processes are your private, internal experiences—thinking, feeling, remembering, dreaming.

Bone marrow

is found inside the larger bones and contains cells that produce RBCs, WBCs, and platelets. Bone marrow biopsy and aspiration are performed in the investigation of anemias, polycythemia, cancers (to determine if the cancer has spread to the bones), and bone marrow diseases.

RBCs - main component

is hemoglobin (Hb), which gives the cell its red color. Hemoglobin occupies about one-third of the total cell volume and is composed of the iron-containing pigment heme bound to a protein called globin. The rest of the red blood cell consists of the cell membrane, water, electrolytes, and enzymes. Mature RBCs do not have a nucleus.

Pericarditis

is inflammation of the covering of the heart. The inflammation causes an exudate (pericardial effusion) to be released into the pericardial space. This interferes with the heart's ability to contract and expand normally, and cardiac output falls—a condition called cardiac tamponade.

Epiglottitis

is inflammation of the epiglottis. Acute epiglottitis is seen most commonly in children between ages 2 and 7 years and is caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b bacteria. Swelling in the epiglottis can cause acute airway obstruction. It is preventable with an available vaccine.

Myocarditis

is inflammation of the heart muscle. It can be bacterial, viral, or fungal in origin or a complication of other diseases, such as influenza.

endocarditis

is inflammation of the lining of the heart. It is usually secondary to an infection elsewhere. Intravenous drug users and people with damaged heart valves are at high risk for endocarditis.

Meningitis

is inflammation of the meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. Viral meningitis is the most common form and occurs at all ages. Bacterial meningitis is more common in the very young or very old. Meningococcal meningitis

Laryngitis

is inflammation of the mucosal lining of the larynx, producing hoarseness and sometimes progressing to loss of voice (aphonia).

Encephalitis

is inflammation of the parenchyma of the brain. It is usually caused by a virus such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), West Nile virus, herpes simplex, or the childhood diseases of measles, mumps, chickenpox, and rubella. It occurs most often in the elderly, those with compromised immune systems , and children.

Tenosynovitis

is inflammation of the sheath that surrounds a tendon. It is usually related to repetitive use, occurs commonly in the wrist and hands in computer users, and is beginning to be seen in the thumbs of frequent texters. It produces pain, tenderness in the tendon, and difficulty in movement of a joint. Treatment is rest, immobilization, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), local corticosteroid injections, and, occasionally, surgery.

prescription medication

is legally regulated, which means that a person needs a medical prescription to purchase it Prescriptions can only be written by physicians, licensed medical practitioners, dentists, optometrists, veterinarians, and advanced nurse practitioners. Prescribed drugs must have a package insert detailing the intended effects of the drug and its side effects.

pharmacist

is licensed to prepare and dispense drugs and compounds when given written orders from a physician. Pharmacists are knowledgeable about drugs' properties and are able to advise patients and practitioners about their effects and interactions.

Lymphedema

is localized, nonpitting fluid retention caused by a compromised lymphatic system, often after surgery or radiation therapy. It also can be primary, where the cause is unknown.

tympanic membrane (eardrum)

is located at the inner end of the external auditory canal. It is suspended in a bony groove, is concave on its outer surface, and vibrates freely as sound waves hit it. It has a good nerve supply and is very sensitive to pain. When examined through the otoscope, it is transparent and reflects ligh

Intraocular pressure

is measured with a tonometer, which determines the eyeball's resistance to tension or indentation. There are several methods of tonometry, which include pneumatonometry and Goldmann tonometry.

Anaphylactic shock

is more severe and is characterized by dyspnea due to bronchiole constriction, circulatory shock, and sometimes death. It is a life-threatening medical emergency and requires immediate epinephrine and circulatory support.

Brain abscess

is most often a direct spread of infection from sinusitis, otitis media, or mastoiditis It also can be a result of bloodborne pathogens from lung or dental infections. Abscesses are also formed by exotic fungal or protozoan organisms in immunosuppressive diseases like acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and tuberculosis (TB). Protozoa are single-celled organisms that like to live in the damp. An example, Trichomonas, is sexually transmitted

Abduction

is movement away from the midline Abduction of your arm is moving it sideways away from your trunk. Abduction of your fingers is spreading them apart, away from the middle finger.

Pituitary hormone replacement therapy

is needed after surgery or radiation therapy to maintain normal hormone levels. The medication taken depends on the hormones that need to be replaced, which include adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), thyroxine, estrogen and progesterone, testosterone, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and synthetic growth hormones.

death

is now defined in terms of brain death (BD), when there is no cerebral or brainstem activity and the electroencephalogram (EEG) is flat for a specific length of time (Figure 19.6). Two other conditions involving brain damage and loss of brain function cause medical difficulty and should be addressed in your living will

Instability, or difficulty in balance

is often the first problem that the elderly person encounters. The instability and associated falls can result from a single disease process or the accumulated effects of multiple diseases. It is essential to take a careful, detailed history and examination to define all the factors contributing to the instability and to develop the appropriate interventions to prevent future falls. Instability and falling are not inevitable in aging but are problems that arise from identifiable disabilities that are often treatable.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

is one of a group of viruses known as retroviruses. Like other viruses, it can replicate only inside a living host cell; HIV invades helper T (CD4) cells and cells in the upper respiratory tract and CNS. Inside the cell, the virus generates new deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and can stay dormant in the cell for months or years. When it is activated, the new viruses emerge from the dying host cell and attack more CD4 cells. This dormant phase (incubation) can range from a few months to 12 years.

lumbar puncture (LP) or spinal tap Neurology Diagnostic Procedures in

is performed . A needle is inserted through the skin, back muscles, spinal ligaments of an intervertebral space, epidural space, dura mater, and arachnoid mater into the subarachnoid space. The CSF is then aspirated. Laboratory examination of the CSF that shows white blood cells suggests meningitis. High protein levels indicate meningitis or damage to the brain or spinal cord. Blood suggests a brain hemorrhage or a traumatic tap.

Aqueous humor

is produced in the posterior chamber as a filtrate from plasma (Step 1). It passes through the pupil into the anterior chamber (Step 2) where it is continually reabsorbed into a vascular space called the scleral venous sinus (Step 3) and taken into the venous bloodstream. The aqueous humor also removes waste products and helps maintain the internal chemical environment of the eye.

digital radiography (DR)

is replacing film screen radiography; x-rays strike a plate of sensors that convert the signals generated into digital information and an image on a computer screen. Because of its lower cost and availability, plain radiography is the first-line examination of choice in radiologic diagnosis

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS)

is seen in premature babies whose lungs have not matured enough to produce surfactant. The alveoli collapse, and mechanical ventilation is needed to keep them open.

lactiferous ducts

milk ducts which carry milk from the mammary glands to the nipple

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

is sudden life-threatening lung failure caused by a variety of underlying conditions, from major trauma to sepsis. The alveoli fill with fluid and collapse, and gas exchange is shut down. Hypoxia results. Mechanical ventilation has to be provided. The mortality is from 35% to 50%.

pituitary gland (hypophysis)

is suspended from the hypothalamus. The gland has two components: A large anterior lobe called the adenohypophysis. A smaller posterior lobe called the neurohypophysis neurohypophysis (NYUR-oh-high-POF-ih-sis) Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. .

Color vision

is tested using the Ishihara color system. In the example shown in Figure 16.24, people with red-green color blindness would not be able to detect the number 74 among the colored dots.

Bronchiectasis

is the abnormal dilatation of the small bronchioles due to repeated infections. The damaged, dilated bronchi are unable to clear secretions, so additional infections and more damage can occur.

Aerosol therapy

is the administration of a mist to be breathed into the airway. Nasal pumps deliver aerosol to the nasal passages and sinuses. For inhalation into the lungs, aerosol can be delivered via DPI, MDI, or nebulizer. A DPI allows for the patient to inhale a dry medicated powder into the lungs. An MDI delivers a premeasured puff of medicated mist for oral inhalation. A nebulizer creates an aerosol mist via compressed air. The mist may contain medication or can be composed of sterile water, which can be administered to soothe the upper airway, as in the treatment of croup.

Rhabdomyolysis

is the breakdown of muscle fibers. This releases a protein pigment called myoglobin into the bloodstream. Myoglobin breaks down into toxic compounds that cause kidney failure. Rhabdomyolysis can be caused by muscle trauma; severe exertion (marathon running); alcoholism; and use of cocaine, heroin, amphetamines, or phencyclidine (PCP).

labrum

is the cartilage that forms a rim around the socket of the joint; it cushions the joint and helps keep the head of the femur in place in the socket.

Pulmonary edema

is the collection of fluid in the lung tissues and alveoli. It is most frequently the result of left ventricular failure or mitral valve disease with congestive heart failure (CHF). Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema can result from sepsis, renal failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) (and opiate or barbiturate poisoning.

Iron-deficiency anemia

is the diagnosis for Mrs. Luisa Sosin. In her case, the cause was chronic bleeding from her gastrointestinal tract due to the aspirin and other painkillers she was taking. Her stools were positive for occult blood. Other causes can be heavy menstrual bleeding or a diet deficient in iron.

Pneumothorax

is the entry of air into the pleural cavity ( The cause can be unknown (spontaneous pneumothorax), but it often results from trauma when a fractured rib, knife blade, or bullet lacerates the parietal pleura.

Respiration

is the exchange of gases. Respiration is the transport of O2 from the outside air to tissue cells and the transport of CO2 in the opposite direction.

Esotropia

is the eye turned in toward the nose. In congenital or infantile esotropia, both eyes look in toward the nose—the right eye looks to the left and the left eye looks to the right. These children require surgical intervention.

Blood pressure (BP)

is the force the blood exerts on arterial walls as it is pumped around the circulatory system by the left ventricle.

Hypofractionation is: A.Treatment given in fewer fractions than standard B.The use of very low dose rates C.Treatment given two or more times per day D.Treatments given not according to protocol

is the giving of a much higher dose of radiation per session with greater accuracy and the sparing of normal surrounding tissue. Brand names for these stereotactic radiation therapies include Gamma Knife, Cyberknife, Tomotherapy, and Truebeam.

Erectile dysfunction (impotence)

is the inability to develop or maintain an erection of the penis during sexual activity. The problem can be caused by cardiovascular disease, diabetes, trauma from prostatectomy surgery, drug side effects, potassium deficiency, and psychological reasons.

Night blindness

is the inability to see in poor light. It is a symptom of an underlying problem that can be Uncorrected nearsightedness. Cataracts. Retinitis pigmentosa. Vitamin A deficiency. Glaucoma medications (such as pilocarpine) that constrict the pupil.

Thoracentesis

is the insertion of a needle through an intercostal space to remove fluid from a pleural effusion for laboratory study or to relieve pressure. It is also called a pleural tap.

Testosterone - male

is the major androgen produced by the interstitial cells of the testes. It has the following effects: Sustains the male reproductive tract throughout adulthood. Stimulates spermatogenesis; testosterone levels peak at age 20, and then decline steadily to one-third of that level at age 65. Inhibits the secretion of female hormones at age 65, and continues declining after that age. Stimulates the development of male secondary sex characteristics at puberty. Enlarges the spermatic ducts and accessory glands of the male reproductive system. Stimulates a burst of growth at puberty—including increased muscle mass, higher basal metabolic rate (BMR), and larger larynx (this effect deepens the voice). Stimulates erythropoiesis, giving men a higher red blood cell (RBC) count than women. Stimulates the brain to increase libido (sex drive) in the male.

Retinoblastoma

is the most common cancer in children and is diagnosed most commonly around 18 months of age. Twenty percent have the cancer in both eyes. The condition can be hereditary. Tumors of the skin of the eyelids include the squamous cell and basal cell carcinomas and melanom

Alzheimer disease

is the most common form of dementia. It affects 10% of the population over 65 and 50% of the population over 85. Nerve cells in the areas of the brain associated with memory and cognition are replaced by abnormal clumps and tangles of a protein AWLZ-high-mer diz-EEZ Alois Alzheimer, German neurologist, 1864-1915 Common form of dementia; brain tissue has protein clumps and tangles

Chronic bronchitis

is the most common obstructive disease, due to cigarette smoking or repeated episodes of acute bronchitis. In addition to excess mucus production, cilia are destroyed. A pattern develops, involving chronic cough, sputum production, dyspnea, and recurrent acute infections.

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

is the most common of these demyelination disorders MS is a chronic, progressive disorder. Intermittent myelin damage and scarring slow nerve impulses This leads to muscle weakness, pain, numbness, and vision loss. Because different nerve fibers are affected at different times, MS symptoms often worsen (exacerbations) or show partial or complete reduction (remissions). 18 and 35 years and is more common in women. Its cause is unknown, but it is thought to be an autoimmune disease.

HTN : Primary (essential) hypertension

is the most common type of hypertension. Its etiology is unknown. Its risk factors are: Being overweight Stress Lack of exercise Using tobacco Using alcohol

CErebral PUlsey Spastic CP

is the most common type, occurring in 70% to 80% of all cases. can occur as spastic hemiplegia, spastic diplegia, and spastic quadriplegia.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)

is the most common, occurring in boys, who begin to have difficulty walking around the age of 3. Generalized muscle weakness and atrophy progress, and few live beyond 20 years. There is no effective treatment.

Oral

is the most frequently used, convenient, and economical method of drug administration Solid-dose forms such as tablets and capsules have a high degree of drug stability and provide accurate dosage. The use of liquids and soluble preparations is less reliable. Modified-release preparations aim to maintain plasma drug concentrations for extended periods. If they are chewed or crushed, the full dose is released immediately, leading to toxicity.

Pulmonary circulation

is the only place in the body where deoxygenated blood is carried in arteries and oxygenated blood is carried in veins.

Plantar fasciitis

is the overstretching or tearing of the dense sheet of fascia that supports the arch of the foot. If the plantar fascia is weak, pes planus (flatfoot) can be present.

Osmosis

is the passage of water through a selectively permeable membrane, such as a cell membrane, from the "more watery" side to the "less watery" side. All cells exchange water by osmosis, and red blood cells exchange 100 times their own volume across the cell membrane every second.

route of administration in pharmacology and toxicology

is the path by which a drug or other substance is taken into the body. Routes of administration are usually classified according to the location on the body to which the drug is applied. The routes of administration distinguish whether a drug's effect is local (as in topical) or systemic (as in enteral or parenteral administration).

Acute otitis media (AOM)

is the presence of pus in the middle ear with pain in the ear, fever, and redness of the tympanic membrane. This occurs most often in the first 2 to 4 years of age because: Eustachian tubes in children are shorter and more horizontal than in adults, making it easier for bacteria and viruses to find their way into the middle ear from the nasopharynx. Adenoids at the back of the nasopharynx near the eustachian tubes can block the opening of the eustachian tubes. Children's immune systems are not fully developed until 7 years of age, and they have difficulty fighting infections.

Leukocytosis

is the presence of too many white blood cells. Leukocytosis is defined as a total WBC count of normal cells exceeding 10,000/mm3 due to any cause. Causes of leukocytosis: Neutrophilia, an increase in the number and percentage of neutrophils. This can be due to bacterial infections, for example, appendicitis or bacterial pneumonia. Eosinophilia, an increase in the number of eosinophils. This occurs with allergic reactions or parasitic infection. Basophilia, which occurs when there is an increase in basophils. Basophilia can be caused by allergic reactions or infection due to tuberculosis, chicken pox, and influenza.

Wedge resection

is the removal of a small localized area of diseased lung.

3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT)

is the result of being able to delineate tumors and surrounding normal tissues in three dimensions using CT or MRI scanners and planning software. The profile of each radiation beam and the treatment volume conform to the shape of the tumor, allowing a higher dose of radiation to be delivered to the tumor with a reduced toxicity to the surrounding normal tissues.

testicular torsion MALE

is the twisting of a testis on its spermatic cord. As the testis twists, the spermatic cord has to twist because it is fixed in the abdomen. The testicular artery in the twisted cord becomes blocked, and the blood supply to the testis is cut off. The condition occurs in men between puberty and age 25. In half the cases, it starts in bed at night.

pelvic girdle

is the two hip bones that articulate anteriorly with each other at the symphysis pubis and posteriorly with the sacrum to form the bowl-shaped pelvis. The two joints between the hip bones and the sacrum are the sacroiliac (SI) joints.

Myelography Neurology Diagnostic Procedures in

is the use of x-rays of the spinal cord that are taken after a radiopaque dye has been injected into the CSF by spinal tap. It has been replaced by MRI when that is available.

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

is thrombus formation in a deep vein, often due to reduced blood flow. Risk factors include immobility, surgery, prolonged travel, and contraception (estrogen). The increased pressure in the capillaries due to back pressure from the blocked blood flow in the veins causes an increase in the flow of fluid from the capillaries to the interstitial spaces.

pharmacy technician

is trained to work under the supervision of a pharmacist to provide medications to patients.

Asthma

is triggered by allergens (as listed earlier) and by air pollutants, drugs, and emotions. These all stimulate plasma cells to secrete IgE, which binds to cells in the respiratory mucosa and releases a mixture of histamine and interleukins. Within minutes, the bronchioles constrict spasmodically (bronchospasm), leading to the wheezing and coughing of asthma.

Monospot test

is used to diagnose infectious mononucleosis caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. It detects the presence of antibodies that the body developed in response to external antigens.

Glycosylated hemoglobin (Hb A1c)

is used to monitor plasma glucose control during the preceding 1 to 3 months. It is formed at rates that increase with plasma glucose levels. Normal Hb A1c is less than 6%. In poor control, the value is 9% to 12%. It is also part of a periodic laboratory evaluation.

Thoracotomy

is used to obtain an open biopsy of tissue from the lung, hilum, pleura, or mediastinum. It is performed through an intercostal incision under general anesthesia.

Mediastinoscopy

is used to stage lung cancer and diagnose mediastinal masses. The mediastinoscope is inserted through an incision in the sternal notch.

confusion

kon-FEW-zhun S/-ion action, condition R/confus- bewildered Mental state in which environmental stimuli are not processed appropriately

contagiosum contagious (adj)

kon-TAY-jee-oh-sum Latin to touch closely Infection spread from one person to another by direct contact kon-TAY-jus Able to be transmitted, as infections transmitted from person to person or from person to air or surface to person

cryptorchism (syn: cryptorchidism) MALE

krip-TOR-kizm S/-ism condition P/crypt- hidden R/-orch- testicle Failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum

DNA probe

labeled, single-stranded fragment of DNA used to reveal the presence of a complementary DNA sequence test for Gonorrhea and chlamydia

Diabetes Mellitus

laboratory evaluation. This includes blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (kidney function), lipid profile, electrocardiogram (ECG), and an annual complete ophthalmologic evaluation.

LASIK

laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis; use of a laser to reshape the corneal tissue beneath the surface of the cornea to correct vision disorders treatment for mypoia, hyperopia, etc

Hemolysis

liberates hemoglobin from red blood cells.

Nasopharynx—

located at the back of the nose, above the soft palate and uvula. It is lined with a mucous membrane that includes goblet cells, which produce mucus. Mucus, including any trapped debris, is moved from the nasal cavity through the nasopharynx and swallowed. The posterior surface contains the pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid). Only air moves through this region.

Oropharynx—

located below the soft palate and above the epiglottis. It contains two sets of tonsils called the palatine and lingual tonsils. Air, food, and drink all pass through this region.

Laryngopharynx—

located below the tip of the epiglottis. This is the pathway to the esophagus. During swallowing, the epiglottis shuts off the trachea so that food cannot enter it. Only food and drink pass through the laryngopharynx.

neurotransmitters

located in teh synaptic terminal ..Parasympathetic neurotransmitter that cross the synapse to stimulate or inhibit the receptor on a dendrite of another neuron or the cell of a muscle or gland. Examples of neurotransmitters are: Acetylcholine Norepinephrine Serotonin Dopamine Endorphins

Stridor

loud, high-pitched sound with a musical quality. Associated with constriction of the airways of the upper respiratory tract such as croup.

Pelvis

lower part of the pelvis is formed by the lower ilium, ischium, and pubic bones that surround a short canal-like cavity. This opening is larger in females than males to allow the infant to pass through during childbirth. The outlet from the cavity is spanned by strong muscular layers through which the rectum, vagina, and urethra pass. Muscles anchor the pelvic girdle to the vertebrae and ribs of the axial skeleton

Human normal immunoglobulin (HNIG)

made from the plasma of about 1,000 unselected donors to provide antibodies against hepatitis A, rubella, measles, and other viruses found in the general population.

EAR- MIddle

malleus, incus, stapes, eustachian tube four components: the 1. tympanic membrane, 2. the tympanic cavity, 3. the eustachian tube (auditory) tube, and 4. the ossicles

Muscle soreness

may be a result of vigorous exercise, particularly if your muscles are not used to it. Exercise causes buildup of lactic acid in muscle fibers, and the resulting inflammation of them and their surrounding connective tissue produces soreness.

medulla oblongata

meh-DULL-ah ob-lon-GAH-tah R/medulla middle S/-ata place R/oblong- elongated Most posterior subdivision of the brainstem, continuation of the spinal cord

meiosis

meiosis (my-OH-sis) Two rapid cell divisions, resulting in half the number of chromosomes.

Hearing Process in the Inner Ear.

membrane of the oval window separates the middle ear from the vestibule of the inner ear. From the tympanic membrane the stapes ② moves the oval membrane to generate pressure waves in the fluid inside the cochlea ③. The pressure waves cause vestibular and basilar membranes inside the cochlea to vibrate ④ and sway fine hair cells attached to the basilar membrane ⑤. The hair cells convert this motion into nerve impulses, which travel via the cochlear nerve to the brain. he excess pressure waves in the cochlea escape the inner ear via the round window

amenorhea Secondary

missing 3 or more preriods in a row and is not menopause. Cause: pregnancy, PCOS (ovarian disorder), cetina drugs, etc.

mitosis

mitosis (my-TOH-sis) Cell division to create two identical cells, each with 46 chromosomes.

segmental contractions

mixing contractions that occur in the small intestine in propulsion.

molluscum MALE

moh-LUS-kum Latin soft Soft, round tumor of skin caused by a virus

Neuron

nerve cell receive stimuli and transmit impulses to other neurons or to receptors in the organ Each neuron consists of a cell body and two types of processes or extensions, called axons and dendrites dendrite (DEN-dright) Branched extension of the nerve cell body that receives nervous stimuli.

Pleural rub:

nonmusical sound, often described as a grating or creaking sound. It is caused by the inflamed visceral and parietal pleurae rubbing together, which can occur with pleurisy.

coronary thrombosis

obstruction of a coronary artery by a clot The blood supplied to the cardiac muscle by the artery is reduced. Platelet aggregation can occur on the plaque to form a blood

Flexor tendon injuries

occur as a result of lacerations. Because the flexor tendons lie just beneath the skin on the palmar surfaces of the fingers, they are very susceptible to injury even with a shallow laceration. Even after repair, there can be residual stiffness and limited motion of the fingers.

functions Nervous system - Evaluation and integration

occur in the brain to process the sensory input, initiate a motor response, and store the event in memory.

Mitral valve incompetence

occurs when there is leakage back through the valve as the left ventricle contracts. The left atrium becomes dilated. Again, chronic heart failure results.

Bunions

occur usually at the base of the big toe and are swellings of the bones that cause the metatarsophalangeal joint to be misaligned and stick out medially. This deformity is called hallux valgus

Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)

occur when extra impulses arise from a ventricle.

cryptorchism MALE

occurs when a testis fails to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum before the boy is 12 months old. In the embryo, the testes develop inside the abdomen at the level of the kidney. They must then migrate down the abdomen into the scrotum.

vomiting of "coffee grounds"

occurs when bleeding from an upper GI source has slowed or stopped. blood has been converted into HEMATIN by gastric acids.

Heart block

occurs when interference in cardiac electrical conduction causes the contractions of the atria to fail to coordinate with the contractions of the ventricles.

Hearing loss - conductive hearing loss

occurs when sound is not conducted efficiently through the external auditory canal to the tympanic membrane and the ossicles. Causes include -Middle ear pathology, such as acute otitis media, otitis media with effusion, or a perforated eardrum. -Impacted cerumen. -An infected external auditory canal. -A foreign body in the external canal.

Chronic otitis media (COM)

occurs when the acute infection subsides but the eustachian tube is still blocked. The effusion (fluid) in the middle ear cannot drain out and gradually becomes stickier. This is called chronic otitis media with effusion (OME) and produces hearing loss because the sticky fluid prevents the ossicles from vibrating. You can see the fluid through the otoscope

stroke (also known as a cerebrovascular accident, or CVA)

occurs when the blood supply to a part of the brain is suddenly interrupted and thus brain cells are deprived of oxygen. Some cells die; others are left badly damaged. With timely treatment, the damaged cells can be saved. There are two types of stroke: Ischemic hemorrhagic

Epilepsy: Status epilepticus

occurs when the brain is in a state of persistent seizure. It is defined as one continuous seizure lasting more than 10 minutes or three recurrent seizures without the person regaining consciousness between them. Many physicians believe that 5 minutes in this state is sufficient to damage neurons. Status epilepticus is a medical emergency and requires maintenance of the airway, breathing, and circulation and the intravenous (IV) administration of diazepam and anticonvulsant drugs.

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

occurs when the clotting mechanism is activated simultaneously throughout the cardiovascular system. The trigger is usually a severe bacterial infection. Small clots form and obstruct blood flow into tissues and organs, particularly the kidney, leading to renal failure. As the clotting mechanisms are overwhelmed, severe bleeding occurs.

Achondroplasia

occurs when the long bones stop growing in childhood but the bones of the axial skeleton are not affected This leads to short-stature individuals who are about 4 feet tall. Intelligence and life span are normal. It is caused by a spontaneous gene mutation that then becomes a dominant gene for succeeding generations.

Ejaculation MALE

occurs when the sympathetic nervous system stimulates the smooth muscle of the ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts, and the prostate gland to contract. The seminal vesicles contract so that their fluids join to form semen. The internal urethral sphincter also contracts so that urine cannot enter the urethra and semen cannot enter the bladder.

Incompetence or insufficiency heart valve

occurs when the valve cannot close fully, and blood can regurgitate (flow back) through the valve to the chamber from which it started.

stenosis

occurs when the valve does not open fully, and its opening is narrowed (constricted). Blood cannot flow freely through the valve and accumulates behind the valve.

Peripheral cyanosis

occurs when there is peripheral vasoconstriction. The reduced flow allows hemoglobin to yield more of its O2, leading to increased unoxygenated hemoglobin. Central cyanosis occurs with inadequate blood oxygenation in the lungs as a result of impaired airflow or impaired blood flow through the lungs. Central cyanosis is detected by examining the color of the lips, gums, and tongue.

Congestive heart failure

occurs with the inability of the heart to supply enough cardiac output to meet the body's metabolic needs. The patient shows shortness of breath (SOB) and orthopnea. The most common conditions leading to CHF are: Cardiac ischemia Cardiomyopathy Chronic lung disease Valvular regurgitation Severe hypertension Aortic stenosis

Injections Disadvantages

of IV injections or infusions include the fact that patients are not typically able to self-administer them and the fact that, because it bypasses most of the body's natural defenses, IV is the most dangerous route of administration. Also, the preparation and administration of IV drugs require the use of aseptic techniques. Careful training is necessary to achieve competence in the administration of IV medications.

Partial amputation

of a fingertip is a common type of injury, particularly in people who work with sharp tools (Figure 14.25). This type of wound also produces an open phalangeal fracture.

Genetic testing

of blood or tissues can show the mutations in some of the genes that cause the different types of muscular dystrophy.

Pulmonary exchange

of gases between air in the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries (external respiration).

Open fractures

of hand bones, when the skin is broken and the broken bone penetrates through the break in the skin, can lead to infection of hand tissues.

Fluoroscopic injection

of local anesthetic into the joint can relieve the pain temporarily. Treatment is usually stabilization of the joint with a brace and physical therapy to strengthen the low-back muscles. Occasionally, arthrodesis of the joint is necessary.

dislocation / Shoulder separation

of the acromioclavicular joint, usually due to a fall on the point of the shoulder. The other common injury caused by falling on the point of the shoulder is a fractured clavicle Shoulder dislocation occurs when the ball of the humerus slips out of the socket of the scapula, usually anteriorly.

Extrinsic muscles

of the eyeball are tested by guiding the patient to look in 8 directions (up, up and right, right, down and right, down, down and left, left, left and up) with a moving finger or penlight.

Avascular necrosis

of the femoral head is the necrosis (death) of bone tissue when the blood supply becomes avascular (is cut off), usually as a result of trauma.

Fractures of the neck

of the femur occur as a result of falls, most commonly in elderly women with osteoporosis.

Carcinoma

of the larynx produces a persistent hoarseness. Its incidence peaks in smokers in their fifties and sixties. Treatment can be surgery, radiation, and/or chemotherapy.

Chronic infections

of the lung parenchyma are the result of prolonged exposure to infection or to occupational irritant dusts or droplets. These disorders are called pneumoconioses. Levels of dust inhalation overwhelm the airways' particle-clearing abilities; the dust particles accumulate in the alveoli and parenchyma, leading to fibrosis. Asbestosis from inhaling asbestos particles can lead to a cancer (mesothelioma) in the pleura. Silicosis from inhaling silica particles is called stone mason's lung. Anthracosis from inhaling coal dust particles is called coal miners' lung. Sarcoidosis is an idiopathic fibrotic disorder of the lung parenchyma.

Tendinitis

of the shoulder joint is caused when the rotator cuff and/or biceps tendon becomes inflamed from overuse.

Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord

of the spinal cord is due to a deficiency of vitamin B12. The sensory nerve fibers in the spinal cord degenerate, producing weakness, clumsiness, tingling, and loss of the position sense as to where limbs are. Treatment is injections of vitamin B12.

Medial rotation

of the upper arm bone, the humerus, with the elbow flexed brings the palm of the hand toward the body.

structural abnormalities

of the uterus resp for 20% if infertility Fibroid tumors, uterine polylp and scarring Abnormalities block the sperm from reaching the egg.

1 Malfunctions

of the valves on the right side of the heart are much less common than those of valves on the left side.

occipital lobe

ok-SIP-it-al LOBE S/-al pertaining to R/occipit- back of head lobe Greek lobe Posterior area of cerebral hemispheres located at the back of the head, forms the posterior part of the hemisphere. The occipital lobe interprets visual images and the written word.

thoracic duct

on the left, the largest lymphatic vessel, receives lymph from both sides of the body below the diaphragm and from the left arm, left side of the head, and left thorax. It begins in the abdomen at the level of the second lumbar vertebra (L2) and passes up through the diaphragm and mediastinum to empty into the left subclavian vein

Diagnostic Procedures for Skeletal Disorders

ones are readily visible using x-rays, radiology is a common method to evaluate bone disorders. Radiography, CT scans, and MRI are frequently used to determine the presence of fractures or growths, such as tumors. Arthrohraphy Diagnostic arthroscopy BMD - bone mineral density DEXA dual-energy xray flouroscpy

parietal lobe

pah-RYE-eh-tal LOBE S/-al pertaining to R/pariet- wall lobe Greek lobe Area of brain above the ear located above the ear, is posterior to the frontal lobe. The parietal lobe receives and interprets sensations of pain, pressure, touch, temperature, and body part awareness.

stomach secretes 5

pepsinogen converts HCL to pepsin that breaksdown protien hydrochloric acid breaks down connective tissue and destroys pathogen intrinsic factor absorbs vit b12 in small intestine The mucous/mucin secreted by the stomach protects the stomach lining from the acids and juices. chemical messengers triggers other gastric enzymes

first trimester screening

performed between 11 and 13 weeks of pregnancy and involves an ultrasound and a finger stick blood test testing: HCG, PAPP-A (US of the babies back neck

CAPD (Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis)

performed by the patient at home usually 4/day 7/week A gravity exchange process for peritoneal dialysis in which a bag of dialysis fluid is raised above the level of the abdominal catheter to fill the abdominal catheter to drain out fluids

vasectomy, MALE

performed under local anesthesia, the ductus deferens is pulled through a small incision in the scrotum and cut in two places, a 1-centimeter segment is removed, and the ends are cauterized and tied (Figure 7.15). The procedure to reverse (repair) a vasectomy is called a vasovasostomy.

oral contraceptives

pills containing synthetic hormones that prevent ovulation by regulating hormones Progesterone (progestin) adn Estrogen (ethinyl estradoil)

BPPV Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

presents with short (less than 60 sec) episodes of vertigo occurring with certain head positions due to displacement of otoliths. It is diagnosed clinically and treated with otolith repositioning maneuvers.

Patellar problems

produce pain that is noticed particularly when descending stairs. The force on the patella when descending stairs is about seven times body weight, compared to about two times body weight when ascending stairs.

C-reactive protein (CRP),

produced by the endothelial cells of arteries, when elevated, has been identified as a risk factor for atherosclerosis and CAD.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)

produces a rapid deterioration of mental function with difficulty in coordination of muscle movement. Some cases are linked to the consumption of beef from cattle with mad cow disease (bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or BSE). Damage to the brain is thought to be caused by an abnormal infectious protein called a prion.

Prepatellar bursitis (housemaid's knee)

produces painful swelling over the bursa at the front of the knee and is seen in people who kneel for extended periods of time, such as carpet layers.

women, - osteoporosis

production of the hormone estrogen decreases after menopause, and its protection against osteoclast activity is lost. This leads to fragile, brittle bones. In men, reduction in testosterone has a similar but less marked effect.

PM&R physical medicine and rehabilitation

programs cover a wide spectrum, from prevention of injury in athletes to treating sports-related injuries in sports medicine to coping with complicated multiple trauma.

prostatectomy MALE

pross-tah-TEK-toh-mee S/-ectomy surgical excision R/ prostat- prostate Surgical removal of the prostate

prostatitis MALE

pross-tah-TIE-tis S/-itis inflammation R/prostat- prostate Inflammation of the prostate

Eyelids

protect the eye from foreign objects. They blink to move tears across the surface of the eye and sweep debris away. They close in sleep to keep out visual stimuli. They are covered in the body's thinnest layer of skin. They consist mostly of muscle that fans out from each eyelid onto the forehead and cheek to open and close the eyelids.

scrotum's function MALE

provide a cooler environment for the testes than that inside the body This is because sperm are best produced and stored at a few degrees cooler than the internal body temperature.

sublingual and buccal routes

provide a rich supply of blood vessels through which drugs can be directly absorbed into the systemic circulation. Wafer-based versions of drugs, such as glyceryl trinitrate in the treatment of acute angina pectoris (see Chapter 10), placed under the tongue give rapid responses to their effects.

hospital formulary

provides similar information about the medications the hospital's physicians can prescribe.

hysterosalpingogram

radiographic x-ray image of the uterus and uterine tubes

hysterosalpingography

radiography of the uterus and oviducts after injection of a contrast medium and taken x-ray through the cervix into the uterus and into teh fallopian tubes CAn confirm ligation of the tubes and infertility causes

common iliac vein

receives blood from the internal and external iliac veins and returns blood to the inferior vena cava The deep veins form the femoral vein. They join together with veins from the pelvis to form the common iliac vein.

right lymphatic duct

receives lymph from the right arm, right side of the thorax, and right side of the head and drains into the right subclavian vein

Peak flow meter

records the greatest flow of air that can be sustained for 10 milliseconds (msec) on forced expiration, the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR). It is of value in following the course of asthma and, in postoperative care, in monitoring the return of lung function after anesthesia.

Glucocorticosteroids

reduce airway inflammation in asthma, providing improvement in symptoms. These medications can be inhaled into the nose to decrease swelling due to allergies. Oral inhalation is the means by which these medications are inhaled into the lungs to treat conditions such as COPD and asthma. In COPD the response is poor, but is improved when given with a long-acting ß2-receptor agonist. Symbicort and Advair are examples of medications that are combinations of LABAs and glucocorticosteroids. These formulations are available for oral inhalation into the lungs.

Anticoagulants

reduce susceptibility to thrombus formation. These include aspirin, warfarin (Coumadin), heparin and a low molecular weight heparin named dalteparin (Fragmin), and new thrombin inhibitors (see Chapter 11) such as dabigatran etexilate (Pradaxa) and rivaroxaban (Xarelto).

resection MALE

ree-SEK-shun S/-ion action P/re- back R/-sect- cut off Removal of a specific part of an organ or structure

reproductive reproduction (noun) MALE

ree-pro-DUC-tiv S/-ive nature of, pertaining to P/re- again R/-product- lead forth Relating to the process by which organisms produce offspring ree-pro-DUC-shun S/-ion action, process The process by which organisms produce offspring

Creates three-dimensional images of a lesion for accurate insertion of a needle:

stereotactic-guided biopsy

mentrual cycle

regular sequence of events in which an egg develops and is released from the body the developing ovarian follicles mature and one of them ovulates around day 14. Fimbriae of the uterine tube envelope the ovaries and carries the ovum to the uterine tube by the mother heartbeat. 28 days in length, 3-5 days after is recognized as the start. follicular phase-2 week menstruation ends as the uterus starts to replace the endometrial tissue lost during menstruation

reticulum

reh-TIK-you-lum S/-um structure R/reticul- fine net Fine network of cells in the medulla oblongata reticular (adj) reh-TIK-you-lar S/-ar pertaining to Pertaining to the reticulum

scarring of uterine tubes

responsible for 30% of female infertility. ie. endometriosis scarring blocks sperm from reaching the egg.

Restorative rehabilitation

restores a function that has been lost, such as after a hip fracture, hip replacement, or stroke. This process can be intense, but it's also usually short term.

Meniscus injuries

result from a twist to the knee. Pain and locking are the result of the torn meniscus flipping in and out of the joint as it moves. Because loss of a meniscus leads to arthritic changes, repair of the meniscus, as in Gail's case, rather than removal is preferred. Removal of a meniscus is a meniscectomy.

ammonia

results from amino acid breakdown extremely toxic to cells liver turns it into less toxic urea then excretes it form the body in the form of urine

bioavailability of a drug

reveals what proportion of the drug reaches the systemic blood circulation and is available to reach the intended site(s) of action. A drug's route of administration (for example, oral or intravenous [IV]) and its formulation (for example, tablet, capsule, or liquid) clearly influence its bioavailability.

Secretion

secretiosn that lubricate, liquefy and digest the food. Mucus lubricates water liquefies Enzymes digests

ingestion

selective intake of food

seminoma MALE

sem-ih-NOH-mah S/-oma tumor, mass R/semin- scatter seed Neoplasm of germ cells of a testis

Semen MALE

semen (SEE-men) Penile ejaculate containing sperm and seminal fluid. 5% comes from the testicles and epididymis. 50% to 80% comes from the seminal vesicles. 15% to 33% comes from the prostate gland. 2% to 5% comes from the bulbourethral glands.

cerebellum

ser-eh-BELL-um S/-um structure R/cerebell- little brain The most posterior area of the brain.

circumcision

ser-kum-SIZH-un S/-ion process, action P/circum- around R/-cis- to cut To remove part or all of the prepuce

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs):Panic Disorder

sertraline (Zoloft) paroxetine (Paxil) fluvoxamine (Luvox) Reduce frequency of attacks Reduce intensity of panic Take 2 weeks to produce effe

Arteries - The functions of the medium-

sized and smaller arteries are to regulate the blood supply to the different regions of the body and to ensure that the blood pressure in the arteries is at an appropriate level. The tunica media of these arteries contains 25 to 40 layers of smooth muscle to enable the muscles to contract (vasoconstriction) and to relax (vasodilation) to increase flow.

cancer

small intestine ca occur more frequently than GI ca. adenocarcinoma malignant tumor

somatic

soh-MAT-ik S/-ic pertaining to R/somat- body Pertaining to a division of the peripheral nervous system serving the skeletal muscles

cerbral palsy -Classification by Movement Disorder

spastic diplegia: The classifications of movement disorder and number of limbs involved are combined Spastic—pertaining to tight muscles that are resistant to being stretched. They can become overactive when used and produce clonic movements. Athetoid—pertaining to difficulty in controlling and coordinating movements, leading to involuntary writhing movements in constant motion. Ataxic—pertaining to a poor sense of balance and depth perception, leading to a staggering walk and unsteady hands.

Purkinje fibers, Purkinje network

specialized conductive fibers located within the walls of the ventricles. fibers in the ventricles that transmit impulses to the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract

Hyperimmune

specific immunoglobulins are made from selected donors and provide antibodies individually against hepatitis B, varicella zoster, rabies, tetanus, and cytomegalovirus.

after meiosis the 4 sister cells split into :

spermatids

Spermatocele MALE

spermatocele (SPER-mat-oh-seal) SPER-mat-oh-seal S/-cele cave, swelling R/CFspermat/o- sperm Cyst of the epididymis that contains sperm.

Premature Rupture of Membranes (PROM)

spontaneous rupture of the amniotic sac and leakage of amniotic fluid beginning before the onset of labor at any gestational age occurs 10% or pregnancies

spongiosum MALE

spun-jee-OH-sum S/-um structure R/spongios- sponge Spongelike tissue

Creates three-dimensional images of a leasion of accurate insertion nof a needle

stereotactic guided biopsy

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

stimulates secretion of ovarian sex hormones, development of ovarian follicles, and sperm production Controlled by GnRH Estrogen and Progesterone

which type of incontienece caused by weak bladder

stree incontenance

Nerve conduction

studies are used to measure the speed at which motor or sensory nerves conduct impulses and also can show problems at the neuromuscular junction; for example, in myasthenia gravis.

Nerve conduction Neurology Diagnostic Procedures in

studies measure the speed at which motor or sensory nerves conduct impulses. The studies exclude disorders of the brain, spinal cord, and muscles and focus on the peripheral nerves

Stimulants

such as dextroamphetamine (Adderal, Dexedrene) and methylphenidate (Ritalin, Metylin) are used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and are also available in long-acting formats.

Rotation tests,

such as head rotation or a computerized rotary chair, also measure associated eye movements using electrodes or goggles to determine how well the balance organs are functioning.

Meds for Inhaled anesthetics

such as isoflurane act similarly to, but are more powerful than, sedatives.

Hemoglobinopathies,

such as sickle cell disease and thalassemia, with their inherited abnormal hemoglobins, also cause hemolysis of RBCs. Hemolysis also can occur through incompatible blood transfusions or maternal-fetal incompatibilities (see Lesson 11.5). Jaundice is a complication.

Acute Glomerulonephritis (AGN)

sudden occurance -inflammation of glomeruli due to an autoimmune attack on the kidneys allowing protein and RBC to leak into the urine strepticoccus bacteria SYMPTOMS-proteinuria , hematuria , edema, renal failure is possible; TREATMENT-decrease BP, antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs

mypopia treatment

surgical procedure radial keratotomy In flattening the cornea, it can correct myopia (nearsightedness) and astigmatism (uneven curvature of the cornea) and alter the outer edges of the cornea to correct hypermetropia (farsightedness).

Calporrhaphy

suture of ruptured vagina

hemorrhoids

swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region thrombosed hemorrhoids (clotted blood) are very painful

cervical biopsy

taking a sample of tissue from the cervix to test for the presence of cancer cells

accessory organs consists of:

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

teratoma MALE

ter-ah-TOH-mah S/-oma tumor, mass R/terat- monster, malformed fetus Neoplasm of a testis or ovary containing multiple tissues from other sites in the body

Impaired intellect/memory

that is present for at least six months is called dementia. The cognitive functions that are affected include decision making, judgment, memory, thinking, reasoning, and verbal communication. Dementia is not a normal part of aging, but advancing age is the greatest risk factor. More than 5 million people aged 65 and older have dementia and more than 500,000 people under 65 have early-onset dementia.

radioactive iodine (I-131) therapy,

the I-131 is taken orally and absorbed into the bloodstream from the GI tract. From the blood, it is concentrated by the thyroid gland, where it destroys cells in that organ and is used to treat thyroid cancer, thyroid nodules, and hyperthyroidism. Common nuclear medicine therapies treat lymphoma, neuroendocrine tumors, and palliative bone pain. Implanted capsules of isotopes (brachytherapy) are used for such cancers as prostate and breast cancer.

rales rale (RAHL)

the chest, the air bubbling through abnormal fluid in the alveoli and small bronchioles (as in pulmonary edema) produces a noise called Crackle heard through a stethoscope when air bubbles through liquid in the lungs. Plural rales. .

hydronephrosis

the dilation (swelling) of one or both kidneys

hysterscopy

the direct visual examination of the interior of the uterus and fallopian tubes

hypothenar eminence

the fleshy mass at the base of the little finger

Pia mater —

the innermost layer of the meninges, attached to the surface of the brain and spinal cord. It supplies nerves and blood vessels that nourish the outer cells of the brain and spinal cord.

Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) block

the interaction between angiotensin and the angiotensin receptors on the muscles in the wall of blood vessels, allowing blood vessels to dilate. They are used when patients are unable to tolerate ACE inhibitors because of persistent cough or, more rarely, angioedema.

Meds for Buprenorphine— OPIOD addiction

the most commonly prescribed medication to treat opioid addiction—is an important strategy to combat the opioid addiction epidemic occurring in the United States. It is a controlled substance (see Chapter 22) and there are strict federal regulations on the qualifications of physicians allowed to prescribe it

Blood coagulation—

the process beginning with the production of molecules that make prothrombin and thrombin and finishing with the formation of a blood clot that traps blood cells, platelets, and tissue fluid in a network of fibrin After a blood clot forms, platelets adhere to strands of fibrin and contract to pull the fibers closer together. As the blood clot shrinks, it pulls the edges of the broken blood vessel together. Fibroblasts invade the clot to produce a fibrous connective tissue that seals the blood vessel.

Viscosity,

the resistance of a fluid to flow, is an important element that affects the blood's ability to flow through blood vessels. Whole blood is five times as viscous as water. If the viscosity decreases because red blood cells are deficient (as in anemia), blood flows more easily and puts a strain on the heart because of the increased amount of blood being returned to it in a unit of time.

Visual acuity,

the sharpness and clearness of vision, is tested for each eye with the opposite eye covered with a solid object. For distance vision, patients look at a Snellen letter chart 20 feet away and vision is recorded as the smallest line in which the patient can read half of the letters. For near vision, the patient reads a standard Jaeger reading card at a distance of 14 inches.

older - Imparements

the so-called Geriatric Giants) include: immobility instability incontinence impaired intellect/memory

endothelium

the specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs

percutaneous nephrolithotomy

the surgical removal of a nephrolith through a small incision in the back nephroscope os inserted through teh skin and into the kidney to locate and remove the stone

modified radical mastectomy

the surgical removal of the entire breast and all of the axillary lymph nodes under the adjacent arm muscle left intact

Macrophages.

these cells develop from monocytes that have migrated from blood. They ingest and destroy tissue debris, bacteria, and other foreign matter (phagocytosis).

tunica vaginalis - male

thin membrane that was removed to see testis; houses testicle which has an outer parietal layer and an inner visceral layer separated by serous fluid.

Coughing

triggered by irritants in the respiratory tract. You close the glottis and contract the muscles of expiration to develop high pressure in the lower tract. Then you suddenly open the glottis to release an explosive blast of air. The irritants can be cigarette smoke (as with Mr. Jacobs), infection, or tumors (as in lung cancer). A productive cough produces sputum that can be swallowed or expectorated. Bloody sputum is called hemoptysis. Thick, yellow (purulent) sputum indicates infection. A nonproductive cough is dry and hacking. Abnormal amounts of expectorated clear mucus are called phlegm.

ureteroscopy

ureteroscope pass through teh urethra and bladder into the ureter. treatment for a nephrolith lodged in the ureter

prostate and urethra - male

urologic and reproductive functions, as the flow of urine and semen goes through both organs. Disorders of the prostate and urethra produce symptoms and signs that arise in both areas. This makes it essential to have knowledge of their anatomy, physiology, and terminology to be able to understand both functions.

Thallium-201,

used for myocardial perfusion scans in stress tests.

Technetium-99m,

used in 85% of all nuclear medicine imaging including for bone scans, liver scans, renal function studies, labeling of red blood cells, and use as a gas/aerosol.

Immunodiagnostics

uses an antigen-antibody reaction as a diagnostic tool; an antigen is used to detect antibodies to a pathogen; an antibody is used to detect an antigen of a pathogen in a patient's specimen. Very small amounts of biochemical substances can be detected when antibodies specific for a desired antigen are conjugated with a radiolabel, fluorescent label, or a color-forming enzyme and used as a "probe" to detect it.

Intubation

uses an oropharyngeal airway in the unconscious patient during bag-and-mask ventilation to maintain an open airway. A tube is inserted to prevent the tongue from falling back to obstruct the airway and facilitates suctioning the airway.

Postural drainage therapy (PDT)

uses gravity to promote drainage of secretions from lung segments by positioning and tilting the patient. Chest percussion (tapping) can help loosen, mobilize, and drain the retained secretions.

Color Doppler ultrasonography Neurology Diagnostic Procedures in

uses high-frequency sound (ultrasound) waves to show different rates of blood flow through the arteries of the neck or the base of the brain. This evaluates TIAs and the risk of a full-blown stroke.

Retinal cryopexy (cryotherapy)

uses intense cold to have the same effects as the heat of photocoagulation.

Interventional radiology (IR)

uses minimally invasive procedures both for diagnostic purposes (e.g., angiogram) and for treatment (e.g., angioplasty). X-ray images are used for guidance, and the basic instruments used are needles and catheters. The images provide a road map to enable the instruments to be guided to the areas containing disease for diagnosis and for treatment. Benefits from these procedures include short recovery time, shortened hospital stays, reduced infection rates, and reduced costs.

Prostatitis is TREATMENT MALE

usually a bacterial infection and requires treatment with appropriate antibiotics.

Hip pointer,

usually a football-related injury, is a blow to the rim of the pelvis that leads to bruising of the bone and surrounding tissues.

Bacterial vaginosis

vaginosis (vah-jih-NOH-sis) Any disease of the vagina. is the most common cause of vaginitis in women of childbearing age. In bacterial vaginosis, the different types of invading bacteria outnumber the normal bacteria of the vagina. The main symptom is an abnormal vaginal discharge with a fishlike odor. Diagnosis is made by laboratory examination of a specimen taken by vaginal swab.

Contraception Surgical Methods

vasectomy tubal ligation (performed with laparoscopy. both uterine tubes are cut and a segment is removed, ends ar cauterized. failure 1%

Larynx

voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords

hematemesis

vomiting bright red blood indicating upper GI source

vulvodynia

vul-voh-DIN-ee-uh S/-dynia pain R/CFvulv/o- vulva Chronic vulvar pain

STD: Molluscum contagiosum

wart-like growths that look like small pimples filled with kernels of corn TX: podophyllin ointment or liquid nirtogen and laser surgery

computed tomography (CT) scanner

was produced at EMI Labs in England in 1972. EMI owned the rights to the Beatles music, and their profits funded the research. CT scans use x-rays in conjunction with computer algorithms to produce a computer-generated cross-sectional image (tomogram) in the axial plane. From these images, the computer can reconstruct coronal and sagittal images. Radiocontrast agents can be used with CT to enhance the delineation of anatomy. CT scans have become the test of choice in diagnosing some emergency conditions such as cerebral hemorrhage, pulmonary embolism , aortic dissection , and kidney stones and in identifying small lung cancers . Unfortunately, CT scans expose the patient to much more ionizing radiation than does an x-ray.

lactiferous sinus

where milk accumulates during nursing released through teh nipple

Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, and several other trade names),

which acts by inhibiting both the COX enzymes, essential elements in the enzyme pathways involved in pain, inflammation, and fever. It is taken orally, but in 2009 an injectable form of ibuprofen (Caldolor) was approved for use. In some studies, ibuprofen has been associated with the prevention of Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, but further studies are needed. -NSAID used for Muscular TX

Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs

which also are called nonprescription drugs, are used to treat conditions that do not generally require care or a prescription from a health professional. Examples of these drugs include analgesics, such as aspirin or acetaminophen; antihistamines, such as Chlor-Trimeton and Dramamine; and some sleeping aids, such as doxylamine (an antihistamine) and melatonin. In addition, herbal preparations, vitamins, minerals, and food supplements are available without a prescription.

Allergies,

which are reactions to environmental antigens such as pollens, molds, and dusts; to foods such as peanuts, shellfish, and eggs; to plants such as poison ivy; to sunlight (Figure 12.8); and to drugs such as penicillin, as well as asthmatic reactions to inhaled antigens (see following text).

Ascending aorta,

which gives rise to the coronary circulation. Right and left coronary arteries branch from it to supply the myocardium.

Aortic arch

which has three main branches: Brachiocephalic artery, a short artery that divides into two arteries: Right common carotid artery, which supplies the right side of the head, brain, and neck. Right subclavian artery, which supplies the right upper limb. Left common carotid artery, which supplies the left side of the head, brain, and neck. The right and left common carotid arteries divide into two branches: The internal carotid artery, which enters the cranial cavity through a foramen in the base of the skull and supplies the brain. The external carotid artery, which supplies the neck and face. Left subclavian artery, which supplies the left upper limb.

Abdominal aorta,

which has two major groups of branches: --Visceral branches that supply the abdominal organs: Celiac trunk, which supplies the stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen. Superior mesenteric artery, which supplies the small intestine and part of the large intestine. Paired gonadal arteries, which supply the testes or ovaries. --Four pairs of lumbar arteries that supply the abdominal wall.

thoracic aorta artery

which has two major groups of branches: Visceral branches—small bronchial arteries that supply the bronchi and bronchioles (see Chapter 13), the esophagus, and the pericardium. Parietal branches—intercostal arteries that supply the chest wall and a phrenic artery that supplies the diaphragm.

Cytostatics,

which inhibit cell division. Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan), a nitrogen mustard alkylating agent, is probably the most potent immunosuppressant. Methotrexate, an antimetabolite, interferes with the synthesis of nucleic acids and is used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Azathioprine (Imuran) is the main immunosuppressive cytotoxic substance and is used to control transplant rejection reactions.

Dabigatran etexilate (Pradaxa) and rivaroxaban (Xarelto)

which inhibit the synthesis of thrombin and are given by mouth to reduce the risk of embolism and stroke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (see Chapter 10). Idarucizumab (Praxbind injection) is available for patients using Pradaxa when reversal of its anticoagulant effects is needed for emergency surgery, for urgent procedures, or in life-threatening or uncontrolled bleeding

Parenteral administration,

which literally means not through the GI tract, is the injection of a drug directly into the body that bypasses the skin and mucous membranes.

implantable cardioverter/defibrillator (ICD),

which senses abnormal rhythms and gives the heart a small electrical shock to return the rhythm to normal.

Left common carotid artery, part of the aortic arch

which supplies the left side of the head, brain, and neck. The right and left common carotid arteries divide into two branches: The internal carotid artery, which enters the cranial cavity through a foramen in the base of the skull and supplies the brain. The external carotid artery, which supplies the neck and face.

Glucocorticoids

which suppress cell-mediated immunity and protect through T-cells and macrophages, and by stimulating cells to secrete cytokines.

Varicose veins can be treated

with laser technology and sclerotherapy, where solutions that scar (sclerose) the veins are injected into them.

Pituitary tumors present

with symptoms that lead to a complete medical history and physical examination, blood and urine tests, and x-rays.

Antidepressants

work by affecting neurotransmitters, especially serotonin and norepinephrine, and classes of these medications include: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), with generic and brand names fluoxetine (Prozac), fluoxamine (Luvox), paroxeline (Paxil), and sertraline (Zoloft). Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), with generic and brand names veriafaxine (Effexor), milnacipran (Dalcipran), and duloxetine (Cymbalta). Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), with generic names amitriptyline, protryptyline, clomipramine, imipramine, and trimipramine. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), with generic and brand names isocarboxazid (Marplan), phenelzine (Nardil), selegiline (Ensam), and tranylcypromine (Parnate).