HKIN 231 FINAL EXAM - CONNECT
According to cognitive appraisal models, an athlete's behavioral response to injury is a result of: Multiple Choice A. personal and situational factors influencing cognitive appraisal B. cognitive appraisal influencing personal and situational factors C. cognitive appraisal influencing emotional reactions D. both a and c E. both b and c
D. both a and c
At some weight loss clinics, pounds to lose are determined for each week, this is an example of which intervention? Multiple Choice A. social support B. stage-specific interventions C. verbal persuasion D. goal setting
D. goal setting
When can athletes stop psychological skills training? Multiple Choice A. at the end of the season B. when the coach feels they no longer need it C. when they have completed the training program D. none of the above
D. none of the above
All of these statements are true EXCEPT for: Multiple Choice A. exercise groups decreased depression scores compared to control groups B. exercise is associated with a moderate reduction in risk of developing depression C. exercise training can reduce signs or symptoms of depression to a degree comparable to antidepressant drugs D. when trying to decrease depression, we know the optimal dose-response for exercise prescription
D. when trying to decrease depression, we know the optimal dose-response for exercise prescription
Warning signs of eating disorder include: Multiple Choice A. avoidance of team social functions involving food B. eating very little food at social functions C. decrease in energy level and ability to concentrate D. visits to the bathroom after meals E. all of the above
E. all of the above
Which of the following is not a major issue related to athlete referral? Multiple Choice A. substance abuse B. identity issues C. eating disorders D. anger and aggression E. social skills
E. social skills
An athlete who is facing a rough competitive situation and who experiences mild to moderate anxiety, fear, and negative self-talk is likely to need a referral to a licensed psychologist. T/F?
F
As competition nears the sport psychologist should emphasize the one correction that will lead to the greatest improvement in performance. T/F?
F
Every athlete should be required to use a pre-competition or competition readying procedure. T/F?
F
Exercise as an intervention for improving mental health is not biologically based and is therefore easier to describe through cognitive theories. T/F?
F
Male athletes do not experience eating disorders. T/F?
F
The integrated coping response combines arousal activation with stress-inducing self-statements. T/F?
F
Thought stopping is the same thing as absence of self-talk. T/F?
F
Unlike personality traits, mood states do not influence injury risk. T/F?
F
Won-loss records accounted for more variance in player attitudes toward the coach than did differences in coaching behaviours. T/F?
F
Cognitive self-talk becomes shorter, less frequent, and shifts from a focus on mechanics to strategies and optimal feelings as skills become more automatic and mastered. t/f?
T
Exercise is associated with reduced state anxiety. t/f?
T
Imagery can be used for pain management. T/F?
T
Mental toughness is an unshakable belief in your ability to achieve your goals. T/F?
T
Performance enhancement may be of limited value if the athlete's life is a jumble of serious confusion or conflict. T/F?
T
Researchers have shown that it is possible to reduce sports injuries through psychological skills training. T/F?
T
Self-regulation theory suggests that one way in which people form a representation of their injury on the basis of general information available about the injury may explain the reaction of the injured athlete. T/F?
T
There has been a great degree of coach involvement in youth sports over the last decade. T/F?
T
There is a direct correlation between self-confidence and success. T/F?
T
Walking has been shown to decrease cognitive decline in older adults. T/F?
T
What is the ideal length of time for an athlete's first exposure to a formal mental skills training program? Multiple Choice a. 4 to 6 months b. 2 to 6 months c. 3 to 6 months d. 6 to 8 months
c. 3 to 6 months
In the attention control reading, Nideffer describes the components of "choking" as: a. increased physiological arousal leading to an involuntary narrowing of an individual's attention b. increased physiological arousal leading to an internal focus of attention c. both a and b
c. both a and b
A motivational climate which defines success in terms of self-improvement, task mastery, and exhibiting maximum effort and dedication is: Multiple Choice a. achievement goal climate b. id-oriented climate c. mastery climate d. ego-oriented climate
c. mastery climate
All are true of someone with an optimistic explanatory style EXCEPT for: A. view errors as temporary and atypical b. view successes as indicative of one's true ability c. view teammates as largely responsible for one's success d. believe this success will likely generalize to other events
c. view teammates as largely responsible for one's success
Coaching behaviors are measured by Smoll and Smith's: Multiple Choice a. Multidimensional Behavior Analysis b. Coaching Evaluative Questionnaire c. Instructor Functional Analysis d. Coaching Behavior Assessment System
d. Coaching Behavior Assessment System
We can use our self-talk to: a. change bad habits b. control attention c. improve our mood d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Which of the following is believed to be a mechanism that produces negative self talk? a. sub-conscious processing b. overactivity in the left hemisphere c. number of repetitions d. irrational beliefs
d. irrational beliefs
Who should be conducting psychological skills training programs? Multiple Choice a. coaches c. parents d. sport psychologist e. all of the above
d. sport psychologist
What is meant by the concept "referring in"? Multiple Choice A. athlete, sport psychologist, and licensed psychologist initially meet together B. athlete is referred to a licensed psychologist who has a contract with the sport governing body C. the athlete is referred to a licensed psychologist but continues to work with the sport psychologist on performance enhancement issues D. none of the above
A. athlete, sport psychologist, and licensed psychologist initially meet together
All the below are stages in the transtheoretical model of change EXCEPT for: Multiple Choice A. goal setting B. pre contemplation C. contemplation D. maintenance E. action
A. goal setting
Each of the below is a potential problem that faces the sport psychology consultant EXCEPT for: Multiple Choice A. knowing the sport too well B. overcoming athletes reluctant to participate in mental skills training C. gaining trust of the athletes D. making sure athletes systematically practice their mental skills E. lack of time spent with individual athlete in a team setting
A. knowing the sport too well
Good coaches and sport psychology consultants: Multiple Choice A. teach and lead by example B. emulate their successful mentors C. listen and lead by example D. none of the above
A. teach and lead by example
_____ is known as maintaining the behavior over time and across certain situations. Multiple Choice A. Long term maintenance B. Generalization C. Dedicated learning D. Finding "the zone"
B. Generalization
_____ serve as immediate regulators of human behaviour, providing direction, mobilizing effort, and fostering persistence. Multiple Choice A. Motivation B. Goals C. Self-efficacy D. Antecedents
B. Goals
Research issues in exercise behaviour include all of the following EXCEPT: Multiple Choice A. poorly validated measures B. lack of interest in this area of research C. relying on self-reports D. limited use of statistical procedures
B. lack of interest in this area of research
As Rebecca prepares for her swim meet, she focuses on what she wants to do while swimming. Rebecca is most focused on what? A. outcome cues B. process cues C. preparation cues D. none of the above
B. process cues
Which statement about eating disorders is FALSE? Multiple Choice A. have historically been considered a female concern B. occur more in athletes whose coaches dwell on body appearance C. manifest quite similarly in males and females D. a central feature is often a disturbance in body image
C. manifest quite similarly in males and females
Athletic trainers play a crucial role in the rehabilitation process for injured athletes, because in addition to helping athletes rehab their injury, athletic trainers: Multiple Choice A. provide monetary support B. push athletes to return to sport prematurely C. provide listening support D. relay messages to other teammates
C. provide listening support
Which of the following needs to be taken into consideration for deciding whether or not to issue a referral? Multiple Choice A. How long has the problem existed? B. What is the severity of the issue? C. How does the issue relate to other factors in the person's life? D. all of the above are referral indicators
D. all of the above are referral indicators
When there is not adequate time or commitment for a comprehensive training program it is better to? Multiple Choice A. emphasize a few skills B. prioritize objectives C. superficially work on all skills needed D. both a and b
D. both a and b
"No pain, no gain" is an useful belief for athletes to employ in the rehabilitation process. T/F?
F
According to Nideffer and Sagal, centering is the process of focusing your attention on one specific activity. T/F?
F
According to research by Tracy, depression is the most common emotion one week post-injury T/F?
F
According to the transtheoretical model, individuals in the precontemplation stage are not thinking about starting an exercise program. T/F?
T
The cognitive variable with the most support as a determinant for an active lifestyle is _____. Multiple Choice A. self-determination B. self-confidence C. self-efficacy D. self-control
C. self-efficacy
According to the Andersen and Williams stress and injury model, injuries can be reduced by: Multiple Choice A. stress management skills B. more positive cognitive appraisal C. improving attentional focusing D. all of the above E. both a and b
D. all of the above
Which of these is a strategy to stay centered? A. attentional cues/triggers B. turning failure into success C. brain biofeedback Incorrect D. all of the above
D. all of the above
Which of the below, if any, are NOT an example of an irrational belief. a. pessimism b. blaming c. catastrophizing d. personalization
a. pessimism
Using a trigger word or image to stop negative self-statements is called: a. thought stoppage b. attentional narrowing c. tunnel vision d. peripheral narrowing e. switching to positive
a. thought stoppage
Which of the following strategies is best for regaining concentration once it has been lost? A. attentional cues and triggers B. turning failure into success C. electrodermal feedback D. none of the above
A. attentional cues and triggers
Which psychological skill is a foundation skill? Multiple Choice A. interpersonal skills B. optimal attention C. self-awareness D. all of the above
C. self-awareness
______ is based on the concept that ease in skillful competitive performance is unconsciously conditioned by the external and internal stimuli that surround athletes during practice. a. Dress rehearsal b. Concentration c. Arousal set d. Mental training
a. Dress rehearsal
What are two internal dimensions of attention coined by Nideffer? a. perform and assess b. rehearse and analyze c. assess and rehearse d. analyze and perform
b. rehearse and analyze
Which of the following professional would be useful to have in a consultant's professional network? Multiple Choice A. nutritionist B. sport medicine specialist C. biomechanist D. exercise physiologist E. all of the above
E. all of the above
According to research with the CBAS, coach likeability was very dependent on won/loss record. T/F?
F
Chronic exercise has been known to reduce state anxiety, and acute exercise has been known to reduce depression and increase self-esteem. t/f?
F
Even though confidentiality is important, the therapist should still report what happened in each session to the coach of the athlete. T/F?
F
A principle(s) that underlies the application of Attention Control Training to performance enhancement: a. under optimal conditions the average person can meet the concentration demands of performance b. assess focusing strengths and weaknesses c. imagine success in focusing attention d. use relaxation interventions and minimize distractions
a. under optimal conditions the average person can meet the concentration demands of performance
When should psychological skills be practiced with physical skills? Multiple Choice a. after the first game b.after the first practice c. whenever mental skills are strong d. as soon as possible
d. as soon as possible
There are "do's" and "don'ts" when dealing with eating disorders. The Don'ts are: Multiple Choice A. get help and advice from a specialist B. emphasize the importance of good long-term nutrition C. recommend weight loss in order to improve performance D. hold team weigh-ins E. both c and d
E. both c and d
Choking can usually be prevented without providing some external intervention. T/F?
F
The following are ways to assess the efficacy of a coach-training program with the exception of: Multiple Choice a. survey the athlete's evaluation pre- and post-season b. analyze if it has a theoretical/empirical foundation c. ascertain how opposing coaches react to coaches who received training d. measure its effects on attitudes and behaviors of the trained coaches
c. ascertain how opposing coaches react to coaches who received training
Ben takes the Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style and gets a high score on the OET scale. This means a. he has good environmental awareness and assessment b. he has errors due to a failure to shift attention from external to internal or vice versa c. he has errors because he focuses on irrelevant external stimuli d. he can remain oriented on tasks and avoid distractions
c. he has errors because he focuses on irrelevant external stimuli
Dress rehearsal is helpful for an athlete because it: a. enables the athlete to be less distracted by novel competition stimuli b. allows athletes to be comfortable in their competition uniform c. none of the above - actually it's not helpful d. a and b
d. a and b
The four sources of efficacy information that can be manipulated in interventions are: Multiple Choice A. performance accomplishments, vicarious experiences, verbal persuasion, physiological/psychological states B. vicarious experiences, verbal persuasion, media, self-efficacy C. self-efficacy, performance accomplishments, physiological/psychological states, changing behaviour D. none of the above
A. performance accomplishments, vicarious experiences, verbal persuasion, physiological/psychological states
Correlates of physical activity include: Multiple Choice A. present environments B. social pressure C. personal expectations D. decreases risk of heart disease
A. present environments
According to behavior modification, the key to behavior modification lies in the identification of: Multiple Choice A. target behaviour B. detrimental factors C. the X factor D. reinforcements
A. target behaviour
Which of the following specific athlete-related issues would the sport psychologist generally be MOST likely to handle without referral to outside professional counseling? Multiple Choice A. eating disorders B. anxiety C. sexual orientation, sexuality, and homophobia D. alcohol and substance abuse
B. anxiety
According to research investigating the stress and injury model, who is least likely to incur an athletic injury? Multiple Choice A. John who has low social support B. Harry who has high daily hassles C. Dick who is a sensation seeker D. David who has high life event stress E. all are at risk of injury Incorrect
C. Dick who is a sensation seeker
This is shown to decrease after exercising: Multiple Choice A. fatigue B. self-esteem C. anxiety D. endorphins
C. anxiety
If an athlete refuses to see another mental health professional, the performance enhancement practitioner should: Multiple Choice A. stop working with the athlete because the professional relationship is damaged B. tell the coach and team because their safety might be threatened C. continue helping the athlete with performance concerns D. start helping the athlete with the issue for which referral was suggested
C. continue helping the athlete with performance concerns
What factors outside the psychological realm that influence performance should sport psychology consultants first understand? Multiple Choice A. physiological conditioning B. biomechanics C. equipment D. all of the above
D. all of the above
Thought stoppage and cognitive restructuring can be conceptualized as: Multiple Choice A. metacognition B. cognitive imagery C. cognitive bickering D. self-talk
D. self-talk
According to the transtheoretical model of change, mediators of behavioral change (adopting exercise) are self-efficacy, decisional balance (pros and cons), and processes of change. T/F?
T
The narrowing and internal focus associated with choking can result in: a. impaired timing b. loss of coordination c. fatigue c. all of the above d. a and b
c. all of the above
With respect to sexual orientation and homophobia, which is often the primary issue (as mentioned in the chapter): Multiple Choice A. the homophobia present in sport B. the "coming out" process C. sexually transmitted diseases D. anxiety disorders and depression associated with sexual identity
A. the homophobia present in sport
_______ control involves manipulating cues which can prompt a behavior, while _______ control entails modifying the consequences of a target behavior to increase its occurrence. Multiple Choice A. Reinforcement; Stimulus B. Stimulus; Reinforcement C. Environmental; Reinforcement D. Stimulus; Environmental
B. Stimulus; Reinforcement
A quarterback needs to shift his attentional focus from surveying the field for receivers to delivery of a pass. This shift would be from: A. broad external to broad internal B. broad external to narrow external C. broad external to narrow internal D. narrow external to broad external E. none of the above
B. broad external to narrow external
By changing our internal self-statements we can change our emotional responses. T/F?
T
Giving injured athletes a choice about attending practice when injured is preferable than forcing them to attend T/F?
T
______ and ______ are key personal development skills that Vealey feels are an important part of psychological skills training. a. Identity achievement; interpersonal competence b. Team interactions; personal growth c. Self-regulation; communication skills d. None of the above
a. Identity achievement; interpersonal competence
When taking an essay exam, I first think through how I will answer a question. This requires what type of attentional focus? a. broad external b. broad internal c. narrow external d. narrow internal
b. broad internal
What is the name of the model that attempts to combine performance enhancement goals with ones of personal balance and fulfillment in order to try and become truly holistic? Multiple Choice A. Resonance Performance Model B. IZOF C. Periodization of Mental Training D. Educational Model
A. Resonance Performance ModeL
The most important determinate of the effects of youth sport participation lie in: Multiple Choice A. the relationship between coach and athlete B. the external rewards to be gained C. friends to be made D. improved fitness and health
A. the relationship between coach and athlete
The largest effects of interventions to adopt an exercise program occurred with: Multiple Choice A. group interventions for unhealthy individuals B. media interventions delivered to healthy people in a community C. face-to-face counselling by a professional D. when the exercise program is monitored and high-intensity
B. media interventions delivered to healthy people in a community
Many people with typical major depression have: Multiple Choice A. increased slow wave sleep B. reduced REM latency C. decreased REM D. increased social interactions
B. reduced REM latency
Eric Lindros is an example of an injured athlete who: Multiple Choice A. fully completed rehabilitation before returning to sport B. returned from injury prematurely C. advocated for himself through the rehabilitation process D. retired from sport immediately following injury
B. returned from injury prematurely
Which of the following, if any, is not a factor for an athlete's predisposition to injury? Multiple Choice A. higher life stress B. significant decrease in performance C. minimal social support D. personality traits that enhance the stress response E. all of the above predispose an athlete to injury
B. significant decrease in performance
Important issues to be sensitive to when making a referral to a licensed psychologist include all the below EXCEPT for: Multiple Choice A. signs of aggressiveness in an athlete B. concern with food or making weight C. dating behavior of the athlete D. personal issues such as parental love and feelings of worth
C. dating behavior of the athlete
John identifies himself as a football player and a football player exclusively. It is likely John has identity issues and has ______ his identity. Multiple Choice A. eliminated B. stunted C. foreclosed D. forgotten E. distorted
C. foreclosed
When athletes are injured, they tend to focus on: Multiple Choice A. the possibility of reinjury B. getting caught up on the rest of their lives C. healing and their return to sport D. managing negative emotions
C. healing and their return to sport
One of the inconsistencies in research links between exercise and mental health can be traced to: Multiple Choice A. difficulty getting individual to adopt and maintain exercise B. research that focuses on extreme mental health disorders C. inaccurately and/or inadequately quantifying physical activity and exertion D. unqualified researchers
C. inaccurately and/or inadequately quantifying physical activity and exertion
Athletes who are continuously in rehab or who have problems making it to rehab are often the athletes who have: Multiple Choice A. significant others overly involved in their rehab B. unrealistic performance expectations C. negative attitudes or poor mood states D. all of the above
C. negative attitudes or poor mood states
At the beginning of each special mental training session, the coach or sport psychologist should outline for the athletes? Multiple Choice A. the purpose B. approximate time of length of the session C. content D. all of the above
D. all of the above
What is the affect of acute exercise on sleep? Multiple Choice A. decreased REM sleep B. increased REM latency C. increased slow wave sleep D. all of the above
D. all of the above
When referrals don't go smoothly, athletes often: Multiple Choice A. feel they will lose what made them successful in the first place B. feel like they are damaged goods C. were not adequately prepared for the referral process D. all of the above
D. all of the above
Which of the following factors influence the stress response, which in turn influences the probability of injury? Multiple Choice A. coping resources B. personality C. history of stressors D. all of the above E. a and b
D. all of the above
Which of the following is a personal problem for which an athlete may need a referral? Multiple Choice A. alcohol and substance abuse B. eating disorder C. sexual orientation issues D. all of the above
D. all of the above
Which of the following is least applicable to the whole person philosophy applied to injured athletes? Multiple Choice A. provide peer mentors and injury support groups B. provide crisis intervention C. provide social support integrate back into team even if on crutches D. all of the above
D. all of the above
Most sports psychologists believe the best time to implement a psychological skills training program for a team is: Multiple Choice A. when the team is on a losing streak or not performing up to potential B. during the off season C. during the preseason D. both b and c
D. both b and c
The theory which assumes that people have innate drives to master ongoing challenges and to integrate their experiences into a coherent sense of self: Multiple Choice A. drive theory B. theory of planned behaviour C. self efficacy theory D. self-determination theory
D. self-determination theory
Which of the following are exercise behaviour theories? Multiple Choice A. social cognitive theories B. behaviour modification C. cognitive-behaviour modification D. transtheoretical model E. all of the above
E. all of the above
According to the grief stage model, athletes' first reaction to injury is typically depression. T/F?
F
According to the stress-injury model, personality variables can influence injury risk but only by moderating the effects of stressors. T/F?
F
Athletic trainers see themselves as the ideal providers of sport psychology interventions for injured athletes. T/F
F
Once the athlete has successfully used his/her new mental skill, he/she can usually end mental skills training until the next season. T/F?
F
Self-efficacy predicts adoption and maintenance of exercise, but cannot be increased with mastery experiences. T/F?
F
Telling someone not to choke usually prevents the occurrence of choking. t/f?
F
The A-B-C concept of emotions suggests that we change our emotions by modifying the situation that triggered the emotion. T/F?
F
The belief that exercise behavior can be influenced by intrapersonal, social and physical environment, and public policy variables is a tenet of social cognitive theory. T/F?
F
A survey of athletic trainers indicated that they believed almost half of injured athletes suffered negative psychological effects such as anger, stress/anxiety, depression, and treatment compliance problems. T/F?
T
An example of an attentional trigger is to say "read" after discovering that you have been daydreaming while studying your textbook. T/F?
T
Cognitive appraisal models have proven useful in understanding athletes' reactions to injuries. T/F?
T
Cognitive restructuring is one of the best techniques for modifying irrational and/or distorted thinking. T/F?
T
Homophobia in the sport world contributes to problems for gay athletes by creating fear about getting less playing time, concern over being harassed and abused, and even being kicked off the team.T/F?
T
In the CET intervention replication study, one of the four major results was that athletes of the trained coaches had lower levels of performance anxiety than the control group. T/F?
T
Increasing social support from friends and family can decrease the risk of injury for athletes who have high life event stress. T/F?
T
Individuals trained in sport psychology, depending upon the program offering their degree, have received different emphases on performance enhancement and skills related to counseling/psychotherapy. T/F?
T
One of the common misconceptions about confidence is that success always builds confidence. T/F?
T
Self-talk can be both positive and negative. T/F?
T
Some athletes may not follow their sport psychologists' advice to see assistance from other professional on a 'main campus' because they don't feel it is helpful to athletes T/F?
T
Striving for victory is one of the motivational underpinnings of CET training. T/F?
T
Student athletes start drinking earlier as well as engage in alcohol-related risk behaviors earlier that their non-student athlete peers. T/F?
T
Supervision is a good place in which to discuss and practice referral processes T/F?
T
The demands of the sport need to be carefully analyzed and considered when devising a mental skills training program. T/F?
T
Tracy (2003) found that at the onset of injury, the type and severity of injury did not matter as much as the injury itself. T/F?
T
Self-efficacy is defined as an individual's judgment about his/her: a. ability to successfully perform a particular task b. inner self c. self-esteem d. belief that you can do anything you desire if you set your mind to it e. none of the above
a. ability to successfully perform a particular task
All are examples of distorted thinking EXCEPT for: a. accepting that others may treat you unfairly b. blaming your missed shot for the team's loss c. expecting the worst in unknown situations d. demanding that you always perform at your best
a. accepting that others may treat you unfairly
What is one weakness of using interviews, questionnaires, and behavioral observation to determine an athlete's psychological strengths and weaknesses? Multiple Choice a. athlete plays a passive role b. athlete plays aggressive role c. athlete plays no role d. none of the above
a. athlete plays a passive role
The following describe the coach effectiveness training philosophy toward winning EXCEPT for: Multiple Choice a. avoid discussing winning b. winning isn't everything, nor is it the only thing c. failure is not the same thing as losing d. success is not equivalent to winning e. athletes should be taught that success is found in striving for victory
a. avoid discussing winning
Which of the following is the lesser problem to be considered by the coach/sport psychologist when an athlete has a serious enough problem that he/she needs referral to a licensed psychologist? Multiple Choice a. coach may not wish to risk losing the athlete for an upcoming game b. athlete views seeing psychologist as an indicator of being weak c. the psychologist may not understand the sport/competitive environment d. athlete views psychologists as shrinks for "crazy" people
a. coach may not wish to risk losing the athlete for an upcoming game
When teaching mental skills to a group of athletes, the best approach is to be? Multiple Choice a. flexible and individualized b. individualized c. flexible d. none of the above
a. flexible and individualized
As arousal moves out of the moderate range, performers are more likely to: a. go to their dominant attentional focus/style b. broaden their focus c. narrow their focus d. focus on irrelevant cues Incorrect
a. go to their dominant attentional focus/style
Coaches evaluated _________ how frequently they used the CBAS behaviors when interacting with their athletes. Multiple Choice a. mostly inaccurately b. better than their athletes c. quite accurately d. both a and b e. both b and c
a. mostly inaccurately
Coach responses to immediately preceding athlete or team behaviors are called: Multiple Choice a. reactive behaviors b. spontaneous behaviours c. organization d. emitted behaviors
a. reactive behaviors
All are examples of irrational/distorted thinking EXCEPT for: a. reframing b. personalization c. catastrophizing d. polarized thinking
a. reframing
An operational definition for "choking": a. when an athlete's performance seems to be progressively deteriorating b. when an athlete seems incapable of regaining control over performance on their own c. both a & b Incorrect d. none of the above
a. when an athlete's performance seems to be progressively deteriorating
The ideal time for initially implementing psychological skills training for an individual athlete is: Multiple Choice a. when first beginning to participate in sport b. when consistency starts to occur in physical skills c. once cognitive skills are sufficiently developed to benefit from mental training d. when the athlete indicates receptivity to it
a. when first beginning to participate in sport
______ is a technique in which the athlete(s) determines the psychological skills needed for success and then assesses his or her strengths or weaknesses specific to those skills. a.Personal development skills b. Performance profiling c. Foundation skills training d. Problem identification
b. Performance profiling
We are most likely to use our preferred or dominant attentional style: a. after having attention control training b. as pressure increases c. in all situations that call for it d. all of the above
b. as pressure increases
Which of the following is NOT a cognitive technique for improving performance? a. affirmation statements b. autogenic statements c. thought stopping d. countering
b. autogenic statements
An athlete meets with a sport psychologist and describes a particular performance problem. The sport psychologist plans an intervention strategy. The sport psychologist needs what type of attentional focus? a. broad external b. broad internal c. narrow external d. narrow internal
b. broad internal
What two approaches do sport psychologists often use when working with athletes? Multiple Choice a. clinical and psychological b. clinical and educational c. educational and psychological d. research and psychological
b. clinical and educational
The mediational model of coach-athlete interaction is sequenced as follows: Multiple Choice a. coaches' behaviors, athletes evaluative reactions, athletes' perceptions and recall b. coaches' behaviors, athletes' perceptions and recall, athletes' evaluative reactions c. athletes' perceptions and recall, coach-athlete interactions, coaches' behaviours d. coaches' behaviors, coach-athlete interactions, athletes' evaluative reactions
b. coaches' behaviors, athletes' perceptions and recall, athletes' evaluative reactions
Which of the following might be considered the "common cold" of mental health disorders? Multiple Choice a. eating disorders b. depression c. body dysmorphic disorder d. substance abuse disorder
b. depression
Item 7 Item 7 All of the below are techniques for identifying self-talk EXCEPT for: a. use of imagery b. identifying your pre-performance routine c. keeping a self-talk log d. retrospection of past performance
b. identifying your pre-performance routine
What is one of the disadvantages of sport psychology consultants conducting mental training programs with teams? Multiple Choice a. their lacking knowledge of the sport b. lack of day to day availability c. their inability to relate to athletes d. all of the above
b. lack of day to day availability
Which of the following is NOT a way to assess self-talk? a. retrospection b. reframing c. imagery Incorrect d. log books or journals
b. reframing
Behaviors initiated by coaches but not in response to a discernible preceding event are called: Multiple Choice a. reactive behaviours b. spontaneous behaviors c. organization d. elicited behaviors
b. spontaneous behaviors
Which activity is best paired with the most effective attentional focus? a. archer shooting at a target: broad-external b. student deciding the best answer to an essay question: broad-internal c. using imagery to prepare for a job interview: narrow-external d. lawyer giving summation to a jury: narrow-external
b. student deciding the best answer to an essay question: broad-internal
Ellis identified four irrational beliefs that are likely to negatively affect an athlete's performance. Identify the belief statement below that fails to represent one of the four. a. I must at all times perform outstandingly well. b. Significant others (e.g. teammates and coach) have to approve and love me. c. If I do my very best, I should get the end result I want. d. The conditions of my life, particularly those related to e. sports, absolutely must be arranged so that I get what I want when I want. e. Everyone has got to treat me kindly and fairly.
c. If I do my very best, I should get the end result I want. Correct
Psychological skills training is appropriate for: Multiple Choice a. higher skilled athletes b. older, more mature athletes who are better able to understand it c. athletes of all ages and skill levels d. both a and b
c. athletes of all ages and skill levels
All are recommendations for effective and engaging presentations EXCEPT for: Multiple Choice a. prepare b. cover less, not more c. if it works, don't fix it d. spice it up
c. if it works, don't fix it
Which statement is untrue regarding simulated performance conditions? a. it addresses an external factor b. it helps increase familiarity to decrease distraction c. it includes visualization techniques d. it reduces novelty Incorrect
c. it includes visualization techniques Correct
A good strategy for setting the stage for implementing a successful sport psychology workshop on coach training would be: Multiple Choice a. intimate that the training program is designed to protect athletes from coaches b. convey the impression that what the coaches have been doing is incorrect c. let participants know that their sharing of input is very valuable d. approach coaches in a condescending manner
c. let participants know that their sharing of input is very valuable
A goal of developing and conducting educational programs designed to positively affect coaching behaviors is to ensure that: Multiple Choice a. there exists a more standardized coaching style throughout the nation b. coaches commit to doing more than they presently do there is an increased likelihood c. that youngsters will have a more positive sport experience d. coaches are better prepared for possible liability and negligence issues
c. that youngsters will have a more positive sport experience
Item 5 Item 5 An athlete frequently chokes. How could this be prevented? a. train them to recognize and lessen physiological over arousal b. train them to reinterpret anxiety symptoms as facilitative to performance c. provide training to quickly recover focus after losing it d. all of the above
d. all of the above
The following are research findings for coaches who received CET compared to a control group EXCEPT for: Multiple Choice a. gave more reinforcement in response to good performance and effort b. responded to mistakes with more encouragement and technical instruction and fewer punitive responses c. better liked and perceived as better teachers d. had a better won-loss record e. their players showed increases in general self-esteem
d. had a better won-loss record
The ABC cognitive restructuring technique, based on the work of Albert Ellis, suggests that: a. rational thoughts should be balanced with irrational thoughts b. one modifies the internal dialogue for stress inoculation c. irrational thoughts should be stopped d. irrational thoughts should be changed to rational/productive thoughts
d. irrational thoughts should be changed to rational/productive thoughts
What is the appropriate attentional focus as I begin imaging my executing a handstand a few moments before I actually do the handstand? a. broad external b. broad internal c. narrow external d. narrow internal
d. narrow internal
According to the text, "choking" should be defined as: a. a poor performance at a critical time of competition b. a process that leads to impaired performance Incorrect making a mistake that costs you or your team a victory c. a and c d. none of the above
d. none of the above
The probable reason that 37 runners broke the four-minute mile barrier within one year after Roger Bannister originally did was their: a. enhanced training methods b. better equipment c. faster tracks d. positive expectation, i.e., belief that it could be done e. all of the above
d. positive expectation, i.e., belief that it could be done
Which of the below, if any, are NOT target behaviors that a CET workshop would like to increase: Multiple Choice a. technical instruction b. corrective instruction c. mistake contingent encouragement d. reinforcement e. all are desired target behaviors
e. all are desired target behaviors
In CET, the persuasion process involves: Multiple Choice a. appearance b. credibility c. sensitivity d. likeability e. b and d
e. b and d