HLSC 225

URL stands for

Uniform Resource Locator from online database used with no DOI is available

signal phrase

are short phrases that introduce a quote, a paraphrase, or summary they signal that an outside source is being used mark boundaries between source material and your own words ex: Lopez (1993) found that "the effected disappeared..." (p.311).

signal phrase in APA includes

author's last name publication date specific verbs in the past tense ex: Roman (2005) reported that...or has reported

long direct quotes are displayed in what format

block quotes: more than 40 words introduced with colon (:) indented to the right never end a paragraph with a block quote

why are there different citation styles

differences and tradition based within different disciplines

Theoretical articles

draws on existing literature to present empirical research that expands, refines, or advances current theoretical models. This includes examining the validity or consistency of a current theory.

methodolocial articles

examines modifications of methods, presents quantitative and data analytic approaches in the research community. Allows readers to compare current methodological approaches. highly technical material

citing personal information

give the initials and surname of the communicator, and provide date (as exact as possible) C. hare (personal communication, March 31, 2010) stated "..."

APA in-text citation requirements for direct quotes

include page number in parentheses after every direct quote ex: broeder et al. (2007) have suggested "..."(pp.131-132)

periodical

items published on regular basis 1. journals 2. magazines 3. newspapers 4. newsletter

direct quotes can include modifications if

leaving out some words-use an ellipsis signal . . . changing or adding words use square brackets, indicating an error in the quote [ ]

personal communication

may be letters, memo, electronic communication (email or message from non archived discussions), personal interviews, telephone info isn't publicly available involves two or more people communicating directly with each other

APA expectations for giving credit to sources

must give proper credit to sources paraphrased or quoted in a paper inserted in paper: last name of author year of publication

referencing web page

n.d. can be used when date is unavailable retrieval date is only necessary for websites like wiki web page titles not italicized. in sentence case Web page title. (n.d.) APA Style practice exercises. Retrieved from http://library.royalroads.ca/writing-center in-text citation: (Royal Roads University, n.d., para. 4)

reasons to be careful using internet

not everything is there info is harder to find it isn't organized there is no quality control info is not permanent

digital object identifier (DOI)

persistent identifier used to uniquely identify objects on digital networks. identify physical, digital, or abstract entities.

case studies

report on case findings performed with an individual, groups, communities, organizations, or in specific populations. This includes identifying existing problems, investigating solutions to the problem being investigated, shed light on further research needed, and explore the clinical applications

empirical studies

reports on original research includes secondary analysis that tests hypothesis of research that has not been previously addressed Intro- statement of the purpose or problem being investigated Methods- procedure used to investigate the problem Results- analyses the data collected Discussion- summarizes, interprets, and explores the implications of the study report findings that further knowledge on a topic

benefits of paraphrasing

requires you to understand the info fit better into your sentencing can be more succinct than the original

paraphrases or summaries or indirect quotes

rewording, should be written in your own words. Don't require page number or quotations do not always require signal phrases as long as its clear who the words originated from Several studies have identified a positive correlation between meditation and stress (Berkowitz et al., 2003; Derryberry& Reed, 2005).

Turabian

style is a modification of Chicago manual of style, intended for use with student work. includes notes-bibliography and author-date style

Modern Language Association (MLA)

style is used in the humanities well-suited to literature and archival sources. emphasize the author, cites the author name in text

proper parenthetical citation for APA

the authors name and date of publication (Lemme, 2002)

Chicago Manual of Style

two separate styles: 1. one with footnotes or endnotes 2.one with author-date system intended to meet the needs of most disciplines

literature review

use of quantitative procedures to statistically combine results, used to synthesis or critically evaluate research that has already been published 1. define and clarify the problem 2. summarize previous investigations 3. identify contradictions, gaps, or inconsistencies in literature 4. suggests next steps in research process

American Psychological Association (APA)

used in social sciences well suited to quantitative studies and analysis social sciences emphasize author and date of work, so the citation includes both

direct quote

uses exact words or phrases of another author verbatim and is displayed in quotations used when their words carry significance

parenthetical citation for multiple authors APA

1)two sources Brothen and Wamback (2003) found them guilty (Brother & Wambach, 2003) 2)three to five mentions all authors first time and subsequent citations include the last name of the first author and et al. (Adams et al., 2003)

when should I use the internet vs the library

1. current news info 2. govt info 3. court cases 4. statistics 5. social media/ opionions- blogs, wiki, etc.

Chicago Manual of Style

1. notes and bibiliography- used in humanities, particularly history as it accommodates a wide variety of sources 2. author-date- used in science, best suited for scholarly articles and books citations formatted similarly to notes & bibliography version of chicago, with modifications suited to the needs of sciences

why are citations important

1. provide evidence 2. give credit/ avoid plagiarism 3. locate materials

which sources require reference to the date a sources was published in the in-text citation

APA Chicago Turabian Author-Date

referencing books

Author, A. (date). Title: Subtitle. Location: Publisher Name Title of book is italicized location outside U.S. use city and country in-text citation (lastname, year, p. 4) or (Lastname, year, para. 4)

electronic periodical citations

Author, A., (Date). Title: Subtitle. Title of Periodical, volume number (issue number), page range, DOI/URL Periodical is italicized ex: Godfrey, D. (2005). Adapting historical citations. Journal of Broadcasting, 49 (4), 544. dos: 10.1207/s15506878jobem4904_15

Parathentical (in-text) citations

Citations to original sources that appear in the text of your paper if name is in your text, only the date needs to be cited Lemme (2002) studied gender roles

which sources use brief in-text citations in conjunction with list of citations info

MLA APA Chicago Turabian Author-Date

APA Formatting

Page size: letter margins: 1" all sides font: Times New Roman, 12 pt title page and table of contents running head, left aligned (max. 50 characters) all capitals pg number- appear right corner (not on title page) double spaced indent first line of new paragraph indent entire block quotes

each entry in reference must be cited in text and listed in reference list in the following format:

References title should be centered, not bolded list references alphabetically by author's last name .5 inch hanging indent on the subsequent lines double space references