HN 196 Chapter 4 - Carbohydrates, mastering nutrition 4-6, chapter 3

Digestion, absorption, and elimination are complex and integrative processes. Each organ of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as accessory organs (salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas), plays an important role. From the list below, choose all the correct statements about digestive organs. Select all that apply.

- The sphincter at the end of the esophagus that relaxes to allow the passage of food into the stomach is known as the gastroesophageal sphincter. - The large intestine stores digestive mass while absorbing water and some nutrients. - The majority of digestion and absorption takes place in the small intestine.

The recommended intake of saturated fats is less than __________ of total energy intake.

10%

The body can make __________ nonessential amino acids.

11

The Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for carbohydrate for adults 19 years of age and older is __________ grams per day.

130

1. Food is propelled forward by rhythmic contractions called peristalsis, which move food down the esophagus and through the stomach

2. The secretions called saliva are produced in the glands located behind the tongue and contain the enzyme amylase to chemically digest carbohydrate.

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for fat is __________ of total energy.

20-35%

The Adequate Intake (AI) of fiber for women is __________ grams per day.

24

Triglycerides consist of __________ fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone.

3

, __________ levels of protein structure have been identified.

4

how many kcal of energy per gram do carbohydrates provide

4

3. During mastication, teeth mechanically cut and grind food into smaller pieces as the tongue mixes them with saliva.

4. When fat enters the duodenum, the gallbladder secretes an emulsifier called bile to break up the large fat globules.

The recommended protein intake for a 110-pound (50-kg) adult is

40 g

5. Without the flap of tissue at the back of the tongue called the epiglottis, food would enter the trachea during swallowing.

6. Chyme passes through the ileocecal valve that connects the ileum with the ascending colon.

7. The bolus passes through the gastroesophageal sphincter into the stomach to mix with gastric digestive juices.

8. The bolus slides down this tube, called the esophagus, which connects the pharynx to the stomach.

Fat provides __________ kcals of energy per gram.

9

A meal containing 10 g of fat provides __________ kcal from fat.

90

Which of the following statement(s) regarding digestion is/are correct? (a) Mechanical digestion in the stomach mixes and churns the bolus until it becomes a liquid called chyme. (b) The gallbladder secretes bile, which emulsifies the fat, breaking it into smaller particles. (c) The presence of chyme in the duodenum stimulates the gallbladder and the pancreas to release bile and pancreatic juice. (d) All of these statements are correct.

All of these statements are correct.

How does the body respond to high blood glucose levels?

Insulin secretion

The Dietary Guidelines recommended limiting added sugar in a diet. Which of the following foods would be considered a significant source of added sugar?

Nutri-Grain cereal bar

What causes an individual to feel hungry?

Receiving signals from nerve cells and hormones.

Which of the following is a controllable risk factor for Type 2 diabetes?

Sedentary lifestyle

Identify the correct order, from highest satiety value to lowest, of the following:

Solid foods, semisolid foods, beverages

The need and desire to eat are influenced by a variety of factors, including our nerve cells, hormones, and environmental cues. Choose the statement below that correctly describes hunger, satiation, and/or appetite.

The hypothalamus is a region of the brain that signals hunger and satiation to the body.

Where is the majority of gastrointestinal flora found?

The large intestine.

Amino acids are absorbed through the process known as active transport

True - Active transport, which requires the combination of energy and a carrier to promote absorption against a concentration gradient, is the process by which nutrients such as amino acids and glucose are absorbed.

Symptoms including thirst, frequent urination, tingling in the hands/feet, and slow healing of wounds may indicate ______.

Type 2 Diabetes

Which foods would be most helpful in preventing diverticulosis?

Whole grains, vegetables

Food that has been moistened with saliva and then swallowed through the esophagus is called __________.

a bolus

Fat is stored in __________ for later use.

adipose tissue

The human body is organized into the following structural levels (smallest to largest)

atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, systems.

High-protein diets of predominately animal sources are associated with high

blood cholesterol

The glycemic index shows how foods affect our ______.

blood glucose levels

Nutritive sweeteners contribute __________.

calories

If you are physically active, it is especially important to replenish the fuel you burn by eating enough _______.

carbohydrates

A high-fiber diet might help decrease blood cholesterol levels by

causing more cholesterol-containing bile to be excreted in feces.

Part E - Malabsorption in the GI TractPart complete Which of the following gastrointestinal tract conditions alters the structure of the small intestine, resulting in malabsorption?

celiac disease

Which of the following gastrointestinal tract conditions alters the structure of the small intestine resulting in malabsorption?

celiac disease

Each component of the body joins together with other components. As these components increase in complexity, they perform integrated and more advanced functions in digestion and absorption. Choose the statement below that lists the structural components of the body in order from smallest to largest.

cell, tissue, organ, organ system

The smallest living, functioning units of the body are _____.

cells

When we have not eaten for a while, blood glucose levels fall, which prompts a(n) ____ in insulin and a(n) ___ in glucagon.

decrease, increase

Which of the following substances in a ripe peach is NOT absorbed by the body?

dietary fiber

The process by which a person's body breaks down foods into molecules is called __________.

digestion

Lactose, maltose, and sucrose are examples of this type of carbohydrate.

disaccharides

Which of the following is a protein?

enzymes

Part D - Digestive Disorders of the GI TractPart complete In this activity, you will sort the digestive disorders of the gastrointestinal tract according to the organ in which the disorder primarily occurs. Drag the appropriate items into their respective bins.

esophagus: heartburn stomach: gastric ulcer small intestine: celiac disease large intestine: irritable bowel syndrome constipation

The absorption mechanism that requires a specific carrier molecule, but no energy, to move digested nutrients across the cell membrane is called __________

facilitated diffusion

A pescovegetarian would include __________ in his or her diet.

fish

Which of the following nutrients is a carbohydrate?

fructose starch high fructose corn syrup (All of these are correct)

Bile is made in the liver and stored in the

gallbladder

A muscle located at the end of the esophagus must relax before the bolus can enter the stomach. This muscle is called the __________.

gastroesophageal or lower esophageal sphincter

A painful sensation in the chest that results from gastric juices seeping back up into the esophagus is called

gastroesophageal reflux(GER)

Risk factors for Type 1 Diabetes include ______.

genetic factors

Which of the following carbohydrates is an end product of photosynthesis?

glucose

Celiac disease is a disorder characterized by autoimmune reactions in response to consumption of _________.

gluten

If there is no immediate demand for glucose, it is stored as __________.

glycogen

The storage form of glucose in animals is

glycogen

A food allergy is a(n) _______ reaction of the immune system.

hypersensitivity

The ________ prompts hunger in response to various signals.

hypothalamus

How does the body respond to high blood glucose levels?

insulin secretion

Symptoms such as edema, distention of the belly, loss of appetite, skin problems, and retarded growth and development are often associated with

kwashiorkor

Fiber is excreted from the ________.

large intestine

Food allergies are _______ than food intolerances, and potentially ________ .

less common, more serious

Water-soluble nutrients stored in blood are routed directly from the small intestine through the portal vein to the

liver

during ______, teeth mechanically cut and grind food into smaller pieces as the tongue mixes them with saliva.

mastication

Which of the following foods would be a good source of naturally occurring sugar?

milk

Digestion breaks down most carbohydrates into ___________.

monosaccharides

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the __________.

mouth

Chemical digestion __________.

occurs when enzymes break apart large molecules into smaller molecules

Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and __________.

oxygen

The gallbladder, liver, and __________ assist in fat digestion.

pancreas

Which of the following is an example of a soluble fiber?

pectins

When amino acids join together, they form

peptides

Food is propelled forward by rhythmic contractions called ____________________ , which move food down the esophagus and through the stomach.

peristalsis

Appetite is a(n) ______ desire to consume specific foods.

psychological

An example of mutual supplementation would be

red beans and rice

Disorders of the neuromuscular system, infections, allergies, genetics, and environmental factors can disturb gastrointestinal functioning. Common gastrointestinal disorders and diseases include gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer, vomiting, irritable bowel syndrome, diarrhea, and constipation. Complete the statement about gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroesophageal reflux disease ___________.

results when too much gastric juice regularly backs up into the lower esophagus, causing heartburn several times per week

Which of the following is likely to be the most significant source of fiber in a cereal bar?

rolled oats, cracked oats, steal cut oats

the secretions called _______ are produced in the glands located behind the tongue and contain the enzyme amylase to chemically digest carbohydrate.

saliva

Accessory organs of digestion include the gallbladder, pancreas, and liver, each of which has a specific role in the chemical digestion of food. Complete the statement about the pancreas. The pancreas ____________.

secretes bicarbonate

The absorption of the majority of ingested nutrients takes place largely in the __________.

small intestine

Where in your body does the majority of the digestion and absorption of food occur?

small intestine

During digestion proteins are denatured by hydrochloric acid in this organ.

stomach

Part C - Carbohydrate, Protein, and Fat Digestive EnzymesPart complete A key objective in this chapter is to identify the major enzymes in the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats as well as the organs that secrete them. This activity requires you to match the enzyme with the secreting organ(s).

stomach: pepsin pancreas: pancreatic proteases more than one organ: amylase lipase

Part B - Secretions and Functions of the GI Tract and Accessory Organs

stomach: secretes hormone gastrin secretes hydrochloric acid(HCI) gallbladder: concentrates and stores bile liver: produces bile pancreas: produces insulin produces pancreatic lipase

When fructose and glucose are bonded together, they form

sucrose

Diabetes is a chronic disease in which

the body can no longer regulate blood glucose levels within normal limits.

A majority of food is digested in _____.

the duodenum

One of the accessory organs of the gastrointestinal tract is _____.

the pancreas

Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends that your intake of this type of fat is kept to an absolute minimum.

trans fat

A diet high in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables appears to reduce the risk of colorectal cancer.

true

Disaccharides consist of __________ molecules of sugar joined together.

two

To increase intake of omega-3 fatty acids, include fish, canola oil, ground flax seeds, or __________ in your diet.

walnuts

Which group of foods is a good source of polyunsaturated fats?

walnuts, corn oil, and sesame oil

What is the primary cause of peptic ulcers?

Helicobacter pylori

Foods only contain one type of carbohydrate.

False

In obese people, lipid deposits in muscle, liver, and pancreatic beta cells increases their sensitivity to insulin.

False

Small fat-soluble molecules, such as free fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins, are absorbed through facilitated diffusion in the small intestine.

False