HOA QUIZ 6

The structure was to house the production of steam turbines—engines that use pressurized steam to generate electricity—a rapidly growing industry in early-20th century Germany, as the country's maritime power developed in rivalry with that of Britain. It was quintessentially linked to the rise of modernism. Founded in Berlin in 1883, it pioneered modern, large-scale industrial development

AEG Turbine Factory

It was designed by Raymond Hood and André Fouilhoux in the Gothic and Art Deco styles. The original section of the building, a 338 ft-tall (103 m), 23-story tower, was completed in 1924. A five-story annex, to the west of the original tower, was built from 1936 to 1937. This landmark skyscraper features black bricks, symbolizing coal, and gold bricks, symbolizing fire.

American Radiator Building

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Among the formative influences on Art Deco were Art Nouveau, the Bauhaus, Cubism, and Serge Diaghilev's Ballets Russes. Decorative ideas came from American Indian, Egyptian, and early classical sources as well as from nature. Characteristic motifs included nude female figures, animals, foliage, and sun rays, all in conventionalized forms.

The movement in the decorative arts and architecture originated in the 1920s and developed into a major style in western Europe and the United States during the 1930s. The distinguishing features of the style are simple, clean shapes, often with a "streamlined" look; ornament that is geometric or stylized from representational forms; and unusually varied, often expensive materials, which frequently include man-made substances (plastics, especially Bakelite; vita-glass; and ferroconcrete) in addition to natural ones (jade, silver, ivory, obsidian, chrome, and rock crystal).

Art Deco

School of design, architecture, and applied arts that existed in Germany from 1919 to 1933. Founded by the architect Walter Gropius, who combined two schools, the Weimar Academy of Arts and the Weimar School of Arts and Crafts.

Bauhaus

This 99-room historic Art Deco boutique hotel in Miami was designed by a Yugoslavian architect named Anton Skislewicz.

Breakwater South Beach

Built in 1929, is a former department store - now a law school - that is situated in Los Angeles. Designed in collaboration with his son Donald, architect Lancashire-born John Parkinson (a distant relative), was responsible for the design of much of Los Angeles' iconic structures of the 1920 and 30s, including Los Angeles City Hall, Union Station, and the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum.

Bullocks Wilshire, Department Store

A historic building in Wrocław, Poland. It was constructed according to the plans of architect Max Berg in 1911-1913 when the city was part of the German Empire. The cupola modeled on the Festhalle Frankfurt was made of reinforced concrete, and with an inner diameter of 69 m (226 ft) and 42 m (138 ft) high it was the largest building of its kind at the time of construction.

Centennial Hall

The complete name of Le Corbusier.

Charles-Édouard Jeanneret

Is a ten-story office building in Hamburg, Germany designed by the architect Fritz Höger for the shipping magnate Henry B. Sloman, who made his fortune trading saltpeter. It is an exceptional example of the 1920s Brick Expressionism style of architecture. This large angular building is located on a site of approximately 6,000m² spanning Fischertwiete Street in Hamburg.

Chilehaus

The office building in New York City, designed by William Van Alen and is often cited as the epitome of the Art Deco skyscraper. Its sunburst-patterned stainless-steel spire remains one of the most striking features of the Manhattan skyline.

Chrysler Building

Opening in March of 1933, the station's Art Deco ornamentation was designed by Paul Phillipe Cret and Roland Wank.

Cincinnati Union Terminal

Designed by architect Robert Swarthburg, the hotel's façade embodies the Art Deco style with its striking geometric features. The luxury hotel, which was built in 1947, was named after Franklin Roosevelt.

Delano Hotel, Miami

Now a luxury hotel complex, the intricate structure was originally built in 1929 for American millionaire Frank Jay Gould. Designed and built by architects Charles and Marcel Dalmas.

Delano Hotel, Miami

Often called the "Jewel of Downtown," it was built at a time when L.A. enforced a height limit of 150 feet, but they made an exception for the glamorous clock tower. Designed by Claud Beelman.

Eastern Columbia Building

Designed by architects Cassiano Branco and Carlo Florencio Dias, the building's stone frieze facade is ornamented with a series of tableaus depicting actors performing before a film crew and camera.

Eden Theatro

It consists of three blocks of housing in the Spaarndammerbuurt, a residential district for workers that occupies approximately 54 acres in the northwest part of Amsterdam. Designed by Michel de Klerk (1884-1923) between 1914 and 1920, this complex has been recognized as his finest achievement in the field of housing, depicting his Expressionist style and ultimately becoming one of the symbolic structures of the Amsterdam School.

Eigen Haard Housing Estate

Designed by the German architect Erich Mendelsohn, is one of the best-known examples of German expressionist architecture. Designed as an anamorphic structure of reinforced concrete, Mendelsohn wanted the tower to represent as well as facilitate the study of Einstein's radical theory of relativity - a groundbreaking theorem of motion, light, and space.

Einstein Tower

A steel-framed skyscraper rising 102 stories that was completed in New York City in 1931 and was the tallest building in the world until 1971. It remains one of the most distinctive and famous buildings in the United States and is one of the best examples of Modernist Art Deco design.

Empire State Building

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Expressing emotion through distorted forms, Emphasis on symbolic or stylistic expression over realism, an attempt to achieve new and original designs, natural themes such as mountains, lightning, rock formations, caves, and so on, the influence of Moorish, Egyptian, Indian, and other eastern architectural styles, and the romantic appreciation of architecture as an art form.

Emerged in Northern Europe in the early 20th century in poetry and painting, where it attempted to distort reality to express subjective, emotional experience. It quickly spread through all the arts and architecture, pioneered by a group of architects from Germany, Austria, and Denmark. Architects used materials such as brick, concrete, and glass to create novel sculptural forms and massing, sometimes distorted and fragmented to express an emotional perspective.

Expressionist Architetcure

The weekend residence near Mill Run, southwestern Pennsylvania, was designed by American architect Frank Lloyd Wright for the Kaufmann family in 1935 and completed in 1937. The house's daring construction over a waterfall was instrumental in reviving Wright's architecture career and became one of the most famous 20th-century buildings. The residence opened as a museum in 1964.

Falling Water

Built between 1945 and 1951 as a weekend retreat, is a pioneering steel-and-glass house in Plano, Illinois, the U.S., designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and completed in 1951. The structure's modern classicism epitomizes the International Style of architecture and Mies's dictum "less is more." It is set on the floodplain of the Fox River and is one of only three houses built by Mies in the United States.

Farnsworth House

Inaugurated in 1971, the structure expressed a type of modernism in which form did not necessarily dictate function and where small detail played a crucial role in the overall composition. Aalto oversaw every aspect of the venue's design, from its asymmetrical exterior to the lighting, furnishings, and textiles used inside. And while he left no stone unturned, he never veered into the overly decorative, instead of forming a uniquely integrated space.

Finlandia Hall

Architect and writer, an abundantly creative master of American architecture. His "Prairie style" became the basis of 20th-century residential design in the United States. He became famous as the creator and expounder of "organic architecture," his phrase indicating buildings that harmonize both with their inhabitants and with their environment. The boldness and fertility of his invention and his command of space are probably his greatest achievements.

Frank Lloyd Wright

As part of the 1929 International Exposition in Barcelona Spain, designed by Mies van der Rohe, was the display of architecture's modern movement to the world. It was the face of Germany after WWI, emulating the nation's progressively modern culture that was still rooted in its classical history.

German Pavilion

The structure was designed by Rudolf Steiner and based on an architectural concept in which each element, shape, and color have an inner relationship to the whole, and the whole flows organically into its individual elements in a process of metamorphosis.

Goetheanum II Building

American architect and co-recipient (with Oscar Niemeyer) of the prestigious Pritzker Prize in 1988. His design of the Lever House skyscraper in New York City (1952) exerted a strong influence on American architecture.

Gordon Bunshaft

A cinema-related structure by architect Charles Lee is the 1928 Hollywood-Western building; it was designed for MGM mogul Louis B Mayer and was opened by Norma Shearer and her husband Irving Thalberg. Ironically, the building is covered in nude relief figures, as one of the building's occupants was film censor Will Hayes (The Tsar of all the Rushes). Beneath each of the building's fire escape landings is a stone relief of a full-frontal nude holding a film camera - plus that of a film crew, and a director wearing plus fours, who is directing a group of nude figures through a megaphone.

Hollywood-Western Building

The architectural style that developed in Europe and the United States in the 1920s and '30s and became the dominant tendency in Western architecture during the middle decades of the 20th century. The most common characteristics are rectilinear forms; light, taut plane surfaces that have been completely stripped of applied ornamentation and decoration; open interior spaces; and a visually weightless quality engendered using cantilever construction.

International Style

Its most identifiable element is the dendriform columns, the name used by Wright because of their tree-like shape. Wright's ability to effortlessly incorporate the organic metaphor into his architecture is revealed in the building via a tall slender mushroom column that tapers to a base of a mere 9-inch diameter. They rise 30 feet and terminate at the roof level as broad circular lily pads of concrete 18 1/2 feet wide. Wright's imagination led to creating these hollow cored columns that serve as stormwater drains and which feature hinged bases with pin-jointed bronze shoes.

Johnson Wax Company Building

A five-story red brick ode to productivity, Wright's first major public work was widely heralded in Europe. At the heart of its cream brick interior, a 76-foot tall skylit courtyard ringed with inscriptions extolling the virtue of labor provided an almost ecclesiastical light from above. Characteristically, Wright designed every aspect of the interior, incorporating many technical innovations such as glass doors, air conditioning, radiant heat, built-in desk furniture, and suspended toilet bowls. Wright's six-story building turned inward, with a Roman-style atrium and surrounding inward-facing balconies creating a bright and airy interior. In his Autobiography, Wright would later describe the Larkin building as "a genuine expression of power directly applied to purpose, in the same sense that the ocean liner, the plane or the car is so."

Larkin Administrative Building

Internationally influential Swiss architect and city planner, whose designs combine the functionalism of the modern movement with bold, sculptural expressionism. He belonged to the first generation of the so-called International school of architecture and was their most able propagandist in his numerous writings. In his architecture, he joined the functionalist aspirations of his generation with a strong sense of expressionism. He was the first architect to make a studied use of rough-cast concrete, a technique that satisfied his taste for asceticism and for sculptural forms. In 2016, 17 of his architectural works were named World Heritage sites by UNESCO.

Le Corbusier

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Le Corbusier believed that "the house is a machine to live in" - the program for building a house should be set out with the same precision as that for building a machine. He formulated the Five Points of New Architecture: 1. Framework structurally independent of walls 2. Free-standing façade - the free facade, the corollary of the free plan in the vertical plane 3. Roof Garden / Flat roof - restoring, the area of ground covered by the house 4. Open planning - the free plan, achieved through the separation of the load-bearing columns from the walls subdividing the space 5. Cube form elevated on stilts or columns - pilotises elevating the mass off the ground

The artist of the figure "Atlas" is in front of the Rockefeller Center.

Lee Lawrie

The design principle defines to be the brave, utopian ideals of modernist design and architecture. In fact, the phrase originated in Robert Browning's 1855 poem Andrea del Sarto.

Less is more.

It was one of the first glass International style office buildings in the United States. Located in midtown Manhattan, it was originally the American corporate headquarters of the soap company Lever Brothers. The design of this building offsets the tall office tower from the horizontal base. The horizontal base is lifted off the ground plane by pilotis except for a small, enclosed portion, providing a public plaza underneath and a threshold between the exterior and interior of the building. Here, the ground floor has space for displays, waiting for visitors, an auditorium, and a demonstration kitchen.

Lever House

German-born American architect whose rectilinear forms, crafted in elegant simplicity, epitomized the International Style of architecture.

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

Architect and designer, one of the most influential exponents of the International Style; was concerned with applying new forms and uses to newly developed technology and materials to create an art expressive of an industrial age. He designed the famous Wassily Armchair.

Marcel Breuer

A concept, a scale of harmonic measures that set architectural elements in proportion to human stature. This theory was finally perfected in 1950, and Le Corbusier used it in designing all his subsequent buildings, wishing them to incorporate "a human scale."

Modulor Concept

Designed by architects Bley and Lyman of Buffalo and Melvin L. King of Syracuse, this "cathedral of light" is one of the best remaining examples of Art Deco architecture in the nation. Its ornamentation is, to say the least, opulent.

Niagara Hudson Building

In 1950, Le Corbusier was commissioned to design a new Catholic church to replace the previous structure that had been destroyed during World War II. It is deceptively modern such that it does not appear as a part of Corbusier's aesthetic or even that of the International Style; rather it sits in the site as a sculptural object. The inability to categorize the building has made it one of the most important religious buildings of the 20th Century, as well as Corbusier's career.

Notre Dame du Haut

Le Corbusier's five points of architecture can be found within the design from its open plan to the view of the Himalayan landscape. The program features a circular assembly chamber, a forum for conversation and transactions, and stair-free circulation.

Palace of the Assembly Chandigarh

A leading German architect, painter, and designer were regarded as the leading designer of the 20th century to have made a great and long-lasting influence on European architecture for generations to come.

Peter Behrens

American style architecture, generally of two-story structures with single-story wings. They utilized horizontal lines, ribbon windows, gently sloping roofs, suppressed, heavy-set chimneys, overhangs, and sequestered gardens.

Prairie Style

Designed as two large rectangles that seem to slide past one another, the long, horizontal residence that Wright created, boldly established a new form of domestic design: the Prairie style. As the first uniquely American architectural style, it responded to the expansive American plains by emphasizing the horizontal over the vertical. A dramatic twenty-foot cantilevered roof shades ribbons of art-glass windows below creates privacy and seamlessly connects the interior and exterior. Inside, the typical warren of rooms is discarded for a light-filled open plan, centered around the main hearth. Wright responded not only to the openness of the American landscape but also to the more informal quality of the modern American lifestyle.

Robie House

Is a complex of skyscrapers and theaters in New York in the 1930s and was designed by a talented committee of architects and planners. It superbly demonstrates how tall buildings can be seamlessly integrated into the horizontal tangle of the city below. By early 1930, the architects had established the basic setup of the skyscraper: a tall building anchoring the middle of the development, fronted by a plaza, and flanked by shorter buildings around the

Rockefeller Center

The concrete building contains 100 cells and features many of the structural and decorative motifs that Le Corbusier developed over his career. The structure was also added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Sainte Marie de La Tourette

Located in the heart of New York City, the structure was designed by Mies van der Rohe epitomizes elegance and the principles of modernism. The 38-story building on Park Avenue was Mies' first attempt at tall office building construction. Mies' solution set a standard for the modern skyscraper. The building became a monumental continuity of bronze and dark glass climbing up 515 feet to the top of the tower, juxtaposing the large granite surface of the plaza below.

Seagram Building

The designers of the Empire State Building.

Shreve, Lamb & Harmon Associates

Completely contrasting the strict Manhattan city grid, the organic curves of the structure are a familiar landmark for both art lovers, visitors, and pedestrians alike. The exterior of the structure is a stacked white cylinder of reinforced concrete swirling towards the sky. The museum's dramatic curves of the exterior, however, had an even more stunning effect on the interior. Inside Wright proposed "one great space on a continuous floor," and his concept was a success. The last major project was designed and built by Frank Lloyd Wright between 1943 until its opened to the public in 1959, six months after his death, making it one of his longest works in creation along with one of his most popular projects.

Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum

Designed by Alvar Aalto in 1949, the building is a study in opposition: elements of classicism and the monumental blended with modernity and intimacy to form a cohesive new center-point for the community.

Säynätsalo Town Hall

Designed by architects Sir Owen Williams with Ellis and Clarke, the building's main lobby's east and west walls sport two gilded murals, "Great Britain" and "The Empire", by sculptor Eric Aumonier. It has a black vitrolite glass façade of Lord Beaverbrook's' 1930-32 Fleet Street newspaper headquarters.

The Daily Express Building

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The building's decorative neo-Gothic program only adds to this sense of monumentality. On the exterior, ornate sculptural arches, finials, and gargoyles over-scaled enough to be read from street-level, refer directly to European medieval architecture and draw the eye towards the heavens in the same manner as a High Gothic cathedral.

18-story residential block in Marseille, France, that expressed Le Corbusier's ideal of urban family lodging. Completed in 1952, it is a vertical mixed-use community, with a shopping floor halfway up and other communal facilities on the roof. Two-story living rooms make for efficient use of volumes and permit the use of a "skip-stop" system in which elevators stop on every other floor. Each unit has front and rear balconies with sun protection provided by Le Corbusier's brise-soleil. The concrete screen pierced with differently sized openings evokes tracery.

Unite d' Habitation

Designed by Le Corbusier in 1929, represents the culmination of a decade during which the architect worked to articulate the essence of modern architecture. Throughout the 1920s, via his writings and designs, Le Corbusier considered the nature of modern life and architecture's role in the new machine age. His famous dictum, that "The house should be a machine for living in," is perfectly realized within the forms, layout, materials, and siting of the structure.

Villa Savoye

German American architect and educator who, particularly as director of the Bauhaus (1919-28), exerted a major influence on the development of modern architecture. Created prototype of modern architecture: free-standing glass sheath suspended on a structural framework - aka curtain wall.

Walter Gropius

The first house in true Prairie style and marks the full development of Wright's wood frame and stucco system of construction. Wright used a cruciform plan with the interior space flowing around a central chimney core and extending outward onto covered verandas and open terraces.

Ward W. Willits House

The building towers around 60 stories and 792 feet above Broadway between Park Place and Barclay Street in downtown Manhattan, was the tallest building in the world when it was completed, in 1913. It was designed by architect Cass Gilbert, the building won widespread acclaim for its pioneering steel-frame structure and stunning interior and exterior appearance.

Woolworth Building