hogan chap1-3

Culture-mindedness

Skill one and Skill Two collectively. People who are demonstrating both skills by attuning into the texture of relationships and by learning about and recognizing different ways of thinking and communicating, and the other aspects of culture, as well as the critical barriers common in social group interaction patterns..

ethnocentrism,

a common human tendency to judge others by one's own cultural values and standards, which are perceived as superior.

Three communication skills that help in personalizing observations

1. Communicate with "I-messages" rather than "you-messages." 2. Paraphrase. Repeat what you hear in conversation back to the other person. 3. Listen actively. Active listening entails giving the speaker your undivided attention.

steps for problem solving process

1. Define the problem. Recognize the problem and define it in terms that reflect everyone's view 2. Identify possible solutions and generate a list. 3. Evaluate the list of possible solutions. 4. Choose a proposed solution for implementation. 5. Devise an implementation plan for the solution. In this step, the group reflects on how to go about implementing the solution on which participants have agreed. 6. Assess the success of the solution.

Five significant assumptions of mainstream culture foster cultural-diversity barriers :

1. The United States is a meritocracy of equal individuals. 2. Americans don't have a culture. 3. If it is different, it is wrong. 4. One should never talk about cultural diversity. 5. One should never admit to being prejudiced.

personal/interpersonal barriers

1.Language (verbal communication) 2.Nonverbal communication 3.Preconceptions, stereotypes, and discrimination 4.Judgments 5.Stress

Five gender issues consistently reported at worksites

1.the nonrecognition of women's authority and the unrealistic expectations, based on historical stereotypes, of women's capabilities 2.unequal opportunities, pay, and benefits for women 3.inappropriate sexual behavior directed at women 4.confusion regarding gender-role etiquette and language 5.special difficulty in balancing work and home life

Organizational/Institutional Barriers

6.Norms, policies, procedures, and programs unfriendly to cultural diversity.-set the context for employee relations; when they support disrespectful, unequal, and inequitable relationships among employees, they effectively become the sixth barrier.

Self-reflection and nonjudgment

Active processes of understanding our self and others while suspending judgment. -allow us to grow in our awareness and understanding of the ways our psychobiological capabilities of perception, memory, emotions, and symbolic processes interact with, and are influenced by, the sociocultural contexts of our daily lives over time.

race concept

As a result of historical social developments in the United States, in which African Americans were subjugated as "slaves" by powerful white groups, the perception of "race" is a 500 year old folk belief that ascribes differential status to groups of people within society based on physical differences, such as skin color and eye shape.

Stage 5: Diversity Competence

At this stage individuals have achieved considerable growth and find themselves regularly able to develop effective relationships with people described as culturally and socially diverse.

Stage 2: Resistance

At this stage, individuals question and resist anything that seems to contradict mainstream culture's assumptions and beliefs about diversity.

Conflict-recovery process

Awareness and practice of these skills are needed for reestablishing rapport when mistakes and conflicts occur.

Stage 3: Redefinition

Individuals at this stage characteristically begin to redefine their identity in terms of the growing awareness and sensitivity they are discovering in themselves and the impact they see it having on their lives and the lives of others.

Identity-Change Stages: Stage 1: Conformity

Individuals at this stage do not recognize the impact that the meritocracy assumption or the denial of social stratification has on their lives.

Stage 4: New Identity

Individuals at this stage have begun to feel comfortable with the new identity they have achieved, based on the awareness and understanding of cultural and social diversity issues in the United States.

4 steps to having a dialogue process

One: The parties initiate the dialogue by establishing the ground rules of procedure. Two: The parties in dialogue listen without interruption and with undivided attention to the viewpoints of each party. Three: Each party restates what he or she thinks was heard. Four: Each party gives voice to his or her viewpoint.

steps for conflict recovery

One: openly acknowledging the point of disagreement, misunderstanding, or hostility. Two: The parties engage in the dialogue process about the issue with use of the Problem-Solving Process discussed next. Three: The parties discuss whatever options they can devise for reducing conflict and work out a plan of action Four: The parties agree to work with a mediator or culture broker, if necessary, to explore their dispute more fully and to come to some kind of agreement.

Problem-solving process

The problem-solving process provides opportunities to put the 14 personal competencies, the dialogue process, and the conflict recovery techniques into practice.

Holistic

This is a guiding perspective in anthropological field work in which anthropologists attempt to gain understanding of the whole system and its interrelated parts.

Emic contextualization and comparison

This is a process of obtaining information on the attitudes, values, and social relations directly from the people involved in the present situation -. It is an attempt to enter the mental world of others, to experience the categories and logic by which others see the world, and to see the content and pattern of their daily existence.

Broad objective of the training model

To work on a person-to-person basis to provide an interpersonal foundation for change while at the same time working to change our hierarchical social structures into more collaborative, synergistic organizations.

The stress barrier frequently affects

all parties in an interaction in which familiar communication and behavioral cues are missing.

Holistic implementation of change

approach to change employs serious systemwide planning, implementation, and evaluation of organization policies and procedures in relation to organization goals—in this case, cultural diversity competence.

stress stems from

being treated as an "open person," or one who becomes a special target of hostile treatment because she/he is perceived as different and deficient and therefore deserving of contempt.

diversity competence, cultural competence, or cultural diversity competence

cultural awareness, coupled with the skills needed to interact in the same place- these terms imply the underlying qualities of awareness, understanding and interpersonal skill.

objective culture

dictates how and why we behave in certain ways-a routine pattern of behaviors

anthropology's field method for understanding culture is called_____

ethnographic

micro level of the individual

in a person's assumptions, values, beliefs, explanatory systems, and behaviors, which are learned and shaped by the power relations in the family and other basic social groups.

Culture/ethnic group

is a group in which the members generally share a complex and dynamic common cultural heritage made up of the assumptions, values, beliefs, attitudes, and customs that relate to the aspects of culture we have been examining—that is, language, religion, and family life processes,

Synergistic organization

is capable of producing strategies on an ongoing basis that proactively respond to diverse and changing economic, social, and political environmental conditions.

subjective culture

is composed of a meaning system-The system of meanings which underlie individual behavior is out of awareness because it is so routine.

Dialogue process

is the exchange of information between people intent on listening to one another's perspective to comprehend the meaning.

why is it important to practice the 14 competencies?

it builds a personal foundation for engaging in the dialogue and conflict-recovery process in a culturally diverse environment

definition of culture

learned, shared, and transmitted values, beliefs, norms, and lifeways of a group which are generally transmitted intergenerationally and influence one's thinking and action modes.

Personal culture

often referred to as core identity, is a dynamic entirety that underlies one's individual behavior and includes everything an individual finds meaningful: beliefs, values, perceptions, assumptions, and explanatory frameworks about reality itself.

Rule of hypodescent

or the "one-drop rule," defines a person as lower in status or position if that person has just one ancestor who was a member of a lower group of that society's group hierarchy.

examples of layers of stress

people of minority status,social exclusion, immigrants

what are the 2 broad types that the 6 barriers divide into

personal/interpersonal level and the organization/system levels

Teamwork

refers to collaborative and interdependent relationships in performing a task. It can be called synergistic because the collaborative combined effort increases each other team members' effectiveness. (or synergy—see below) is possible only if people treat one another with respect and communicate with one another in ways that form bonds of mutual trust.

judgement barriers

relate to preconceptions, stereotypes, and discrimination. This barrier is an unconscious and automatic tendency to pass negative judgment on people who look and behave in unfamiliar ways.

ethnographic is guided by the principles of____

self-reflection, nonjudgment, emic contextualization, comparison, and holistism.

macro level culture refers to

the structure and processes of organizations and societal institutions, most of which are stratified hierarchies. Culture, thus, encompasses our schools, workplaces, the media, our government, health, and the criminal justice system

the meso level in the groups

to which we identify and within which we interact. Each individual belongs to many groups based on ethnicity, gender, age, class, race, religion, sexual orientation, ableness, occupation, and region of the country