Holocaust

Even though a huge number of prisoners were forced to make the death march, how many were left behind at Auschwitz?

7000

Auschwitz was the only camp to tattoo numbers on the prisoners. What is MOST likely the reason behind this unique step?

Auschwitz was the biggest camp by far, so they used tattoos as organization.

Daniel has been chosen to serve on the Judenrat for the Pinsk ghetto. His wife is upset because she says this will make Daniel hated among the members of the community. Still, Daniel feels compelled to enforce the Nazi rules and regulations among the Jewish community living there. What might the outcome have been if men like Daniel refused to serve as Judenrat?

Nazi soldiers would likely have been sent in to enforce the laws, harshly.

The Warsaw ghetto had existed peacefully for a couple of years but then had a large uprising in 1943. What MOST likely contributed to the change?

Residents began to understand that the next stop was the death camps.

Why did US military authorities invite famous journalists such as Pulitzer and Morrow to tour the camps?

Some journalists doubted the stories were true.

. Hannah is doing a report on her Jewish heritage in school. One of the focuses of her report is how the Roman destruction of Jerusalem affected the Jews as a nation. Which fact would BEST explain this part of Hannah's ancestry? checkCorrect

The Jews were scattered and settled all over parts of Eurasia after this event.

Why were 80,000 Jewish refugees able to settle in the United States in 1950 when so many had been turned away in the late 1930s?

The immigration laws changed to allow 200,000 Jews in after the war.

How did the death march end for those in the Stutthof camp?

They were driven towards the Baltic Sea and shot.

Although Adolf Eichmann managed to escape capture and evade the Nuremburg trials, for what reason did Israeli Mossad MOST likely continue to hunt for him?

??He was directly responsible for organizing the Final Solution.

During the trial, video of the British liberation of Bergen-Belsen was played for all to see. Afterwards, defendant Goering said, "Then they showed that awful film, and it just spoiled everything!" What did he most likely mean by this statement?

??He worried that it made the Nazi cause look less noble than he believed it to be.

Unlike the Nuremberg Trials, Eichmann's trial included many eyewitness testimonials. What is NOT likely a reason that eyewitnesses testified during this famous trial?

??So victims could face their oppressor and express themselves.

Why did the Serbian military feel justified in crossing the border into Bosnia in the early 1990s?

??There were reports that Christians in Bosnia were being persecuted.

it is 1982. Although Rebekah is only in her 20s, she does important work for Israel. As a therapist, Rebekah meets regularly with Holocaust survivors, helping them process the experiences they had during the war. Some of Rebekah's patients did not spend time in concentration camps but were, in fact, just children when they were sent away to Britain by their parents to keep them safe. Rebekah understands that the trauma these patients went through has caused difficulties in their lives, and she tries to help them find peace. Which organization does Rebekah MOST likely work for?

AMCHA

Nazi Party Secretary Martin Bormann was tried and sentenced to death in absentia. Later, it was confirmed that he had been killed trying to flee Berlin toward the end of the war. Since Bormann was tried even though he was not present, why did prosecutors not also put Hitler, Himmler, or Goebbels on trial as well?

Authorities did not want people to believe those three might still be alive.

The perpetrators were regular people with machetes, not a few officials with gas chambers.

Both Hutu and Tutsis fled to Congo so the conflict continued with them.

Young Kiara has never seen her father so anxious. Her mother explains that father is working on a special case that means a great deal to everyone in Israel. Every night when he comes home from work, Avraham briefly kisses his wife and daughter and heads straight into his study. Kiara has sometimes seen older men and women who are strangers come to visit her house. They are invited into her father's study, the door closes, and sometimes she can hear weeping. She asks her mother what they are crying about, and she is told, "They are remembering bad times." Avraham leaves early every day, patting Kiara on the head and assuring her that, soon, his investigation will be complete. Once the trial begins, it is out of his hands. What is MOST likely the office in which Avraham works?

Bureau 06

During the Nuremberg Trials, there was little physical evidence of the Nazis crimes that could be presented to the judges.

False

When the Benjamin and Vladka Meed Registry of Holocaust Survivors was founded in 1981, why did the American Gathering of Jewish Holocaust Survivors feel that there was a pressing need to get the survivor's stories documented?

In 1981, Holocaust survivors were aging quickly and might not be around much longer.

The Genocide Convention defined genocide as "any of a number of acts committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group." When it comes to the violence in Darfur, what is the basis for the acts perpetrated by the Janjaweed?

It is due to the victims being of a certain racial group.

Of all the locations that could have been used to conduct the trials of Nazi war criminals, why was Nuremberg chosen?

It offered adequate space, a prison, and the Palace of Justice was undamaged.

what group was generally the focus of Operation Reinhard?

Jews in Poland

Which Nazi official was not included under Aktion T-4 and Operation Brandt but could have qualified for it under the Nazi definitions?

Joseph Goebel

The SS managed to kill 65,000 Soviet POWs in Gross-Rosen concentration camp by feeding them soup consisting of grass, water, and salt for six months. Because of the changes in international humanitarian law, what would happen if a country treated POWs this way today?

POWs are to be given basic food and medical care so this would be a violation of international law.

Who were the first known peoples to call themselves arya?

Persian or Indian people

When Germany expelled all Polish Jews from its borders in 1938, why could they not return to Poland?

Polish officials refused to take them.

If a government is suspected of allowing a possible genocide to occur within their borders, what is the MOST likely recourse the United Nations might take?

Set up sanctions against the government to put pressure on it.

Bopha is a young Cambodian girl who has been forced to march along with other members of her family away from the small city in which she was born. The journey takes many days and the soldiers who drive the group use whips and clubs. Late one night, Bopha manages to sneak away into the jungle. As soon as she feels it is safe, she runs as hard as she can. Bopha knows that she must survive on her own now. If the soldiers catch up to her, what will MOST likely happen to Bopha?

She will be shot and thrown in a mass grave.

Enrich is a new SS officer sent to serve as a guard in one of the Polish concentration camps. It is 1941 when Enrich arrives at Auschwitz, reporting for duty to the commandant. As he is given his orders, Enrich notes that the prisoners in this camp are mostly:

Soviet POWs

During the Nuremberg Trials, how did the piles of Nazi films and documents help solidify the prosecution's case?

The Nazis' own documentation was used to prove the crimes had been committed.

Irena and Eitan are university students preparing a research paper on the Nuremberg Trials and their defendants. They have traveled to Nuremberg to see the venue in which the trials were held. They have toured Auschwitz, including the area that contained the gallows where Hoess hung after his trial. When it comes to those executed after being found guilty at Nuremberg, where should they go to view the graves?

The defendants' cremated remains were scattered in a stream so there is nothing to find

Those who were members of Stalin's representatives at the Genocide Convention may have had to field questions about the millions of Ukrainians who starved to death in the previous decades. Perhaps they discussed how famines arise in every land and there is little that can be done to help the people. Which statement would BEST expose this as a failed argument?

The famine was human-made because grain was harvested but the people were kept from it.

Although many countries recognize the fact that almost 2 million Armenians were starved or worked to death under the Ottoman Empire, why is it that no trials were held like those at Nuremberg?

The international community knew, but there were no legal ramifications in place to prosecute.

When compared to the Holocaust, why might some describe the genocide in Rwanda as more brutal?

The perpetrators were regular people with machetes, not a few officials with gas chambers.

Even though the United States believes that Armenians were systematically wiped out in Turkey during the First World War, they have not officially used the term 'genocide' to describe it. Turkey pays lobbyists in Washington to argue against any declaration acknowledging the Armenian genocide. If the United States did pass a resolution commemorating those who died in the Armenian genocide, which would be the MOST likely repercussion?

The political relationship between the United States government and that of the Turkish government would become strained.

Many Holocaust survivors were active in helping establish the Israeli state and fight for Israeli independence. Which statement BEST describes the possible reason for this activity?

The survivors were passionate about having a safe place for the Jewish people.

When evidence was presented about the horrible conditions present in Bergen-Belsen, defendants Walther Funk and Hans Fritzche were visibly distressed. What MOST likely fueled this reaction?

They had not been aware of the extent of the conditions.

How did the new German government deal with citizens who had played a part in the Nazi activities?

They held over 900 trials of their own to bring accomplices to justice.

Since the defendants, judges, and prosecutors all spoke different languages, how was the trial successfully conducted?

They used headsets allowing near instant translation.

As Kuba sees the residents of his little town rounded up and forced into trains to be sent for labor in the camps, he wonders what the Nazis plan to do with the farms and homes that are left behind. The Nazi officer who orders Kuba to line up tells him not to worry. He says that the residents' property will be waiting for them after they serve their time. What is the truth about the homes of Kuba and his Polish companions?

They will be given to German families to settle Poland.

Upon arriving at the platform, many Jews, especially those from western lands, carried their belongings with them. As they were separated into genders, they were told to hand over their belongings, and especially valuables, for safekeeping. Which choice BEST explains why this tactic was used by the guards?

This kept the ruse that they would be returning for their belongings.

The Nuremberg Trials changed history in that leaders or officials could be held accountable to international courts for crimes against their people.

True

How could the sequence of events leading to the liberation of Dachau BEST be described?

Unwilling to surrender, the remaining SS guards and guard dogs fought the advancing soldiers.

Prior to the establishment of the extermination camps, which prisoner had the LEAST likely hope of surviving in the camp?

Walter, age 26, who was born with Down's syndrome

Why could the Institute for Historical Review be discounted as a reputable source?

because they are not academics or historians

Wolfgang served as part of the Einsatzgruppen, doing his duty as a commander who traveled through Lithuania and Latvia, cleansing the land for German occupation. As the war came to an end, Wolfgang managed to find a hiding place with a family who were supporters of the Nazi cause. He knows that this place is not safe for him, though, for some townspeople might recognize him and inform the authorities. Wolfgang gets in touch with an old SS friend. This friend arranges for Wolfgang to be smuggled to Iran with false papers. He tells Wolfgang to make sure that everyone he speaks to verifies that they were once in service like he was. This, he says, is the only way Wolfgang can know they are trustworthy. By what method is Wolfgang MOST likely able to avoid punishment for his crimes?

being smuggled out by ODESSA

What BEST describes the policy of Aryanization?

boycotts and policies encouraging Jews to sell businesses to Aryan owners

34-year-old Drafi is rounded up in Berlin before the start of the Olympic games. His family is Romani and have kept separate from Germany society for many generations. When he is deposited at Dachau concentration camp, Drafi is told that he will be in Company 2 with other asocials, which is what the SS call Drafi's people. When he is led to his hut, what marking will Drafi MOST likely see on his fellow prisoners?

brown or black

Kristallnacht was a spontaneous event on the part of regular German citizens.

false

Operation Brandt is named after a street in Berlin.

false

Roma people were often sent to the camps for violation of Section 175.

false

Scholars who believe that intentionalism and functionalism converged to cause the Holocaust say that everyday German people had nothing to do with it.

false

The DP camps provided counseling and mental health services.

false

How did the Jews of Poland differ from those in Germany and the rest of Western Europe?

hey were less educated and less economically successful.

The Allied forces made considerable efforts to block Hitler's access to oil, hoping this would stifle his war effort. The chemists at IG Farben were able to come up with a substitute that could be used by the German army to run their trucks and tanks. During the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials, evidence of this substitute would MOST likely have been entered to prove their guilt on which charge?

preparation, initiation, and waging of wars of aggression

What resulted from the vocal opposition of Aktion T-4 by Cardinal Clemon von Galen?

the program was continued but much more quietly.

Although organizations like IHR and CODOH attempt to represent themselves as unbiased, academic organizations, if their sources and arguments are examined closely, what is usually their underlying motivation?

they are anti-Semitic.

Around 95 percent of those deported to Treblinka II were dead within a few hours.

true

Mengele hoped to make Aryan women have twins consistently.

true

Polish academics were killed in AB-Aktion.

true

The International Court of Justice and International Criminal Court act independently of the United Nations.

true

The deaths and deportations of Bosnian Muslims meet the legal definition of genocide.

true

For many concentration camps, what was the biggest factor in determining their location?

the proximity to industrial or natural resources

What was the MAIN purpose of the disgusting conditions in which Auschwitz prisoners lived?

to dehumanize the prisoners

after so much labor and money had been put into constructing Auschwitz's four large gas chambers and crematoriums, why did the Nazis destroy them in 1944?

to destroy evidence of what had happened there

Paul manages a shop that his family has owned for generations. With the Nazi occupation of Poland, Paul is informed that his family's business now belongs to Kuba, a Polish businessman he has known for many years. According to the new policy, what can Kuba now decide?

whether Paul can work for him as an employee

How did the US Army manage to liberate the concentration camp at Ohrdruf?

They were advancing through the countryside and happened on the camp.

At what time period did Jehovah's Witnesses find themselves taken to the concentration camps? checkCorrect

in the early part of Hitler's rule

What purpose was the imprisonment of Jehovah's Witnesses in the concentration camps initially supposed to serve?

to reeducate them to be good citizens

Anna Maria and her twin sister were subjects of some of Josef Mengele's terrible experiments at Auschwitz. She is now writing her memoirs. Which would MOST likely be the chapter concerning the last part of her time at Auschwitz?

"Left Behind to Die"

Wilhelm and his little brother are extremely excited to see their new home. The German official who sent for them on behalf of their father, a German businessman, points to a two-story farmhouse in the distance. Wilhelm wonders if he will have his own room and if it will have furniture already. As the car comes to a stop, the two boys race up to the door. They ignore the family photos on the wall as they rush up the stairway, eager to claim their bedrooms. Wilhelm hears his mother timidly ask the official, "Is this house really ours now?" Which reply does Wilhelm MOST likely hear the official give?

"Yes, madam, for this is part of Generalplan Ost."

Hans has been a guard at Buchenwald for five years now. He hears about the construction of new camps, such as Treblinka 2 and Sobibor. He hears that a position in one of these camps could be especially good for career advancement. How would things have changed for Hans if he had transferred to Treblinka 2?

Camps like Treblinka 2 were for extermination, and officials there reported directly to Hitler.

What is the idea behind Social Darwinism?

Each race is a separate species and the fittest will survive.

The Judenrat were told to pick out residents of the ghetto who would be 'resettled' at Chelmno. Which resident of the ghetto would MOST likely be chosen to be sent to Chelmno?

Feliks, a 66 year old who broke his leg and was bedridden

The year is 1935. Hannah is a 21-year-old German who has been a nanny for the children of a Jewish family for two years now. The children love Hannah because she always tells them funny stories. One day, the children's parents tell Hannah that she must not return to the house. They say a law called Nuremberg has been enacted. How does this law MOST likely apply to Hannah?

Hannah is under 45 so she cannot do domestic work for a Jewish family.

Joseph is 14 years old. He has lived in Warsaw, Poland, his whole life. Now that it is 1939 and the Nazis have taken over, Joseph is told that he must always identify himself as a Jew to protect other citizens. How is Joseph to do this?

He must wear a white armband with a blue Star of David.

What conclusions can be drawn from the famous poem written by Martin Niemoller?

Many failed to speak against the Nazis until it impacted their own lives.

What happened to the number of Jews in Germany in the 1930s?

Their numbers fell by half as Jews emigrated to other nations.

at the Wannsee Conference, Nazi officials made plans to send large numbers of Jews to Siberia once the Soviet Union was under their control. If the Nazis had gone with this plan, how would things have been different for their Jewish prisoners?

They would have been eventually starved or been worked to death.

Since Hitler had his sights set on ruling Germany, why did he concentrate on the Youth Party and other organizations during the late 1920s?

Things were getting better in Germany and the people weren't as open to his rhetoric.

Of all the activities that happened in the Nazi-created ghettos, which was legal?

ending libraries and cultural events

The original design of Auschwitz-Birkenau included four large extermination chambers

false

The phrase emblazoned on the gates of Auschwitz and other camps, "Arbeit Macht Frei," literally translates to "Your Freedom Ends Here."

false

Because they went to such great lengths to hide their intentions during the Final Solution, it took effort for authorities to find clearly written evidence of what the Nazis had planned. In what document would investigators MOST likely find open discussion about the Final Solution?

??a letter from Commandant Hoess to his colleague Commandant Niemann

How did Operation Brandt impact German soldiers?

Operation Brandt killed shell-shocked soldiers, defining them as mentally ill.

When the first concentration camp was opened in 1933, Heinrich Himmler held a press conference. What conclusion can be drawn from the fact that Himmler did not try to hide the existence of the concentration camp?

People understood that the camp was to house political prisoners, not a place to kill Jews.

Unlike the Holocaust, what fact shows that the world knew what was going on in Bosnia during the genocide?

The United Nations sent peacekeepers to stop the killing in Bosnia.

How were some of the 29 survivors of Babi Yar able to get past the Einsatzgruppen?

They pretended to be dead along with other bodies.

How many refugees eventually settled in Israel?

136,000

Anna is creating a timeline to show the deaths of victims of the Holocaust. She has included the different stages, such as Kristallnacht, the ghettos, concentration camps, and more. Anna gets to the Final Solution on her timeline. What percentage of deaths should she show during this time period?

99 percent of all total deaths during the Holocaust

On a beautiful island, two peoples have lived in peace for many years. One group practices an ancient religion of their ancestors which focuses on nature. The other group worships as part of a religion that began in another country. Sometimes, traditions of one group offend the other. When a terrible storm hits one side of the island, those residents are sure that it was caused because of the disgusting worship of the other group. They decide that the only way to be safe is to clean their island of anyone who practices the opposing religion. Using machetes and guns, they slaughter members of the other group. No one is left alive, even old people or children. If this case were brought to the attention of the international community, on what specific charge could leaders of the remaining group be tried?

??crimes against humanity

President Hindenburg pushed for the institution of the Reichstag Fire Decree in response to a Communist act toward the state building. What may have been the outcome if the Reichstag Fire Decree had not been instituted, suspending judicial process for political opponents?

Another political party may have survived to push back against the Nazis.

Alfred Jodl was the deputy to Wilhelm Keitel, the Nazi Defense Minister. Since Keitel was already on trial at Nuremberg, which count was MOST likely applied to Jodl to show that he was not just following orders from his superior?

Count 1 Conspiracy

paul Blobel, who was a commander of one of the units of the Einsatzgruppen, was later tried and found guilty on several criminal. Which charge would MOST fit his part in Operation Barbarossa, in which Blobel led his troops through the Ukraine, killing Soviet soldiers and villagers?

Count 3 War Crimes

Dante lives in a town where there has been a recent influx of refugees from another country. Some people in Dante's community, including his parents, are nervous about these new residents. They worry about what bad things might come along with the refugees and wonder if they will begin to outnumber the locals. There begins to be a sense of hostility in the town. How might Dante prevent the buildup of bad feelings against the refugees in his community?

Dante could make an effort to befriend some refugees and learn about their culture.

From where would a former Nazi official MOST likely expect to leave Europe if they were being smuggled out by Catholic friars or bishops?

Genoa, Italy

What conclusions can you draw from Eisenhower's summoning of major news agents such as Joseph Pulitzer and Edward R. Murrow to the concentration camps for tours?

He thought that people might be more willing to believe news agents than the government.

Ohrdruf concentration camp was liberated by the US Army under the command of Brigadier General Joseph Cutrona. Since his superior, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, was not on hand when the camp was liberated, he could have accepted the report sent to him by Cutrona on the situation at the camp. Why did Eisenhower decide to tour the camp for himself?

He wanted to be able to testify as an eyewitness in case people denied what happened.

Otto was born in Auschwitz and managed to be hidden by the midwife. He was only two years old when the camp was liberated. Now, Otto experiences sudden panic attacks. His doctor believes they are related to the years of his life that he spent in Auschwitz and the DP camps. Since Otto doesn't have any solid memories of this time, how might he be encouraged to process them?

He would be encouraged to use art such as painting to express the feelings that he has

Eli was 15 when he was transported to the camps. He watched his bunkmates die of dysentery and typhoid fever. When the Nazis began to realize that Allied forces were moving in, Eli and his fellow prisoners were made to march for miles in the snow toward Germany. Now that he is an adult, Eli visits colleges, speaking about his experiences during the Holocaust. Which phrase BEST describes Eli's speaking engagements?

Holocaust education

The result of a relatively incompetent commandant, what especially stood out about the camp at Majdanek when the Soviets arrived?

It was almost completely intact with little evidence destroyed.

Essea has always been interested in where her name came from. Her mother tells her that she is named for her great grandmother, who once lived in Belgium. Essea asks her mother if she ever got to meet great grandmother but her mother shakes her head sadly. She explains to Essea that her grandmother was killed during World War II. It was a time when Roma people all throughout Europe were rounded up by the Nazis and put into camps or shot. What term would Essea's mother MOST likely use to describe this time?

Porrajmos

Ever since her little daughter Ida was born, Freda knew that she would be a lot of work. Ida has Down syndrome, but Freda has patiently worked with her daughter. Ida can read and dress herself. Ida comes down with a fever, though, and Freda feels that she must call for a doctor's help. The doctor examines Ida. He tells Freda that because of Ida's condition, she should be sent to Kinderfachabteilugen. There, the trained doctors and nurses would give Ida a much better life than Freda could provide. Freda hesitantly agrees but only once the doctor promises that she will be able to write her daughter. After several letters are returned, Freda calls the Kinderfachabteilugen to speak with her daughter. What will she MOST likely be told?

She will be told that her daughter unexpectedly died of pneumonia.

The Madagascar Plan was ultimately abandoned by the Nazi party when it became apparent that Britain would not easily be conquered. How was the planned triumph over Britain related to resettling Jews on an island off the coast of Africa?

The Nazis planned to use British warships to transport Jewish prisoners.

Dominique is worried for her friend Ange. Ange is a Tutsi and Dominique has heard that men from the next village are coming through looking for all Tutsi. The people are told to point out Tutsi to the soldiers when they arrive. Dominique quickly hides Ange in her home, hoping that the vicious soldiers will pass by without noticing her. Later, Dominique and Ange speak at public events of their friendship that withstood a genocide. To which genocide would they most likely be referring?

The Rwandan Genocide

As the Nazis spread into surrounding lands, they found a few societies that were willing to help them with their planned execution of the Jews. Just like the Lithuanian police and officials, Ukraine saw members of their own serve as prison guards or on killing squads. What conclusion can BEST be drawn from this fact?

There was already prejudice toward Jews among Ukrainian citizens.

Even though some thought that Palestine was a good spot for repatriated Jews, what alternative did Britain offer instead?

They detoured the emigrants to the island of Cyprus.

With the idea of building their master, or Aryan, race, Germans forbade marriage between Jews and non-Jews. How did they handle the possibility of defects within their own race?

They forced sterilization on anyone with a perceived defect.

Why did some members of the Nazi party question Eicke's appointment?

They questioned his sanity.

When US army prosecutor William Denson later began what were called the Dachau trials, he named 40 camp officials as defendants. The officials did not deny their involvement with Dachau camp, but many denied that prisoners were treated harshly or killed while under their care. Denson was not worried about proving them wrong. Which fact would Denson MOST likely use to his advantage when looking for evidence of how prisoners at Dachau were treated?

When Dachau was liberated, 30,000 prisoners had been abandoned there and were still alive.

As a banker in the days after WWII, Franz did his best to help his closest friends wire money to foreign banks before the Allies were able to trace their origin. Franz had not ever been to a Nazi concentration camp, but he did understand that his friends' wealth had been amassed during the time when German Jews were being divested of their businesses. Franz was helpful in connecting some of his friends with art dealers who might be interested in paintings they acquired when they moved into properties left by Jews. If Franz were to be prosecuted as part of an international tribunal today, on what count would he MOST likely be found guilty?

complicity in genocide

The only group of people that the Nazis planned to completely wipe out were the Jews.

false

After much discussion on who qualified as Jewish, whether they were married to an Aryan or had grandparents that were Jewish, what guidelines would be used to decide?

the Nuremburg Laws

When Sarah was brought to Auschwitz, she did not realize that she was newly pregnant. Because she was young and healthy, she survived the selection and was given a work assignment. Now Sarah is getting bigger, and it is getting more difficult to hide her pregnancy. What will MOST likely happen if the SS find out that Sarah is going to give birth?

the doctors will want to experiment on her and the baby.

None of the Nazi war criminals tried for their crimes were found to be insane.

true

when Allied troops made it to Auschwitz, most of the prisoners had been sent on the death march or killed. The children were left to fend for themselves. How many children were found in Auschwitz when Allied forces liberated it?

180

The environment in Bergen-Belsen has deteriorated rapidly in the past few days. Bodies of prisoners who have died are just lying where they fell. Many of them have died of typhus and dysentery so the guards don't plan to go near them. They grab Hans, who is wearing a pink triangle on his uniform. Hans is told to pick up the dead bodies and arrange them in a pile out of the way. The guards sneer at him, calling him a '175-er.' Hans gets to the terrible job of trying to move the bloated corpses, even though he is almost a skeleton himself. Hans has little hope of leaving the camp alive, especially now that he is touching bodies full of typhus. Somehow, Hans manages to survive. Later, he writes a book detailing his time as a prisoner of Bergen-Belsen. Which chapter would you MOST likely expect to find in Hans' book?

??"Incarcerated Without a Trial"

As they encountered and liberated concentration camps, American troops became more and more shocked by the scenes in front of them. By far, Dachau was the worst of the camps that US soldiers were exposed to. How were the conditions at Dachau related to the liquidation of some of the other camps?

??The commandant of Dachau refused to leave his post as other commandants did, keeping Dachau intact for liberators.

The plan for Poland was to exterminate the Jews but also to get rid of the Polish so that Germans could resettle the land. This would be a huge undertaking. Police Captain Christian Wirth was chosen to handle the logistics of killing such a large number of people. How did his previous experience MOST likely prepare him for this job?

As head of the German euthanasia program, he had firsthand knowledge of methods to kill people.

Miriam, a young Jewish prisoner, returns from the long workday feeling unusually feverish. During the night, she begins to shake so hard that her bunkmate wakes. Feeling her forehead, the bunkmate runs to get another prisoner in the barracks who she heard was a doctor. When the prisoner comes to look over Miriam, she quickly tells the bunkmate to move in with someone else as Miriam is showing signs of tuberculosis. Miriam is almost delirious, but she does hear her bunkmate ask, "What should we do, Ms. Hauteval"? Considering that Miriam's bunkmate has summoned Adelaide Hauteval to her side, what will MOST likely happen to Miriam?

Dr. Hauteval will treat Miriam in secret so that the guards do not realize she is ill.

While conducting research on the methods of Josef Mengele, Yvonne reads an eyewitness account that is part of the archives of the Yad Vashem Holocaust Museum. In order to understand the testimony, Yvonne has to have her browser translate it into English. From what language was this transcript MOST likely translated?

German

Mikhail is only 14 years old when the Germans march into his city. Soldiers announce that all Jews must report to be registered. Mikhail and his father hesitantly enter a crowd of Jews who have come out into the square for this registration. With guns drawn, the soldiers suddenly order the crowd to march forward. When some ask why, they are hit with gun barrels. Mikhail and his father walk a long way outside the city. As they approach a large ravine, they are ordered to stop and undress. Mikhail o

He played dead along with other bodies in the ravine and crawled out of the pile later.

Hitler did not attend the Wannsee Conference, although he had approved the Final Solution. If someone had asked him about his absence, which statement is CLOSEST to the answer he may have provided?

I already made the decisions; the conference was to inform the men of their duties.'

While the world was shocked to hear the reports of Kristallnacht, most countries felt they could do little to help German Jews. Britain did come forward with an operation called Kindertransport. Which theory serves to BEST explain the success of Kindertransport?

It was easier to appeal to British people to save children.

Hugo was spotted by Nazi soldiers when he went to the market in Lodz to buy potatoes for his mother. The soldiers accused Hugo of stealing the potatoes, but the shopkeeper assured them that he had paid. Still, they took one look at Hugo's blonde hair and blue eyes and decided that he must be taken to a special holding camp. Hugo spent a few years in the small prison attached to the ghetto that housed the Jews. Later, he told his story to a reporter. Which would MOST likely be the title of the article about Hugo?

Kinder KZ and the Plan to Grow a New Germany

gorge visits Berlin on business in 1927. While he is there, he reads the local newspaper that discusses the dreams of the Nazi party. The article discusses the great need for lebensraum and how the party intends to create an Aryan nation. Although he is a citizen of Poland, Gorge is fluent in German. For what reason would Gorge likely find this article disturbing?

Lebensraum means 'living space' and Poland is the space right next to Germany.

Early in the camps, Maxim remembers being showered with Zyklon B. So later, when he is told to help construct larger chambers for the showers, Maxim does not feel guilty. He believes that it is a necessary step to life in the camps. How does the purpose of these new chambers compare with what Maxim likely believes their purpose to be?

Maxim was sprayed with Zyklon B to kill lice, but these larger chambers are for killing.

Mordecai is a young Jewish man living in the year 1903. What sentence would MOST likely describe his daily situation?

Mordecai closes his office and walks toward his home in a nice, middle-class neighborhood.

After the gas is vented out of the chamber, Seth and other Jewish prisoners are ordered by the guards to open the heavy concrete doors and begin to unload the newly dead corpses. It is heartbreaking for Seth to think of all the lives that were just snuffed out, so he tries to numb himself as he works. The guards call Seth and his fellow workers all kinds of names as they go about their grisly work. Of course, the Nazis had an official name for Seth. If he were to see his file, which title would the Nazis MOST likely use for Seth?

Sonderkommando

Majdanek was the very first concentration camp liberated by the Soviet forces, and they immediately commenced investigations with the intention of prosecuting the guards and officers for war crimes. Which statement BEST explains why the Soviets felt so outraged and determined to try Nazis for what happened at Majdanek?

The camp was left with thousands of Soviet POWs so what had happened here was truly war crimes in Soviet eyes.

What is MOST likely the motive for announcing that the ghettos had to be closed because of a typhus outbreak?

The citizens would be less likely to disapprove, as they would want to protect themselves.

How did the plan for disposal of bodies change as the realization of advancing enemy troops hit the Nazi leadership?

The mass graves were exhumed, and the bodies were cremated to hide the evidence.

Even though they are detained in Dachau, Elizar and his bunkmates are determined to at least observe the Passover. They smuggle in a few supplies and arrange for one of the prisoners to say the Kiddush, or blessing. For what reason does the senior block captain likely refrain from joining in when the men hold their makeshift Passover?

The senior block captain was probably standing as a lookout while the Passover was observed.

Which describes a method that the Nazi party used to encourage 'Voluntary Aryanization'?

They boycotted Jewish-owned businesses.

When a Jewish citizen in Paris decided to assassinate a Nazi official to protest the expulsion of Polish Jews from Germany, how did German officials respond?

They incited Kristallnacht, a night of violence against Jews.

When the Nazi administration sent memorandums directing the death of Jews at an extermination camp, they used the phrase "special treatment." Which statement BEST explains the careful use of this phrase?

They used euphemisms because they knew that what they were doing would be considered wrong by others.

In 1947, the JDC had to adjust their care packages for refugees to include infant formula and clothing. What does this indicate about the lives of refugees in the camps?

They were beginning to have babies again and form new families.

What was the purpose of doctors such as Josef Mengele in the camps?

They were experimenting on prisoners.

Sara lived in Germany in 1938. In order to visit her grandmother in Poland, Sara had to get a passport. She went to the office of the Ministry of the Interior to apply. While filling out the application, one question asked if Sara was Jewish. Since she answered, 'yes,' what would Sara expect to see on her German passport?

a red letter "J"

The Nuremberg Laws were used at the Wannsee Conference to define who was Jewish and who was not.

true

The ease at which the Einsatzgruppen cleared out numbers of Russian Jews led Hitler to believe that mass killings were the solution for all Jews in Nazi territory.

true

The press and international community did not investigate rumors of killings at Babi Yar.

true

Even though many guards lived what seemed like normal lives at home, they did their jobs with brutal acts that were meant to cause suffering. What was MOST likely the motivation behind this cruelty?

underlying racism and acceptance of Nazi ideas

How did the addition of disrobing rooms attached to the showers affect the extermination process?

It ended the panic that often broke out in the tube.

How was homosexuality treated among the Polish?

??Homosexuals were sent to prison.

Can you predict the outcome if Hitler had abided by the secret non-aggression pact signed by Germany and the Soviet Union?

France would not have gotten involved in the fight to protect Poland from invasion.

What does the establishment of the Office to Combat Homosexuality and Abortion indicate about the ultimate goal of the Nazi party?

The Nazis wanted the Aryan race to grow in numbers.

After the camp was cleared, how did the British deal with Bergen-Belsen?

They burned the camp to the ground to prevent the spread of typhus.

Why were Jews traditionally discriminated against in ancient times?

They did not worship many gods or emperors.

In every block of prisoners in Dachau concentration camp, there was a senior block prisoner. What incentive did the Nazis use to coerce cooperation and informing on the part of the senior block prisoner?

They offered larger food rations and privileges.

besides taking over Jewish businesses, how did non-Jewish business owners benefit from the setup of the ghettos?

they could get almost free labor from the ghettos.