homework 28

Blitzkrieg

"Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland n 1939, German lightning warfare. Characterized by highly mobility and concentrated forces at point of attack., German word meaning lightning war. It was a German army tactic during World War II which called for quick moving, hard hitting drives into enemy territory.

Mein Kampf

'my struggle' by hitler, later became the basic book of nazi goals and ideology, reflected obsession, Book writen by Hitler where he outlines his beliefs: Germans are a superior race, The Treaty of Versailles treated Germany unfairly and that a crowed Germany needed the lands of Eastern Europe and Russia

Great Depression

(1929-1939) The dramatic decline in the world's economy due to the United State's stock market crash of 1929, the overproduction of goods from World War I, and decline in the need for raw materials from non industrialized nations. Results in millions of people losing their jobs as banks and businesses closed around the world. Many people were reduced to homelessness, and had to rely on government sponsored soup kitchens to eat. World trade also declined as many countries imposed protective tariffs in an attempt to restore their economies.

Atlantic Charter

1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war, 1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII and to work for peace after the war

Fascism

A system of government characterized by strict social and economic control and a strong, centralized government usually headed by a dictator. First found in Italy by Mussolini., a political theory advocating an authoritarian hierarchical government (as opposed to democracy or liberalism)

Nazism

Adolf Hitler used fascism to create this type of government based on totalitarian ideas and was used to unite Germany during the 1930s., a form of socialism featuring racism and expansionism, There was rise of this in Germany and this stimulated nationalism that were based on beliefs of ethnic and cultural superiority; The doctrines of nationalism, racial purity, anti-Communism, and the all-powerful role of the State. The National Socialist German Workers Party; Adolf Hitler created this type of government based on totalitarian ideas and used it to unite Germany during the 1930s.

Invasion of Italy

Allied Powers decided to invade the island of Sicily to gain access to the Italian mainland. Used the strategy of "island hopping", Allied soldiers of America/Britain invaded Italy, which resulted in the capture of Sicily in August 1943. Therefore Mussolini was cut off from Italy's power along with the surrendering of the new Italian government.

stock market crash

Another leading component to the start of the Great Depression. The stock became very popular in the 1920's, then in 1929 in took a steep downturn and many lost their money and hope they had put in to the stock., The Stock Market Crash was when, flooded with investments (particularly those buying "on margin, or paying a fraction of the total price or a transaction and the broker lending the trader the rest), the Stock Market crashed after those who bought on margin were forced to either put up more money or sell their stock, choosing to sell. Thousands of people sold their stocks at once, and a financial panic ensued.

Normandy

Beach in France Allies Invaded,Codenamed Operation Overlord, it was the long awaited Allied invasion of France and the opening of the Second Front during World War II. The initial invasion began on June 6, 1944., a former province of northwestern France on the English channel

Neville Chamberlain

British statesman who as Prime Minister pursued a policy of appeasement toward fascist Germany (1869-1940), British Prime Minister prior to WWII who signed a peace treaty with Germany which promised "Peace in our time." Hitler did not honor the treaty, attacked Britain, and Winston Churchill replaced Chamberlain.

Stalingrad

City in Russia, site of a Red Army victory over the Germany army in 1942-1943. The Battle of Stalingrad was the turning point in the war between Germany and the Soviet Union. Today Volgograd. (p. 793), Decisive battle in German invasion of Russia, the Germans were surrounded and systemically destroyed

Battle of the Bulge

December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses., This was Germany's last attempt at success against the Allies during WWII. This was an epic failure and basically served as a way to waste men, supplies, and fuel. The Germans went through Belgium (which was a bad idea because Belgium was a neutral country, and it caused more tension and hostility) to get to the Western Front for this historic offensive battle.

Gen Douglas MacArthur

During the Korean War, he was commander of Allied Forces in the South Pacific during World War II and of UN forces in Korea. He lead the American, British, and South Korean forces. MacArthur fought up until the Yalu River by the Chinese border. Truman told him to only use Korean forces in case China got involved. However MacArthur did not follow orders and sent US, British and Korean forces to fight. The Chinese responded heavily and the troops were pushed back to the 38th parallel. Truman was extremely upset and dismissed MacArthur. Some believe that MacArthur was the reason that the US failed to "liberate" North Korea. Also MacArthur, while back in the states, was always publicly dismissing Truman's ideas. At one point he was even going to run for president., July - US troops led by this man forcibly evicted the remaining 2,000 veterans from their encampment in DC from the "Bonus Army"

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy. (p. 786), Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy.

Charles DeGaulle

French General who Led the French resistance. Organized the Free French military forces that battled the Nazis until France was liberated in 1944., He was the dominant political leader and grand figurehead of France during and after World War II. De Gaulle was a career soldier in the French Army who had been wounded and held prisoner during World War I. He rose to the rank of general and was serving as France's minister for National Defense and War in June, 1940, when France capitulated to Germany early in World War II. DeGaulle escaped to Britain, where he made a famous broadcast calling on the French people to resist (earning him the nickname of the "Man of June 18, 1940"). DeGaulle formed the Free French forces and led the provisional government that ruled France after it was retaken from Germany. After the war he was elected head of the French government.

Kamikaze

Japanese suicide pilots who loaded their planes with explosives and crashed them into American ships., The 'divine wind,' which the Japanese credited with blowing Mongol invaders away from their shores in 1281. (p. 365)

Admiral Yamamoto

Japans Greatest naval strategists, who called for the attack on Pearl Harbor. He also commanded the fleet that attacked Midway Island., overall commander of the Imperial Japanese Navy during the war. Yamamoto planned the Pearl Harbor attacks, though he intended them to come shortly after the declaration of war. He was responsible for most of the Japanese naval actions, including at Midway, throughout the war, until his plane was shot down during an inspection tour

Manchuria/Manchuko

Manchuria (1937)-rape of Nanjing 200,000 innocent killed Manchuko was Japanese base in Manchuria that was taken by soviets after wwii, In North east China, With a base in Korea the Japanese moved into Manchuria and pushed out the Russians, Manchuria proved to be an invaluable foothold in China, region in the mainland of Asia which Japan had acquired in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-5. Japan's sphere of influence there was being threatened by Chinese nationalism, so the Japanese military took over and established a puppet state called Manchukuo. This angered Western nations and made Japan withdraw from the League of Nations, which then allowed them to align more closely with Germany and Italy.

Battle of France

May 9, 1940; Maginot line - Germans come around, French want the Germans to come through Belgium. German general tells his to use modified Schleifen Plan. German plan is to attack the lightly defended area, get behind the french and brit forces in Belgium and German army andwiches the french and brit. Mid June the French surrender., Allies attacked the Central Powers in an attempt to break the stalemate; it did not break the stalemate; after four months of fighting, the Allies advanced only five miles; 1,000,000 soldiers died in this battle

D-Day

Planned June 5th June 6 1944 Germans occupied Normandy France Germans though it would occur at Calais and goal was to liberate Paris, June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.

Polish Campaign

Russia fighting Germany. They fought in Poland and Russia lost 2 million people. Nicholas II left Russia (leaving his wife in charge) and went to Poland to inspire the people. The wife put all her faith in the Russian monk., WHO: Germans, Soviets, Poles WHAT: German dive-bombers and tanks move into area and Soviets capture Eastern Poland from the West; Nazi "Blitzkrieg" crushed Poland in 3 weeks, Allied "Sitzkrieg" WHEN: September 1, 1939- September 17- October 12, 1939 WHERE: Warsaw, Poland and Polish Silesia WHY: Nazi advances and Soviet secret protocols of the Nazi-Soviet pact with them to move into Poland SIGNIFICANCE: Hitler had rejected British and French ultimate to withdraw from Poland; both declared war on Germany

Joseph Stalin

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953), Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition

Nuremburg Trials

Series of trials in 1945 conducted by an International Military Tribunal in which former Nazi leaders were charged with crimes against peace, crimes against humanity, and war crimes, Series of trials in 1945 conducted by an International Military Tribunal in which former Nazi leaders were charged with crimes against peace, crimes against humanity, and war crimes.

Francisco Franco

Spanish general whose armies took control of Spain in 1939 and who ruled as a dictator until his death (1892-1975), Spanish General; organized the revolt in Morocco, which led to the Spanish Civil War. Leader of the Nationalists - right wing, supported by Hitler and Mussolini, won the Civil War after three years of fighting.

Winston S. Churchill

The British prime minister in World War II who became politically and personally close to President Roosevelt., Who was one of the few recognized the threat that Hitler and Nazi Germany posed to the free world?, recognized threat of renewed aggression and global war

Hedeki Tojo

The Japanese Minister of War, he was a devoted nationalism. He was okay with the idea to go to war, to build up Japans Power. He later pressured the Japanese government to dissolve and he took control of Japan., was Prime Minister of Japan when the attack on Pearl Harbour happened, Prime minister of Japan and military leader during WWII, later executed for war crimes.

Okinawa

The U.S. Army in the Pacific had been pursuing an "island-hopping" campaign, moving north from Australia towards Japan. On April 1, 1945, they invaded Okinawa, only 300 miles south of the Japanese home islands. By the time the fighting ended on June 2, 1945, the U.S. had lost 50,000 men and the Japanese 100,000., Last spot where Japanese must defend before mainland fighting in Japan, difficulties in land battle + high casualties, victory for Americans

Adolf Hitler

This dictator was the leader of the Nazi Party. He believed that strong leadership was required to save Germanic society, which was at risk due to jewish, socialist, democratic, and liberal forces., Born in Austria, Hitler became a radical German nationalist during World War I. He led the National Socialist German Workers' Party-the Nazi Party-in the 1920s and became dictator of Germany in 1933. He led Europe into World War II. (p. 786)

Allied Powers

World War I alliance of Britian, France, and Russia, and later joined by Italy, the United States, and others., France, Britain, USSR, United States, and China as well as 45 other countries that opposed the Axis powers in World War II, the coalition formed by Britain and her colonies (including Australia, New Zealand, Canada and India), France and Russia from the beginning of the war, and later other countries including Belgium, Italy and the United States.

Iwo Jima

a bloody and prolonged operation on the island of Iwo Jima in which American marines landed and defeated Japanese defenders (February and March 1945), One of the Bloodiest battles in the war, a fight to the death for Japanese soldiers, as the Americans were coming closer to Japan

totalitarianism

a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.), is a concept used to describe political systems whereby a state regulates nearly every aspect of public and private life. These regimes or movements maintain themselves in political power by means of an official all-embracing ideology and propaganda disseminated through the state-controlled mass media, a single party that controls the state, personality cults, control over the economy, regulation and restriction of free discussion and criticism, the use of mass surveillance, and widespread use of state terrorism. These states always have to be at war with something

Pearl Harbor

a harbor on Oahu west of Honolulu, United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941., United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II.

atomic bomb

a nuclear weapon in which enormous energy is released by nuclear fission (splitting the nuclei of a heavy element like uranium 235 or plutonium 239), A bomb that uses the fission of radioactive elements such as uranium or plutonium to create explosions equal to the force of thousands of pounds of regular explosives.

Isolationism

a policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations, abstention from alliances and other international political and economic relations; American foreign policy, the policy of separating one's country from the economic and political interactions with the rest of the world. nations

Holocaust

an act of great destruction and loss of life, A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.

unconditional surrender

an announcement by FDR with Churchill's endorsement that the war would end only with this. The conquered governments would be no longer, no compromise could be reached. Later people believe that this stiffened enemy resistance, General U.S. Grant's nickname, taken from his military demand to the enemy at Fort Donelson and elsewhere

Philippines

an archipelago in the southwestern Pacific including some 7000 islands, After decades of nationalist resistance against the Spanish (and violent repression of activists) this Pacific Island nation proudly declared independence in 1898. But the Spanish had handed control over to the USA, who had no plans to recognize their independence.

racism

belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race., belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race.

Harry S. Truman

elected Vice President in Roosevelt's 4th term, The 33rd U.S. president, who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon Roosevelt's death in April 1945. Truman, who led the country through the last few months of World War II, is best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945. After the war, Truman was crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery.

Final Solution

final solution of the Jewish question-murder of every single Jew-had begun-mass arresting, and trafficking of Jews to the concentration camps-mass killings occurred as well in the gas chambers, 'The Final Solution for the Jewish Question' was the cover name for Hitler's plan to destroy all the Jews in Europe, It began in December 1941

Gen Dwight D. Eisenhower

future president. commander of d-day invasion, and all allied forces in the invasion into germany. also lead invasion of n africa. supreme commander of the allied forces. Very popular, Served a military leader and president from 1952 to 1960. He commanded Allied forces in Europe during WW II. He led the British-American invasion of North Africa, defeating Rommel's Africa Korps in 1943. He commanded Allied forces on D-Day. He ran for president as a Rep. in 1952 and served two terms. He negotiated an end to the Korean War. He favored gradual domestic change. He ordered troops in Little Rock, Ark. To keep peace when the high school racially integrated, and signed the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960.

Munich Conference/agreement

held on Sept 29, 1938 in Munich Germany between Germany, France, Britain, and Italy. Czechs were not invited. They gave into Hitler's demand in order to maintain peace. Hitler promised to respect Czechs new borders, a 1938 meeting of representatives from britain, france, italy, and germany, at which britain and france agreed to allow nazi germany to annex part of czechoslovakia in return for hitler's pledge to respect czech's new borders

Axis powers

in World War II, the nations of Germany, Italy, and Japan, which had formed an alliance in 1936., Japan, Italy, Germany, A series of treaties in 1936 and 37 between Germany, Italy, and Japan created what was called the "Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis." The coutries were thereafter refered to as the Axis Powers.

J. Robert Oppenheimer

leader of Manhattan project, lead the Manhattan Project: the World War II effort to develop the first nuclear bomb. He was remembered as the "Father of the Atomic Bomb.", Physics professor at U.C. Berkeley and CalTech, he headed the U.S. atomic bomb project in Los Alamos, New Mexico. He later served on the Atomic Energy Commission, although removed for a time the late 1950's, over suspicion he was a Communist sympathizer.

Midway

naval battle of World War II (June 1942), battle in the Pacific; Japan hoped to force America into negotiations in the Pacific; Nimitz vs. Yamamoto; Americans defeated Japanese and sunk 4 aircraft carriers and 1 cruiser which weakened Japanese navy

Franklin D. Roosevelt

often referred to by his initials FDR, was the thirty-second President of the United States. Elected to four terms in office, he served from 1933 to 1945, and is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms of office. He was a central figure of the 20th century during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war., 32nd US President - He began New Deal programs to help the nation out of the Great Depression, and he was the nation's leader during most of WWII, overcame polio to become President; his New Deal attempted to solve the economic problems of the Great Depression; he was a symbol of hope, courage, and optimism

Clement Atlee

prime minister of Great Britain after Winston Churchill, led the labour party in great Britain and served as am influential prime minister after Winston Churchill

Genocide

systematic killing of a racial or cultural group, the deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, racial, political, or cultural group., Mass murder of a people because of their race, religion, ethnicity, politics, or culture

Field Marshal Erwin Rommel

the 'Desert Fox'; commanded the Afrika Korps dispatched by the Germans to push the British back into Egypt; never got his reinforcements, Rommel concentrated fortification building in the of north east of france and let the work in Normandy lag. Rommel personally oversaw the bitter fighting around Caen where only the determined defence of Kampfgruppe von Luck prevented a British breakout on the first day. Here, again, the on-site commanders were denied freedom of action and the Germans did not launch a concentrated counterattack until mid-day on 6 June.

Weimar republic

the German republic founded at Weimar in 1919, The new German republic the in 1921 owed 33 billion annually to the allied reparations commission. In order to recover from its severe economic issues the annual fees were reduced each year depending on the level of German economic prosperity and Germany received large loans each year from the United States.

appeasement

the act of appeasing (as by acceding to the demonds of), policy by which Czechoslovakia, Great Britain and France agreed to Germany's annexation of the Sudetenland in agreement for not taking any additional Czech territory.

Battle of Britain

the prolonged bombardment of British cities by the German Luftwaffe during World War II and the aerial combat that accompanied it, an aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance.

Phony War

was a phase in early World War II marked by few military operations in Continental Europe, in the months following the German invasion of Poland and preceding the Battle of France. Although the great powers of Europe had declared war on one another, neither side had yet committed to launching a significant attack, and there was relatively little fighting on the ground