Homework
1. Which is the most common type of capillary? A. Continuous B. Fenestrated C. Venules D. Sinusoids E. Discontinuous
A. Continuous
1. If someone were to have abnormally low levels of protein in their blood, then net filtration pressure would A. be higher than normal. B. be lower than normal.
A. be higher than normal.
1. Given an end diastolic volume (EDV) of 120 ml / beat and an end systolic volume (ESV) of 50 ml / beat, the stroke volume (SV) would be ________. A. 70 ml / beat B. 170 ml / beat C. 50 ml / beat D. 120 ml / beat
A. 70 ml / beat
1. Imagine a patient who loses lots of blood and therefore has less stretch of their aorta with each heartbeat. What reflex will result? A. Baroreceptors increase firing, the cardioinhibitory center increases firing, and the heart slows significantly to prevent further bleeding. B. Baroreceptors decrease firing, the cardioacceleratory center increases firing, and cardiac output will exhibit a compensatory increase. C. Baroreceptors increase firing, the vasomotor center increases firing, and skin blood vessels will dilate to cause a compensatory increase in flow. D. Baroreceptors decrease firing, the cardioinhibitory center and vasomotor centers increase firing, the heart slows, and blood is redirected.
A. Baroreceptors increase firing, the cardioinhibitory center increases firing, and the heart slows significantly to prevent further bleeding.
1. Which is not a function of the spleen? A. Filters lymph B. Houses lymphocytes C. Filters blood D. Serves as a platelet reservoir E. Recycles aged erythrocytes
A. Filters lymph
1. If someone suffered from hypertension, such that the blood pressure in their capillaries was elevated, then net filtration pressure would be A. above normal. B. below normal.
A. above normal.
1. Gas, nutrient, and waste exchange occur between the ________ and the tissues of the body. A. capillaries B. arteries C. veins D. capillaries and arteries E. capillaries and veins
A. capillaries
1. The largest arteries of the body are classified as A. elastic arteries. B. muscular and elastic because they have the same dimensions. C. arterioles. D. muscular arteries. E. None of the answers is correct.
A. elastic arteries.
1. Concerning the exchange between blood and interstitial fluid at systemic capillaries, A. more fluid is filtered than reabsorbed. B. the fluid reabsorbed into the capillary exactly matches the amount filtered by the capillary. C. more fluid is absorbed and reabsorbed than is filtered.
A. more fluid is filtered than reabsorbed.
1. Aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide have ________ effects on blood pressure. A. opposite B. similar
A. opposite
1. The opening and closing of the heart valves is caused by A. pressure changes of alternating contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle. B. action potentials within the cusps of the valves. C. contraction and relaxation of papillary muscles that pull on heart strings. D. contraction of the smooth muscle in the walls of the great vessels leaving the heart.
A. pressure changes of alternating contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.
1. The ________ is composed of circularly arranged layers of smooth muscle cells. A. tunica media B. tunica intima C. tunica interna D. tunica externa E. None of the answers is correct.
A. tunica media
1. Following parasympathetic stimulation of autorhythmic cells A. Ach stimulates muscarinic receptors, blocking K+ efflux and increasing Na+ influx B. Ach stimulates muscarinic receptors, increasing K+ efflux and blocking Na+ influx C. Norepinephrine stimulates beta 1-adrenergic receptors, blocking K+ efflux and increasing Na+ influx D. Norepinephrine stimulates beta 1-adrenergic receptors, increasing K+ efflux and blocking Na+ influx
B. Ach stimulates muscarinic receptors, increasing K+ efflux and blocking Na+ influx
1. Which segment of the ECG reflects the plateau phase of ventricular muscle cells' action potentials? A. Q-R segment B. S-T segment C. T-P interval D. P-T segment E. P-R interval
B. S-T segment
1. Which part of the circulatory system holds the largest amount of blood? A. Systemic arteries B. Systemic veins C. Pulmonary veins D. Pulmonary arteries
B. Systemic veins
1. Norepinephrine is considered a positive chronotropic agent because it causes A. less calcium to enter heart cells, which leads to lower risk of heart attack. B. an increase in the firing rate of SA node cells by causing the threshold to be reached more quickly. C. heart cell membrane potentials to become more positive during action potentials. D. thyroid hormone to have a steadying effect on heart activity. E. more forceful contractions during each heart rate.
B. an increase in the firing rate of SA node cells by causing the threshold to be reached more quickly.
1. Blood flow is A. directly related to both the pressure gradient and the resistance. B. directly related to the pressure gradient but inversely related to the resistance. C. inversely related to the pressure gradient but directly related to the resistance. D. inversely related to both the pressure gradient and the resistance.
B. directly related to the pressure gradient but inversely related to the resistance.
1. Increased blood volume ________ blood pressure. A. has no effect on B. increases C. decreases
B. increases
1. Someone with tachyarrhythmia would be expected to show an abnormally A. large P-R interval. B. small Q-T interval. C. high amplitude P wave. D. large R-R interval.
B. small Q-T interval.
1. In order to cause vasodilation of most vascular smooth muscle, A. norepinephrine combines with β1 receptors. B. sympathetic stimulation is inhibited. C. acetylcholine combines with nicotinic receptors. D. norepinephrine combines with alpha receptors. E. acetylcholine combines with muscarinic receptors.
B. sympathetic stimulation is inhibited.
1. Which valve prevents the backflow of blood into the left ventricle when the ventricles relax? A. Right atrioventricular valve B. Pulmonary semilunar valve C. Aortic semilunar valve D. Left atrioventricular valve E. None of the choices is correct.
C. Aortic semilunar valve
1. Imagine yourself sitting in an awkward position in an uncomfortable chair that is depriving part of your leg from normal blood flow. This deprivation of adequate perfusion will result in what sort of local changes in your leg? A. Increases in oxygen and potassium will cause vasodilation. B. Decreases in carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions will cause vasodilation. C. Buildup of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions will cause vasodilation. D. Decreases in oxygen and potassium will cause vasoconstriction. E. Buildup of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions will cause vasoconstriction.
C. Buildup of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions will cause vasodilation.
1. Which statement is accurate? A. Filtration dominates at the venous end of a capillary bed, and is driven by osmotic pressure. B. Filtration dominates at the venous end of a capillary bed, and is driven by hydrostatic pressure. C. Filtration dominates at the arterial end of a capillary bed, and is driven by hydrostatic pressure. D. Filtration dominates at the arterial end of a capillary bed, and is driven by osmotic pressure.
C. Filtration dominates at the arterial end of a capillary bed, and is driven by hydrostatic pressure.
1. With respect to the lymphatic system, what do the letters in the acronym MALT stand for? A. Multiple-antigen lymphocyte target B. Membrane-adhering lymphatic T-cells C. Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue D. Multiple-antibody lymphocyte test
C. Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
1. Which is not drained by the right lymphatic duct? A. Right side of head and neck B. Right arm C. Right side of abdomen D. Right shoulder E. Right side of thorax
C. Right side of abdomen
1. Which event happens at the start of a cardiac cycle? A. Ventricular systole occurs. B. Atrial systole occurs. C. The SA node fires. D. The P wave develops. E. Blood is ejected from the atrium.
C. The SA node fires.
1. Select the correct statement about the structure of the heart wall. A. Connective tissue in the heart wall aids in the conduction of the action potential. B. The fibrous cardiac skeleton forms the bulk of the heart. C. The myocardium is the layer of the heart that actually contracts. D. The heart chambers are lined by the endomysium.
C. The myocardium is the layer of the heart that actually contracts.
1. Someone with a heart block, which delays current conduction from the AV node to the apex, would have A. a long T-P interval. B. a short T-P interval. C. a long P-R interval. D. a short P-R interval.
C. a long P-R interval.
1. Lymphatic capillaries A. concentrate lymph prior to passing it to larger lymphatic vessels. B. include layers of smooth muscle for peristalsis. C. originate as closed-ended tubes associated with blood capillary networks. D. cannot be discerned structurally from cardiovascular system capillaries. E. filter lymph.
C. originate as closed-ended tubes associated with blood capillary networks.
1. Tissue damage can trigger local release of histamine, which can A. inhibit release of nitric oxide, a vasoconstrictor. B. inhibit release of nitric oxide, a vasodilator. C. stimulate release of nitric oxide, a vasodilator. D. stimulate release of nitric oxide, a vasoconstrictor.
C. stimulate release of nitric oxide, a vasodilator.
1. Where do T-lymphocytes mature? A. Spleen B. White bone marrow C. Thyroid gland D. Thymus gland E. Tonsils
D. Thymus gland
A. Total blood flow is measured as the sum of blood flow to upper and lower extremities and is measured in beats per minute. B. Total blood flow is measured as the sum of blood flow to upper and lower extremities and is measured in liters. C. Total blood flow equals cardiac output and is a fixed number given that there is a finite amount of blood in the body. D. Total blood flow equals cardiac output and can vary significantly over time with activity levels. E. Changes in total blood flow are accompanied by equivalent changes in local blood flow in all areas of the body.
D. Total blood flow equals cardiac output and can vary significantly over time with activity levels.
1. All of the following would cause an increase in blood pressure EXCEPT A. sympathetic stimulation. B. an increase in arterial resistance. C. a decrease in arterial diameter. D. a decrease in cardiac output.
D. a decrease in cardiac output.
1. Just prior to atrial contraction, A. both atria are contracting and blood is being ejected into the major arteries. B. all four chambers are contracting and all valves are open. C. both ventricles are contracting and blood is being ejected into the major arteries. D. all four chambers are at rest and AV valves are open. E. all four chambers are at rest and AV valves are closed.
D. all four chambers are at rest and AV valves are open.
1. The force that drives fluid into lymphatic capillaries is A. osmosis. B. exocytosis. C. hydrostatic pressure. D. endocytosis. E. diffusion of both water and solutes.
C. hydrostatic pressure.
1. Excitation of the cardioacceleratory nucleus of the vasomotor center results in A. increased sympathetic activity and predominantly more vasoconstriction than vasodilation. B. decreased autonomic activity that decreases heart rate and constricts blood vessels. C. increased parasympathetic activity and predominantly more vasodilation than vasoconstriction. D. redistribution of blood flow away from the skeletal muscles and toward the skin. E. increased autonomic activity that increases heart rate and dilates blood vessels.
1. Excitation of the cardioacceleratory nucleus of the vasomotor center results in
1. Which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing stroke volume? A. Chronotropic agents B. Venous return C. Inotropic agents D. Frank-Starling Law
A. Chronotropic agents
1. Which statement accurately compares filtration and reabsorption? A. Filtration involves bulk flow of fluid out of the blood, whereas reabsorption is bulk flow back into the blood. B. The direction of filtration can be either into or out of the blood, but reabsorption always involves fluids entering the blood. C. Filtration happens at the venule end of a capillary bed and reabsorption happens in feeder arterioles. D. Filtration is driven by concentration gradients, whereas reabsorption depends on hydrostatic pressure.
A. Filtration involves bulk flow of fluid out of the blood, whereas reabsorption is bulk flow back into the blood.
1. Valves in veins A. cause venous blood flow to go in only one direction. B. make the use of a skeletal muscle pump unnecessary for venous blood flow. C. are the leading cause of high blood pressure. D. are found only in the largest veins. E. are formed of the tunica media.
A. cause venous blood flow to go in only one direction.
1. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported between the blood and interstitial fluid by way of A. diffusion from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration. B. exocytosis and endocytosis by endothelial cells. C. active transport (using ATP. by protein carriers of endothelial cells. D. pinocytosis using fluid-filled vesicles.
A. diffusion from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration.
1. Increased cardiac output ________ the blood pressure. A. increases B. will not affect C. decreases
A. increases
1. The importance of the plateau phase of the action potential of myocardial cells is in A. preventing tetanus and initiate the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. B. regulating Ca2+ availability to the cells. C. enhancing the efficiency of oxygen use by the cells. D. preventing fibrillation. E. preventing overstretching of the cells.
A. preventing tetanus and initiate the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
1. Sinusoids are found in a: bone marrow b: spleen c: small intestine d: kidney e: liver f: muscle g: skin A. b, c, d, g B. a, b, e C. c, d D. b, c, e, f E. f, g
B. a, b, e
1. An autorhythmic heart cell is one in which A. action potentials always occur at exactly the same frequency. B. action potentials fire spontaneously. C. action potentials are initiated by the autonomic nervous system. D. action potentials are stimulated by internal stores of acetylcholine. E. all filaments contract and relax with a high degree of synchrony.
B. action potentials fire spontaneously.
1. Once an SA nodal cell reaches threshold, the depolarization phase occurs during which A. sodium moves out through slow voltage-gated channels. B. calcium comes in through fast voltage-gated channels. C. calcium moves out through slow voltage-gated channels. D. potassium comes in through fast voltage-gated channels. E. potassium moves out through fast voltage-gated channels.
B. calcium comes in through fast voltage-gated channels.
1. The lymphatic system's two main functions are to assist in A. endocrine function and neural support. B. immunity and fluid balance. C. removal of fats from the blood and inflammatory responses. D. blood cell production and endocrine function. E. neural support and blood sugar control.
B. immunity and fluid balance.
1. The force per unit area that blood places on the inside wall of a blood vessel A. increases the further the vessel is from the heart. B. is called the blood pressure. C. is greater in the inferior vena cava than in the common iliac vein. D. is called the pulse. E. is greater during diastole.
B. is called the blood pressure
1. Blood moves into and then out of a heart chamber because A. it is under constant pressure, but its movement is dictated by the control of valve openings and closures. B. it moves along its pressure gradient, and that gradient depends on contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle. C. the veins and arteries constrict and dilate to propel and attract blood. D. All of the choices are correct.
B. it moves along its pressure gradient, and that gradient depends on contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.
1. Subclavian trunks drain lymph from the A. head and neck. B. upper limbs, breasts, and superficial thorax. C. abdominopelvic wall. D. deep thoracic structures.
B. upper limbs, breasts, and superficial thorax.
1. Each of the following paracrines may cause vasodilation EXCEPT A. K+. B. H+ ions from metabolic acids. C. Ca2+. D. nitric oxide. E. CO2.
C. Ca2+.
1. Which fluid does lymph most closely resemble? A. Blood plasma B. Intracellular fluid C. Interstitial fluid D. Whole blood
C. Interstitial fluid
1. The plateau phase of an action potential A. allows cardiac muscle cells to exhibit synchronous fibrillation. B. occurs only in skeletal muscle and makes those fibers' contractions most forceful. C. allows cardiac muscle cells to contract and then relax without resulting in tetanus. D. leads to tetanic contractions in smooth and skeletal muscle.
C. allows cardiac muscle cells to contract and then relax without resulting in tetanus.
1. In general, as an artery's diameter decreases, the artery walls show A. an increase in relative amounts of smooth muscle and elastic fibers and a decrease in endothelium. B. a decrease in both smooth muscle and elastic fibers and an increase in areolar connective tissue. C. an increase in the relative amount of smooth muscle and a decrease in the relative amount of elastic fibers. D. a decrease in the relative amount of smooth muscle and an increase in the relative amount of elastic fibers.
C. an increase in the relative amount of smooth muscle and a decrease in the relative amount of elastic fibers.
1. The vessels that are the main site of variable resistance in the circulatory system, and that contribute more than 60% of the total resistance, are the A. elastic arteries. B. veins. C. arterioles. D. muscular arteries. E. venules.
C. arterioles.
1. According to the Frank-Starling law A. the greater the resistance from the arteries, the higher the blood pressure. B. the more calcium available to the heart cell, the more forcefully it will contract. C. as the volume of blood entering the heart increases, ventricular contractions become more forceful. D. the faster the heart rate, the larger the stroke volume.
C. as the volume of blood entering the heart increases, ventricular contractions become more forceful.
1. Cardiac output is the amount of blood that is pumped A. by a single ventricle in one hour. B. by the left ventricle into the aorta in one beat. C. by a single ventricle in one minute. D. by both ventricles in one minute. E. by both ventricles in one hour.
C. by a single ventricle in one minute.
1. For the repolarization phase of an SA nodal cell action potential, A. calcium channels open and sodium channels close. B. sodium and chloride channels open. C. calcium channels close and potassium channels open. D. sodium and potassium channels open. E. calcium and potassium channels close.
C. calcium channels close and potassium channels open.
1. As blood moves from the arterial end to the venous end of a capillary, net filtration pressure A. decreases, as blood colloid osmotic pressure decreases. B. increases, as blood hydrostatic pressure rises. C. decreases, as blood hydrostatic pressure decreases. D. increases, as blood colloid osmotic pressure rises. E. remains the same, as rises in blood osmotic pressure are offset by declines in tissue osmotic pressure.
C. decreases, as blood hydrostatic pressure decreases.
1. Peripheral resistance is A. inversely related to both vessel length and radius. B. inversely related to vessel length and directly related to vessel radius. C. directly related to vessel length and inversely related to vessel radius. D. directly related to both vessel length and radius.
C. directly related to vessel length and inversely related to vessel radius.
1. The main function of tonsils is to detect and protect against infections agents that are A. in the blood. B. secreted by salivary glands. C. ingested or inhaled. D. in the lymph.
C. ingested or inhaled.
1. The mean arterial pressure (MAP. is important because A. it represents the driving pressure for blood flow and it reflects the difference in time that systole lasts compared to diastole. B. it reflects the difference in time that systole lasts compared to diastole. C. it represents the driving pressure for blood flow. D. it forces the practitioner to do math, thus they must pay attention to the values obtained. E. All of the answers are correct.
C. it represents the driving pressure for blood flow.
1. During contraction of heart muscle cells ________. A. calcium is prevented from entering cardiac fibers that have been stimulated B. the action potential is prevented from spreading from cell to cell by gap junctions C. some calcium enters the cell from the extracellular space and triggers the release of larger amounts of calcium from intracellular stores D. all of the calcium required for contraction comes from storage in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
C. some calcium enters the cell from the extracellular space and triggers the release of larger amounts of calcium from intracellular stores
1. The path that fluid takes as it enters a lymphatic capillary is through A. cell membrane leakage channels that allow diffusion. B. pores (fenestrations. in the cells of the capillary wall. C. spaces between capillary endothelial cells that are arranged as one-way flaps. D. active transport protein pumps on endothelial cell membranes. E. vesicles that move the fluid across the cell (transcytosis).
C. spaces between capillary endothelial cells that are arranged as one-way flaps.
1. The ________ is composed of an endothelium and a subendothelial layer made up of a thin layer of areolar connective tissue. A. tunica externa B. tunica media C. tunica intima D. tunica adventitia E. None of the answers is correct.
C. tunica intima
1. Because lymphatic vessels have three tunics (intima, media, and externa. and valves, they structurally resemble A. arterioles. B. arteries. C. veins. D. capillaries.
C. veins.
1. Blood pressure is lowest in A. venules. B. arteries. C. veins. D. capillaries. E. arterioles.
C. veins.
1. Lymph is transported through a network of increasingly larger lymphatic passageways. What is the correct order of these, from smallest diameter to largest diameter? A. Vessels - capillaries - trunks - ducts B. Capillaries - ducts - trunks - vessels C. Ducts - vessels - capillaries - trunks D. Capillaries - vessels - trunks - ducts E. Ducts - capillaries - vessels - trunks
D. Capillaries - vessels - trunks - ducts
1. Which action leads to the closure of the right atrioventricular valve? A. Contraction of the right atrium B. Relaxation of the left atrium C. Relaxation of the right ventricle D. Contraction of the right ventricle E. Contraction of the left atrium
D. Contraction of the right ventricle
1. Which of the lymphatic trunks drain into the cisterna chyli? A. Bronchomediastinal trunks and intestinal trunks B. Subclavian trunks and jugular trunks C. Intestinal trunks D. Intestinal trunks and lumbar trunks E. Lumbar trunks
D. Intestinal trunks and lumbar trunks
1. In an ECG, what does the T wave represent? A. Depolarization of the atria B. Depolarization of the left ventricle C. Closure of the AV valves D. Repolarization of the ventricles E. Depolarization of the right ventricle
D. Repolarization of the ventricles
1. Sympathetic stimulation activates beta-1-adrenergic receptors on contractile cardiomyocytes of the left ventricle resulting in an increase in both the force of the next contraction and the rate at which the cell can relax. Put the following proecesses describing HOW this process works in order. a: increased ICF[Ca2+] b: G-proteins are activated c: increased intracellular Ca2+ concentrations; concurrent increase in the activity of Ca2+ pumps d: intracellular cAMP is activated e: increased concentration of Ca2+ in the sarcoplasmic reticulum f: phosphorylation of both L-type Ca2+ channels and phospholamban g: increase in the rate Ca2+ exits the sarcoplasmic reticulum A. b, d, g, f, a, e, c B. d, b, f, a, e, c, g C. b, d, f, c, a, e, g D. b, d, f, c, e, g, a
D. b, d, f, c, e, g, a
1. In order to relax, the cardiomyocyte membrane contains A. no calcium pumps. B. only calcium pumps that move calcium into the cell. C. calcium pumps that open and allow calcium to diffuse down its concentration gradient to reach equilibrium. D. both calcium pumps that move calcium out of the cell and NCX secondary transporters E. only NCX secondary transporters
D. both calcium pumps that move calcium out of the cell and NCX secondary transporters
1. What is the sequence of events in the transmission of an impulse through the heart muscle? a: AV node b: AV bundle c: SA node d: Through the atria e: Through the ventricles f: Bundle branches g: Purkinje fibers A. d, b, a, c, f, g, e B. b, a, d, c, f, g, e C. c, d, a, f, b, g, e D. c, d, a, b, f, g, e E. f, g, d, c, b, a, e
D. c, d, a, b, f, g, e
1. The cardiac center of the brainstem includes the A. cardioinhibitory center, from which sympathetic pathways extend. B. cardioacceleratory center, from which parasympathetic pathways extend. C. vasomotor center, from which parasympathetic pathways extend. D. cardioacceleratory center, from which sympathetic pathways extend. E. All of the choices are correct.
D. cardioacceleratory center, from which sympathetic pathways extend.
1. Cardiac output equals the A. blood pressure multiplied by heart rate. B. end diastolic volume minus end systolic volume. C. stroke volume divided by heart rate. D. heart rate multiplied by stroke volume. E. cardiac reserve minus the stroke volume.
D. heart rate multiplied by stroke volume.
1. The pharyngeal tonsils are located A. along the posterior margins of the tongue. B. in the posterolateral region of the oral cavity. C. lateral to the uvula in the oropharynx. D. in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx. E. at the base of the palatoglossal arches.
D. in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx.
1. Imagine someone who drank too much water before running a race. Their very watery blood would have A. low viscosity and therefore have high resistance. B. high viscosity and therefore have high resistance. C. high viscosity and therefore have low resistance. D. low viscosity and therefore have low resistance.
D. low viscosity and therefore have low resistance.
The heart valves A. are only used in the fetal heart. B. direct the conduction impulse through the heart muscle. C. stabilize and hold the arteries leaving the heart. D. permit the passage of blood in one direction. E. separate the right and left sides of the heart.
D. permit the passage of blood in one direction.
1. Considering the bulk flow that occurs at capillary beds, the lymphatic system is needed to A. filter additional fluid to the interstitial fluid. B. regulate colloid osmotic pressure so that filtration levels do not decline. C. connect arterioles to venules and provide a shunt from the true capillaries. D. reabsorb excess fluid from the interstitial fluid.
D. reabsorb excess fluid from the interstitial fluid.
1. Blood colloid osmotic pressure is largely due to A. the proteins in the blood, and it promotes filtration. B. the high amount of water in the blood, and it promotes diffusion out of the capillaries. C. the pressure generated by the heart, and it favors osmosis into the arteriole end of the capillary bed. D. the proteins in the blood, and it promotes reabsorption. E. the high amount of water in the blood, and it promotes filtration from arterioles.
D. the proteins in the blood, and it promotes reabsorption.
1. The term "primary lymphatic structure" applies A. to the spleen and lymph nodes. B. only to lymph nodes. C. only to red bone marrow. D. to the red bone marrow and thymus. E. to lymph nodes and MALT.
D. to the red bone marrow and thymus.
1. When physical exertion has ended and the body is at rest, veins demonstrate A. vasodilation so that blood is shifted toward the rest of the circulatory system. B. vasoconstriction so that they function as blood reservoirs. C. vasoconstriction so that blood is shifted toward the rest of the circulatory system. D. vasodilation so that they function as blood reservoirs.
D. vasodilation so that they function as blood reservoirs.
1. Lymph nodes may be found individually, or clustered in specific regions of the body. Which cluster of lymph nodes receives lymph from the head and neck? A. Abdominal lymph nodes B. Inguinal lymph nodes C. Axillary lymph nodes D. Thoracic lymph nodes E. Cervical lymph nodes
E. Cervical lymph nodes
1. The rapid depolarization phase of the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells is due to which ion/s? A. Ca2+ only B. K+ only C. both Ca2+ and K+ D. both Na+ and K+ E. Na+ only
E. Na+ only
1. Which is not correct regarding lymph nodes? A. They are drained by efferent lymphatic vessels. B. They filter lymph. C. They contain strands of lymphatic cells supported by medullary cords. D. They contain macrophages. E. No exceptions; all are true of lymph nodes.
E. No exceptions; all are true of lymph nodes.
1. Which area does not contain MALT? A. Respiratory tract B. Gastrointestinal tract C. Urinary tract D. Genital tract E. No exceptions; all choices contain MALT
E. No exceptions; all choices contain MALT
1. Which lymphatic organ contains red pulp and white pulp? A. Lymph nodes B. Spleen and lymph nodes C. Thymus gland D. Thymus gland and lymph nodes E. Spleen
E. Spleen
1. Which of the following events result in the first heart sound? A. The atria contract. B. The semilunar valves close. C. The AV valves open. D. The semilunar valves open. E. The AV valves close.
E. The AV valves close.
1. When women with breast cancer undergo surgery to remove the tumor or the entire breast, the axillary lymph nodes are often removed as well. Why? A. In removing the breast, the blood supply to the nodes is removed and they will inevitably cease to function. B. The nerves that supply the axillary lymph nodes are often cut during the breast surgery. C. It is impossible to remove the breast without physically damaging the lymph nodes. D. With the removal of the breast, there is no further need for lymph drainage and filtering in that part of the body. E. The axillary lymph nodes receive lymph from the breast and may contain cancer cells.
E. The axillary lymph nodes receive lymph from the breast and may contain cancer cells.
1. Renin converts A. angiotensin II to angiotensin I. B. antidiuretic hormone to angiotensinogen. C. antidiuretic hormone to angiotensin. D. antiotensin I to antiotensin II. E. angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
E. angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
1. Net filtration pressure (NFP. is primarily equal to the A. osmotic pressure in the tissue minus the hydrostatic pressure in the blood. B. blood pressure times the total peripheral resistance. C. blood hydrostatic pressure minus the tissue hydrostatic pressure. D. colloid osmotic pressure in the blood divided by resistance in the tissue. E. net hydrostatic pressure minus the net colloid osmotic pressure.
E. net hydrostatic pressure minus the net colloid osmotic pressure.
1. Within the red pulp of the spleen are enlarged capillaries called ________, which have a discontinuous basal lamina that allows blood cells to enter and exit easily. A. trabecular cords B. splenic cords C. trabecular vessels D. splenic vessels E. splenic sinusoids
E. splenic sinusoids
1. Atherosclerosis permanently decreases the diameter of a blood vessel. Therefore, atherosclerosis would result in a A. sustained increase in blood pressure that leads to compensatory vasodilation. B. sustained increase in blood flow that leads to decreases in venous resistance to keep blood pressure constant. C. sustained decrease in blood flow that leads to increases in arterial diameter to lower resistance and raise pressure. D. sustained decrease in resistance that leads to decreases in arterial pressure to maintain adequate blood flow. E. sustained increase in resistance that leads to increases in arterial pressure to maintain adequate blood flow.
E. sustained increase in resistance that leads to increases in arterial pressure to maintain adequate blood flow.
1. During the isovolumic phase of ventricular systole, A. the ventricles are filling with blood. B. blood is ejected into the great vessels. C. the ventricles are relaxing. D. the atria contract. E. the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves are closed.
E. the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves are closed.
1. To prevent excessive blood loss following tissue damage, local chemicals such as A. bradykinins are released to trigger vasoconstriction. B. prostaglandins are released to trigger vasodilation. C. vasopressins are released to trigger vasodilation. D. nitric oxides are released to trigger vasoconstriction. E. thromboxanes are released to trigger vasoconstriction.
E. thromboxanes are released to trigger vasoconstriction.
1. Angiotensin II causes A. increased heart rate, vasodilation, and less urine formation. B. vasoconstriction, increased urine formation, and decreased thirst. C. decreased heart rate, vasoconstriction, and increased urine formation. D. decreased thirst, vasodilation, and increased urine formation. E. vasoconstriction, decrease urine formation, and increased thirst.
E. vasoconstriction, decrease urine formation, and increased thirst.
1. Which can be used to characterize blood flow in the human body? a: There is a unidirectional blood flow. b: Arteries always carry oxygenated blood. c: Veins always carry deoxygenated blood. d: Arteries carry blood away from the heart. e: Veins carry blood toward the heart. A. a, d, e B. d, e C. b, c, d, e D. a, c, d, e E. a, b, c, d, e
b: Arteries always carry oxygenated blood. c: Veins always carry deoxygenated blood. d: Arteries carry blood away from the heart. e: Veins carry blood toward the heart.
1. Sympathetic innervation of the heart a: increases the heart rate b: decreases the heart rate c: increases the force of contractions d: decreases the force of contractions e: has no effect on contraction force A. b, d B. a, d C. b, e D. a, c E. a, e
d: decreases the force of contractions
