Homework: Chapter 26 - Digestive

Ingested nutrients spend at least ______ hours in the small intestine as chemical digestion and absorption are completed.

12

From its origin at the ileocecal junction to its termination at the anus, the large intestine has an approximate length of ______ feet and a diameter of ______ inches.

5; 2.5

Match the structures of the oral cavity with the letter indicated.

A = palatine tonsil B = transverse palatine fold C = uvula D = fauces E = gingivae

Correctly pair the structures of the mouth with the letter indicated.

A = superior labial frenulum B = palatoglossal arch C = tongue D = lingual frenulum E = inferior labial frenulum

The large intestine originates at the ______ junction and terminates at the anus.

Ileocecal

Proteins are polymers composed of ______ acids.

amino

Digestion of protein releases ______ that are then absorbed into the blood.

amino acids

Water is considered ______ nutrient.

an essential

The hard palate is ______ to the soft palate.

anterior

Incisors are the most ______ placed teeth.

anteriorly

The nerves associated with the GI tract consist of both sensory and ______ motor axons.

autonomic

The liver's main function in digestion is the production of ______.

bile

Lips have a reddish hue because of their abundant supply of superficial ______ vessels and the reduced amount of ______ within their outer epithelial layer.

blood; keratin

In the oral cavity, food is mixed with saliva to form a wet mass called a ______.

bolus

The ______ muscles compress the cheeks against the teeth to hold solid materials in place during chewing.

buccinator

Disaccharides are an example of a ______.

carbohydrate

After the bolus has been completely processed in the stomach, the product is called ______.

chyme

At the superior end of the esophagus, the superior esophageal sphincter is a thickened ring of ______ muscle marking the area where the esophagus and the pharynx meet.

circular skeletal

A sphincter ______ the lumen opening at some point along the GI tract, and in so doing it can help control the movement of materials through the GI tract.

closes off

A tooth has an exposed ______, a constricted ______, and one or more roots that anchor it to the jaw.

crown; neck

What forms the primary mass of a tooth?

dentin

The salivary glands collectively produce and secrete saliva, a fluid that assists in the initial activities of ______.

digestion

Most saliva is produced ______ meals.

during

The opening between the oral cavity and the oropharynx is called the ______.

fauces

The transverse palatine folds are also known as ______ ridges.

friction

The anterior two-thirds of the palate is bony (called the ______ palate), while the posterior one-third is soft and muscular (called the ______ palate).

hard; soft

The three divisions of the small intestine are the duodenum, jejunum, and ______.

ileum

Immediately posterolateral to the lateral ______ are the canine teeth, which have a pointed tip for puncturing and tearing food.

incisors

The most anteriorly placed permanent teeth are called ______.

incisors

Mastication ______ the surface area of ingested food.

increases

The lateral walls of the oral cavity are formed by the cheeks, which are covered externally by the ______ and contain the ______ muscles.

integument; buccinator

Within the abdomen, organs that are completely surrounded by the visceral peritoneum are called ______ organs.

intraperitoneal

The internal surfaces of the superior and inferior lips each are attached to the gingivae by a thin mucosa fold in the midline, called the ______.

labial frenulum

Which organ is responsible for the elimination of wastes in the form of feces?

large intestine

Identify the essential nutrients.

lipids; vitamins; water

The cheeks terminate at the fleshy ______, which form the ______ wall of the oral cavity.

lips; anterior

The small intestine finishes the chemical digestion process and is responsible for absorbing ______ of the nutrients and water.

most

Where is lingual lipase produced?

mouth

Phosphatase is an enzyme that breaks down ______.

nucleic acids

The lips are formed primarily by the ______ muscle.

orbicularis oris

The superior boundary of the oral cavity is formed by the hard and soft ______.

palates

Most of the bone of the hard palate exhibits prominent transverse ______ folds.

palatine

The fauces are bounded by paired muscular folds: the anterior fold called the ______ arch and the posterior fold called the ______ arch.

palatoglossal; palatopharyngeal

The superior esophageal sphincter is also called the ______ sphincter.

pharyngoesophageal

Starch is an example of a _______.

polysaccharide

The soft palate is ______ to the hard palate.

posterior

The ______ are located posterolateral to the canines and anterior to the ______.

premolars; molars

Chemical digestion of ______ begins in the stomach.

protein and fat

The liver lies in the ______ upper quadrant of the abdomen, immediately inferior to the ______.

right; diaphragm

The palate forms the ______ of the mouth.

roof

Identify the location of the absorption of the components of nucleic acids.

small intestine

Identify the location of the majority of triglyceride digestion.

small intestine

The process of absorption occurs primarily in the ______.

small intestine

The pyloric sphincter regulates the movement of material from the ______.

stomach to the small intestine

Mastication is the process whereby material is chewed by the ______ in the ______ cavity.

teeth; oral

The oral cavity is bounded anteriorly by the ______ and lips and posteriorly by the ______.

teeth; oropharynx

Extending inferiorly from the posterior part of the soft palate is a conical median projection called the ______.

uvula

When you swallow, the soft palate and the ______ elevate to close off the posterior entrance into the ______ and prevent ingested materials from entering the nasal region.

uvula; nasopharynx

The digestive organs collectively make up the ______.

~ alimentary canal ~ digestive tract ~ gastrointestinal tract

Which are GI tract organs?

~ esophagus ~ small intestine ~ large intestine

The digestive system includes the organs that ______ the food, transport the ingested material, digest the material into smaller usable components, ______ the necessary digested nutrients into the bloodstream, and expel the waste products from the body.

~ ingest ~ absorb

The mouth is the initial site of ______ digestion (via mastication) and ______ digestion (via an enzyme in saliva).

~ mechanical ~ chemical

Intraperitoneal organs include the ______, most of the ______, and parts of the large intestine.

~ small intestine ~ stomach

Identify the cranial nerves associated with gastrointestinal tract motor output. Select all that apply.

~ vagus ~ facial ~ glossopharyngeal