Homework - Chapter 6: Innate Immunity (Inflammation)

How long does it take neutrophils to arrive at the site of inflammation? 1 to 2 hours. 6 to 12 hours. 24 to 48 hours. At last 48 hours.

6 to 12 hours. Neutrophils = predominate in early inflammatory responses.

After degranulation & the release of histamine, mast cells also synthesize & release: Platelet-activating factor. Leukotrienes. Prostaglandins. All of the above.

All of the above.

The development of contractures during wound healing can result in which of the following problems? Limited movement at joints. Impaired blood flow. Organ strictures. All of the above.

All of the above.

What is the function of the H1 receptor for histamine? Activation of neutrophils & macrophages. Causes vasodilation & bronchoconstriction. Increases capillary permeability. All of the above.

All of the above.

Why are the first & second lines of defense collectively referred to as innate immunity?

Because they are things we are born with that are built into the structure of our body.

Which of the following inflammatory chemicals are responsible for inducing pain during inflammation? Bradykinin & prostaglandins. Histamine & chemotactic cytokines. Lymphokines. Nitrous oxide & platelet-activating factor.

Bradykinin & prostaglandins. Bradykinin causes pain. Prostaglandins cause pain & fever.

Which of the following statements is TRUE about chronic inflammation? Chronic inflammation occurs immediately after infection with microbes that have a high lipid & wax content. Chronic inflammation involves macrophages, while acute inflammation does not. Chronic inflammation rarely involves development of caseous necrosis. Chronic inflammation involves lymphocytes & macrophages, rather than neutrophils.

Chronic inflammation occurs immediately after infection with microbes that have a high lipid & wax content.

The process of a phagocyte squeezing through retracted endothelial cells to enter into the tissues is called: Fusion. Diapedesis. Phagocytosis. Marginations.

Diapedesis.

Prostaglandins differ from histamine in which of the following ways? Site of production. Duration of effect. Vascular effect. All of the above.

Duration of effect. Prostaglandins take longer to make, but last longer. Histamine act immediately.

Manifestation of local inflammation includes: Edema. Pallor. Bruising. Necrosis.

Edema. Due to increased vascular permeability (leakier wall, swollen). Also includes heat, redness, & pain.

Which of the white blood cell plays an important role in inhibiting the inflammatory response? Neutrophil. Mast cell. Eosinophil. Basophil.

Eosinophil.

Activation of the clotting system results in the production of: Platelets. Hageman factor. Platelet-activating factor. Fibrin.

Fibrin. Insoluble protein. Platelets = caused by platelet-activating factor. Platelet-activating factor causes platelets; Mast cell syn.

All of the following chemicals will induce a fever during inflammation except: TNF-alpha. IL-1. Histamine. Prostaglandin.

Histamine.

If the surface barriers such as skin or mucous membranes are breached, the next line of defense in innate immunity is the: Lymph node. Lymphocyte response. Inflammatory response. Memory cells.

Inflammatory response. Second line of defense.

The first cell to react to tissue injury is the: Macrophage. Mast cell. Fibroblast. Neutrophil.

Mast cell.

Opsonization promotes the process of: Phagocytosis. Vasodilation. Increased vascular permeability. Clotting.

Phagocytosis.

The components of the complement & kinin system are: Antibodies. White blood cells. Growth factors. Plasma proteins.

Plasma proteins. Both are plasma protein systems. Also includes coagulation system.

Prior to engulfment of a bacterium during phagocytosis, which of the following events must occur? Release of lysosomal enzymes. Fusion. Recognition & adherence. Formation of a phagolysosome.

Recognition & adherence.

Which of the following events occurs during the proliferation (reconstructive) phase of wound healing? Epithelialization. Scar tissue remodeling. Dehiscence. Degranulation.

Scar tissue remodeling.

Which of the following types of exudate is characterized by the movement of watery fluid, containing few cells & little protein, into tissues? Fibrinous. Serous. Purulent. Hemorrhagic.

Serous. (Blister)

Why do people with advanced liver disease often have problems with their innate immune system?

The plasma proteins that form the complement, kinin, & coagulation systems are made by the liver.

Warmth & redness of the skin are indicators inflammation. Which of the following processes is responsible for this clinical manifestation? Stimulation of nerve endings. Phagocytosis. Vasoconstriction. Vasodilation.

Vasodilation. Stimulation of nerve endings causes pain.

Which of the following is NOT considered part of the body's first line of defense against pathogens? Saliva. Coughing & sneezing. Antimicrobial peptides made by epithelial cells. Complement protein.

Complement protein. Second line of defense.

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of chronic inflammation? Granuloma formation. Bleeding. Neutrophilia. All of the above.

Granuloma formation.

Which of the following cytokines is an anti-inflammatory chemical? IL-1. IL-6. IL-10. TNF-alpha.

IL-10. Anti-inflammatory, suppresses symptoms. IL-1 = Pro-inflammatory, causes fever. TNF-alpha = induces fever.

Which of the following inflammatory chemicals are blocked by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen? Histamine. Prostaglandins. Leukotrienes. All of the above.

Prostaglandins. Cause pain & fever. Aka NSAIDs.

Which of the following exudates would be present in highest concentration at the site of a persistent bacterial infection? Fibrinous. Serous. Hemorrhagic. Purulent.

Purulent.

A deep pressure ulcer heals through the process of: Primary intention. Secondary intention. Reepithelialization without significant scarring. Retraction.

Reepithelialization without significant scarring.

The first line of defense against pathogens is the: Skin, mucous membranes & other physical barriers. Inflammatory response. Primary immune response. Hypersensitivity response.

Skin, mucous membranes & other physical barriers.

Which of the following stimuli are known to induce mast cell activation? Thermal injury. The presence of toxins. Immunologic tissue injury. All of the above.

All of the above.

Functions of the clotting cascade during inflammation include which of the following? Keeps bacteria close to the inflammatory cells. Helps stop bleeding. Prevents the spread of infection. All of the above.

All of the above. Aka coagulation system.

Which of the following characteristics concerning the acute phase reactant C-reagent protein is (are) true? Produced by the liver. Plasma indicator of inflammation. Significant risk factor for heart disease. All of the above.

All of the above. Aka plasma protein synthesis.

Which of the following substances are used by phagocytes to destroy engulfed bacteria? Lysosomal enzymes. Lactic acid. Oxygen radicals. All of the above.

All of the above. Oxygen-dependent & independent mechanisms.

What is the purpose of vasodilation & increased vascular permeability during inflammation? To bring white blood cells to the area of injury. To transport inflammatory chemicals to the area of injury. To dilute toxins. All of the above.

All of the above. Second line of defense.

Activated complement proteins C3a & C5a act as: Opsonins. Membrane attack complexes. Anaphylatoxins. Vasoconstrictive agents.

Anaphylatoxins.

Which of the following molecules are opsonins? Histamine and serotonin. Endotoxin and exotoxin. Bacteria and parasites. Antibodies and complement proteins.

Antibodies and complement proteins. Make substances for phagocytosis. Bacteria & parasites = C3b.

During degranulation the mast cells release chemotactic cytokines that perform which of these functions? Vasodilation & increased vascular permeability. Attraction of neutrophils & eosinophils. Activation of the complement cascade. Opsonization of bacteria.

Attraction of neutrophils & eosinophils. Attraction of the complement cascade = chemotactic factors.

A person suffering from a deficiency of complement protein would be most likely to have trouble fighting off which of the following? Viral infections. Fungal infections. Bacterial infections. Malignant cells.

Bacterial infections.

In the respiratory system, the release of leukotrienes during an inflammatory response induces: Bronchoconstriction. Bronchodilation. Coughing. Free radical formation.

Bronchoconstriction.

Which of the following cells plays an active role in collagen deposition during wound contraction & scar tissue formation? Mast cell. Macrophage. Fibroblast. Osteocyte.

Fibroblast. Appear within 3 days of wound healing.

Cells defend against viral invasion through the production & secretion of: Histamine. Interferon. Growth factors. Prostaglandins.

Interferon.

What is the benefit of the vasodilation that occurs early in the inflammatory response?

It allows more white blood cells & other plasma proteins to be delivered to the site of injury.

What is the role of plasmin in the inflammatory response? It inhibits the complement system. It directly stimulates mast cell degranulation. It stimulates proliferation of fibrocytes. It controls clotting by breaking down fibrin.

It controls clotting by breaking down fibrin. Prevents excess clotting.

A differential rise in which white blood cell is typically seen with viral infections? Neutrophils. Lymphocytes. Monocytes. Eosinophils.

Lymphocytes. Leukocytosis. Neutrophils = neutrophila

A monocyte is a circulating white blood cell that transforms into which of the following cells once it enters the tissue during an inflammatory response? Neutrophil. Macrophage. Mast cell. Fibroblast.

Macrophage.

Which of the following cells is responsible for prolonging the inflammatory response & are present at the site of chronic bacterial infections? Neutrophils. Eosinophils. Macrophages. Basophils.

Macrophages. More effective than neutrophils. Eosinophils deal with parasites not bacteria.