HpER 435
Scientific research has shown that individual amino acid supplements may
- induce the formation of certain chemicals in the brain needed for nerve impulse transmission - lead to nutritional imbalances, as an overload of one amino acid may inhibit the absorption ofothers into the body. - induce the secretion of hormones.
The normal rectal temperature at rest is about the oral temperature.
0.5-1.0º F higher than
The recommended protein intake for an individual trying to gain muscle mass through strength training is grams of protein per kilogram body weight.
1.6-1.7
What is the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for protein?
10-35% of daily caloric intake
A general recommendation for daily caloric intake for protein is percent.
12-15
How much water is necessary per day to maintain adequate water balance in the average adult?
2-3 QUARTS
If daily dietary protein is obtained with a mixture of animal and plant foods, a ratio of animal to plant protein would be similar to the use of animal protein alone
30:70
How many essential amino acids are there?
9
Which of the following amino acids is the most important means of transporting the amino group to the liver fro excretion as urea?
ALANINE
Which of the following statements concerning protein metabolism and exercise is NOT true?
After exercise, protein balance is at the very most maintained, but is usually negative
Amino acid supplements are advertised to enhance performance in various groups of athletes. Based on the available research data, which of the following statements is FALSE concerning their effectiveness in this regard?
Although not an essential amino acid, research conducted at Old Dominion University has shown inosine to be an effective ergogenic for aerobic endurance events
Which of the following is true when discussing the possible ergogenic effect of specific amino acids?
Although some early research indicated BCAA supplementation improved performance in marathon running performance of "slower" runners, most subsequent research it is not an effective ergogenic aid
During exercise in the heat, which of the following statements is true for carbohydrate replacement?
Carbohydrate intake may improve performance during exercise in the heat, but if temperature regulation is of prime importance, water replacement should receive top priority
Which of the following statements regarding creatine or creatine supplementation is FALSE?
Currently creatine use by athletes has been prohibited by WADA
Research involving creatine supplementation has shown it to have a positive ergogenic effect on all but which of the following?
Energy metabolism when treadmill running at 50-90 percent of VO2 max
A nonessential amino acid that is in short supply in a particular food is called a limiting amino acid.
FALSE
As a person goes through his/her life cycle, the amount of protein per unit body weight remains at a constant ratio.
FALSE
Aspartates, in dosages of approximately 5 grams, have been reported to increase blood levels of free fatty acids and decrease levels of blood ammonia, which have been associated with improved performance.
FALSE
Available research supports the ability of protein supplements to improve physical performance above and beyond the effects of the training program.
FALSE
Chondroitin and/or glucosamine supplements will prevent the development of joint pain or osteoarthritis in young, healthy athletes.
FALSE
Creatine supplementation increases the risk for muscle cramps.
FALSE
Infusing amino acids, such as arginine and lysine, has been shown to increase the secretion of human growth hormone and enhance muscular development and strength.
FALSE
Recent recommendations, based on reputable research, list the range for dietary protein to be from 10- 30 grams of protein per kilogram body weight per day.
FALSE
Some scientists have proposed that low levels of serum-free tryptophan in conjunction with high levels of branched-chain amino acids may be a major factor in the origin of fatigue during prolonged endurance exercise.
FALSE
Sports anemia has been shown to be prevalent in all subjects initiating a strenuous training program, and it is suggested that balanced diets be enhanced with protein supplements.
FALSE
The International Society of Sports Nutrition recommends that athletes consume a 1:3-4 ratio of carbohydrates to protein within 30 minutes of exercise to enhance recovery.
FALSE
The body can store excess amino acids for later use.
FALSE
There are thirteen amino acids that cannot be manufactured in the body.
FALSE
There is a great deal of scientific evidence to support the use of HMB supplementation as an anabolic agent for strength-trained individuals.
FALSE
There is a preponderance of research evidence indicating that high-protein diets confer an advantage in strength development.
FALSE
Unlike complete proteins, incomplete proteins contain all essential amino acids and provide positive nitrogen balance.
FALSE
When discussing the possible ergogenic effect of specific amino acids, which statement is FALSE?
Glycine is involved in the formation of phosphocreatine and has been recently shown to positively affect physical performance.
Which of the following statements regarding protein and related health effects is FALSE?
Individuals who are worried about the development of osteoporosis should reduce their protein intake to levels about 50 percent of the RDA or less
Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding water in the human body?
It contains some food energy and enables the utilization of most of the other nutrients essential to life
Which of the following amino acid is associated with the increase in BCAA oxidation during prolonged exercise?
LEUCINE
Expressed as a PERCENTAGE of its total caloric value, which food exchange has the highest protein content?
Lean meat
Which of the following statements comparing animal and plant protein is INCORRECT?
Proteins usually exist in smaller concentrations in plant foods, thus the quality of amino acids found in plants is inferior to those obtained from animals
Rehydration
Reduces stress on the cardiovascular system by minimizing the reduction in blood volume
Which of the following is NOT true when considering salt or potassium supplements?
Salt tablets should be taken only if the athlete needs to drink more than 5 liters of fluid per day to replace that lost during sweating
Exercise and body temperature are associated in all EXCEPT which one of the following ways?
Sweating produces a cooling effect regardless of whether it vaporizes or drips off the body
Deamination is the a chemical process that removes
THE AMINO GROUP FROM THE AMINO ACID
A decreased plasma glutamine level in over-trained athletes was hypothetically linked to impairment of the immune system.
TRUE
A sufficient amount of carbohydrate Calories must be present to provide a protein-sparing effect.
TRUE
According to the American College of Sports Medicine, endurance and resistance athletes should consume 1.2-1.7 grams of protein per kilogram bodyweight per day.
TRUE
Endurance training appears to increase the capacity of the muscle to derive energy from protein.
TRUE
Glycogenic amino acids are converted to carbohydrates by gluconeogenesis, and ketogenic amino acids may be metabolized to acetyl CoA, utilized in the Krebs cycle or converted to fats; thus, the energy content is not wasted.
TRUE
High Protein Diet may lead to an excessive production of ketones to be excreted by the kidneys to avoid ketosis.
TRUE
If even one of the twenty amino acids necessary for protein synthesis is in short supply, protein construction may be blocked.
TRUE
Low protein intake negatively affects bone health.
TRUE
Most well-controlled research involving acute BCCA supplementation has reported no significant ergogenic effects on exercise performance.
TRUE
Nonessential amino acids can be produced inside our body once the essential amino acids are provided in the diet.
TRUE
Plants provide good sources of protein and may supply all the essential amino acids necessary for human nutrition when certain foods, such as grains and legumes, are eaten together.
TRUE
Protein complementarity is based on the concept when a combination of food sources supplies the body with all essential amino acids to satisfy the dietary requirement
TRUE
Proteinuria has been observed in a variety of sports, and research suggests that the greater the intensity of the exercise, the greater the loss of protein.
TRUE
Short-term protein deficiency is not likely to cause any serious health problems.
TRUE
Some studies investigating the impact of chondroitin and/or glucosamine supplementation on symptoms of arthritic pain have shown that they do relieve pain and improve mobility.
TRUE
The body has the ability to reduce its needs for one amino acid when another one of similar chemical structure is present in high quality in the daily food intake.
TRUE
The general guidelines suggest the ingestion of 1-2 grams of carbohydrates per Kilogram body weight and 0.15-0.25 grams of proteins per Kilogram body weight in the 3-4 hours prior to competition.
TRUE
The protein-sparing effect spares the utilization of protein as an energy source and allows it to be used for more important metabolic functions.
TRUE
The thermic effect (TEF) is greater for protein compared to carbohydrate and fat.
TRUE
There is a positive correlation between the production of acidic urine, the excess of calcium bone loss and the decrease in bone density.
TRUE
Throughout the life cycle, the protein RDA per unit body weight decreases.
TRUE
The human body temperature may be influenced in which of the following ways?
The autonomic division of the central nervous system controls the body temperature
When considering the functions of protein in human nutrition, which of the following is true?
The branched-chain amino acids constitute a significant amount of muscle tissue
The excess of nitrogen is excreted by the body as
UREA
Gastric emptying is
affected greatly by the volume of fluid ingested
Which of the following is not an essential amino acid?
alanine
Because the human body cannot store excess nitrogen,
ammonia is formed from the excess nitrogen and the liver converts it into urea, which is eventually eliminated by the kidneys.
Water is stored in several body compartments,
and is attracted by sodium, both in the extracellular fluid and the circulatory system.
Which food is highest in both carbohydrate and protein?
baked beans
Body water is regulated
by osmolality, with tonicity having a primary role in its functioning.
During exercise, the intake of which of the following nutrients will provide the most significant protein sparing effect, i. e., decrease the use of protein as an energy source?
carbohydrate
The major energy food for high intensity aerobic endurance sport performance is:
carbohydrate
Which is most likely to be a complete, high-quality protein food?
cheddar cheese
A HIGH QUALITY protein is best described as one that
contains all of the essential amino acids in the proper amounts and ratio
What is the term used to describe the process where heat is transferred by movement of air or water over the body?
convection
Which of the following is not an example of complementary proteins?
corn tortilla and wheat bread
A review of research supports that there may be an ergogenic effect associated with the use of supplementation.
creatine
Intestinal absorption of water is
enhanced when glucose and sodium are also present
Which of the following statements relative to protein metabolism is false?
essential amino acids can be formed in the liver from carbohydrate and nitrogen from non-essential amino acids
Which hormone is released from the pancreas and generally increases the rate of gluconeogenesis in the liver?
glucagon
The process involving the formation of glucose from protein in the body is known as:
gluconeogenesis
Which of the following dietary supplements are theorized to help promote healthy joints in the body, and have received some research support as a means to reduce joint pain and improve mobility?
glucosamine and chondroitin
Research suggests that creatine supplementation is MOST likely to enhance performance in which of the following types of physical performance tasks?
high intensity exercise for 6-30 seconds
Hyperhydration, also known as superhydration,
is an attempt to assure that the body-water level is high before exercising in a hot environment.
All of the following are true physiological functions exhibited by protein EXCEPT
it is the major energy source during exercise.
Nitrate may be found in:
leafy greens
Supplementation with some amino acids has been theorized to decrease the formation of serotonin in the brain and possibly help delay the onset of central nervous system fatigue in prolonged aerobic endurance exercise. Which amino acids are theorized to do this?
leucine, isoleucine, and valine
Skin wetting techniques
may be potentially harmful for the psychological sense of relief that they produce
The consumption of individual amino acids
may interfere with the absorption of other essential amino acids
The essential element in protein that is not possessed by either carbohydrate or fat is
nitrogen
Which of the following has the least amount of dietary protein?
one orange
Nitrate supplementation has been shown to:
reduce blood pressure
Which of the following statements involving the interaction of protein and exercise training is false?
research has shown conclusively that amino acid supplements and other protein supplements will enhance performance in sports
Which of the following statements relative to protein and exercise is FALSE?
research has shown that individuals who are training to gain weight need about 6 to 8 grams of protein per kilogram body weight
HMB supplementation appears to offer the greatest benefit to:
resistance trained individuals
Sodium is a mineral element and is one of the principle positive ions. Sodium
serves primarily to help maintain normal body-fluid balance and osmotic pressure in the extracellular fluids
Which of the following statements is true concerning heat gain or loss in the human body?
shivering is nothing more than the contraction of muscles and it produces extra heat by increasing the metabolic rate
The protein isolated from which of the following plant foods is most comparable to animal protein?
soybeans
Research suggests that protein may be a significant source of energy during
the latter stage of prolonged endurance exercise, when protein could contribute up to 15 percent of the total energy cost.