hps 306 exam 3

what did franklin d. roosevelt hope to avoid during his campaign? what was his final stance on the issue?

1. wanted to avoid taking a stand on prohibition 2. he decided to fight for repeal of prohibition/ the 18th amendment

concern of PEDs

1. athletes are role models for young people 2. unfair advantage over competition- against idea of fair play 3. perception of use as dishonorable 4. concern of health risk

2 types of overall reactions with LSD

1. expansive good trip, individuals feel that they are uncovering secrets of the universe, feelings of increased creativity 2. constrictive bad trip, individual becomes paranoid, exhibits feelings of persecution, little movement of user

coffee growing and trade

1696: dutch began cultivating coffee in E. indies, latin america became the worlds largest producer all coffee is made from 2 species caffea arabica: milder flavor, takes longer to develop after planting, and requires a near tropical climate to grow properly caffea robusta: stronger and more bitter flavor and a higher caffeine content, used in less expensive blends over 3 bil lbs of coffee were imported by the US in 2016 -brazil supplied the most, followed by vietnam and colombia

amphetamines and american FB

1960s: drug viewed as harmless pep pills, drs for professional fb teams and trainers dispensed them liberally change in attitudes towards drug: late 1960s- viewed as dangerous 1971 NFL banned distribution of amphetamines by team physicians/trainers (not strictly enforced) today: restriction of all amphetamines and other drugs regardless of where they are obtained

deliriant PCP recreational use

1970s: angel dust = PCP sprinkled onto herbs and sold as marijuana. inexpensive to manufacture. most common cause of drug induced visits to the ER. unpredictable reactions to the drug: some experience diminished pain and senses, others become angry, uncooperative, manic, prolonged confusion-symptoms similar to schizophrenia mechanism of action: selectively blocks the NMDA subtype of glutamate receptor

heroin assisted treatment

1980s to 1990s: swiss public health officials were faced with increasing rates of HIV infections. made worse by IV heroin use and needle sharing 1994: swiss authorities approved a program of heroin assisted treatment. plan: individuals with heroin use disorder received a prescription for pharmaceutical grade heroin. a nurse, physician, psychologist, and social worker are assigned to aid in their care and help with addiction related issues positive outcomes of switzerlands heroin assisted treatment program: decrease in the street heroin usage and exposure to adulterants, decrease in the number of swiss who contracted hiv, 1990s: number of ppl who died from AIDs related illnesses decreased similar programs have been initiated by several other countries as a result of more than 20 yrs of successful implementation of the program in switzerland EG. belgium, canada, denmark, germany, netherlands, UK

drug purity testing

1999: spanish nongovernmental organization, energy control, started offering confidential drug testing services. provided free of cost to citizens. credited with decreasing harms assoc. w/ illegal drug use and potentially saving lives also implemented by smaller organizations in a select number of countries. instituted at places where substance use is pervasive like music festivals

three main sources of caffeine

3 plants with xanthines have been used by humans for thousands of years coffee: OG from middle East tea: first grown in china cacao: originated from the americas all three are important in cultural and economic roles

penalties for violating major league baseball policy

80 to 162 to lifetime suspension, may seek reinstatement after 2 years (for steroids) follow up test, 50 to 100 game suspension, and commissioners discretion

beta-2 agonists

EG. clenbuterol- treatment for asthma, brochodilator research: studies in cows- possible increase in muscle mass due to vasodilation. human studies: shown some increases in strength of selected muscle types. no evidence that beta-2 agonists improve athletic performance. banned for use in competition, therapeutic use exemption

discovery and early research of LSD

LSD stands for d-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide *1938: syntheszied by dr. albert hofmann of sandoz labs in switzerland *1943: dr. hofmann took a large dose (5-8x normal dose) and described its hallucinogenic effects the potency of the drug got attention, comparable effects from mescaline would req. 4,000 times the dose of LSD *1950s-1970s: lots of research -possible treatment for alcohol dependence, terminal cancer patients, used with psychotherapy, to help reveal repressed memories *secret army/CIA research (MKULTRA) in the 1950s/60s, violated many ethical codes, US required to pay reparations *1970s: govt stopped funding human research

BALCO scandal

MLB didnt test for steroids but rumors circulated about their use june 03 evidence surfaced that pro athletes were using THG tetrahydrogestrinone -an unknown steroid that wasnot detected by US anti doping agencys tests -balco labs raided -victor conte, founder, named his clients during testimony result: 06, mlb instituted tougher penalties for drug violations and more frequent testing jose canseco, lmb player, released juiced book that exposed other famous players taking steroids

barbiturates concerns

OD deaths: accidental and intentional, respiratory depression- decreased involuntary regulation of respiratory rate by CNS high potential for abuse and psychological dependence due to: reinforcing effects of drug related to rapidity of effect onset. intake -> rapid depressant effect -> positive reinforcement -> increase intake -> increased depressant effect short acting drugs are more likely to lead to psychological dependence physiological/physical dependence: when the body has developed homeostatic mechanisms to counteract drug effects, drug needed in the body for system to function normally. EG cause of withdrawal- high doses

coffee processing and storage

OG, ppl chewed on coffee beans or put raw beans in hot water. the middle east discovered that roasting green coffee beans improved the flavor, aroma, and the color of the drink made from the beans -coffeehouses and individuals roasted and ground their own beans commericial roasts began in 1790 in NYC vacuum packing of ground coffee for long term storage was introduced in 1900

LSD recreational use

Timothy Leary (early 1960s): conducted research on LSD and psilocybin, but it wasnt rigorous, it was unethical LSD use peaked in late 1960s use declined due to anecdotal reports of probs assoc. w/ bad trips, prolonged psychotic rxns, worries about possible chromo damage, self injurious behavior, flashbacks

steroids history

WWII- T used for weight gain in malnourished ppl soviets began to use T to build up athletes in 1950s 1960s- anabolic tissue building steroids developed in the US and were widely used by athletes like weight lifters, body builders, track and field athletes 1970s testing in athletic events began

hypnotics- sleeping pills

a large enough dose of a hypnotic drug is taken to help one get to sleep more quickly 17% of women and 9% of men reported insomnia in a national health survey- ppl who visit their drs complaining of insomnia should be evaluated for depression. halcion (triazolam), a benzo, can produce unusual, adverse psychiatric rxns

catechol: peyote (mescaline)

a small, spineless, carrot shaped cactus. mescaline is the primary active ingredient. synthesized in 1918, more than 30 psychoactive compounds have been IDed in peyote

depressant concerns: toxicity

behavioral toxicity: depressants impair judgement and coordination like alcohol, additive effects result if they are combined with alcohol physiological/physical toxicity: respiratory depression eg. decreased respiratory rate, dangerous if combined with alcohol theres a difference between toxicity and dependence

portuguese drug regulation system

acquisition, possession and use of recreational drugs for personal use, defined as quantities up to a 10 day supply, are not criminal offenses no criminal conviction for possession exists. warning is issued in verbal or ticket form, those with tickets appear before a panel that consists of a social worker, a medical professional, and a lawyer drug use is addressed as a potential health problem positive outcomes: number of drug induced deaths dropped, overall rates of drug use dropped, especially among young people does not address important concerns related to illegal drug use: drug quality control, violence in drug trafficking

non benzodiazepine hypnotics

aka z-drugs (zolpidem, zopiclone, zaleplon), hypnotics that induce sleep, similar to benzodiazepines in terms of depressant effects, but different chemical structure mechanism: may selectively bind to different sites on the GABA receptor complex, enhancing effects of GABA zolpidem (ambien): most widely prescribed hypnotic, rapid onset effects, short duration initially thought to be safer than benzodiazepines. withdrawal symptoms have been reported, schedule IV- monitored used under physician, like benzodiazepines. concerns: sleepwalking, eating, and driving while people are in a semi waking state. in 08, all hypnotic drugs were req. to carry a warning label, zolpidem-related (ambien-related) ER visits more than tripled between 2005 and 2010

rohypnol

benzodiazepine: CNS depressant, sold in other countries as a hypnotic but not sold in US produces profound intoxication when mixed with alcohol, similar effects seen across the benzodiazepine class. reportedly used as a date rape drug, slipped into drinks w/o a person knowing, in 1997 manufacturers changed formulation to produce a distinctive color when dissolved in a drink. rohypnol effects are not much different from the effects of other CNS depressants.

inhalant examples: nitrites

amyl nitrite: first introduced into medicine as a treatment for chest pain. butyl, isopropyl, and isobutyl nitrite produce effects similar to those of amyl nitrite relax blood vessels=vasodilators increase blood flow and briefly lowers blood pressure. used as a treatment for cyanide poisoning. with high doses, there might be a brief sense of lightheadedness or fainting resulting from lower bp. poppers=inhalable vapours, misused for sensation of euphoria used in various cleaning products, some users have inhaled these pdts to achieve the effect of inhaling nitrites

stimulants: caffeine

an ergogenic aid shown to improve endurance in lab conditions effectiveness depends on many factors, including amount of intake urine levels of 15 ug/ml will lead to disqualification in many competitions. NCAA banned substance- approx 6-8 cups of coffee will result in positive urine test. WADA currently has caffeine on monitoring list

historical use of drugs in athletics

ancient times: early greek olympians used herbs and mushrooms as stimulants aztec athletes used cactus based stimulant resembling strychnine 1800s-early 1900s: strychnine acts as a CNS stimulant at low doses. cocaine-marianais coca wine (french cycling team) and pure form of cocaine

tea and the american revolution

b4 the revolution, american colonists were committed tea drinkers. anger over tax on tea. colonists were unhappy over paying taxes they didnt help formulate, taxation w.o representation. the boston tea party contributed to the english preference for tea over coffee. the smuggling of tea increased. revolution helped tea sales in england. to be a tea drinker was to be loyal to the crown

stimulants: ephedrine (ephedra)

banned by IOC and NCAA officials ephedrine is an ingredient in asthma meds (Relaxes bronchial passages)- only exception to the ban was found in many diet supplements 2004- fda banned ephedrine in diet supplements- highly publicized death of steve bechler (baltimore orioles pitcher)

anticonvulsants

barbiturates and benzodiazepines may be prescribed for epileptic seizures (convulsions) other antiepileptic drugs are prescribed in preference to benzodiazepines or barbiturates, but they may be used in combo. EG Keppra- antiepileptic potential concerns: tolerance can make it difficult to find a dose that is effective but doesnt cause excessive drowsiness, abrupt withdrawal is likely to cause seizures

international drug testing

began in some sports during 1960s, especially in cyclists. 1968 international olympic committee established disqualification rules for athletes refusing to take a drug test or for using banned drugs -due to death of tommy simpson in 1967 tour de france WADA world anti doping agency est. 1999

tea types

black tea: fully oxidized leaves, contains higher concentration of caffeine green tea: nonoxidized leaves, sales of green tea have increased recently oolong tea: greenish brown color, consists of partially oxidized leaves ice tea: sold for the first time at the louisiana purchase exposition in st. louis in 1904, accounts for 85 percent of all tea consumed in america flavored teas: mint, spices, other herbal teas: mix of plant leaves and flowers but no actual tea

getting cut

bodybuilders seek both a strong and lean look- body fat percentage may be as low as 6-9%, healthy male is 14-20% popular market for dietary supplements. used to contain ephedra-banned. now contain variety of plant extracts, and unknown caffeine levels caution- diet supplements do not have to be demonstrated to be effective and arent evaluated by the FDA

other PCP like drugs

both act as NMDA receptor antagonists for glutamate ketamine hydrochloride (special K): marketed as a dissociative anesthetic for humans, treats major depressive disorders and produces antidepressive effects at a much more rapid rate than traditional antidepressant drugs dextromethorphan: over the counter cough suppressant, very high doses required

inhalants- inhalable solvents

can be found in: gasoline, glue, paint, lighter fluid, spray cans, nail polish, and correction fluid (commonly used products) produce effects similar to those of depressants

psychedelics

capable of altering perceptions while allowing the person to remain in communication with the present world. provide awareness of both the fantasy world/ real world at the same time. grouped according to their chemical structures: indoles and catechols.

before modern barbiturates

chloral hydrate: first synthesized in 1832, not used clinically until 1870. one to two grams induce sleep in less than an hour what humankind can use, some will abuse repeated use leads to gastric irritation paraldehyde: synthesized in 1829, not clinically used until 1882. very effective CNS depressant, low risk of respiratory depression- wide safety margin, has an extremely unpleasant taste and causes foul odor

classification of psychedelics

classified by: chemical structure, known pharmacological properties, how much loss of awareness occurs, how dangerous they are. 2 major groups: phantastica- alter perceptions while allowing the user to remain in communication w/ the present world deliriants- produce more mental confusion, greater clouding of consciousness, memory loss and absence of vivid sensory effects

coffee consumption is US

coffee use increased following the british act that taxed tea, to drink tea was to be a tory the widespread prohibition of alcohol increased coffee consumption in 1946, annual per capita coffee consumption reached an all time high of 20 pounds. soft drinks, energy drinks, and bottled water have replaced coffee as the most popular nonalcoholic beverages

drug decriminalization: de facto and legal discrimination

criminal convictions have led to de facto and legal discrimination. employers dont hire people who have been criminally convicted. those with criminal records face similar issues when seeking housing, govt, benefits, or drug treatment and often lose the right to vote drug offenses are the single most common arrest cause more than 80 percent of arrests in the US for drug offenses involve only simple possession it would dramatically decrease the number of arrests and allow law enforcement to focus on more serious crime

depressants

decrease CNS activity, widespread effect in the brain- decrease voluntary activities: walking, lifting weights. decrease involuntary activities of the body: respiratory rate, BP categorized as: sedatives (treat anxiety- anxiolytics) hypnotics (treat insomnia- sleeping aids)

steroids: research limitations

difficult to extrapolate lab findings to athletes bc they take higher doses and more than one steroid at a time (stacking)- this is unethical in clinical trials difficult to conduct double blind experiments psychological effects of steroids may affect results. users report they feel stronger and can work harder. possible active placebo effect

strategies to enhance public health and safety

drug legalization- suggested to decrease violence assoc. w/ drug trafficking drug purity testing heroin assisted treatment safe drug consumption sites

present day barbiturates

first introduced in 1903: phenobarbital, amobarbital, secobarbital- former popular barbiturates mechanism: enhance effects of GABA (CNS inhibitory NT) by binding to GABAa receptors classified by duration of action, which corresponds to their time of onset: -short acting and rapid onset: induce sleep, prescribed in high doses -long acting and delayed onset: reduce anxiety, prescribed in low doses

deliriant: PCP

generic name: phencyclidine by 1960, PCP has been characterized as: an excellent anesthetic for monkeys, a medically safe but psychologically troublesome anesthetic for humans (profound effects on body perception). currently, PCP is licensed for use as an animal anesthetic- sernylan used as animal tranquilizer

whose organization fully endorsed roosevelt? what is surprising about this support?

pauline sabin's, surprising because women were victims of abuse due to alcohol consumption

LSD: adverse reactions

impossible to determine true incidence of adverse reactions, can result from illegal drug impurities or quantity flashbacks: a subjective term. DSM-5 defines: hallucinogen persisting perception disorder. recurrence of symptoms weeks/months after an individual took LSD. common or rare? panic reactions: rare or common?

why was it important that the 18th amendment be passed before 1920?

in 1920 there would be a change in the census. the cities, which were the wet part of the country, would have more representation in congress than the small towns, which were dry, making it more difficult to pass the amendment

phantastica: two classes

indole hallucinogens: drugs that have the same basic indole structure of the NT serotonin. EG. LSD, psilocybin catechol hallucinogens: drugs that have the same basic catechol structure of the NTs NE and dopamine. EG. mescaline, MDMA (ecstasy/molly)

in 1932, what was the main reason people wanted to amend the volstead act?

instead of spending millions of dollars to enforce a law that was unenforceable, the government could spend that money on relieving those suffering from the great depression

steroid regulation

issues leading to regulation: large black market, concern that adolescent boys were using it to increase muscle mass steroids are classified as a schedule III controlled substance- need prescription (limited refills)

amphetamine derivatives

large group of synthetic hallucinogens that is chemically related to amphetamines, effects are similar to mescaline eg. MDMA (Ecstasy or molly)

variety of coffee drinks

large variety of products can be seen in supermarkets and coffee shops. pure colombian, french roast, decaf, half caf, flavored coffees, instants, mixes, cold coffee drinks number of specialty coffee shops increased from fewer than 200 in 1989 to 24,000 in 2016

caffeine content in tea

lb for lb, loose black tea has more caffeine than coffee beans. 1 lb of dry tea leaves equals 200 cups of tea, 1 lb of coffee equals 50-60 cups of coffee most teas have about 40 to 60 mg of caffeine per cup, depending on brand and brew strength theophylline is present only in very small, non pharmacological amounts in tea. prescribed for use by asthmatics

drug decriminalization vs legalization

lies between drug legalization and drug prohibition. decriminalization: the acquisition, use, and possession of drugs can be punished by citation with fines or warnings, infractions dont lead to criminal convictions legalization: the sale, acquisition, use, and possession of recreational drugs are legal for adults. eg. current federal policies regulating alcohol and tobacco

benzodiazepines

mechanism: enhance binding of GABA, decreases neuron excitability chlordiazepoxide (librium): anxiolytic, reduces anxiety and less drowsiness than barbiturates. larger safety margin before OD death in animal trials, physical dependence rare, OD occurred only when combined with other depressants like alcohol diazepam (valium): anxiolytic that reduces anxiety again, supposed to be safe alternatives to barbiturates but dependence and OD can occur: OD deaths are more likely when a drug is sold in higher doses and combined with other depressants like alcohol. psychological dependence develops most rapidly when the drug hits the brain quickly. EG. rapid onset drug= greater risk for abuse. physical dependence as well.

LSD psychological and behavioral effects

modification of perception: *visual images- users see shapes and patterns, usually with intense colors and brightness *users report an altered sense of time, changes in the perception of their own bodies, and alterations of auditory input *synesthesia: mixing of senses (sounds may appear as visual images/scents) enhanced emotionality: images may be perceived as beautiful and awe inspiring or as intensely sad/frightening

other indole hallucinogens besides LSD and psilocybin

morning glories: seeds contain active alkaloids that are 1/10 as active as LSD hawaiian baby woodroses: adverse effects are more common due to toxic seed coat dimethyltryptamine DMT: occurs in many plants. tolerance does not develop. typically snuffed, smoked, or injected. ayahuasca: psychoactive tea containing DMT

patterns of abuse of depressants

most abuse is assoc. with the oral use of legally manufactured pdts two types of typical abusers: older adults using prescription drugs who develop tolerance and increase their dosage, and younger people who obtain drugs for illicit recreational purposes- may take high doses, mix several drugs, or drink alcohol with the drug

cultural use of mescaline

native american church est. 1918 inc. peyote into its ceremonies. legal issues: 1990- supreme court ruled that oregon could prosecute its citizens for using peyote 1994- US congress pass an amendment to the american indian religious act: peyote can be used by an AI/AN for traditional, ceremonial purposes

creatine

natural substance in meat and fish legal pdt- sold as food supplement helps regenerate ATP users tend to gain weight (some is water weight) considerable evidence that creatine use can improve strength, and short term speed in sprinting no effect found in longer distance running, cycling, and swimming

gamma hydroxybutyric acid or GHB

naturally occuring chemical found in the brain and other parts of the body. structurally similar to the inhibitory NT GABA a CNS depressant behavioral effects similar to those of alcohol schedule I drug, except for Xyrem. reduces frequency of cataplexy, which is a narcolepsy symptom

inhalant examples: gaseous anesthetics

nitrous oxide or laughing gas, abuse occurs among physicians and others with access to these gases. ntirous oxide was first used in the early 1800s, acquired the name laughing gas. still used for light anesthesia by dentists. used as a propellant in whipping cream containers and is sold in small bottles for us in home whipping cream dispensers.

animism and religion

objects attain certain characteristics because of spirits, and consuming the plant transfers this spirit psychoactive plants that alter perceptions were important in the development of spiritual and religious traditions in many societies

coffee history

origin of coffee use: legend of kaldi, an ethiopian goatherd, and his goats ate coffee berries and danced the practice of consuming coffee started to spread 1400s: egypt and other arabic countries 1500s: throughout the middle eat 1600s: europe coffeehouses began to spread in england and france in the 17th century. developed into the penny universities of the early 18th century, locations where people could listen and learn from the literary and political figures of the period in 1674, women in england argued against the use of coffee on the grounds that it made men impotent, issued a pamphlet titled womens petition against coffee

chocolate history

origin: aztecs called the cocoa tree the theobroma-food of the gods. legend: cacao tree was a gift to humans from paradise from the aztec god quetzalcoatl aztecs cultivated cacao widely: cacao bean was an important part of their economy and culture chocolatl: thick liquid, like honey, flavored with vanilla. from the mayan words choc meaning warm and latl meaning beverage cortez introduced chocolate to europe in 1528, use of it spread slow 17th century, chocolate became more of a social drink, chocolate was sold alongside coffee and tea in est. coffeehouses

acute and long term effects of psilocybin

over the past decade, human research has increased. recent studies have investigated the drugs effects of feelings of spirituality. acute effects: psilocybin dose-dependently induces intense changes in mood, perception, and thought. most ppl describe effects as pleasurable, enriching, and nonthreatening. at high doses, can cause anxiety, dysphoria and headache. chronic effects: relatively little is known, one study indicated no subsequent drug abuse/ long term impairment of functions.

inhalant examples: volatile solvents

paint, paint thinner and remover, nail polish remover, correction fluid, and glues. ingredients incl. petroleum, acetone, and toluene the modern era of solvent abuse can be traced to 1959 investigative article in a sunday denver CO newspaper. news articles and education programs demonstrated how to abuse volatile solvents, use may have spread because of increased publicity in general, abuse tends to occur as localized fads most users are very young. 4.6% of 8th graders reported use in the past year, 2% of high school senior class reported use in the past year

caffeine

people use caffeine more than any other psychoactive drug, used regularly by many ppl there is evidence that caffeine can cause dependence and interfere with normal functioning

barbiturate analogs

physicians overprescribed, thinking these new drugs were safe alternatives to barbiturates. mechanism of action: bind to the same receptors as barbiturates, enhance GABAs effects examples: meprobamate- anxiolytic, widely prescribed after approval in 1955, still available as an Rx, but largely replaced by benzodiazepines, schedule IV drug methaqualone- hypnotic, induces sleep, introduced in the US in 1965, put on schedule I in 1985. Quaalude and Sopor

MDMA: ecstasy or molly

prior to 1985, some psychiatrists used it as a therapeutic aid- promotes empathy (entactogen) effects: increased HR, BP, and body temp. decreases appetite and sleep, increased euphoria and sociability, heightened sense of closeness with others. MDMA research raises concerns- possible brain damage. in animals, large doses of MDMA destroy serotonin neurons. relevance of related findings for human recreational use is unclear

causes of concerns for depressants: dependence liability

psychological dependence: associated with short acting sedatives physical dependence: withdrawal syndrome is similar to alcohol withdrawal syndrome and is potentially life threatening. common side effects after chronic use of benzodiazepines: anxiety, impaired concentration/memory, insomnia, nightmares, muscle cramps, increased sensitivity to touch and light. more sever symptoms: delirium tremens, delusions, convulsions, severe depression, occur after abrupt withdrawal from chronic use of larger doses cross dependence occurs among barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and alcohol

psychotomimetic drugs

psychotomimetic means mimicking psychosis: implies the drugs produce dangerous effects and a form of mental disorder. they produce hallucinations and some altered reality, a state similar to psychosis.

mescaline pharmacology

rapidly absorbed after oral administration but does not readily cross the BBB, onset of effects is from 1-2 hours. metabolism: half life is about 6 hours psychological and behavioral effects: low dose effects are primarily euphoric, higher doses give rise to the full set of hallucinations tolerance develops more slowly to mescaline than to LSD, cross tolerance between LSD and mescaline

human growth hormone

released from pituitary gland- can potentially increase height and weight to huge proportions HGH may increase lean body mass but may not improve strength allure of HGH as a PED? height in basketball/increased weight in football illegal to distribute HGH for non medical purposes

decaffeinated coffee

removing caffeine from the coffee bean the most common method in the US soaking unroasted beans in an organic solvent, such as methylene chloride, removes the caffeine. people have raised concerns about residues of the solvent remaining in the coffee the swiss water process, removes more of the coffees flavor, not used on a large commercial scale in the US caffeine removed from coffee is used in soft drinks. coca cola owns on the the largest decaffeinating co's

what other issues did roosevelt want for congress to achieve apart from the repeal?

reorganize the banks, cut federal spending, pass a new bill legalizing 3.2 beer

deliriants vs. phantastica

review: phantastica (indole and catechol hallucinogens) cause less confusion, more memory of experience, acts primarily thru the serotonin 2A receptor by comparison, deliriants: have a greater tendency to produce mental confusion and a loss of touch with reality. many act as antagonists on various receptors: NMDA subtype of glutamate receptor, acetylcholine

steroids adverse effects

risk for young user: premature closing of growth plates, reducing adult health risks for men: breast tissue development, atrophy of testicles, enlarged prostate, impotence, reduction of sperm production, acne risks for women: male pattern baldness, deepening of voice, clitoris enlargement, increased facial hair, decreased breast size risks for all users: peliosis hepatitis (bloody liver cysts), changes in blood lipid levels that may contribute to artherosclerosis, high BP, and heart disease

beneficial use of depressants

sedatives, aka anxiolytics: rx to reduce anxiety, 4 benzodiazepines are among the top 100 most commonly prescribed medications in the US (xanax-alprazolam, ativan-lorazepam, klonopin-clonazepam, valium-diazepam). sedatives arent appropriate for all anxiety disorders like certain phobias or OCD. most anxiolytic prescriptions arent written by psychiatrists, nor are they written for patients with clearly defined anxiety disorders

impetus for change

selective targeting and racial discrimination in the application of drug laws contribute to horrifying statistics US data- nearly 1/3 of those arrested for drug law violations are black, although drug use rates dont differ by race black males comprise about 6 percent of the general population but make up nearly 40 percent of the incarcerated population majority of OD deaths are caused by ingesting a combo of various sedating drugs, rarely caused by a single drug

inhaling solvent dangers

several solvents have been linked to: kidney damage brain damage peripheral nerve damage irritation of the respiratory tract severe headache death by suffocation

magic mushrooms: psilocybin

several varieties of magic mushrooms: psilocybe mexicana is the most well known psilocybin is the primary active ingredient, was isolated by albert hofmann in 1958 indole hallucinogen produce effects similar to LSD

anticholinergic psychedelics

solanaceae: family of plants in which all genera, atropa, hyoscyamus, mandragora, and datura are found 3 pharmacologically active alkaloids are responsible for the effects of these plants: these drugs occupy the Ach receptor site but do not activate it (antagonists)- block the parasympathetic nervous system psio effects: blocks production of mucus in the nose and throat, prevents salivation, stops perspiration, increases temp to fever levels, increase in HR, dilation of pupils behavioral effects: delirium, mental confusion, loss of attention, drowsiness, loss of memory for recent events. at high doses, behavior pattern resembles toxic psychosis. naturally occuring anticholinergics: belladonna or the deadly nightshade plant, mandrake, henbane, datura synthetic anticholinergics: widely used to treat pseudoparkinsonism produced by antipsychotic drugs

steroids: psychological effects

stimulant like high and increased aggressiveness- may increase intensity of effort during training and competitions psychological dependence develops in some users cycling of drug can result in mood swings and depression when off the drug, interference with social relationships, roid rage- stories may be exaggerated but some reports of violent feelings and actions among steroid users

PED types

stimulants, steroids, human growth hormone, beta-2 agonists, creatine

entheogen

substances that create spiritual/religious experiences. eg. sacred mushrooms

entactogen

substances that enhance feelings of empathy. eg. MDMA (ecstasy)

tea production

tea is grown in china, sri lanka, india, and indonesia tea leaves are picked by hand. one worker plucks enough leaves to make 10 pounds of tea as sold in the grocery store process of making tea: leaves are dried, rolled to crush the cells in the leaves, placed in a cool damp place for fermentation or oxidation

what additional prohibitions were added to the 18th amendment that were not included in the 1851 bill in maine?

the 18th amendment prohibited the manufacturing, sale, importation, exportation, and transportation of intoxicating liquor to be used as a beverage. the 1851 bill only prohibited the sale and manufacturing of intoxicating beverages

steroids

the male sex hormone T has two types of effects: 1. androgenic effects/masculinizing growth of penis and other male sex glands, deepening of voice, increased facial hair 2. anabolic effects/ tissue building increased muscle mass, control of distribution of body fat, increased protein synthesis, increased calcium in the bones, increases in the size of various internal organs synthetic anabolic steroids have more of an anabolic effect than T

tea history

the origin of tea is traced to china camellia sinensis: evergreen tea tree legend: daruma, founder of zen buddhism, cut off his eyelids to remain awake while meditating. a plant grew from the spot where his eyelids touched the earth, leaves from that plant can be brewed to make a stimulating drink AD 350-> evidence for medicinal use AD 780 -> evidence for nonmedical use dutch delivered the first tea to europe in 1610 english east india company: expanded imports of tea from china as the market for tea increased, became a monopoly once britain banned dutch imports of tea in 1669 profit from the china tea trade induced the english to switch from coffee to tea

how did the prohibitionists use the propaganda against the germans to their advantage?

the prohibitionists linked beer and treason which threatened the german-american brewers

brewers & distillers believed that a national restriction on alcohol was impossible. was was it about the ratification of the 16th amendment that changed the likelihood of prohibition?

the ratification of the 16th amendment created a mandatory income tax, this tax made it so the federal government no longer had to rely on alcohol to fund its operations

function of steroids as PEDs

they speed up the muscle repair and recovery process, normal=48 hrs, steroids=24 hrs steroids allow athlete to return to heavy training quicker effective? animal studies-> builds muscle in castrated animals lab research-> small increases in lean muscle mass and muscular strength no evidence for increase in aerobic capacity or endurance

psychedelics: current research

treatment of: substance abuse addictions (nicotine & alcohol, narcotic pain killers), PTSD, depression, relief of psychospiritual suffering in cancer patients, anxiety in adults facing life threatening illnesses

time course of LSD effects

typically lasts six to nine hours, first 20 minutes autonomic responses occurs, next 30-40 minutes alterations in mood, perception and sensation begin, w/i 1 hour: full intoxication occurs- loss of self awareness and loss of control of behavior, body distortions and depersonalization are common

stimulants: amphetamines

used to mask fatigue, increase alertness, improve focus, reaction time, vigilance, and attention proven effects on events requiring brief, explosive power and endurance effect on performance is small (1%) improvement, but can make a large impact at high levels of competition underlying mechanism of improvement is unclear: affects on brain are increased confidence and winning attitude

safe drug consumption sites

usually designed to be accessible to drug users who may not be well connected to other healthcare services viewed as a part of a continuum of care for people w/ addiction, mental illness, hiv/aids, and hepatitis facilities provided at the consumption sites: drug users can consume their substance of choice under medical supervision, supervision isnt overbearing or intrusive in case of drug overdoses at the facility, trained medical personnel are prepared to reverse the effects harms assoc with contaminated drug equipment are overcome by providing clean drug kits safe consumption facilities are located in countries around the world EG canada, US, switz

LSD pharmacology

very potent, low toxicity not linked to any OD deaths, dose of 0.03 mg can produce psychoactive effects oral admin, absorbed rapidly thru the GI tract mech of action, LSD is a sympathomimetic agent, best evidence indicates that LSD stimulating serotonin 2A metabolism: metabolized by the liver, half life ~3 hours tolerance develops rapidly, w/i 3-4 days of daily doses, cross tolerance occurs among LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin physical dependence to LSD/other psychedelics has not been demonstrated

amphetamines

vocab terms: ergogenic- energy producing drug introduced in 1930s and spread globally during WWII drugs appeal, more potent than caffeine, longer lasting than cocaine, and safer than strychnine by 1950s and 1960s, amphetamine use spread to most sports issues with drug @ 1960 rome olympics: death of multiple cyclists (reduced blood flow to skin) led to anti doping laws in france and belgium