HRM 446- Chapter 5

Gardner put the question of a leader's relations with his or her followers or constituents on the moral plane, arguing (with philosopher Immanuel Kant) that leaders should...

...always treat others as ends in themselves, not as objects or mere means to the leader's ends.

_________ _______ lets one avoid self-contempt for one's behavior by comparing it to even more heinous behavior by others.

Advantageous comparison

____ took an even more extreme view regarding the moral dimension of leadership, maintaining that leaders who do not behave ethically do no demonstrate true leadership.

Burns

________ is still another way of avoiding the moral consequences of one's behavior.

Dehumanization

Leaders should internalize a strong set of ______- principles of right conduct or a system of moral values.

Ethics

_______ ________ involves using cosmetic words to defuse or disguise the offensiveness of otherwise morally repugnant or distasteful behavior.

Euphemistic labeling

______ said leaders ultimately must be judged on the basis of a framework of values, not just in terms of their effectiveness.

Gardner

____ ____ expect managers to "earn their stripes", and not be rewarded with leadership responsibilities merely because of seniority.

Gen Xers

_____ _______ involves reinterpreting otherwise immoral behavior in terms of higher purpose; this is most dramatically revealed in the behavior of combatants in war.

Moral Justification

______ _____ refers to the process leaders use to make decisions about ethical and unethical behaviors.

Moral reasoning

In many kinds of ways we tend to overrate the quality of our own work and our contributions to the groups and teams we belong to.... this is known as which bias?

Overclaiming credit

Philosophers such as ___ & ____ believed mature moral judgement to be an essentially rational process whereas philosophers such as ____ ____ & ____ ____, believed emotions are at the heart of moral judgement.

Plato & Kant David Hume & Adam Smith

_____ _ reflects a more pessimistic view of others, managers with this orientation rely heavily on coercive, external control methods to motivate workers, such as pay, disciplinary techniques, punishments, and threats, they assume people are not naturally industrious or motivated to work.

Theory X

Mcgregor identified 2 contrasting sets of assumptions people make about human nature, calling these ____ _ & _____ _.

Theory X & Theory Y

____ _, reflects a view that most people are intrinsically motivated by their work, rather than needing to be coaxed or coerced to work productively, such people value a sense of achievement, personal growth, pride in contribution to their organization, and respect for a job well done.

Theory Y

____ vs ____, such as honestly answering a question when doing so could compromise a real or implied promise of confidentiality to others.

Truth vs. loyalty

____ are constructs representing generalized behaviors or states of affairs that are considered by the individual to be important.

Values

Who looked at differences in values across generations?

Zemke

People sometimes try to justify immoral behavior by claiming it was caused by someone else's actions, and this is known as ______ ___ ______.

attribution of blame

_____- based thinking describes what many think of as the golden rule of conduct common in some form to many of the world's religions: "Do what you want others to do to you."

care- based thinking

Sometimes, of course, we may be conscious of a potential ____ __ ______, as when you benefit from from a recommendation to someone else (such as getting a sales commission for something new that may not be in the consumer's best interest.

conflicts of interest

Third, we trust leaders who are ______; this does not mean that we only trust leaders whose positions never change, but that changes are understood as a process of evolution in light of relevant new evidence.

consistent

Second, we trust leaders who demonstrate _____ with us-- who show they understand the world as we see and experience it.

empathy

_____- based thinking is often characterized as "do what's best for the greatest number of people." It is also known as utilitarianism in philosophy, and it's premised on the idea that right and wrong are best determined considering the consequences or results of an action.

ends-based thinking

In the _____ dilemma the trolley is again heading for 5 people. You happen to be standing next to a large man on a footbridge spanning the tracks, and if you push the man off the footbridge and into the path of the trolley you can save the other 5 people.

footbridge

In the case of ____ ____, however, judgements about some groups are systematically biased without their awareness.

implicit prejudice

If the whole pattern of one's generous acts were examined, however, ranging from things like job recommendations to help on a project, there is typically a clear pattern to those whom we've helped: most of the time they're "like us"... this is explaining which bias?

in group favoritism

___ vs. _____, such as whether you should protect the confidentiality of someone's medical condition when the condition itself may pose threat to the larger community.

individual vs. community

Fourth, we tend to trust leaders whose ____ is strong, who demonstrate their commitment to higher principles through their actions.

integrity

_____ vs. ____, such as deciding whether to excuse a person's misbehavior because of extenuating circumstances or a conviction that he or she has "learned a lesson"

justice vs. mercy

Those individuals whose moral judgement develops most are those who " _____ __ ____, ___ ____ _____ "

love to learn, seek new challenges

What are some examples of terminal values?

-an exciting life -a sense of accomplishment -family security -inner harmony -social recognition -friendship

What are some examples of instrumental values?

-being courageous -being helpful -being honest -being imaginative -being logical -being responsible

In work settings, values can affect decisions about - - - -

-joining an organization -organizational commitment -relationships with co- workers -decisions about leaving an organziation

The trolley problem originally posed by philosopher Philippa Foot, involves 2 different dilemmas, a " ____ " dilemma and a " _____ " dilemma.

-switch -footbridge

Bennis and Goldsmith described 4 qualities of leadership that endangered trust: ____, _____, ____, and ______.

-vision -empathy -consistency -integrity

Joshua Greene proposed a ____-____ ____ of moral judgement wherein moral judgements dealing primarily with "rights" and "duties" are made by automatic emotional responses while more judgements made on a more utilitarian basis are made more cognitively.

dual-process theory

First, we tend to trust leaders who create a compelling ____: who pull people together on the basis of shared beliefs and a common sense of organizational purpose and belonging.

vision

Kidder offers 3 principles for resolving ethical dilemmas: 1. 2 3.

1. ends-based thinking 2. rule-based thinking 3. care-based thinking

What are the 4 particular biases that can have a pervasive and corrosive effect on our moral decision making?

1. implicit prejudice 2. in group favoritism 3. overclaiming credit 4. conflicts of interest

Rushworth Kidder identifies what 4 ethical dilemmas

1. truth vs. loyalty 2. individual vs. community 3. short-term vs. long-term 4. justice vs. mercy

A related mechanism is ____ __ ________, whereby reprehensible behavior becomes easier to engage in and live with if others are behaving the same way.

diffusion of responsibility

Through ____ __ ______ people may violate personal moral standards by attributing responsibility to other.

displacement of responsibility

Through _____ or ____ ___ ______, people can minimize the harm caused by their behavior, this can be a problem in bureaucracies when decision makers are relatively insulated by their position from directly observing their consequences of their decisions.

disregard, or distortion of consequences

____- based thinking is consistent with Kantian philosophy and can colloquially characterized as "following the highest principle or duty." This is determined not by any projection of what the results of an act may be but rather by determining the kinds of standards everyone should uphold all the time, whatever the situation.

rules-based thinking

____-____ vs. ____-_____, such as how a parent chooses to balance spending time with children now as compared to with investments in a career that may provide greater benefits for the family in the long run.

short-term vs. long-term

The study concluded that Boomers, Xers, and Millennials in the managerial workforce are much more ___ in their views of organizational leadership than they are _____.

similar different

In the _______ dilemma a runaway trolley is racing toward 5 people who will be killed if the train does not change course. You can save these 5 people by diverting the train onto another set of tracks. The alternative set of tracks only has one person on it, but if you divert the train onto those tracks the person will be killed.

switch