HS 5900 Final

B

A Pearson's correlation between two variables yields the following results: r=.62; p=.056. Which of the following is true? A) you can reject the null hypothesis B) the effect size is .62 C) you can accept the alternate hypothesis D) the effect size is .056

A

A focus group is an example of which type of data collection? A) interview B) questionnaire C) observation D) available data

B

A literature review A) includes popular websites B) helps focus the research question C) forms the basis of the abstract of a research report D) is based on methods being used

D

A representative sample A) must be a random sample B) consists of at least 500 cases C) is defined as the inverse of the square root of the sample size D) reflects precisely the crucial dimensions of the target population

D

A research subject is worried that their name will be connected with a study on binge drinking. This ethical concern is covered by A) informed consent B) minimizing risk C) conflict of interest D) confidentiality

D

A researcher from an urban area traveled to Appalachia for 3 summers before she started collecting data for her qualitative research. This was done in an effort to establish: A) systematic discovery B) neutrality C) empirical evidence D) reflexivity

D

A school is vandalized during a 3-week program on safety and mental health. What validity threat might interfere with the outcomes of the program? A) testing B) placebo effect C) regression to the mean D) history

D

An alpha level of 0.05 indicates that: A) the probability of making a correct decision regarding the null hypothesis is 0.05 B) 95% of the time chance is operating C) the probability of Type II error is 0.05 D) if the null hypothesis is true, the probability of falsely rejecting it is limited to 0.05

D

An incidental sample is A) used only in non-experimental studies B) not used in quantitative studies C) generally obtained through costly and difficult sampling procedures D) not necessarily biased

D

Ashley is designing a qualitative research study on parent-child communication. The best setting for her research would be: A) the local coffee shop B) a quiet clinic room C) the zoo D) their home

A

Body temperature represents what level of measurement? A) interval/ratio B) nominal C) categorical D) ordinal

B

Critical evaluation of the research is: A) emergent B) an essential step in Evidence-Based Practice C) done by the authors D) part of the research methodology

A

Data credibility in qualitative research is similar to what in quantitative research? A) validity B) empiricism C) reliability D) statistical testing

B

Economic concerns for research include all of the following except A) risk B) expertise C) equipment D) time

D

Hypothesis testing involves deciding: A) if the differences between groups was large or small B) the critical value C) if the investigation was internally and externally valid D) between two mutually exclusive hypotheses

D

I am collecting the weights of my clients using a digital scale. What is the most likely threat to internal validity? A) selection error B) maturation C) testing D) instrumentation

B

I am conducting a study to see if vitamin C has an effect on the number of colds a person has during the year. In terms of PICO, 'vitamin C' would be seen as A) O B) I C) P D) C

A

I am doing a study that will include student knowledge as an outcome variable. I plan to use a 10-item knowledge quiz as one of my instruments. This quiz is an example of: A) operational definition B) applicability C) constitutive definition D) open -ended questionnaire

A

I am going to collect nutrition data from a sample of pregnant women. One question asks them the number of servings of vegetables they eat on an average day. What level of measurement is this? A) continuous B) categorical C) ordinal D) nominal

C

I am going to pretest for diabetes knowledge prior to a diabetes workshop. I will also administer the same instrument immediately after the workshop and again 3 months later to check on retention of knowledge. What threat to validity is most likely? A) instrumentation B) history C) testing D) regression to the mean

D

I am going to test for a correlation between two variables. A scatterplot of the two variables: A) eliminates the threat of linearity B) will indicate the level of measurement C) is unnecessary D) helps identify outliers

A

I am testing for a correlation between subjects' level in college (Freshman, Sophomore, Junior, Senior) and their annual income (in dollars). Which test would I use? A) Spearman's rho B) Mann-Whitney C) Pearson's r D) t-test

C

I am trying to see if graduates of a public school score higher on a standardized test than graduates of a progressive private school. What is the most appropriate research design to use? A) RCT B) quasi-experimental C) Cohort D) Case-control

B

I ask what sport my athletes play/perform in. What level of measurement is this? A) interval/ratio B) nominal C) continuous D) ordinal

B

I created a questionnaire to measure emotional wellness for older adults. I have 16 bridge players at the senior center fill out the questionnaire, then come back the following week to have the same group fill it out again. This should give me an indication of: A) face validity B) instrument validity C) inter-rater reliability D) instrument reliability

A

I have created a 10-item questionnaire that I hope will demonstrate the quality of a person's diet. To check this, I compared results of my questionnaire to the results of a 3-day food diary (gold standard in this case). What am I trying to establish? A) content validity B) test-retest reliability C) inter-rater validity D) intra-rater reliability

B

I have created a 10-item questionnaire that I think measures student truthfulness. I calculate a Cronbach's alpha to test for: A) validity B) internal consistency C) intra-rater reliability D) inter-rater reliability

D

I have drawn a random sample of 100 undergraduate students from a list of 1200. Their mean GPA is 3.23, which is considered a(n) ____________________. A) confidence interval B) inherent estimate C) parameter D) point estimate

D

I want to 'prove' that my new exercise program helps clients lose weight. What is the best research design to use? A) cohort B) cross-sectional C) case-control D) RCT

C

I want to do a study on the handwashing in the clinical setting. Which of the following comes first in the research process? A) collect handwashing data from the units B) evaluate your research process C) decide on the exact research aim D) design the study

B

I want to see if there is an association between hours of sleep and calories consumed per day. What statistical analysis would I use? A) chi square B) Pearson's r C) student's t-test D) Spearman's rho

D

I was visiting my nephew's house for a week when his kids came down with the chicken pox. Suddenly, I'm concerned about my susceptibility for shingles and want to find some answers. What would be my first step? A) tracking down the best evidence B) evaluating the effectiveness C) critically assessing the evidence for validity D) creating an answerable question

D

If I want to be certain that I will get a representative proportion of college sophomores in my research sample of college students, what type of sampling method would I use? A) simple random sample B) area sampling C) systematic sampling D) stratified random sample

C

If I wanted to see if there is a difference in GPA between students who live on campus and students who commute, which statistical test would I use? A) chi square B) Pearson's r C) student's t-test D) Spearman's rho

D

If I was trying to make comparisons of prenatal characteristics between mothers of identical twins and mothers without identical twins, which would be the most appropriate study design? A) cross-sectional B) cohort C) experimental D) case-control

A

If a patient is in a study, but doesn't know if they are getting the experimental treatment or a placebo, it is considered a(n) ________ study. A) blind B) experimental C) double-blind D) cohort

B

If a study is externally valid then A) it must have been an experiment B) its results can be generalized to other equivalent settings C) quota sampling must have been used D) all the subjects in the sample must have been equivalent

C

In a study which aims to see which of three dietary supplements (VitaX, VitaY, or VitaZ) works best to improve the memory of adults, the independent variable is: A) adult clients B) memory test C) dietary supplement D) not evident

B

In general, if the effect size of the difference between mean test scores of athletes and non-athletes is very small I would need to have A) a small sample size B) a large sample size C) paired t-tests D) intra class correlations

B

In order to obtain subjects for a study, I ask for volunteers at a senior citizens center. Which threat to validity is most likely? A) maturation B) selection error C) testing D) history

B

In qualitative research, collecting enough data from respondents can be confirmed by: A) a timeline B) data saturation C) triangulation D) power analysis

B

In terms of the hierarchy of evidence, where does a case-control study rank? A) near the top B) in the middle C) near the bottom D) not in the hierarchy

B

Meta-analysis reviews A) are a descriptive summary of all research studies on a certain topic B) include quantitative calculations C) are qualitative in nature D) are at the base of the levels of evidence

A

My a priori p-value is set at .05, and the results of my statistical test have a probability of 0.023. This means I: A) reject the null hypothesis B) reset the a priori significance level C) reject the alternative hypothesis D) accept the null hypothesis

D

My diagnostic screening test catches those people who actually have the dreaded Clutter disease 95% of the time. This test has: A) low specificity B) high predictive validity C) high specificity D) high sensitivity

A

My dog chewed off the first 1.75 inches of my tape measure just before I left for the weight control clinic. The resultant subjects' waist circumference measurements will be: A) reliable but not valid B) valid and applicable C) valid but not reliable D) reliable and practical

B

My research aim is to see if a walking program and Mediterranean diet have an effect on weight in adults. Which type of design is most appropriate? A) cohort study B) factorial design C) pre-test only design D) repeated measures

B

My study looks at the effect of my SuperDuper (SD) diet pill on the weight of my subjects. I have 60 subjects randomly assigned to either the SD or a placebo. Some of the subjects have also started an exercise program. What is a confounding variable? A) diet pill or placebo B) exercise program C) subjects' weights D) waist circumference

D

My study looks at the effect of my SuperDuper (SD) diet pill on the weight of my subjects. I have 60 subjects randomly assigned to either the SD or a placebo. Some of the subjects have also started an exercise program. What is the dependent variable? A) exercise program B) diet pill or placebo C) waist circumference D) subjects' weights

B

Of the examples listed below, the highest level of evidence is: A) systematic reviews B) randomized controlled trials C) cohort studies D) case reviews

D

Random assignment aids in: A) generalizability. B) external validity C) internal reliability D) internal validity.

A

Statistical power is: A) the ability to correctly reject the null hypothesis B) the p value C) 1 - type I error D) the actual size of the relationship between variables

D

The ___________________ is an indicator of the precision of an estimate of a statistic. A) inferential statistic B) standard deviation C) confidence interval D) standard error

B

The a priori significance level (alpha) is set at .01; my test statistic has a p-value of .021 What do I do now? A) reject the null hypothesis B) fail to reject the null hypothesis C) accept the alternative hypothesis D) calculate the SEM

D

The ability of a test to predict future test results is: A) specificity B) sensitivity C) constitutive validity D) predictive validity

A

The average age of my sample is 21.2 years. The average age of the target population is 19.4. The difference is probably due to A) sampling error B) external validity C) population validity D) standard deviation

D

The degree to which any differences in the outcome variables are different related to the experimental treatment is: A) external validity B) testing C) regression to the mean D) internal validity

D

The following is an example of what type of question response? What hand do you write with primarily? Left Right A) open-ended B) multiple choice C) rank order D) dichotomous

C

The measure of variance most often displayed with a mean to give an overall picture of the data is: A) range B) standard error C) standard deviation D) variance

C

The midpoint of a set of scores is: A) quartile range B) mode C) median D) interquartile range

A

The most accurate measure of blood type can be found through what method of data collection? A) biological measurement B) interview C) medical records D) questionnaire

B

The research hypotheses would be found in what section of a quantitative research study? A) Procedures B) Introduction C) Discussion D) Methods

A

The results of scientific research: A) should be made available for critique and replication B) should be not be used to support existing theories C) must conform to public expectations about the outcome D) must be obtained under controlled laboratory settings

C

The term 'triangulation' as used in qualitative research is most closely associated to what in quantitative research? A) hypothesis testing B) reliability C) validity D) descriptive data analysis

B

The theories and hypotheses created and verified through scientific inquiry A) cannot be retested B) may be supported by research evidence C) cannot be revised D) represent the one true answer

D

We are using a new observational rating system for clinical performance. The system will be used by 12 faculty members to rate all 144 students. What quality is the most important in this case? A) test-retest reliability B) Inter-rater validity C) internal consistency D) Inter-rater reliability

C

What is the biggest threat to internal validity with the use of questionnaires? A) regression to the mean B) testing C) non-response error D) history

C

What is the most accurate way to collect data on the quality of doctor-patient interactions? A) interview B) medical records C) observation D) questionnaire

D

What is the relationship between clinical significance and statistical significance? A) clinical significance is more important than statistical significance B) statistical significance is more important than clinical significance C) you cannot have clinical significance without statistical significance D) both clinical and statistical significance may be important

D

What type of sample is typically used for qualitative research? A) simple random B) stratified random C) snowball sample D) purposive/convenience

D

When creating a survey questionnaire, an advantage of open-ended questions is: A) quantitative data B) ease of data analyses C) time-saving for responder D) response clarification

A

When is a literature review performed? A) all are correct B) prior to the data collection C) before the research question is formulated D) at the end of the data analysis

A

Which are the 2 broad types of quantitative study designs? A) experimental and observational B) randomized and non-randomized C) true experiment and quasiexperiment D) RCT and observational

D

Which of the following best describes qualitative research data? A) reductionism B) inferential C) width D) depth

D

Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship? A) .590 B) 1.34 C) .031 D) - .670

B

Which of the following is a potential weakness of using an RCT? A) comparability of the groups B) may not be ethical C) recruitment of controls group D) recall bias

A

Which of the following is a reason for non-significant results? A) all of these are possible reasons B) there is an insufficient number of subjects C) the relationship, difference, or correlation is non existent D) the sample is biased

B

Which of the following is a strength of a case-contol research design? A) small sample size B) relatively fast and easy C) recruitment not a factor D) high response rate

A

Which of the following is always true of randomized clinical trials? A) treatment is involved B) intact groups C) 3 study groups D) random selection

B

Which of the following is an attempt to minimize threats to internal validity? A) blinding B) all of the answers are correct C) estimating the influence of bias D) detailed research protocol

A

Which of the following is indicative of quantitative research? A) statistical tests B) researcher is subjective C) all of the above D) includes social environment

D

Which of the following is not a main component of evidence-based practice? A) clinical expertise B) research evidence C) patient values D) expert opinion

A

Which of the following is not a method of confirming the trustworthiness of qualitative data? A) constructability B) confirmability C) credibility D) dependability

B

Which of the following is not a property of a normal distribution? A) mean=mode B) defined by mean and standard error C) bell-shaped D) median=mean

A

Which of the following is not a use of descriptive data? A) test hypothesis B) aggregate data C) describe the norm D) provide a profile

B

Which of the following is not an observational study design? A) case-control B) crossover C) cohort D) cross-sectional

B

Which of the following is not indicative of qualitative research? A) subject's perspective B) numbers and percentages C) interviews D) holistic perspective

B

Which of the following is not indicative of the constructivist paradigm? A) individual interviews B) empirical evidence C) multiple answers D) deductive reasoning

D

Which of the following is true of Type I error? A) it is also known as beta error B) rejecting the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is false C) failing to reject the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is false D) rejecting the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is true

D

Which of the following is true of a cohort study? A) low cost B) relatively quick C) high retention rate D) longitudinal

A

Which of the following is true of a correlation analysis? A) it indicates the strength of relationship B) it is used with repeated measures C) it indicates cause and effect D) it indicates the difference between two variables

A

Which of the following is true of statistical significance and clinical significance? A) statistical significance is more important than clinical importance B) results must be statistically significant to be clinically significant C) results must be both statistically and clinically significant D) results may be clinically significant but not statistically significant

B

Which of the following problems might be best approached through the scientific method? A) Personnel refuse to staff an Ebola clinic on personal grounds B) The clinical effectiveness of a new instrument needs to be evaluated C) The hospital budget is cut by 10% D) The nursing staff go on strike

C

Which of the following research questions would best be answered with a qualitative study? A) Describe the interaction between a healthcare provider and patient. B) What is the satisfaction level of patients in the Clutter Clinic? C) Who talks more in an interaction, the patient or the healthcare provider? D) Do patients perform rehabilitation exercises at home?

C

Which of the following statements about null hypotheses is true? A) it is a statement of expected results B) it indicates an effect or relationship of 0.05 C) it indicates that the effect or relationship is zero D) it is a statement of what the researcher hopes to find

C

Which section of the research study can be seen as the 'cookbook' of the study? A) results B) introduction C) methods D) discussion

A

Why didn't we spend much time on qualitative research in this course? A) time constraints B) it is less important than quantitative C) reliability and validity issues D) it doesn't answer a research question

A

he confidence interval is based upon: A) standard error B) central tendency C) inferential statistics D) null hypothesis

A

he following survey question is an example of which type of question response? To what extent do you agree with the following statement? The ACA should be repealed. Strongly Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Agree Disagree A) Likert scale B) dichotomous C) open-ended D) qualitative