HSCI 101 EXAM 2

5 common types of junctions between tissue cells?

tight, adherens, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, gap junctions.

Where is ONLY PLACE ELASTIC CARTILAGE FOUND?

Ears.

3 primary germ layers from which tissues develop?

Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

Examples of CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS?

Epiphyseal plate, invertebral discs.

What are the 4 types of tissue?

Epitheleal, connective, muscular and nervous.

ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE is found where?

Found in arteries and lung tissue (DOES NOT CONTAIN COLLAGEN)

Where do you find ENDOTHELIUM tissue?

Found in blood & lymphatic vessels & lining of the heart.

DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE is found where?

Found in tendons and most ligaments.

Where do you commonly find TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM tissue?

Found in the urinnary bladder.

What is TISSUE

Groups of cells with the same embryonic origin and function.

What do Langerhan cells do?

Immune response.

What does MICROVILLIE do?

Increases surface are, found mainly in the lungs.

Mesoderm?

Middle layer.

What is Retraction?

Movement backward into anatomical position.

What is DEPRESSION?

Movement downward.

What is PROTRACTION?

Movement forward.

What is CIRCUMDUCTION?

Movement of DISTAL end in a circle.

What is ABDUCTION?

Movement of bone AWAY from MIDLINE.

What is ADDUCTION?

Movement of bone TOWARD MIDLINE.

What is PRONATION?

Movement of forearm so palms face backward or downward.

What is ELEVATION?

Movement upward.

What is EVERSION?

Moves soleley laterally.

What is INVERSION?

Moves solely medially.

Where is HYALINE CARTILAGE found?

at the ends of long bones (in between joints). Reduces friction, for flexibility and support

PLASMA CELLS

(develop from B cells which lymphocytes): Make antibodies

Epitheleal tissue is found where?

Covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs-cells arranged in continous sheets in single or multi[ple layers.

PERICHONDRIUM

DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE - that surrounds the cartilage-2 layers: outer fibrous & inner cellular layers.

Adherens junctions?

Dense layer of proteins called plaque.

Nervous tissue?

Detects changes in body & generates nerve impulses.

APICAL SURFACE

Exterior surface, interacts with the environment.

What is inside a synovial joint?

FLUID.

What is HISTOLOGY

The study of tissues.

Tight junctions?

fuse cells together (stomach, bladder & intestines).

What is SUPINATION?

movement of forearm so palms face forward or upward.

MACROPHAGES

(formed from monocytes):Engulf bacteria and cell debris by phagocytosis

What is the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX

Materials located between the cells.

What are the 3 structural classifications of joints?

1) FOBROUS JOINTS 2) CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS 3) SYNOVIAL JOINTS.

What are the 4 types of movements @ synovial joints?

1) GLIDING 2) FLEXION 3) EXTENSION 4)HYPEREXTENSION (>180 DEGREES)

What are the 6 types of SYNOVIAL JOINTS?

1) PLANAR JOINTS 2) HINGE JOINTS 3) PIVOT JOINTS 4) CONDYLOID JOINTS 5) SADDLE JOINTS 6) BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS

What do the EXOCRINE GLANDS do?

1. secretes products into ducts that empty onto the surfaces of epithelium skin surface or lumen of a hollow organ, (mucus, sweat, oil, earwax, saliva, digestive enzymes) - have a duct.

What are the functions of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS?

1.Makes & secretes HOROMONES 2. Aids in HOMEOSTASIS (DUCTLESS)

What are the 3 SURFACES of EPITHELEAL TISSUE

1. APICAL SURFACE (exterior surface) 2. LATERAL SURFACE (surface in-between cells). 3. BASAL SURFACE (base or bottom surface) .

What are the 3 types of LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE?

1. AREOLAR 2. ADIPOSE 3. RETICULAR

What are the 2 types of LIQUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE?

1. BLOOD 2. LYMPH

What are the 5 functions of CONNECTIVE TISSUE?

1. Binds tissues together 2. Supports & strengthens tissue 3. Protects and insulates internal organs 4. Compartmentalize & transport (blood) 5. Energy reserves & immune responses

What are the 3 types of FIBERS in the EM

1. COLLAGEN (avascular) 2. ELASTIC FIBERS 3. RETICULAR FIBERS (support & strength).

What are the 3 types of DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE?

1. DENSE REGULAR 2. DENSE IRREGULAR 3. ELASTIC

What are the 2 functions of NERVOUS TISSUE?

1. Detect changes in body 2. Responds by generating nerve impulses.

What are the 4 basic TYPES of tissue?

1. EPITHELEAL 2. CONNECTIVE 3. MUSCULAR 4. NERVOUS

What are the 3 layers EPITHELEAL tissue is divided into?

1. EPITHELIUM 2. BASEMENT MEMBRANE 3. CONNECTIVE TISSUE

What does EXTRACELLULAR MATRIx consist of (5)

1. FLUID/GEL or solid plus protein fibers 2. GROUND SUBSTANCE 3. FIBERS

What are the 3 accessory structures in skin?

1. HAIR 2. SKIN GLANDS 3. NAILS

3 types of CARTILAGE

1. HYALINE 2. FIBROCARTILAGE 3. ELASTIC

What are the 4 types of SKIN CELLS?

1. Keratinocytes 2. Melanocytes 3. Langerhan cells 4. Merkel cells

What are the 4 types of BODY MEMBRANES?

1. MUCOUS 2. SEROUS 3. SYNOVIAL 4. CUTANEOUS

What are the 2 functions of MUSCULAR TISSUE?

1. Movement 2. Generate body heat.

What are the 3 glands in skin?

1. SEBACEOUS GLAND (secretes oil) 2. SUDORIFEROUS GLAND (secretes sweat) 3. CERUMINOUS GLAND (secretes wax)

What are the 3 arrangements of cells in layers?

1. SIMPLE 2.PSEUDOSTRATIFIED 3. STRATIFIED

Name the 4 shapes of epitheleal cells?

1. SQUAMOS 2. CUBODIAL 3. COLUMNAR 4. TRANSITIONAL

4 layers (strata) of skin?

1. STRATUM BASALE 2. STRATUM SPINOSUM 3. STRATUM GRANULOSUM 4. STRATUM CORNEUM (BSGC)

What are the 5 functions of SKIN?

1. TEMPERATURE REGULATION 2. PROTECTION 3. SENSES 4. EXCRETION & ABSORPTION 5. VITAMIN D SYNTHESIS.

What are the 3 functions of HAIR?

1. UV protection 2. Reduction in heat loss 3. Senses touch

What are the 4 functions of EPITHELEAL TISSUE?

1. covers body surfaces 2. lines hollow organs, body cavities 4. ducts & forms glands.

What is DORISFLEXION?

Bending your foot toward dorsum (standing on your heels).

What is PLANTA FLEXION?

Bending your foot toward the plantar surface (standing on your toes).

What is ROTATION?

Bone revolves around its own axis.

Endoderm?

Bottom layer.

How do you determine the Cell's shape?

By looking at the apical surface.

CHONDROCYTES

Cartilage cells (make cartilage) found in small spaces called lucanae. No blood vessels or cells.

Gap junctions?

Connect neighboring cells via tiny fluid-filled tunnels called connexons. Contain membrane protein called connexinzs.

Desmosomes junction?

Contain plaque & cadherins that extend into the intercellular space.

Examples of SYNOVIAL JOINTS?

Ligaments, articular fat pads, tendons- mostly located where friction can occur.

Describe CUBOIDIAL cells

Look like cubes-DOES NOT allow diffusion.

Describe COLUMNAR cells

Look like cylindrical columns-DOES NOT allow diffusion

Describe SQUAMOS cells

Look like flat, squashed tiles-allows diffusion.

What do Melanocytes do?

Make Melanin (pigment) - UV protection.

FIBROBLASTS

Makes fibers-present in several tissues: Secrete fibers & ground substance

What is a PATHOLOGIST

Person who studies abnormal tissue.

What color is Hemoblobin in skin color?

Pink/Red

What do Keratinocyte cells do?

Produce Keratin (a tough fibrous protein for protection, water proofs).

Connective tissue ?

Protects, supports & binds organs.

Muscular tissue?

Provides movement and generates heat.

Common joint disorders?

Rotator cuff injury, seperated shoulder, tennis elbow, dislocation of the radial head, etc.

What is another term for SINGLE LAYER or MONOLAYER

SIMPLE

What is another term for MULTILAYERED

STRATIFIED

What do Merkel cells do?

Sense of touch.

Where do you find MESOTHELIUM tissue?

Serous membranes.

Describe TRANSITIONAL cells

Shape changes, based on contents-DOES NOT allow diffusion.

What is STROMA?

Supporting framework (gives structure to the organ)

Examples if a FIBROUS JOINTS?

Sutures in the skull, tooth root in socket of skull.

What are the 3 functional classifications of joints?

THE DEGREE OF FUNCTION THEY PERMIT, 1) SYNARTHROSIS (immovable) 2)AMPHITHROSIS (slightly movable) 3) DIATHROSIS (freely movable)

What is a LUMEN

The inside space of a tubular structure (artery or intestine)

What happens as joints age?

There is a decrease in the production of synovial fluid, a thinning of articular cartilage, ligaments shorten and lose flexibility, genetic factors.

What Is PSEUDOSTRATIFIED tissue?

Tissue which appears to be stratified or multilayered but is actually simple or monolayered.

Ectoderm?

Top layer.

AREOLAR tissue

Type of connective tissue that : 1. Most widely distributed in the body 2. contains several types of cells 3. CONTAINS ALL 3 FIBERS

Reticular tissue

Type of connective tissue that: 1. Has reticular fibers, made of collagen 2. Forms the Stroma of the liver, spleen & lymph nodes.

ADIPOSE tissue

Type of connective tissue that: 1. Stores fat 2. contains adipocytes (fat cells) 3. good for insulation and energy reserves 4. white (common) adipose tissue.

Where is FIBROCARTILAGE found?

Vertebral discs & the knees (menisci). Strongest type of cartilage, lacks pericnondrium.

What color is Carotene in skin color?

Yellow/Orange